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Protein stability plays a crucial role in a variety of applications, such as food processing, therapeutics, and the identification of pathogenic mutations. Engineering campaigns commonly seek to improve protein stability, and there is a strong interest in streamlining these processes to enable rapid optimization of highly stabilized proteins with fewer iterations. In this work, we explore utilizing a mega-scale dataset to develop a protein language model optimized for stability prediction. ESMtherm is trained on the folding stability of 528k natural and de novo sequences derived from 461 protein domains and can accommodate deletions, insertions, and multiple-point mutations. We show that a protein language model can be fine-tuned to predict folding stability. ESMtherm performs reasonably on small protein domains and generalizes to sequences distal from the training set. Lastly, we discuss our models limitations compared to other state-of-the-art methods in generalizing to larger protein scaffolds. Our results highlight the need for large-scale stability measurements on a diverse dataset that mirrors the distribution of sequence lengths commonly observed in nature.

In the folded state, biomolecules exchange between multiple conformational states crucial for their function. However, most structural models derived from experiments and computational predictions only encode a single state. To represent biomolecules accurately, we must move towards modeling and predicting structural ensembles. Information about structural ensembles exists within experimental data from X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. Although new tools are available to detect conformational and compositional heterogeneity within these ensembles, the legacy PDB data structure does not robustly encapsulate this complexity. We propose modifications to the macromolecular crystallographic information file (mmCIF) to improve the representation and interrelation of conformational and compositional heterogeneity. These modifications will enable the capture of macromolecular ensembles in a human and machine-interpretable way, potentially catalyzing breakthroughs for ensemble-function predictions, analogous to the achievements of AlphaFold with single-structure prediction.

MOTIVATION: Sidechain rotamer libraries of the common amino acids of a protein are useful for folded protein structure determination and for generating ensembles of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). However, much of protein function is modulated beyond the translated sequence through the introduction of post-translational modifications (PTMs). RESULTS: In this work, we have provided a curated set of side chain rotamers for the most common PTMs derived from the RCSB PDB database, including phosphorylated, methylated, and acetylated sidechains. Our rotamer libraries improve upon existing methods such as SIDEpro, Rosetta, and AlphaFold3 in predicting the experimental structures for PTMs in folded proteins. In addition, we showcase our PTM libraries in full use by generating ensembles with the Monte Carlo Side Chain Entropy (MCSCE) for folded proteins, and combining MCSCE with the Local Disordered Region Sampling algorithms within IDPConformerGenerator for proteins with intrinsically disordered regions. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The codes for dihedral angle computations and library creation are available at https://github.com/THGLab/ptm_sc.git.

The Protein Ensemble Database (PED) (URL: https://proteinensemble.org) is the primary resource for depositing structural ensembles of intrinsically disordered proteins. This updated version of PED reflects advancements in the field, denoting a continual expansion with a total of 461 entries and 538 ensembles, including those generated without explicit experimental data through novel machine learning (ML) techniques. With this significant increment in the number of ensembles, a few yet-unprecedented new entries entered the database, including those also determined or refined by electron paramagnetic resonance or circular dichroism data. In addition, PED was enriched with several new features, including a novel deposition service, improved user interface, new database cross-referencing options and integration with the 3D-Beacons network-all representing efforts to improve the FAIRness of the database. Foreseeably, PED will keep growing in size and expanding with new types of ensembles generated by accurate and fast ML-based generative models and coarse-grained simulations. Therefore, among future efforts, priority will be given to further develop the database to be compatible with ensembles modeled at a coarse-grained level.

The Novel Metagenome Protein Families Database (NMPFamsDB) is a database of metagenome- and metatranscriptome-derived protein families, whose members have no hits to proteins of reference genomes or Pfam domains. Each protein family is accompanied by multiple sequence alignments, Hidden Markov Models, taxonomic information, ecosystem and geolocation metadata, sequence and structure predictions, as well as 3D structure models predicted with AlphaFold2. In its current version, NMPFamsDB hosts over 100 000 protein families, each with at least 100 members. The reported protein families significantly expand (more than double) the number of known protein sequence clusters from reference genomes and reveal new insights into their habitat distribution, origins, functions and taxonomy. We expect NMPFamsDB to be a valuable resource for microbial proteome-wide analyses and for further discovery and characterization of novel functions. NMPFamsDB is publicly available in http://www.nmpfamsdb.org/ or https://bib.fleming.gr/NMPFamsDB.

Among exclusively breastfed infants, human milk (HM) provides complete nutrition in the first mo of life and remains an important energy source as long as breastfeeding continues. Consisting of digestible carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids, as well as fats and fatty acids, macronutrients in human milk have been well studied; however, many aspects related to their relationship to growth in early life are still not well understood. We systematically searched Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science to synthesize evidence published between 1980 and 2022 on HM components and anthropometry through 2 y of age among term-born healthy infants. From 9992 abstracts screened, 57 articles reporting observations from 5979 dyads were included and categorized based on their reporting of HM macronutrients and infant growth. There was substantial heterogeneity in anthropometric outcome measurement, milk collection timelines, and HM sampling strategies; thus, meta-analysis was not possible. In general, digestible carbohydrates were positively associated with infant weight outcomes. Protein was positively associated with infant length, but no associations were reported for infant weight. Finally, HM fat was not consistently associated with any infant growth metrics, though various associations were reported in single studies. Fatty acid intakes were generally positively associated with head circumference, except for docosahexaenoic acid. Our synthesis of the literature was limited by differences in milk collection strategies, heterogeneity in anthropometric outcomes and analytical methodologies, and by insufficient reporting of results. Moving forward, HM researchers should accurately record and account for breastfeeding exclusivity, use consistent sampling protocols that account for the temporal variation in HM macronutrients, and use reliable, sensitive, and accurate techniques for HM macronutrient analysis.

