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Regenerative medicine, otherwise known as tissue engineering, focuses on the repair and regeneration of cells, tissues, and organs using cellular therapies, stem cells, and foreign biological material. This paper explores a variety of advancements in regenerative medicine, including treatments like Lantidra for Type 1 diabetes, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy for tissue repair, and umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplants for hematologic conditions.  The research reviewed includes studies and clinical trials that highlight the efficacy, applications, and underlying challenges of these innovative therapies. Within our sources, the research includes FDA-approved treatments, clinical outcomes from UCB transplants, and the budding role of PRP in regenerative medicine.  Although the paper highlights the importance of these up-and-coming treatments, ethical considerations and accessibility issues related to these treatments are noted as well.  Lantidra, the first FDA approved allogeneic pancreatic islet cell therapy, for the treatment of type 1 diabetes, has demonstrated significant potential in reducing or eliminating insulin dependency in Type 1 diabetes patients [2]. PRP therapy has proven effective in thorough acceleration of tissue repair in sports and chronic injuries, as well as cosmetic procedures. [3]. UCB transplants offer promising alternatives for patients with no suitable bone marrow donors, though challenges in immune reconstitution, side effects, and equitable access to these transplants remain.  While regenerative medicine therapies provide promising treatments to chronic diseases and promote tissue repair, all challenges and consequences including accessibility, cost, and ethical concerns must be thoroughly examined prior to implementation into present-day medicine. Continued research and policy development are crucial to expanding the benefits of these treatments worldwide.

Despite frozen donkey semen demonstrating high quality after thawing and achieving suitable pregnancy rates in mares, it yields unsatisfactory results in jennies, likely due to a stronger uterine inflammatory response. This study assessed the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on uterine inflammation and pregnancy rates in jennies inseminated with frozen donkey semen. Estrous cycles from 11 jennies were assigned to three groups: Control (CTR, n = 22) with no treatment; Single PRP infusion (S-PRP, n = 22) administered 30 h after ovulation induction, prior to artificial insemination (AI); and Double PRP infusion (D-PRP, n = 21) with the first infusion at 30 h after ovulation induction and the second 4 h after AI. Insemination was performed with frozen donkey semen (1 billion sperm) deposited deeply in the uterine horn immediately after ovulation. Endometrial edema, intrauterine fluid (IUF), uterine vascularization, and endometrial cytology were evaluated pre-AI (TCt) and post-AI (6, 24, and 48 h). Uterine biopsies were taken at T48 for histopathological and collagen evaluation. Peripheral blood samples were collected on D5 for serum progesterone measurement, and pregnancy was evaluated via ultrasonography on D14. Data were analyzed using GLMMs, ANOVA, Friedman, and Kruskal-Wallis tests in SAS and GraphPad Prism, with significance set at p < 0.05. The S-PRP group showed less IUF accumulation than the CTR group at T6. Other parameters showed no significant differences among the groups. Cytology revealed a high percentage of inflammatory cells at T6 in all groups, which decreased in subsequent evaluations. In the CTR group, neutrophil percentages were similar to TCt at T24, while treated groups reached this similarity only by T48. Eosinophil percentages increased over time only in the treated groups. Pregnancy rates showed no differences among the groups (CTR: 0 %, S-PRP: 0 %, D-PRP: 10 %). Results indicate that PRP treatments were ineffective in modulating uterine inflammation and did not enhance pregnancy rates in jennies inseminated with frozen donkey semen. • A single PRP infusion pre-AI reduces intrauterine fluid during the inflammatory peak. • The PRP does not decrease the number of neutrophils in the endometrium post-AI. • Histopathology better characterizes post-AI uterine inflammation than cytology in jennies. • The PRP treatments have no effect on pregnancy rates in jennies using frozen semen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation of orthobiologics can be challenging to interpret for the nonregulatory scientist. However, understanding how regulations apply to clinical use of these orthobiologic products is critical, as there are both ethical and legal ramifications to using orthobiologics in conflict with regulations. Recent FDA guidances have attempted to clarify these issues, although questions still remain regarding nuances in regulatory applications. FDA guidances, industry blogs, and relevant publications were searched for citations regarding recent orthobiologics and regulations. These sources were compiled into a current assessment of FDA regulations regarding the use of orthobiologics in the shoulder. Key to understanding these regulations is the FDA differentiation of human cellular and tissue-based products into 361 and 351 category products. Although some controversy still exists, the FDA has attempted to clarify these issues with several recent guidances. Of equal importance, the FDA has ended enforcement discretion for many biologic products in June of 2021, creating a previously tolerated class of orthobiologics that now requires an Investigational New Drug application and subsequent Biologic License Application to legally market these orthobiologics. The same surgical procedure exception was further clarified in 2017 to exempt facilities from regulatory controls when specific guidelines are met. This article attempts to clarify the current thinking on FDA regulations and will allow the shoulder and elbow surgeon to stay within the current bounds of ethical and legal use of these products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Due to the regeneration potential of growth factors (GFs) and platelet concentrates (PCs), facial rejuvenation has been a major area of attention in esthetic medicine. The effectiveness and safety of PCs and GFs in promoting face rejuvenation are examined in this systematic review, which is complemented by a case series. GFs are essential for collagen production and dermal matrix remodeling, while PCs, like Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP), are abundant in bioactive chemicals that promote tissue healing and cellular regeneration. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, focusing on human clinical trials published between February 2019 and February 2024 related to PRP and facial esthetics. Results: Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Conclusions: The review summarizes the most recent data on patient outcomes, treatment regimens, and possible hazards. The case series that goes with it shows real-world examples of how to improve skin elasticity, texture, and general facial appearance with little negative side effects. These results highlight the potential use of PCs and GFs as minimally invasive procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study's primary objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) administration for meniscal injuries treated with meniscal repair procedures (sutures), using radiologic measures and clinical scales. The secondary objective was to identify potential bias-inducing elements in the analyzed studies. Methods: In December 2023, a systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Scopus for randomized controlled trials. This review compares PRP with placebo. Three studies were finally selected. The risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane's Risk of Bias Tool 2. Radiologic evaluation of meniscal healing was measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and arthroscopic studies, while clinical evaluation was performed using four scales [Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), visual analog scale (VAS), International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (IKDC), and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Index (WOMAC)] and by recording the incidence of complications. Results: The three selected studies included 139 patients; of these, 76 (54.7%) were randomly assigned to the intervention group (PRP injection) and 63 (45.3%) to the control group (placebo). The mean age of the intervention group was 37.4 ± 7.5 years, while the mean age of the control group was 36.5 ± 9.2 years. There were 41 female patients (29.5%). The median follow-up duration was 27.58 ± 17.3 months. MRI evaluation did not show a significant improvement in the PRP group in any of the studies (p-value = 0.41–0.54). However, when assessed by the cumulative evaluation of MRI and arthroscopy, the cumulative failure rate was significantly better in the PRP group (p-value = 0.04–0.048). One study that evaluated isolated arthroscopy also showed significant improvement in the PRP group (p = 0.003). Regarding the VAS scale, no study demonstrated a significant difference, except for one study that showed significant improvement after 6 months and in the difference between the 