Malnutrition and food insecurity are major public health problems in developing countries including Ethiopia. Because of an economic issue and information gap, developing countries' survival depends on foods rich in carbohydrates but deficient in protein and micronutrients. However, it is paramount to mix ingredients that complement different nutritional profiles to alleviate the problem of malnutrition. Hence, in this research, maize, orange‐fleshed sweet potato, sweet lupine, and moringa leaf powder composites were used to develop nutritious instant porridge flour through extrusion cooking. Formulations containing powdered maize, orange‐fleshed sweet potato, sweet lupine, and moringa leaf were developed in the following ratios: 100:0:0:0, 50:35:10:5, 45:30:15:10, and 40:25:20:15, respectively. A completely randomized design was used to determine the blending effect on the functional properties, proximate composition, minerals, and beta‐carotene content of formulated instant porridge flour. Whereas, a randomized complete block design was used for the organoleptic characteristics data. Accordingly, the addition of orange‐fleshed sweet potato, sweet lupine, and moringa leaf powder to maize‐based porridge showed a significant (p < .05) increase in bulk density (0.70 ± 0.02 to 0.74 ± 0.03), water solubility index (10.09 ± 0.08 to 14.16 ± 0.23), protein (9.00 ± 0.00 to 21.10 ± 0.02), ash (1.43 ± 0.07 to 3.36 ± 0.08), fiber (1.55 ± 0.05 to 3.21 ± 0.01), fat (3.37 ± 0.02 to 5.37 ± 0.07), energy (370.89 ± 0.70 to 400.53 ± 0.65), vitamin A (0.00 to 41.00 ± 1.55), iron (3.49 ± 0.02 to 9.58 ± 0.29), zinc (2.89 ± 0.01 to 3.62 ± 0.06), and calcium (40.49 ± 0.42 to 113.34 ± 0.52) contents. However, water absorption index (4.76 ± 0.01 to 3.84 ± 0.01), moisture (8.50 ± 0.08 to 5.60 ± 0.04), and carbohydrate (76.11 ± 0.22 to 66.94 ± 0.02) content were decreased as a result of blending proportion compared to maize porridge (control). Formulated instant maize‐based porridge prepared from 50% maize, 35% orange‐fleshed sweet potato, 10% sweet lupine, and 5% moringa leaf powder scored the highest (above 4 out of 5 in a 5‐point hedonic scale) in all sensory attributes. In conclusion, the addition of orange‐fleshed sweet potato, sweet lupine flour, and moringa leaf powder has improved both macro‐ and micronutrients. Therefore, the development of nutritious maize‐based instant porridge formulated from readily available and underutilized crops can be achieved by extrusion cooking that helps to reduce the prevalence of malnutrition and food insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological system has attracted many researchers with a lot of smart advances in the control system field. The control approaches have been effectively utilized in biological application to regulate the biological parameter functions based on the set point and threshold value. However, the controller's high disturbance has resulted in low gain and tuning performance. So, the current work has expected to plan a new African Buffalo based Recurrent Fractional-Order Sliding Mode (ABR-FOSM) for the biological system to tune the specific parameters like protein, pancreas, and Genetic Regulatory Network (GRN). Here, the incorporation of the buffalo algorithm has provided better tuning results. Moreover, the robustness of the designed controller has been validated by gaining the finest tuning performance and reduced Error and settling time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Genome editing is a revolution in biotechnology for crop improvement with the final product lacking transgenes. However, most derived traits have been generated through edits that create gene knockouts. Our study pioneers a novel approach, utilizing gene editing to enhance gene expression by eliminating transcriptional repressor binding motifs. Building upon our prior research demonstrating the protein‐boosting effects of the transcription factor NF‐YC4, we identified conserved motifs targeted by RAV and WRKY repressors in the NF‐YC4 promoters from rice (Oryza sativa) and soybean (Glycine max). Leveraging CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we deleted these motifs, resulting in reduced repressor binding and increased NF‐YC4 expression. This strategy led to increased protein content and reduced carbohydrate levels in the edited rice and soybean plants, with rice exhibiting up to a 68% increase in leaf protein and a 17% increase in seed protein, and soybean showing up to a 25% increase in leaf protein and an 11% increase in seed protein. Our findings provide a blueprint for enhancing gene expression through precise genomic deletions in noncoding sequences, promising improved agricultural productivity and nutritional quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to characterize the changes in macromolecular composition and structure in ileal tissue induced by postoperative prolonged starvation (PS), human breast milk feeding (HM) and commercial formula feeding (CF) for 48 and 72 h (h). Forty-two Wistar albino rats underwent an ileal transection and primary anastomosis and were then divided into six subgroups. Two groups of seven rats were food-deprived for 48 and 72 h with free access to water only in metabolic cages (48 h PS, 72 h PS). Then, two groups of seven rats received early enteral trophic nutrition (EEN) either using HM, and CF at 48 h post-operation (48 h HM, 48 h CF). The other two groups of seven rats received the same trophic enteral nutrition at 72 h post-operation (72 h HM, 72 h CF). An additional seven rats were fed normal rat chow (control), after which the ileal tissues were harvested and freeze-dried overnight. Then sample spectra were recorded by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. PS at 48 and 72 h resulted in an increase in the concentration of lipids and a decrease in the concentration of proteins. CF and HM trophic feeding induced a decrease in membrane fluidity and an increase in lipid order. Ileal tissues showed similar compositional and structural changes in lipids and proteins in the PS and CF groups after 48 and 72 h. A marked decrease in nucleic acid concentration was seen in CF at 48 h compared to HM. The human milk feeding groups did not induce any significant alterations and showed compositional and structural data similar to the controls. In conclusion, EEN application seems to be safer when introduced at 48 h rather than 72 h and time of this nutrition is crucial to maintain ileum structure and therefore immunity and well-being. HM-induced trophic nutrition is seen to protect the ileal tissue from significant alterations within lipid and protein compositions, whereas CF caused notable changes. HM is absolutely the best nutritional source for gut health in this animal model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweed farming is the single largest aquaculture commodity with >30 million tonnes produced each year. Furthermore, the restoration of lost seaweed forests is gaining significant momentum, particularly for kelps in warming temperate areas. Whether in aquaculture settings, following restoration practices, or in the wild, all seaweeds undergo biotic interactions with a diverse range of co‐occurring or cocultured organisms. To date, most research assessing such biotic interactions has focused on the response of the organism interacting with seaweeds, rather than on the seaweeds themselves. However, understanding how seaweeds respond to other organisms, particularly on a molecular scale, is crucial for optimizing outcomes of seaweed farming or restoration efforts and, potentially, also for the conservation of natural populations. In this systematic review, we assessed the molecular processes that seaweeds undergo during biotic interactions and propose priority areas for future research. Despite some insights into the response of seaweeds to biotic interactions, this review specifically highlights a lack of characterization of biomolecules involved in the response to chemical cues derived from interacting organisms (four studies in the last 20 years) and a predominant use of laboratory‐based experiments conducted under controlled conditions. Additionally, this review reveals that studies targeting metabolites (70%) are more common than those examining the role of genes (22%) and proteins (8%). To effectively inform seaweed aquaculture efforts, it will be crucial to conduct larger scale experiments simulating natural environments. Also, employing a holistic approach targeting genes and proteins would be beneficial to complement the relatively well‐established role of metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Machine learning (ML) algorithms and statistical modeling offer a potential solution to offset the challenge of diagnosing early Alzheimer's disease (AD) by leveraging multiple data sources and combining information on neuropsychological, genetic, and biomarker indicators. Among others, statistical models are a promising tool to enhance the clinical detection of early AD. In the present study, early AD was diagnosed by taking into account characteristics related to whether or not a patient was taking specific drugs and a significant protein as a predictor of Amyloid-Beta (Ab), tau, and ptau [AT(N)] levels among participants. Methods: In this study, the optimization of predictive models for the diagnosis of AD pathologies was carried out using a set of baseline features. The model performance was improved by incorporating additional variables associated with patient drugs and protein biomarkers into the model. The diagnostic group consisted of five categories (cognitively normal, significant subjective memory concern, early mildly cognitively impaired, late mildly cognitively impaired, and AD), resulting in amultinomial classification challenge. In particular, we examined the relationship between AD diagnosis and the use of various drugs (calcium and vitamin D supplements, blood-thinning drugs, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and cognitive drugs). We propose a hybrid-clinical model that runs multiple ML models in parallel and then takes the majority's votes, enhancing the accuracy. We also assessed the significance of three cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, Ab, tau, and ptau in the diagnosis of AD. We proposed that a hybrid-clinical model be used to simulate the MRI-based data, with five diagnostic groups of individuals, with further refinement that includes preclinical characteristics of the disorder. The proposed design builds a Meta-Model for four different sets of criteria. The set criteria are as follows: to diagnose from baseline features, baseline and drug features, baseline and protein features, and baseline, drug and protein features. Results: We were able to attain a maximum accuracy of 97.60% for baseline and protein data. We observed that the constructedmodel functioned effectively when all five drugs were included and when any single drug was used to diagnose the response variable. Interestingly, the constructed Meta-Model worked well when all three protein biomarkers were included, as well as when a single protein biomarker was utilized to diagnose the response variable. Discussion: It is noteworthy that we aimed to construct a pipeline design that incorporates comprehensive methodologies to detect Alzheimer's over wide-ranging input values and variables in the current study. Thus, the model that we developed could be used by clinicians and medical experts to advance Alzheimer's diagnosis and as a starting point for future research into AD and other neurodegenerative syndromes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shortening of telomere length (TL) is correlated with many age-related disorders and is a hallmark of biological aging. This study used proteome-wide Mendelian randomization to identify the protein biomarkers associated with telomere length. Protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) were derived from two studies, the deCODE Health study (4907 plasma proteins) and the UK Biobank Pharma Proteomics Project (2923 plasma proteins). Summary data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for TL were obtained from the UK Biobank (472,174 cases) and GWAS Catalog (418,401 cases). The association between proteins and TL was further assessed using colocalization and summary data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) analyses. The protein–protein network, druggability assessment, and phenome-wide MR were used to further evaluate the potential biological effects, druggability, and safety of the target proteins. Proteome-wide MR analysis identified 22 plasma proteins that were causally associated with telomere length. Five of these proteins (APOE, SPRED2, MAX, RALY, and PSMB1) had the highest evidence of association with TL and should be prioritized. This study revealed telomere length-related protein biomarkers, providing new insights into the development of new treatment targets for chronic diseases and anti-aging intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Genetic and environmental factors influence wheat grain quality, including vitreousness, protein, and starch content. Yellow berry (YB), a physiological condition, adversely affects wheat quality, particularly in irrigated fields with limited nitrogen application, leading to starch‐rich, low‐protein grains. This study examines common wheat, used in baking industries, and durum wheat, primarily employs for pasta production. The focus is on investigating how the physicochemical properties of these wheat types change with the presence of YB, that impacts protein content negatively, increasing total starch content. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy reveals structural changes in YB‐affected grains, while X‐ray diffraction indicates varying crystallinity. In determination of amylose, an increase of 6% in bread wheat with YB and 3% in durum wheat with YB is observed. In the case of RVA (Rapid Visco Analyzer) analysis, a notable increase in viscosity is evident in the treatments that included the yellow berry. This finding suggests that YB is associated with substantial modifications in starch properties, such as amylose‐to‐amylopectin ratio, chain length, and degree of branching, among several other components, which may have important implications for the texture and quality of food products. This study calls for further research to mitigate YB's impact and enhances the quality of wheat‐derived foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Milk proteins are known for their exceptional nutritional and technological attributes, making them a staple in the food industry. Nonetheless, the partial substitution of milk proteins with plant‐based proteins in dairy products may be an effective strategy to meet the increasing consumer demand for a reduction in the consumption of animal‐derived proteins. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of partial substitution (25% and 50%) of milk proteins with pea protein on the manufacturing and technological attributes of high‐protein yogurt during refrigerated storage. The replacement of up to 50% of the milk proteins with pea protein did not alter the fermentation time and all yogurts had a total lactic acid bacteria count greater than 107 CFU g−1 after manufacturing. However, replacing 50% of milk proteins with pea protein affected the pH, syneresis, water holding capacity, consistency, firmness, viscosity index, and cohesiveness of the yogurts. In turn, no effect was observed on the pH, syneresis, water holding capacity, firmness, and cohesiveness of the product after replacing 25% of the dairy base with pea protein (P >0.05). Hence, the findings indicate that substituting 25% of the milk protein with pea protein in high‐protein yogurts can be achieved without compromising the product's stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgroud: Before fertilization, spermatozoa undergo a crucial maturation step called capacitation, which is a unique event regulates the sperm's ability for successful fertilization. The capacitation process takes place as the spermatozoa pass through the female reproductive tract (FRT). Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) protein is a post-pyruvate metabolic enzyme, exhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production which causes capacitation. Additionally, other vital functions of DLD in buffalo spermatozoa are hyperactivation and acrosome reaction. DLD produces the optimum amount of ROS required to induce capacitation process in FRT. Depending on physiological or pathophysiological conditions, DLD can either enhance or attenuate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Aim of this study was to investigate whether changes in the production of ROS in sperm cells can impact their ability to fertilize by triggering the capacitation and acrosome reaction. Results: In this study, abundance of DLD protein was quantified between high (n = 5) and low fertile bull (n = 5) spermatozoa. It was found that compared to high-fertile (HF) bulls, low-fertile (LF) bulls exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher DLD abundances. Herein, we optimised the MICA concentration to inhibit DLD function, spermatozoa were treated with MICA in time (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h) and concentrations (1, 2.5, 5, and 10 mmol/L) dependent manner. Maximum DLD inhibition was found to be at 4 h in 10 mmol/L MICA concentration, which was used for further experimentation in HF and LF. Based on DLD inhibition it was seen that LF bull spermatozoa exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher ROS production and acrosome reaction in comparison to the HF bull spermatozoa. The kinematic parameters of the spermatozoa such as percent total motility, velocity parameters (VCL, VSL, and VAP) and other parameters (BCF, STR, and LIN) were also decreased in MICA treated spermatozoa in comparison to the control (capacitated) spermatozoa. Conclusions: The present study provides an initial evidence explaining the buffalo bull spermatozoa with higher DLD abundance undergo early capacitation, which subsequently reduces their capacity to fertilize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusions Clinical practice recommendations for macronutrient intake in Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (MBS) are insufficiently grounded in the research, possibly due to a paucity of research in key areas necessary to support macronutrient recommendations. An initial scoping review, prior to any systematic review, was determined to be vital.To identify topical areas in macronutrients and MBS with a sufficient evidence base to guide nutrition recommendations.PubMed, Cochrane, Ovid Medline, and Embase were initially searched in January 2019 (updated November 1, 2023) with terms encompassing current bariatric surgeries and macronutrients. Out of 757 records identified, 98 were included. A template was created. Five types of outcomes were identified for extraction: dietary intake, anthropometrics, adverse symptoms, health, and metabolic outcomes. All stages of screening and extraction were conducted independently by at least two authors and disagreements were resolved via team discussion. Macronutrient‐related dietary treatments were classified as either innovative or standard of care. Descriptions of dietary arms were extracted in detail for a qualitatively generated typology of dietary or nutritional treatments. Heatmaps (treatments by outcomes) were produced to identify promising topics for further systematic analyses.We identified protein supplementation and “food‐focused” (e.g., portion‐controlled meals, particular foods in the diet, etc.) topical areas in MBS nutrition care with potentially sufficient evidence to create specific MBS Macronutrients guidelines and identified topical areas with little research.Clinical practice regarding macronutrient intake remains guided by consensus and indirect evidence. We detail ways that leadership at the profession level may remedy this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular senescence, a process in which a cell exits the cell cycle in response to stressors, is one of the hallmarks of aging. Senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)—a heterogeneous set of secreted factors that disrupt tissue homeostasis and promote the accumulation of senescent cells—reprogram metabolism and can lead to metabolic dysfunction. Dietary interventions have long been studied as methods to combat age-associated metabolic dysfunction, promote health, and increase lifespan. A growing body of literature suggests that senescence is responsive to diet, both to calories and specific dietary macronutrients, and that the metabolic benefits of dietary interventions may arise in part through reducing senescence. Here, we review what is currently known about dietary macronutrients' effect on senescence and the SASP, the nutrient-responsive molecular mechanisms that may mediate these effects, and the potential for these findings to inform the development of a nutrigeroscience approach to healthy aging. Calubag et al. review recent findings that suggest dietary composition plays an important role in regulating senescence. The authors discuss molecular mechanisms engaged by altered macronutrient diets and the potential for these findings to inform a nutrigeroscience approach to aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calendula officinalis L. has numerous health-promoting properties due to the presence of a large number of lipophilic compounds. Their effective delivery to the body requires the use of an appropriate technique such as emulsification. So, the main purpose of this study was to understand how the profile of lipophilic compounds from pot marigold and the pro-health potential are shaped by different types of protein, oil, and drying techniques in o/w nanoemulsion. To obtain this, the profiles of carotenoid compounds and tocols were measured. Additionally, antioxidant potential and the ability to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase were measured. Pea protein emulsion exhibited a higher final content of carotenoid compounds (23.72–39.74 mg/100 g), whereas those with whey protein had stronger α-amylase inhibition (487.70 mg/mL). The predominant compounds in the studied nanoemulsions were β-carotene (between 19% and 40%), followed by α-tocopherol/γ-tocopherol. The type of proteins shaped the health-promoting properties and determined the content of health-promoting compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vesicle-like structures composed of lipid bilayers, which can be divided into apoptotic bodies, microbubbles and exosomes. They are nanoparticles used for the exchange of information between cells. EVs contains many substances, including protein. With the development of proteomics, we know more about the types and functions of protein in vesicles. The potential functions of proteins in the envelope are mainly discussed, including cell wall construction, fungal