3rd and 6th months. The KOOS scale yielded conflicting results; one study showed no significant difference, while the other two indicated significant improvement. The IKDC and WOMAC scales were evaluated in two studies, showing opposite results. All included studies reported no complications, and one study indicated no increased risk in the treatment group. Conclusions: The results of this review indicate the necessity for further studies to make a definitive statement about the effectiveness of PRP administration in meniscal repair processes. Level of evidence Systematic review and meta-analysis of articles of level 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on several modified Hestenes–Stiefel and Polak–Ribière–Polyak nonlinear conjugate gradient methods, a family of three term limited memory CG methods are developed. When the current search direction falls into the subspace spanned by the previous m directions, the algorithm branches to optimize the objective function on the subspace by using L-BFGS method. We use this strategy to avoid potential local loops and accelerate the convergence. The proposed methods are sufficient descent. When the steplength is determined by Wolfe or Armijo line search, we establish the global convergence of the methods in a concise way. Numerical results verify the efficiency of the proposed method for the unconstrained optimization problems in the CUTEst library. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Average bone healing times of common fractures in adults ranges from 3 to 12 weeks and is location dependent. Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) stimulates natural healing process through growth factors contained in platelets and has been employed for the same in delayed unions. Methods: All patients > 18 years and documented delayed union were included in the study. Patients were followed up monthly after each Leucocyte-rich PRP (LR-PRP) injection and a decision for repeat PRP injection was taken on basis of visible impression in radiograph after previous injection. Results: Total 36 patients were studied in which 5 patients were lost to follow-up. Union was achieved in 28/31 (90.3%). 20 (71.4%) patients required only single PRP injections. 4 (14.3%) patients required 2 PRP injections, 3 (10.7%) patients required 3 PRP injections and 1 (3.6%) patient required 4 PRP injection. There was no significant correlation of number of PRPs to time from 1st PRP-union or time from last PPR- union. Conclusion: Single/multiple dose percutaneously administered LR-PRP can be used as a fruitful alternative to catalyze union in patients having delayed union irrespective of site of injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Lung fibrosis is one of the worldwide progressive serious irreversible diseases. It causes progressive deterioration of lung function and respiratory failure that necessitates lung transplantation. Amiodarone is an effective anti-arrhythmic drug that causes several pulmonary adverse effects; the most serious of which is lung fibrosis. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and platelet rich plasma (PRP) have emerged as two promising alternative therapeutic tools that can replace organ transplantation with all its drawbacks. Aim of the Work: To compare the therapeutic effect of bone marrow (BM)-MSCs and PRP on amiodarone induced lung fibrosis in adult male albino rat model. Materials and Methods: Fifty three adult male albino rats were divided into 4 groups in addition to donor group; those include: group I (control), group II (lung fibrosis) was injected daily with amiodarone (80 mg/kg) IP for 4 weeks, group III (BM-MSCs) was treated as group II then was injected with a single IV dose of 1 ml of MSCs (3x103) and left for 4 weeks and group IV (PRP) was treated as group II then was injected IP with PRP (0.5 ml/kg) twice weekly for 4 weeks. Serum levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B) were measured. Lung sections were stained with H&E, Masson trichrome and immunohistochemical stain for alpha smooth muscle actin (a-SMA), Bax and CD68. Also, morphometric and statistical analysis were done. Results: Group II showed typical histological features of lung fibrosis with abnormal architecture, biochemical and morphometric parameters. While group III & IV showed marked and partial improvement respectively in the histological architecture, biochemical and morphometric parameters. Conclusion: BM-MSCs proved to be a more promising therapeutic agent for treatment of lung fibrosis than PRP due to their distinctive regenerative, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous preparation used to accelerate regeneration; however, this form of therapy is not always effective. Vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGFB), which affects vessel survival, pathological angiogenesis, and muscle development may differentiate the risk and treatment of lateral elbow tendinopathy (LET). In this study, we analyzed the influence of VEGFB gene polymorphisms on the effectiveness of LET treatment with PRP. Therapeutic effectiveness was analyzed in 107 patients (132 elbows) using patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), specifically the visual analog scale (VAS); quick version of disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand score (QDASH); and patient-rated tennis elbow evaluation (PRTEE), for two years (weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 52, and 104). The polymorphisms selected for the study were rs72922019, rs12366035, rs4930152, rs594942, and rs595880, being in strong linkage disequilibrium. Patients with TT (rs72922019), TT (rs12366035), AA (rs4930152), CC (rs594942), and GG (rs595880) genotypes showed better treatment effectiveness. Statistically important differences were shown for rs72922019 VAS (week 2), QDASH (weeks 0–4), and PRTEE (week 2); rs12366035 and rs4930152 VAS (week 2), QDASH (week 2), and PRTEE (weeks 2 and 4); and rs594942 and rs595880 VAS (weeks 2 and 4), QDASH (week 2), and PRTEE (weeks 2, 52, and 104). The studied polymorphisms also showed an association with blood morphological parameters, including mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width, and eosinophil levels, as well as some comorbidities (heart failure). Genotyping due to patient selection for therapy may be considered for any of the rs72922019, rs12366035, or rs4930152 polymorphisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is utilized as an autologous blood product to encourage bone regeneration. The receptor activator of nuclear factor-NB ligand (RANKL) is a key and central regulator of osteoclast homeostasis. A rat model of experimentally generated periodontitis was used to assess the impact of PRP preparation on the expression of the osteoclastogenic and pro-inflammatory markers respectively; RANKL and IL-1β. To induce periodontitis by silk ligature, thirty-six adult male Sprague Dawleys rats were used and they were allocated into three equal groups (n = 12): group I consisted of intact periodontal tissue, group II; rat-induced periodontitis without treatment by PRP, and group III of periodontitis + 10 µL PRP injection. The rats were sacrificed after both experiment durations (7 and 30 days), and the incisor teeth were fixed and decalcified in HCl for a day and in 10 % EDTA solution for eight weeks at room temperature then samples were processed for H&E stain for bone healing scores and bone cells counting, and the samples were utilized by IHC for detection of both RANKL and IL-1β expression. The PRP enhanced the process of healing on days 7 and 30 showed (Score 10) vs. the control positive group that had a delay in alveolar bone regarded as (Score 4) significantly (P ≤ 0.05). The PRP group attenuated significantly (P ≤ 0.05) the alveolar bone loss by increasing the number of osteoblasts and declining the proliferation of osteoclast vs. the control positive group that revealed bone destruction due to rising osteoclast proliferation and decreasing the osteoblast proliferation significantly (P ≤ 0.05). PRP inhibited the IL-1β expression (score = 0) vs. the control positive group that showed moderate staining of positive cells detected in both inflammatory cells and endothelium (score = 4). Regarding the RANKL expression, the PRP reduced its expression in vs. the control positive group (score = 4 vs. 12 respectively). PRP is an anabolic agent that enhances proliferation of osteoblast and inhibit the osteoclast differentiation by downregulation of IL-1β and RANKL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was conducted on riverine-type buffaloes suffering from sub-clinical mastitis (SCM). The domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) provides milk, meat, hides, and draught power and gives a significant share to the agricultural economy of the globe. The river buffalo and the swamp buffalo are two distinct types of water buffalo that are present in different places of the world. River buffalo have been preferred for their superior ability of milk production. Mastitis is among the topmost health concerns of farm animals, causing massive financial damage to the agro-livestock sector globally. A total of 96 udder quarters/teats of buffaloes with SCM were arbitrarily allotted to three different groups, i.e., platelet-rich plasma (PRP) group (n=32), antibiotic group (n=32) and PRP plus antibiotic group (n=32). Whole blood was taken from the animal's jugular vein, and PRP was prepared by double spin open method and infused intra-mammary to the same animal from which the blood was taken. An intra-mammary antibiotic was administered intra-mammary to the animals of the antibiotic group. PRP plus antibiotic was allocated to the animals of the combined associated treatment group. Platelets significantly increased (p<0.05) and decreased WBCs and RBCs values in PRP. A significant decrease (p<0.05) was observed in the somatic cell count (SCC) of milk of animals treated with PRP. The use of PRP revealed 9.67 times higher chances of recovery compared to antibiotic alone, whereas the combination of PRP plus antibiotic was 4.33 times more effective than antibiotic only. Moreover, PRP was 55% more productive than the combination of PRP plus antibiotics. The area under the curve calculated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis predicted an acceptable area under the curve (0.73) regarding the efficacy of autologous PRP alternative to the antibiotic in sub-clinical bubaline mastitis. A significant (p<0.05) difference was observed in the mean rank difference among the three treatment groups through the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. It was concluded that PRP plays a crucial role in tissue repair and regeneration of the injured mammary gland of buffaloes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An oroantral communication may form in the upper molar region after tooth extraction. The patient is a 59-year-old female, who is a nonsmoker. At the initial visit, teeth #14, #15, and #17 were missing. After tooth #16 was extracted due to apical periodontitis, a bone defect with a diameter of approximately 4 mm was observed, leading to the formation of an oroantral fistula (OAF). Another window was created in the lateral wall adjacent to the superior part of the bone defect at the fistula site to achieve closure of the OAF through bone formation and simultaneously perform sinus floor elevation (lateral approach) for implant placement. Through this lateral window, instruments were inserted into the maxillary sinus towards the bone defect at the fistula site. During this process, the remaining bone between the lateral window and the bone defect at the fistula site was carefully removed with instruments, connecting the two bone defects to facilitate manipulation of the instruments. The Schneiderian membrane was elevated without enlarging the tear. Six months after these surgeries, a cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) scan confirmed the closure of the fistula with hard tissue and the elevation of the sinus floor. Subsequently, three implants were placed, and prosthetic treatment was completed. Follow-up data is provided, including periapical X-ray and CBCT images taken 2 years and 3 months after surgery (1 year and 3 months after the placement of the final prosthetic structure). The progress so far has been favorable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is utilized as an autologous blood product to encourage bone regeneration. The receptor activator of nuclear factor-NB ligand (RANKL) is a key and central regulator of osteoclast homeostasis. A rat model of experimentally generated periodontitis was used to assess the impact of PRP preparation on the expression of the osteoclastogenic and pro-inflammatory markers respectively; RANKL and IL-1β. Material and Methods: To induce periodontitis by silk ligature, thirty-six adult male Sprague Dawleys rats were used and they were allocated into three equal groups (n = 12): group I consisted of intact periodontal tissue, group II; rat-induced periodontitis without treatment by PRP, and group III of periodontitis + 10 µL PRP injection. The rats were sacrificed after both experiment durations (7 and 30 days), and the incisor teeth were fixed and decalcified in HCl for a day and in 10 % EDTA solution for eight weeks at room temperature then samples were processed for H&E stain for bone healing scores and bone cells counting, and the samples were utilized by IHC for detection of both RANKL and IL-1β expression. Results: The PRP enhanced the process of healing on days 7 and 30 showed (Score 10) vs. the control positive group that had a delay in alveolar bone regarded as (Score 4) significantly (P ≤ 0.05). The PRP group attenuated significantly (P ≤ 0.05) the alveolar bone loss by increasing the number of osteoblasts and declining the proliferation of osteoclast vs. the control positive group that revealed bone destruction due to rising osteoclast proliferation and decreasing the osteoblast proliferation significantly (P ≤ 0.05). PRP inhibited the IL-1β expression (score = 0) vs. the control positive group that showed moderate staining of positive cells detected in both inflammatory cells and endothelium (score = 4). Regarding the RANKL expression, the PRP reduced its expression in vs. the control positive group (score = 4 vs. 12 respectively). Conclusion: PRP is an anabolic agent that enhances proliferation of osteoblast and inhibit the osteoclast differentiation by downregulation of IL-1β and RANKL.

Background: Explicit funding and industry affiliation are believed to potentially impact medical research. There have been an increasing number of studies that have evaluated this relationship. The purpose of this study is to determine whether industry affiliation influences the outcomes of randomized controlled trials that investigate the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis. Methods: A search of PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and SCOPUS was performed using the search terms “lateral epicondylitis” and “platelet-rich plasma” as well as “tennis elbow” and “platelet-rich plasma.” Only studies from 2010 to present were considered. Final texts were then analyzed for industry affiliation and treatment efficacy. When determining whether a study was industry-affiliated, explicit financial supporters of the study, stated conflicts of interest, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons disclosures, and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services open payments database were assessed. Study outcomes were categorized as favorable, analogous, or unfavorable based on achieving a statistically significant (P

Abstract Objective This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of autologous blood preparations, namely Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP), Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF), and Concentrated Growth Factor (CGF), in maxillary sinus floor elevation surgery. The focus was on their impact on new bone formation, maxillary sinus floor height, and soft tissue healing. Methods A systematic search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus databases up to April 2024. This systematic review included both randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) that evaluated the efficacy of autologous blood preparations in maxillary sinus floor elevation surgery. The primary outcomes measured were the percentage of new bone formation, maxillary sinus floor height, and he percentage of soft tissue area. Data from the selected studies were extracted and analyzed to determine the impact of autologous blood preparations on these outcomes. The risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane’s risk of bias tool and ROBINS-I, and meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.4 software to calculate effect sizes and integrate results from multiple studies. Results Among the 507 screened articles, 30 studies met the inclusion criteria. The results indicated that the application of PRP significantly increased new bone formation during maxillary sinus floor elevation surgery (primary outcome, MD = 4.40, CI = 0.37 to 8.44, P = 0.03), as well as improving maxillary sinus floor height elevation (secondary outcome, MD = 1.00, CI = 0.78 to 1.23, P

Abstract Background Affected sexual relationships affect both the quality of life of men and women. Platelet-derived therapies are becoming increasingly popular in various medical and surgical fields because of their ability to aid in tissue healing and vascular remodeling. This study aimed to assess the safety and effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections in treating patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). Results Fifty-two participants with mild to moderate ED were divided into two groups: group A, who received three PRP penile injections, and group B, who received three saline injections (5 ml for each injection site). The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) was used to evaluate all participants. A month after the last injection, the PRP group's IIEF was 16.12 ± 1.25, while the placebo group's was 15.99 ± 1.21 (p = 0.683). Following a 3-month period, the IIEF for the PRP group was 16.44 ± 1.17, while the placebo group's was 16.31 ± 1.06 (p value = 0.653). Following a 6-month period, the IIEF for the PRP group was 16.35 ± 1.45, while that for the placebo group's was 16.23 ± 1.19 (p = 0.727). In terms of IIEF, there was no significant difference between the two groups after one, three, and six months of treatment. Conclusion In brief, our research revealed no data to support the application of PRP injections in the management of mild-to-moderate ED.