virulence transmission, signal transmission and redox reactions, which provides a new perspective for studying the interaction mechanism between fungi and other organisms. The fungal protein markers of EVs are also summarized, which provided an exploration tool for studying the mechanism of vesicles. In addition, the possible role of immune protein in the EVs in the treatment of human diseases is also discussed, which provides new ideas for vaccine development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In adults, diets rich in protein seem beneficial in relation to satiety, weight loss, and weight management; however, studies investigating dietary protein and weight development in children are scarce and inconsistent. This nonrandomized controlled trial aimed to investigate the effect of a higher protein diet during lifestyle intervention on anthropometry and metabolic biomarkers in children with overweight and obesity. Methods: Children (n:208) were recruited from two multicomponent lifestyle camps. One camp was assigned as the intervention group. In the intervention group, carbohydrates-rich foods at breakfast and two in-between-meals were replaced with protein-containing foods to increase the amount of protein from ~ 10–15 energy percent (E%) per day to ~ 25E% per day. Other components were similar between groups. Anthropometry and biochemical measurements were collected at baseline, 10 weeks (after camp) and 52 weeks. Results: The intervention group had a non-significant improvement in BMI-SDS (− 0.07 SD (− 0.19; 0.05), p = 0.24) compared to the control group, but in general, there was no effect of a higher protein diet on anthropometry and metabolic biomarkers. Overall, 10 weeks at camp resulted in a more favorable body composition [− 6.50 kg (p < 0.00), − 0.58 BMI-SDS (p < 0.00), and − 5.92% body fat (p < 0.00)], and improved metabolic health, with most changes maintained at 52 weeks. Conclusion: A higher protein diet had no significant effect on body composition and metabolic health; however, these lifestyle camps are an efficiatious treatment strategy for childhood obesity. Clinical trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov with ID: NCT04522921. Preregistered August 21st 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of plant-based medicines in the Uttarakhand region is extensive, and these remedies are utilized for preventive and curative purposes. Traditional medical knowledge and herbal remedies form the backbone of primary health care system. The native plants in Uttarakhand are essential to the local tribes because they can produce food and medicine. Examples include Buransh (Rhododendron) flowers, Sal (Shorea robusta), Chora (Angelica glauca), Timuru (Zanthoxylum armatum), Jatamansi (Nardostachys), Kutki (Picrorhiza kurroa), Brahma Kamal (Saussurea obvallata). The diverse range of plants in this area may be explored for antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) or proteins that can serve as alternative treatments to combat resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria effectively. Given the ever-increasing drug resistance among clinical pathogens, the value of novel AMPs is particularly relevant. In plants, the distinguishing feature of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) lies in the plentiful occurrence of cysteine residues, which contribute to the formation of numerous disulfide bonds. Several plant AMP families exist as defensins, hairpin-like peptides, thionins, knottin-type peptides (cyclic and linear), snakins, α-hairpins, and lipid transfer proteins. Some plants AMPs possess high levels of amino acids other than cysteine. Plant AMPs have the unique capability to cluster into distinct families and share conserved structural folds. Over time, computational approaches have gained prominence in understanding the crucial facets of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). These approaches offer the advantage of reducing the time and expense associated with traditional wet lab experiments. Several databases and tools have been created to aid researchers in providing up-to-date details on AMPs. However, despite the growing possibility of AMP resources in biological repositories, locating plant-derived AMPs remains challenging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ancient wheats are valuable genetic resources, though knowledge on their response to micronutrients in the presence of saline irrigation water is scanty. Two studies were conducted to unravel the behavior of ancient emmer and spelt wheats upon exposure to saline (75 and 150 mM NaCl) water and foliar-applied Zn (4 g L− 1) under pot and field conditions. Two weeks after implementing the salt treatment, Zn treatment was implemented twice with one week interval and the plants were exposed to the prolonged salt stress until physiological maturity. Then, an array of physiological processes underlying differential grain yield and quality responses of the ancient and standard wheats to these treatments were scrutinized. Salinity suppressed chlorophyll, relative water content, root volume, stubble yield, and grain yield of emmer and spelt and standard durum and bread wheats. Though, it increased the proline concentration, and Na+/K+ in all wheat genotypes. Emmer wheats indicated smaller salt-induced suppressions in stubble yield and grain yield, despite indicating a greater Na+/K+. Ancient emmer and spelt wheats indicated smaller grain yield components, but out-ranked the standard durum and bread wheats in terms of root volume, grain Zn, and protein concentrations. Zn's effect on the grain yield attributes and grain yield was moderate but it enhanced the grain Zn, particularly in emmer wheats. Novel findings of this study suggest that emmer wheats supplied with foliar-applied Zn are superior to standard durum and bread wheats in terms of grain protein and Zn, root volume, and tolerance to saline water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The efficient separation and purification of proteins like C‐phycocyanin (C‐PC) from Spirulina platensis are essential for their commercialization, yet they remain challenging. This study investigated three chromatographic methods for C‐PC purification: weak anion exchange chromatography (DEAE), strong anion exchange chromatography (Q Sepharose), and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). RESULTS: Weak anion exchange chromatography achieved a recovery of 36.80 mg unit (57.08%) with a purity of 3.23, outperforming Q Sepharose (yield: 23.21 mg unit means that 46.33%, purity: 2.76) and HIC (yield: 22.95 mg unit means that 17.57%, purity: 3.02). The purified C‐PC consisted of α and β subunits with molecular masses of 16 kDa and 17 kDa, respectively. Further assessment revealed its antioxidant capacity through a 2,2'‐Azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. The stability of C‐phycocyanin was tested at different pH levels and temperatures. Maximum stability was observed at pH 7, and pH 4 showed the lowest stability. Glutaraldehyde‐treated C‐PC (GC‐PC) demonstrated gradual degradation up to 50 °C, retaining 73.25% after 30 min. Notably, GC‐PC exhibited stability even at higher temperatures, with degradation rates of 57.32% at 70 °C and 50.96% at 80 °C. CONCLUSION: Weak anion exchange chromatography proved superior for C‐PC purification, offering higher yields and purity than Q Sepharose and HIC. The purified C‐PC showed promising antioxidant capacity and stability, particularly GC‐PC, which exhibited resistance to degradation, even at elevated temperatures. These findings underscore the potential of C‐PC as a valuable compound for various applications, with DEAE chromatography being an efficient method for its production and commercialization. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), a consequence of anthropogenic global change, may profoundly interfere with natural ecological processes, perhaps even interactions across trophic levels. Even the survival prospects of organisms at higher trophic levels could be affected, as follows. We showed previously that the endoparasitoid Diaeretiella rapae, a specialized parasitoid of the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae, exposed to elevated CO2 concentrations (800 ppm) for up to 10 weeks, performed far worse (e.g., lower survival and parasitism rates) compared with ambient CO2 (400 ppm). To investigate whether these CO2‐related effects in the parasitoids were mediated by changes in the quality of the aphids as hosts, we measured the nutritional and energy content of cabbage aphids under the above conditions. Specifically, we measured lipid, protein and water‐soluble carbohydrate concentrations. We tested the hypothesis that when insects feed from plants with altered nutritional content, they incur a cost in dealing with such biotic stresses. That cost reduces their metabolic well‐being and, thus, reduces their nutritional status with respect to parasitoids developing at their expense. We found that CO2 had significant effects on aphid body mass (i.e., wet weight) and chemical composition, with elevated CO2 concentrations reducing aphid mass by more than 50%. Aphids grown under elevated CO2 also had significantly reduced soluble carbohydrates but significantly more lipids, on a weight‐per‐weight basis, than aphids grown under ambient CO2. A significant decrease in total energy reserves (i.e., the sum of total proteins, lipids, and water‐soluble carbohydrates) thus typified aphids grown under elevated CO2. Our results contribute to explaining the impaired performance of the aphid B. brassicae and its parasitoid D. rapae previously reported under elevated CO2, and provide evidence that under future climate change, host plants might affect the development and performance of parasitoids through their impacts on the nutritional quality of their herbivorous hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For relatively newer developments such as Li–S battery, polysulphide shuttle effect, volume expansion, and low conductivity of sulphur have been the main hurdles in the path towards its commercialisation. To get rid of the polysulphide shuttle effect, we looked at the binder material of the cathode component. An attempt at keeping up with the capacity while making components sustainable led us to explore a protein-based biopolymer, zein. The carbonyl-rich binder helped to glue the components together while the long chain of amino acids aided in preserving the performance. The UV-visible spectroscopy technique verified the adsorption of polysulphides by zein and activated carbon. The carbon host used for this study possessed a high Bruner Emmet Teller (BET) surface area of around 1900 m2 g–1, which helped to load higher amounts of sulphur, as revealed by thermogravimetric analysis. Owing to a porous host, the volume expansion effect could also be buffered to maintain the performance as observed through stability studies. The cycling study of zein binder containing cathode showed an enhanced performance of around 100 mAh g–1 throughout the 250 cycles compared to the PVDF binder containing cathode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foods contain substances impacting the acid-base balance. The Western diet is often viewed as being overly acid due to its high-level of animal-based protein and low-level of vegetable intake. Meanwhile, with ageing the ability to excrete acid compounds is reduced as kidney function declines and so there is a risk of acid retention and subsequent interstitial acidosis. Two systems used for calculating the Dietary Acid Load (DAL): the potential acid load of foods (PRAL) and the net endogenous acid production (NEAP). This report outlines weaknesses in these formulas and concludes that dietitians and nutritionists lack the necessary tools to research the acid-base hypothesis. Additionally, the report emphasizes the importance of food selection in the ageing population. Background: Foods contain substances impacting the acid-base balance. The Western diet is often viewed as being overly acid due to its high-level of animal-based protein and low-level of vegetable intake. There are concerns that the disproportionate acid intake promotes low-grade metabolic acidosis in the interstitial fluid, interstitial acidosis, and may lead to chronic disease. Two formulas are used for calculating the DAL: the PRAL and the NEAP. Both PRAL and NEAP are based on levels of protein and minerals. Aim: To identify additional food constituents that impact DAL. Methods: Review of the literature concerning the acid-forming and alkaline-forming constituents of foods. Results: Five additional food constituents were identified as potentially having a meaningful impact on DAL. The oxidation of taurine and the metabolism of fructose and purines increase acidity, whereas organic acids increase alkalinity. Additionally, polyphenols affect the microbiota which break down uric acid excreted in the intestinal tract. Conclusions: Neither PRAL nor NEAP provides complete assessments of the impact of foods on DAL. These formulas could be improved by the inclusion of dietary amino acids rather than protein, taurine, purines, fructose, organic acids and polyphenols. Currently, dietitians and nutritionists lack the necessary tools both to research the acid-base hypothesis and recommend managed diets. Managed diets are of particular importance for the elderly because of their reduced kidney function which increases the risk of acid retention and subsequent interstitial acidosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der Nahrungsergänzungsmittelkonsum ist unter Sportlern aber auch in der Bevölkerung weit verbreitet. Das Angebot an Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln (NEM) hat in den letzten Jahren stark zugenommen. Vor dem Inverkehrbringen müssen NEM lediglich angezeigt werden. Eine Prüfung auf Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit findet, anders als bei Arzneimitteln, nicht statt und muss vom Hersteller gewährleistet werden. International werden NEM im Sport häufig in die Kategorien Sports Food, Medical Supplements und Performance Supplements unterteilt. Der folgende Beitrag soll einen Überblick über ausgewählte NEM geben. The consumption of dietary supplements is widespread among athletes but also among the population. The range of dietary supplements has increased significantly in recent years. Before being placed on the market, food supplements only need to be notified. In contrast to pharmaceuticals, there is no testing for efficacy and safety and must be guaranteed by the manufacturer. Internationally, food supplements in sports are often divided into the categories of sports food, medical supplements and performance supplements. The following article is intended to give an overview of selected food supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic research has not assessed the relationship between physical exercise and protein consumption, which is frequently discussed across media platforms. This study uses news articles related to physical exercise to construct fitness-related media indices. Incorporating these indices and national prices and disappearance for meat from 1993 to 2022, a Rotterdam demand model was used to estimate news media elasticities. We find little evidence that news media attention to physical exercise has direct or spillover effects on beef, pork, or chicken consumption. Further, news media information does not shift demand for food into or out of the aggregate meat complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of non-albicans Candida as a potential causative agent of candidiasis following Candida albicans is occurring globally. It is known that phenolic cresols, thymol, and carvacrol have anti-Candida characteristics. However, there are few papers that disclose the mechanism of action, which is characterized by a damaged cell wall and ergosterol synthesis, as well as calcium-induced death in C. albicans. This work utilized in-silico docking analysis to examine the molecular targets of thymol and carvacrol in Candida glabrata. The results were then validated in vitro by antifungal susceptibility testing and growth curve analysis. The study incorporated C. glabrata deletion mutants for the target proteins to gain understanding of the function of these proteins in the antifungal effects of the two monoterpenoids. After conducting molecular docking and in silico toxicity evaluations, thymol and carvacrol were chosen for in vitro investigations. Experimental tests conducted in a laboratory setting have shown that both phytocompounds exhibit strong binding affinity towards cell wall synthesis proteins (Kre1p, Kre2p, Ecm33p), calcium channel proteins (Mid1p, Ecm7p), and proteins involved in the ergosterol synthesis pathway (Erg5p). These proteins are likely to be the specific targets for the anti-Candida properties of the two isomeric monoterpenoids in C. glabrata. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) values for thymol and carvacrol range from 50 µg/ml to 75 µg/ml. The wild-type strains exhibit a minimum fungicidal concentration of 100 µg/ml for thymol and 125 µg/ml for carvacrol. The results underscore the significance of these proteins in the fungal reaction to thymol and carvacrol and also indicate a promising opportunity for the development of novel antifungal treatment methods utilizing these proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mevzu is the property of Ali Sever and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Microalgae are a promising feedstock with proven biostimulant activity that is enhanced by their biochemical components (e.g., amino acids and phytohormones), which turns them into an appealing feedstock to reduce the use of fertilisers in agriculture and improve crop productivity and resilience. Thus, this work aimed to isolate protein-rich microalgal mutants with increased biostimulant activity. Random mutagenesis was performed with Chlorella vulgaris, and a selection of protein-rich mutants were sorted through fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), resulting in the isolation of 17 protein-rich mutant strains with protein contents 19–34% higher than that of the wildtype (WT). Furthermore, mutant F4 displayed a 38%, 22% and 62% higher biomass productivity, growth rate and chlorophyll content, respectively. This mutant was then scaled up to a 7 L benchtop reactor to produce biomass and evaluate the biostimulant potential of this novel strain towards garden cress seeds. Compared to water (control), the germination index and the relative total growth increased by 7% and 19%, respectively, after the application of 0.1 g L−1 of this bioproduct, which highlights its biostimulant potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amino acid (AA)-related inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs) and urea cycle disorders (UCDs) require strict dietary management including foods low in protein such as fruits, vegetables and starchy roots. Despite this recommendation, there are limited data on the AA content of many of these foods. The aim of this study is to describe an analysis of the protein and AA content of a range of fruits, vegetables and starchy roots, specifically focusing on amino acids (AAs) relevant to AA-related IMDs such as phenylalanine (Phe), methionine (Met), leucine (Leu), lysine (Lys) and tyrosine (Tyr). AA analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on 165 food samples. Protein analysis was also carried out using the Dumas method. Foods were classified as either 'Fruits', 'Dried fruits', 'Cruciferous vegetables', 'Legumes', 'Other vegetables' or 'Starchy roots'. 'Dried fruits' and 'Legumes' had the highest median values of protein, while 'Fruits' and 'Cruciferous vegetables' contained the lowest median results. 'Legumes' contained the highest and 'Fruits' had the lowest median values for all five AAs. Variations were seen in AA content for individual foods. The results presented in this study provide useful data on the protein and AA content of fruits, vegetables and starchy roots which can be used in clinical practice. This further expansion of the current literature will help to improve diet quality and metabolic control among individuals with AA-related IMDs and UCDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the substitution of soybean meals by biodiesel co-products on the performance and nutrient balance of lactating cows on pasture. Twelve dairy cows (7/8 Holstein-Gir) in early lactation were included in this feeding trial. These animals had an average daily milk yield of 21.1 kg and were distributed in a 4 × 4 triple Latin square experimental design. Protein supplements fed to these lactating cows contained peanut meal, cotton and sunflower as a complete replacement for soybean meal. Nutrient intake and digestibility, milk production, microbial protein synthesis, energy and protein balance were the parameters assessed in this study. Supplements containing different biodiesel co-products did not influence (P > 0.05) the level of forage intake, supplementation and nutrient by lactating cows, except for the total digestible nutrients (TDN) intake which was higher (P ≤ 0.05) in cows supplemented with cottonseed meal. The cotton meal also promoted higher digestibility of TDN (P = 0.001) and total carbohydrates (TCHO; P = 0.001) of the diet and, as a result, higher energy consumption (P = 0.01) and lower negative energy balance (P = 0.01). Cottonseed meal is a co-product of the biodiesel industry that has the ability to replace soybean meal as a source of protein in the supplement without affecting performance and promoting greater energy availability, demonstrating its ability to reduce the effects of negative energy balance in cows at the beginning of lactation kept on tropical pastures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proteins are one of the most prevalent components of the extracellular matrix, which are used in bone tissue engineering for construction of scaffolds. Due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-immunogenicity and having cell motifs (cell recognition sites), they are capable of providing cell adhesion and favorable scaffold-cell interactions. However, proteins have crucial disadvantages, including lack of mechanical strength required for bone regeneration, as well as rapid degradation rate, which have restricted their implementation as a sole component in the construction of scaffolds. To overcome such disadvantages and at the same time, benefit from their properties, proteins are combined with other materials, such as carbohydrates and synthetic polymers and glass-ceramides. This review summarizes different types of protein hybrid scaffolds for bone tissue engineering and also discusses the function and significance of proteins in bone regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Few studies have modelled the nutrient requirements of breeding ostriches. Results obtained from historical studies were used here to determine the energy, protein