Abstract Objective To systematically review the clinical efficacy (pain, function, quality of life) and safety of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of frozen shoulder through meta-analysis, and provide evidence-based medical evidence for the effectiveness of PRP in the treatment of frozen shoulder. Methods A search was conducted on international databases (Pubmed, Web of science, Embase) and Chinese databases (CNKI, Wanfang, VIP) to search the clinical studies on the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma in treating frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis/periarthritis/50 shoulder) and their corresponding references published from inception until January 2024. Thoroughly excluded literature not meeting the predetermined inclusion criteria, extracted relevant data from the literature, and input it into RevMan5.4 for meta-analysis. Results This study ultimately included 14 RCTs, with a total of 1024 patients. The results showed that PRP has significant advantages compared with control groups in VAS (mean difference (MD) =-0.38, 95% confidence interval(CI)(-0.73, -0.03), P = 0.03), UCLA (MD = 3.31, 95% CI (1.02,5.60), P = 0.005), DASH (MD = -4.94,95% CI (-9.34, -0.53), P = 0.03), SPADI (SPADI Total: MD =-16.87, 95% CI (-22.84, -10.91), P

Abstract Objective The goal of the research presented here is to determine if methods previously developed for the aqueous extraction of PrPSc from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPET) are applicable to the detection PrPSc by real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC). Previous work has utilized aqueous extraction of FFPET for detection of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) utilizing western blot and ELISA. This research extends the range of suitable methods for detection of TSEs in FFPET to RT-QuIC, which is arguably the most sensitive method to detect TSEs. Results We found complete agreement between the TSE status and the results from RT-QuIC seeded with the aqueous extract of FFPET samples. The method affords the diagnostic assessment TSE status by RT-QuIC of FFPET without the use of organic solvents that would otherwise create a mixed chemical-biological waste for disposal.

Background: Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disorder with a varied, typically relapsing or remitting nature. Numerous concomitant conditions, such as celiac, hypothyroidism, hyperlipidemia, type 1diabetes, and atherosclerosis, are linked to alopecia areata. Methods: This study was performed on (86) subjects who were categorized into two groups; Group (1): included 43 healthy individuals. Group (2): included 43 patients diagnosed with alopecia areata. This group was divided into 2 groups; group A: 20 patients were treated by conventional therapy. Group B: 23 patients were treated by Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) (local intradermal injection). Whole blood samples were used for genotyping of TCF7L2 polymorphisms (rs7903146). Results: Regarding TCF7L2 genotyping: CT, TT, and CT+TT genotypes of TCF7L2 were significantly higher in cases compared to controls. There was no significant difference between different TCF7L2 genotypes among alopecia patients regarding to demographic data and Clinical findings except white hair before treatment. There was no significant variation between different TCF7L2 genotypes in PRP and steroid-treated alopecia patients regarding demographic data and clinical findings except exclamation mark in PRP treated group. Conclusions: TCF7L2 gens polymorphismis associated with alopecia areata, however, there was no significant difference between PRP treatment and conventional therapy regarding the different genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is one of the most frequently used orthobiologic products for the injection treatment of patients affected by knee osteoarthritis (OA). Some preliminary evidence supports the influence of platelet concentration on patients' clinical outcomes. Purpose: To analyze if platelet concentration can influence the safety and clinical efficacy of PRP injections for the treatment of patients with knee OA. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: This study consisted of 253 patients with knee OA (142 men, 111 women; mean ± SD age, 54.8 ± 11.4 years; Kellgren-Lawrence grades 1-3) who were treated with 3 intra-articular injections of 5 mL of autologous leukocyte-rich or leukocyte-poor PRP. All patients were prospectively evaluated at baseline and at 2, 6, and 12 months. Patients were clinically assessed thorough the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) subscales and the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective score. Platelet concentration was correlated with clinical outcome. Further analysis was performed by stratifying patients into 3 groups (homogeneous for OA severity) based on platelet concentration (high, medium, and low). All complications and adverse events were reported, as well as failures. Results: An overall statistically significant improvement in all clinical scores was documented from baseline to each follow-up evaluation. Platelet concentration positively correlated with clinical outcome. KOOS Pain improved more with higher platelet concentration at 2 months (P =.036; rho = 0.132), 6 months (P =.009; rho = 0.165), and 12 months (P =.014; rho = 0.155). The same trend was shown by the other KOOS subscales and by the IKDC Subjective score, as well as by the comparison of the groups of high-, medium-, and low-platelet PRP. The highest failure rate (15.0%) was found in the low-platelet group as compared with the medium-platelet group (3.3%) and the high-platelet group (3.3%). No differences were observed among the 3 groups in terms of adverse events. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that platelet concentration influences the clinical outcome of PRP injections in knee OA treatment. PRP with a higher platelet concentration provides a lower failure rate and higher clinical improvement as compared with PRP with a lower platelet concentration, with overall better results up to 12 months of follow-up in patients with knee OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Arthroscopic meniscectomy is one of the most performed surgical procedures in orthopaedics. Different approaches have been proposed to improve patient recovery but with unsatisfactory results. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) augmentation has been proposed as a strategy to improve the recovery after meniscectomy. Purpose: To investigate the clinical benefits of an intra-articular PRP injection after meniscectomy, in terms of faster and better patient recovery. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: Ninety patients were randomized into a treatment group, with arthroscopic partial meniscectomy immediately followed by a 5-mL injection of autologous conditioned plasma, and a control group with partial meniscectomy alone. Patients were evaluated at baseline and at 15, 30, 60, and 180 days of follow-up with the visual analog scale (VAS) score for pain (primary outcome), as well as with International Knee Documentation Committee subjective score, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score subscales, Tegner score, and EuroQol-Visual Analog Scale score. Objective evaluation was performed analyzing knee range of motion and circumference and the International Knee Documentation Committee objective score. Complications, patient judgment, and satisfaction were documented as well. Results: No major complications and an overall significant improvement in the clinical scores were observed in both groups. Overall, the comparative analysis did not demonstrate significant between-group differences in absolute values or improvements of both subjective and objective scores, as well as activity level. The improvement in terms of VAS pain score for the treatment group was significant already at 15 days (from 4.3 ± 2.5 to 2.5 ± 2.5; P =.014), while in the control group it became significant at 30 days (from 3.7 ± 2.3 to 2.0 ± 2.4; P =.004). No significant differences were observed between the 2 groups in terms of judgment of treatment results and satisfaction. Conclusion: A single postoperative injection of PRP was not able to significantly improve patient recovery after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy. PRP augmentation did not provide overall benefits at a short-term follow-up (6 months) in terms of pain relief, function, objective parameters, and return-to-sport activities. Registration: NCT02872753 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in orthopaedics continues to increase. One common use of PRP is as an adjunct in rotator cuff repair surgery. Multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses have summarized the data on PRP use in rotator cuff repair surgery. However, systematic reviews and meta-analyses are subject to spin bias, where authors' interpretations of results influence readers' interpretations. Purpose: To evaluate spin in the abstracts of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of PRP with rotator cuff repair surgery. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A PubMed and Embase search was conducted using the terms rotator cuff repair and PRP and systematic review or meta-analysis. After review of 74 initial studies, 25 studies met the inclusion criteria. Study characteristics were documented, and each study was evaluated for the 15 most common forms of spin and using the AMSTAR 2 (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews, Version 2) rating system. Correlations between spin types and study characteristics were evaluated using binary logistic regression for continuous independent variables and a chi-square test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables. Results: At least 1 form of spin was found in 56% (14/25) of the included studies. In regard to the 3 different categories of spin, a form of misleading interpretation was found in 56% (14/25) of the studies. A form of misleading reporting was found in 48% (12/25) of the studies. A form of inappropriate extrapolation was found in 16% (4/25) of the studies. A significant association was found between misleading interpretation and publication year (odds ratio [OR], 1.41 per year increase in publication; 95% CI, 1.04-1.92; P =.029) and misleading reporting and publication year (OR, 1.41 per year increase in publication; 95% CI, 1.02-1.95; P =.037). An association was found between inappropriate extrapolation and journal impact factor (OR, 0.21 per unit increase in impact factor; 95% CI, 0.044-0.99; P =.048). Conclusion: A significant amount of spin was found in the abstracts of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of PRP use in rotator cuff repair surgery. Given the increasing use of PRP by clinicians and interest among patients, spin found in these studies may have a significant effect on clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: We sought to compare the safety and efficacy of combining fractional 2940-nm Erbium:YAG (Er:YAG) laser with autologous plateletrich plasma (PRP) versus its combination with low-level laser therapy (LLLT) for enhancing the outcome of postsurgical and post-traumatic scars. METHODS: Fourty-five individuals with post-surgical or post-traumatic scars were randomly divided into three groups: Group A received four fractional Er:YAG laser sessions spaced four weeks apart along with eight sessions of intradermal PRP injections spaced two weeks apart; Group B received four fractional Er:YAG laser sessions spaced four weeks apart along with two sessions of light emitting diode (LED) weekly; and Group C received four fractional Er:YAG laser sessions spaced four weeks apart. Treatment efficacy was evaluated using clinical photographs, Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS), patient satisfaction and histopathology. RESULTS: Regarding vascularity following treatment and the total VSS score, there were significant differences between the studied groups, with scoring was the lowest in Group A compared to Group B and C. Patient satisfaction was the highest in Group A compared to Group B and C. LIMITATIONS: A limitation of the current study is the short follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Scar revision therapy using combined fractional Er:YAG laser with either PRP or LLLT were found to be more efficient and superior to fractional Er:YAG laser alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prion diseases are fatal infectious neurodegenerative diseases caused by the proteinase K-sensitive form of prion protein (PrPSc). The exact origin of prion seeding and the transition factor of PrPSc has not been elucidated. The main hosts of prion diseases are herbivores, so the feces and corpses of Amphibians can seed PrPSc through ecosystems. The frog is an excellent candidate for transmission studies for this reason, but genetic analyses of the prion protein gene (PRNP) in the context of prion-related characteristics of frog species are lacking. We amplified frog PRNP gene sequences in Dybowski's frog and the American bullfrog by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and amplicon sequencing. In addition, we carried out multiple sequencing alignments and annotated major PrP components including signal peptide, tandem repeat domain, and PrPCPrPSc interaction region of frog PrPs by bioinformatics tools. We predicted secondary and tertiary structures and amyloid propensities of frog PrPs using AlphaFold2 and AMYCO, respectively. We obtained DNA sequences of the PRNP gene in Dybowski's frog and the American bullfrog, as well as a partially conserved palindromic sequence (PrPC-PrPSc interaction region) and absence of tandem repeat region of PrP in seven frog species. We analyzed protein structure of among these frog species and found that the high Himalaya frog has high aggregation propensity and the western clawed frog does not have the Nterminal signal peptide. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first comparative genetic study regarding prion-related features of frog species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acne has a prevalence of over 90% among adolescents, and subsequently progresses to acne scarring in approximately 47% of cases. Due to the severe psychological and social ramifications acne scarring has on patients, there is a need for more effective treatments. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), an autologous preparation enriched with growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines, has shown efficacy in promoting wound healing and tissue remodeling in dermatology. Recent evidence suggests that the efficacy of PRP may be enhanced when combined with laser therapy, which induces controlled tissue damage through photo-thermolysis thereby promoting tissue remodeling and epidermal regeneration. The microchannels created by laser treatments are thought to allow deeper penetration of PRP into the skin, potentially increasing its therapeutic effects. This review aims to analyze the combined use of PRP and laser therapy for treating acne scarring by examining randomized control trials from the past decade indexed on PubMed. Six studies met our inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The findings of this review support the hypothesis that combining PRP with laser therapy offers superior clinical results compared to monotherapy, providing a more effective approach to managing acne scarring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of autologous blood preparations, namely Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP), Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF), and Concentrated Growth Factor (CGF), in maxillary sinus floor elevation surgery. The focus was on their impact on new bone formation, maxillary sinus floor height, and soft tissue healing. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus databases up to April 2024. This systematic review included both randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) that evaluated the efficacy of autologous blood preparations in maxillary sinus floor elevation surgery. The primary outcomes measured were the percentage of new bone formation, maxillary sinus floor height, and he percentage of soft tissue area. Data from the selected studies were extracted and analyzed to determine the impact of autologous blood preparations on these outcomes. The risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane's risk of bias tool and ROBINS-I, and meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.4 software to calculate effect sizes and integrate results from multiple studies. Results: Among the 507 screened articles, 30 studies met the inclusion criteria. The results indicated that the application of PRP significantly increased new bone formation during maxillary sinus floor elevation surgery (primary outcome, MD = 4.40, CI = 0.37 to 8.44, P = 0.03), as well as improving maxillary sinus floor height elevation (secondary outcome, MD = 1.00, CI = 0.78 to 1.23, P < 0.00001). The absence of PRP during surgery had a statistically significant effect on the percentage of soft tissue area (secondary outcome, MD= -5.25, CI= -7.29 to 3.20, P < 0.00001). However, based on the research findings, PRF did not show significant effects on enhancing new bone formation, maxillary sinus floor height elevation, and promoting soft tissue regeneration. Conclusions: PRP demonstrates efficacy in maxillary sinus floor elevation surgery by enhancing new bone formation and increasing sinus height. Further studies are needed to validate the outcomes of PRF and CGF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of Platelet Concentrates (PCs) in the contest of Hemorrhagic, Actinic, and Radiation Cystitis, plus Urethral Obstruction or Stenosis. Eligibility criteria: Open article in English or Italian regarding in situ applications of PCs for the selected pathologies. Information sources: MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and ELSEVIER. Risk of bias: High (and discussed). Methods for synthesis of results: Selection of relevant contents, resumed by digital tools, checked by authors and used throughout the manuscript. Included