and amino acid requirements of breeding ostriches for maintenance and egg production. Two energy scales were used to determine the energy requirement for egg production by ostrich breeders. The efficiency of metabolisable energy (ME) utilisation for energy deposition in the egg (ko) was calculated as 0.8, and the ME required for egg production (MEe) was 12.2 MJ/egg. The effective energy (EE) requirement for egg production (EEe) and maintenance (EEm) was calculated as 7.8 and 13.8 MJ/bird d, respectively. Average total daily balanced protein requirement (TPt) was calculated as 160 g/bird d. Amino acid requirements for maintenance and egg production are given together with recommendations for the daily supply of each amino acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food industry generates millions of tonnes of waste annually from citrus, apple, and other fruits. Commercial pectin extracted from citrus and apple pomace is commonly used in food industries, but there is limited research on extracting pectin from other fruit wastes. Passion and tamarillo fruits are excellent sources of dietary fiber, hydrocolloids, polyphenols, and micronutrients. This manuscript discusses the optimization and characterization of pectin extracted from two varieties of passion fruit peel (P. edulis (PE) & P. ligularis (PL)) and tamarillo (TT) fruit pomace using different extraction methods with different extractants and compared the pectin quality. The pectin yield was higher in TM (Tamarillo, microwave extraction method) and PeC (Passiflora edulis, conventional extraction method) with tartaric acid used as an extractant. Nitric acid extraction of TT and PE had significantly higher AUA values in conventional and microwave extraction methods respectively, with a relatively highest yield of pectin. In this study, pectin extracted from TT and PE by conventional methods showed higher DE values, indicating HMP (High Methoxyl Pectin). FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) spectral analysis showed that the extracted pectin had a characteristic band similar to commercial pectin. The surface morphological characteristics of the peel were flaky, rough, and uneven in texture, whereas the pectin had a smoother surface with a slightly flaky texture. The flow behaviour index of extracted pectin was less than one, indicating shear thinning behaviour. The presence of protein in the extracted pectin may enhance the stability of the emulsions, used in various food applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractProtein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis holds significant promise for cancer diagnosis and drug target identification. This paper introduces a novel random walk-based method called essential cancer protein identification using graph-based random walk with restart (EPI-GBRWR) to address this gap. This proposed method incorporates local and global topological features of proteins, enhancing the accuracy of essential protein identification in PPI networks. Starting with meticulous preprocessing of cancer gene datasets from NCBI, including breast, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancers, and identifying a core set of common genes. The proposed method constructs PPI networks to capture complex protein interactions from these common cancer genes. Topological analysis, including a centrality measures matrix, is generated to perform the analysis to identify essential nodes. The study revealed that 40 essential proteins among breast, colorectal, lung and ovarian cancer showcase the potency of integrative methodologies in unravelling cancer complexity, signalling a transformative era in cancer research and treatment. The strength of the findings from the study has direct clinical relevance in cancer diseases. It contributes to the field of precision medicine to guide personalized treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The Insilco study uses deep learning algorithms to predict the protein-coding pg m RNA sequences. Material and methods: The NCBI GEO DATA SET GSE218606's GEO R tool discovered P.G's outer membrane vesicles' most differentially expressed mRNA. Genemania analyzed differentially expressed gene networks. Transcriptomics data were collected and labeled on P. gingivalis protein-coding mRNA sequence and pseudogene, lincRNA, and bidirectional promoter lincRNA. Orange, a machine learning tool, analyzed and predicted data after preprocessing. Naïve Bayes, neural networks, and gradient descent partition data into training and testing sets, yielding accurate results. Cross-validation, model accuracy, and ROC curve were evaluated after model validation. Results: Three models, Neural Networks, Naive Bayes, and Gradient Boosting, were evaluated using metrics like Area Under the Curve (AUC), Classification Accuracy (CA), F 1 Score, Precision, Recall, and Specificity. Gradient Boosting achieved a balanced performance (AUC: 0.72, CA: 0.41, F 1: 0.32) compared to Neural Networks (AUC: 0.721, CA: 0.391, F1: 0.314) and Naive Bayes (AUC: 0.701, CA: 0.172, F1: 0.114). While statistical tests revealed no significant differences between the models, Gradient Boosting exhibited a more balanced precision-recall relationship. Conclusion: In silico analysis using machine learning techniques successfully predicted protein-coding mRNA sequences within Porphyromonas gingivalis OMVs. Gradient Boosting outperformed other models (Neural Networks, Naive Bayes) by achieving a balanced performance across metrics like AUC, classification accuracy, and precision-recall, suggests its potential as a reliable tool for protein-coding mRNA prediction in P. gingivalis OMVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Gluten‐free rice penne (GFRP) was developed from low amylose rice flour by incorporating egg white protein, soy protein isolate, guar gum and xanthan gum to produce penne with low estimated glycaemic index (eGI). The rheology of rice flour, textural properties, cooking quality, resistant starch (RS) and eGI of GFRP were investigated. Addition of proteins and hydrocolloids increased the storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″). Rice gel with proteins and hydrocolloids formed a stronger and more elastic gel than the control, with highest G′ observed in rice gel with 5% egg white protein and 1% guar gum. Incorporation of proteins and hydrocolloids in GFRP significantly increased firmness, improved cooking quality and increased RS content. The eGI of GFRP added with egg white protein and guar gum reduced from seventy‐one to fifty‐three. Results suggested that the development of low eGI penne was possible by incorporating egg white proteins and guar gum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The growing global population has increased the protein needs and the combination of animal with plant proteins can be an effective strategy to meet future protein demand. This study aimed to investigate the impact of pH between 6.2 and 7.0 on the thermal stability of a 1:1 mixture of chickpea protein concentrate (CPC) and whey protein isolate (WPI), and their respective control. After heat treatment, CPC:WPI mixture showed an increase in viscosity (from 20.5 mPa.s at pH 7.0 to 110.8 mPa.s at pH 6.2, respectively), and particle size (from 5.7 to 56.5 μm at pH 7.0 and 6.2, respectively). The physical stability of the heat‐treated CPC:WPI mixture decreased, as the sediment increased from 3.3 mm at pH 7.0 to 7.8 mm at pH 6.2. This study highlighted the enhanced thermal stability of CPC:WPI at pHs closer to neutrality and offers valuable insights for the formulation of innovative plant protein‐enriched food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]