studies: 13 screened articles + 7 personal sources + 37 "extra" articles. Synthesis of results: Pre-clinical and clinical studies demonstrated substantial symptom relief, mucosal restoration, and improved growth factor levels, reducing recurrence rates and complications. However, preparation protocols and results varied among studies. Limitations of evidence: Frequent low-quality studies with mall sample size, plus heterogeneous experimental setups and nomenclature/preparations. Interpretation: PCs demonstrate promise due to their bioactive components, enhancing tissue repair and reducing inflammation with no significant adverse events. Despite positive outcomes in pre-clinical and clinical studies, variability in preparation protocols and small sample sizes, together with inconsistent results, highlight the need for high-quality research to validate PCs' clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Condensation of zeotropic mixtures in horizontal tube were experimentally studied. • The processes of temperature glide and composition shift were demonstrated quantitatively. • The heat and mass transfer resistances were discussed. • Effects of vapor quality, mass flux and saturation temperature on heat transfer were presented. Zeotropic refrigerant blends have attracted wide interest due to their promises to reduce global warming potential as well as their potential ability to improve the performance of heat pumps and air conditioners. The complex phenomenon of non-isothermal phase change complicates condensation of zeotropic refrigerant mixtures and merits extensive investigation to better understand their performance profiles. The present work experimentally studied condensation heat transfer of R407C and R448A – two R134a-based zeotropic refrigerant mixtures – in a horizontal smooth tube, condensed by counter-current water cooling. Measurements for mass flux were in the range of 120 to 320 kg m −2 s −1 and saturation temperature in the range of 42 to 64 °C. Variation in refrigerant temperature and composition shift during condensation were quantitatively presented. The experimental data showed the effects of mass flux and saturation temperature on the heat transfer coefficients of R407C and R448A in different vapor quality regions. The analysis of heat and mass transfer resistances related to the flow regimes and refrigerant thermophysical properties provides a deep understanding of the condensation heat transfer of zeotropic refrigerant mixtures. The experimental data presented in this work are of value for the design of condensers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to assess the effectiveness of PRP injections into facial skin and to identify which of the studied blood parameters can affect the effectiveness of the procedure. The research involved 50 women aged 20 to 52 years who received intradermal PRP injections into facial skin. A general examination, complete blood count, and d-dimer, estradiol, and insulin in the blood serum were measured before the procedure, and assessment of the skin's condition using a facial skin analyzer, assessment of midface volume changes using the Midface Volume Deficit Scale, assessment of aesthetic improvement by the doctor and the patient (Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale, GAIS) before and 1 month after the procedure were conducted for all the subjects involved in the research. According to the GAIS, both from the doctor's and the patients' perspectives, the majority noted some improvement in the skin condition after the procedure; however, according to the skin analyzer data, there were no statistically significant changes. A total of 56% of the patients displayed improvement in the midface volume, and this was observed in patients with a lower blood platelet count (≤259 × 109/L) and a higher level of estradiol (>99 pg/mL) before the procedure. No undesirable effects were detected after the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While several functions of the endogenous prion protein have been studied, the homeostatic function of prion protein is still debated. Notably, prion protein is highly expressed on mast cells, granular immune cells that regulate inflammation. When activated, mast cells shed prion protein, although the mechanism and consequences of this are not yet understood. First, we tested several mast cell lines and found that, while prion protein was almost always present, the total amount differed greatly. Activation of mast cells induced a cleavage of the N-terminal region of prion protein, and this was reduced by protease inhibitors. Exogenous mast cell proteases caused a similar loss of the prion protein N-terminus. Additionally, mast cells shed prion protein in an ADAM10-dependent fashion, even in the absence of activation. Our results suggest that prion protein is cleaved from resting mast cells by ADAM10 and from activated mast cells by mast cell proteases. Prion protein also appears to affect mast cell function, as Prnp −/− bone marrow–derived mast cells showed lower levels of degranulation and cytokine release, as well as lower levels of both FcεRI and CD117. Finally, we sought to provide clinical relevance by measuring the levels of prion protein in bodily fluids of asthmatic patients, a disease that involves the activation of mast cells. We found an N-terminal fragment of prion protein could be detected in human sputum and serum, and the amount of this prion protein fragment was decreased in the serum of patients with asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an emerging biological intervention for osteoarthritis (OA), yet the outcomes remain uncertain. The purpose of this study was to review current literature regarding the use of PRP for knee and hip OA. Recent Findings: Recent systematic reviews have found significant clinical improvements in outcomes after the administration of PRP compared to hyaluronic acid (HA) in patients with knee OA. One of these reviews included bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) as a comparison group and found no significant differences in outcomes between PRP and BMAC. Currently, the literature is lacking on whether leukocyte-rich or leukocyte-poor PRP is superior in patients with knee OA. The literature on PRP for hip OA has not provided consistent results as it has for the knee. Two recent systematic reviews evaluated RCTs for patients undergoing treatment with either PRP or HA for hip OA and found no significant differences in clinical outcomes between groups at final follow-up. Current literature regarding the association between OA grade and PRP efficacy has found varying results. Summary: The use of PRP injections in the treatment of knee OA appears to be favorable, resulting in clinically comparable or superior outcomes compared to other injection treatments. However, the clinical efficacy of PRP injections in hip OA is far less consistent. Evidence is lacking to suggest that the presence of leukocytes significantly influences clinical outcomes. Further randomized controlled trials on larger cohorts, with longer follow-up, and with comparable formulations are required before recommendations can be made regarding use of PRP for hip OA, the effect of leukocyte concentration, and clinical efficacy based on OA grade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin scarring can result from burns, injuries, stretch marks and acne, leading to cosmetic and functional difficulties. Treatments for burn scars encompass a range of options, such as lasers, corticosteroid injections, surgery and regenerative techniques such as platelet‐rich plasma (PRP). Hyaluronic acid‐based products offer skin hydration and shield against aging effects. A study is being conducted to evaluate how effective PRP injection, hyaluronic acid and their combination improve burn scars and their effects on quality of life and potential disabilities. In our study, PRP and non‐cross‐linked hyaluronic acid treatments were compared in 10 individuals with burn scars between 2022 and 2023. Patients received CO2 fractional laser treatment followed by injections in scar areas. Evaluations included the Vancouver scar scale (VSS), biometric assessments, ultrasounds and satisfaction ratings. Two therapy sessions were conducted at 1‐month interval, and assessments were done before treatment, 1 month after the first session, and 3 months after the first session. Biometric assessments showed significant improvements in various parameters (tewametry, corneometry, erythema index, melanin index, cutometry, thickness and density) in the intervention groups compared to the placebo group (p <0.05). PRP‐non‐cross‐linked hyaluronic acid, PRP and non‐cross‐linked hyaluronic acid treatments exhibited the best clinical responses with significant differences between groups (p <0.05). Dermal thickness did not show significant improvement during treatment sessions, and changes among subjects were not significantly different. The colorimetry parameter improved in all groups except the placebo group, with no significant difference between intervention groups. The VSS significantly decreased in all treatment groups except the placebo group. PRP, non‐cross‐linked hyaluronic acid and especially the combination of these two treatment options are very effective in treating burn scars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The treatment of cartilage lesions remains a challenge. Matrix‐associated autologous chondrocyte implantation has evolved to become the gold standard procedure. However, this two‐step procedure has crucial disadvantages, and the one‐step minced cartilage procedure has gained attention. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcome of an all‐autologous minced cartilage technique in cartilage lesions at the knee joint. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, 71 patients (38.6 years ± 12.0, 39,4% female) with a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed grade III–IV cartilage defect at the medial femur condyle (n = 20), lateral femur condyle (n = 2), lateral tibia plateau (n = 1), retropatellar (n = 28) and at the trochlea (n = 20) were included. All patients were treated with an all‐autologous minced cartilage procedure (AutoCart™). Clinical knee function was evaluated by the Tegner score, visual analogue scale, the subjective and objective evaluation form of the International Knee Documentation Committee and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). MRI analyses were performed by magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue (MOCART) 2.0 knee score. Follow‐up examination was 13.7 ± 4.2 (12–24) months postoperative. Results: All clinical scores significantly improved after surgical intervention (p < 0.0001), especially the subgroup sports and recreation of KOOS showed clear changes from baseline in the follow‐up examination. In the postoperative MRI evaluation, 39 of 71 patients showed a complete fill of the cartilage defect without subchondral changes in 78% of the patients in the MOCART 2.0 score in the follow‐up analysis. None of the patients showed adverse effects, which are linked to the minced cartilage procedure during the time of follow‐up. Conclusion: An all‐autologous minced cartilage technique for chondral lesions at the knee joint seems to be an effective and safe treatment method with good clinical and radiological short‐term results. Level of Evidence: Level IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of subtenon platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients and to determine the factors affecting the response to treatment. Methods: For this purpose, 85 eyes of 43 RP patients with visual acuity of 1 logMAR and above were included in the study and subtenon autologous PRP treatment was applied 3 times at two-week intervals. In addition to a full ophthalmological examination, functional tests such as visual acuity, visual field, central retinal sensitivity measurement, and electroretinography (ERG) and structural measurements including the thickness of the outer retinal layers, and the length of the ellipsoid zone in optic coherence tomography, and the dimensions of the hyperautofluorescent ring in fundus autofluorescence imaging (FAF) were performed on the patients before and one month after the treatment. Results: A statistically significant improvement was achieved in the patient's visual acuity, visual field MD and PSD index, and dark-adapted 10.0 ERG response b wave amplitude. There was no significant change in average central retinal sensitivity, fixation stability, outer retinal layer thickness and ellipsoid zone length. No statistically significant change was detected in the diameter and area of the hyperautofluorescence ring measured by FAF. It was found that the age of the patients and the age of onset of the disease were parameters affecting the treatment response. Conclusion: With PRP treatment applied periodically in RP patients, it may be possible to improve visual function and stop the progression of the disease, which can be detected by structural evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The goal of the research presented here is to determine if methods previously developed for the aqueous extraction of PrPSc from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPET) are applicable to the detection PrPSc by real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC). Previous work has utilized aqueous extraction of FFPET for detection of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) utilizing western blot and ELISA. This research extends the range of suitable methods for detection of TSEs in FFPET to RT-QuIC, which is arguably the most sensitive method to detect TSEs. Results: We found complete agreement between the TSE status and the results from RT-QuIC seeded with the aqueous extract of FFPET samples. The method affords the diagnostic assessment TSE status by RT-QuIC of FFPET without the use of organic solvents that would otherwise create a mixed chemical-biological waste for disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To systematically review the clinical efficacy (pain, function, quality of life) and safety of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of frozen shoulder through meta-analysis, and provide evidence-based medical evidence for the effectiveness of PRP in the treatment of frozen shoulder. Methods: A search was conducted on international databases (Pubmed, Web of science, Embase) and Chinese databases (CNKI, Wanfang, VIP) to search the clinical studies on the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma in treating frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis/periarthritis/50 shoulder) and their corresponding references published from inception until January 2024. Thoroughly excluded literature not meeting the predetermined inclusion criteria, extracted relevant data from the literature, and input it into RevMan5.4 for meta-analysis. Results: This study ultimately included 14 RCTs, with a total of 1024 patients. The results showed that PRP has significant advantages compared with control groups in VAS (mean difference (MD) =-0.38, 95% confidence interval(CI)(-0.73, -0.03), P = 0.03), UCLA (MD = 3.31, 95% CI (1.02,5.60),P = 0.005), DASH (MD = -4.94,95% CI (-9.34, -0.53),P = 0.03), SPADI (SPADI Total: MD =-16.87, 95% CI (-22.84, -10.91), P < 0.00001; SPADI Pain: MD =-5.38, 95% CI (-7.80, -2.97), P < 0.0001; SPADI Disability: MD =-11.00, 95% CI (-13.61,-8.39), P < 0.00001), and the active and passive Range of Motion (active flexion: MD = 12.70, 95% CI (7.44, 17.95), P < 0.00001; passive flexion: MD = 9.47, 95% CI(3.80, 15.14), P = 0.001; active extension: MD = 3.45, 95% CI(2.39, 4.50), P < 0.00001; active abduction: MD = 13.54, 95% CI(8.42, 18.67), P < 0.00001; passive abduction: MD = 14.26, 95% CI (5.97, 22.56), P = 0.0008; active internal rotation: MD = 5.16, 95% CI (1.84, 8.48), P = 0.002; passive internal rotation: MD = 3.65, 95% CI(1.15, 6.15), P = 0.004; active external rotation: MD = 10.50, 95% CI(5.47, 15.53), P < 0.0001; passive external rotation: MD = 6.00, 95% CI (1.82, 10.19), P = 0.005) except passive extension (MD = 2.25, 95% CI (-0.77, 5.28), P = 0.14). In terms of safety, most studies reported no adverse effects, and only one study reported common complications of joint puncture such as swelling and pain after treatment in both PRP and control groups. Previous studies have shown a risk of osteonecrosis caused by corticosteroids. Therefore, the safety of PRP treatment is more reliable. Conclusion: The results showed that PRP was more durable and safer than corticosteroids and other control groups in the treatment of frozen shoulder. Study Design: Systematic review. Trial registration: PROSPERO CRD42022359444, date of registration: 22-09-2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With aging and weight gain, the population is significantly overweight and faces additional pressure on vertebral and peripheral joints (ankles, knees, hips, shoulders), which affects muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves. Muscle contraction, translated by pain, sends the patient to the doctor. Lumbar and cervical spine disorders occur in 70-80% of the world's population during their lifetime. They are a major problem because they reduce the quality of life and increase the costs borne by health services and patients. There are multiple therapeutic options, both classic medication and alternative treatment, to combat pain for a longer or shorter period. Relief or suppression of pain, the dominant symptom in the manifestations of degenerative arthritic diseases, is an important goal of treatment, ultimately improving the quality of life. Patients, for various reasons, frequently seek alternative therapies, especially to surgical treatment. Finding the most comprehensive treatment is often a challenge. If we consider the benefit that a treatment (therapy) should bring to the health condition, then an individualized therapeutic plan must be chosen. A retrospective study on the effects of ozone and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment compared to classic medication shows the role of ozone therapy in pain relief and the beneficial effect of this therapy, especially in combination with PRP, over a longer period [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare IA corticosteroid and autologous PRP injection in OA knee, in terms of reducing stiffness, alleviating pain, and enhancing physical functionality. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Setting: AFIRM Rawalpindi. Period: Aug 2019 to April 2020. Methods: 70 patients with Knees OA, 40-70 years of age were included. Group A received IA 40 mg Triamcinolone Injection while Group B received PRP Injection in the affected knee. Pain evaluation was carried out using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and the Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) Index at baseline, at 1 month, at 3rd month, and after 6 months and mean changes calculated. Results: Among 70 patients, 36 were male (52%) and 34 were female (48%). No notable differences were observed in age (p=0.210), sex (p=0.811), and body mass index (BMI) (p=0.985) between two groups. Pre-injection pain severity assessed on NRS (p=0.217) and OA severity assessed on WOMAC (p=0.010) differed not between the two groups. At 6 months postinjection, there was significant improvement (p-value < 0.05) in pain relief in Group B (IA PRP) compared to Group A (IA steroid injection). However, at 1 month post injection NRS and WOMAC has shown more improvement between Group A and Group B, a significant difference was observed (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: PRP Injection decreases joint pain and improve quality of life better than corticosteroid injection prolonged periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To comprehensively evaluate the reported clinical effectiveness of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) in patients with chronic sinusitis undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Five digital online databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Cochrane CENTRAL) were searched from inception up to 1st May 2023. Our specific outcomes involved postoperative nasal endoscopy scores measured via Lund‐Kennedy score or Meltzer score, olfactory sensation scores and pre‐operative anosmia duration. All data were pooled as standardised mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI), using the RevMan software. Results: Six RCTs were included in this systematic review and meta‐analysis, with a total of 169 patients. The risk of bias in the included RCTs was low in three RCTs, some concerns in one RCT and high risk in two RCTs. The overall analysis of the postoperative nasal endoscopy scores showed that the PRP group had lower scores compared to the control group (n = 3 RCTs, SMD = −1.19; 95% CI [−1.94, −0.44], p =.002). There was no significant difference between the PRP and control groups regarding anosmia duration (n = 2 RCTs, SMD = 0.21; 95% CI [−0.17, 0.59], p = 0.28) or olfactory sensation scores, despite the PRP group having higher scores (n = 2 RCTs, SMD = 0.53; 95% CI [−0.32, 1.39], p = 0.22). Conclusion: This study highlights the potential advantages of using PRP as an additional treatment for individuals with chronic sinusitis undergoing ESS. The improvements associated with PRP include facilitating wound healing, reducing inflammation and enhancing surgical outcomes. To optimise the use of PRP in clinical settings, future research should focus on conducting larger trials with standardised protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plantar heel pain is very common complaint that causes significant discomfort. Plantar fasciitis is due to degenerative change of the plantar fascia at attachment site. Corticosteroids and autologous PRP injections are effective in the treatment of plantar fasciitis. We compared the local corticosteroid (methyl prednisolone acetate) injection and platelet-richplasma in terms of patient outcome in chronic plantar fasciitis. Materials and methods: The study was conducted at Pain clinic and in Department of Orthopaedics, Government District hospital Chitradurga, Karnataka from November 2022 to October 2023. Forty patients were enrolled in this study. The patients were selected randomly and were divided in two groups of 20 patients each (PRP and Steroid groups). Follow up done at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months. Results: Significant pain relief after 6 weeks of platelet rich plasma therapy and after at 3 months and 6 months follow up. Significant improvement in both groups with respect to AOFAS score and VAS scores. This improvement was significantly more in PRP group. Conclusion: PRP injection is more effective in resulting pain relief and function as compared to corticosteroid injection in the treatment of plantar fasciitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Hypothesis: Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a condition characterized by chronic inflammation that affects the bladder. The study was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of intravesical platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections in patients with IC/BPS. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search strategy to involve studies that investigate the efficacy of intravesical PRP injections or instillations over different time intervals. Various outcome measures were assessed, including pain scores, functional outcomes, urodynamic parameters, and surface expressions on the urothelium. Results: Our search strategy revealed 1,125 studies. After screening, ten articles met the inclusion criteria. Intravesical PRP significantly reduced the visual analog scale (VAS) compared with baseline scores. Several clinical trials reported significant improvements in the global response rate (GRA), O'Leary–Sant Symptom (OSS) questionnaire, Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index (ICSI), and Interstitial Cystitis Problem Index (ICPI). Urodynamic parameters such as maximum flow rate (Qmax) and post-voiding residual (PVR) showed significant improvements in some studies. Conclusion: The study concluded that intravesical PRP injections could be a promising effective treatment option for IC/BPS patients by their significant ability to reduce pain. However, improvement of urodynamic and functional outcomes is still not clear. Further large comparative trials are still warranted to assess the efficacy of PRP instillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium hydroxyapatite is a widely used material for replacing bone defects. However, the effectiveness of nano-crystalline calcium hydroxyapatite produced from eggshells in the replacement of bone defects has not been investigated yet. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using nano-crystalline calcium hydroxyapatite made from eggshell for the healing of bone defect of the femur in rats. Forty-eight (n=48) rats underwent a surgical procedure to simulate femoral defect. The animals were sub-divided into 4 groups (each with n=12) depending on the methods of bone defect replacement: I control group (CG) (without bone defect replacement); II intervention group (the bone defect was replaced by PRP (PRP); III intervention group (the bone defect was replaced by nano-crystalline hydroxyapatite obtained from eggshell) (HA) and IV interventional group (the bone defect was replaced by a combination of hydroxyapatite and PRP) (HA+PRP). The degree of effectiveness of studied methods was assessed using radiological (on the 14th day), histological (on the 61st day), and biomechanical analysis (on the 61st day). According to radiographic data, the CG group had the lowest level of bone regeneration after 14 days (4.2 ± 1.7%). In the HA + PRP group, the level of bone regeneration was 22.1±7.1 %, which was higher in comparison with the rates of consolidation of bone defects in the HA group (20.7± 9.3) (p = 0.023). According to the histomorphometry data, the rates of bone tissue regeneration in the PRP group (19.8 ±4.2%) were higher in comparison with the CG group (12.7 ± 7.3%), (p>0.05). In the HA+PRP group, bone regeneration rates (48.9±9.4 %) were significantly higher (p=0.001) than in the HA group (35.1±9.8%). According to the results of biomechanical assessment under the maximum stress (121.0722), the maximum bending deformation of the contralateral bone without defect was 0.028746, which was higher than the indicators of the HA+PRP group, where at the maximum stress (90.67979) the bending deformation was 0.024953 (p>0.05). Compared to CG, PRP, and HA, biomechanical bone strength was significantly higher in the HA + PRP group (p≤0.01). At the maximum stress (51.81391), the maximum bending strain in the CG group was 0.03869, which was lower than in the PRP group, where the maximum stress and bending strain were 59.45824 and 0.055171, respectively (p>0.05). However, the bone strength of the HA group was statistically significantly higher compared to the CG and PRP groups (p<0.01). The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the use of nano-crystalline calcium hydroxyapatite obtained from eggshell in the healing of a bone defect. The best results were observed in the group of the combined use of nano-crystalline calcium hydroxyapatite and PRP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]