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[Objective) The purpose of the paper was to select the best planting mode suitable for improving the soil quality of tobacco-planting paddy soil, as well as the quality and efficiency of tobacco leaves, and effectively integrating flue-cured tobacco with diversified industries in Yunnan province. [Method] Using the flue-cured tobacco variety Yunyan 87 as material, a 3-year field experiment was conducted on paddy soil, and five treatments were set up: Flue-cured tobacco continuous cropping (TI, CK), 2-year alfalfa rotation-1-year flue-cured tobacco rotation (T2), 1-year alfalfa rotation-2-year flue-cured tobacco rotation (T3), flue-cured tobacco intercropping corn (T4), flue-cured to-bacco morchel rotation (T5), to explore the effects of planting patterns on soil physicochemical characteristics, soil microbial quantity, yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. [Result] Compared with T1 (CK), soil bulk density decreased by 2.47% to 21.77% after rotation and in- tercropping, and soil porosity, cation exchange capacity, contents of organic matter, hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium increased significantly, and soil water soluble chlorine had no significant change. Moreover, it could increase the content of large and medium particle size aggregates and improve the soil structure and stability. The number of fungi, bacteria and actinomyces in rotation and intercropping rhizosphere soil were significantly increased by 61.82%-176.4%, 13.0%-49.73% and 25.38% 130.05%, re- spectively. Meantime, the microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and carbon nitrogen ratio increased by 13.81% 60.38%, 9.96% 52. 40% and 3.51% -5.48%, respectively. The leaf area, proportion of high-grade, yield and output value of tobacco were significantly increased, and output value of T2 and T5 was the highest, which were significantly increased by 43. 28% and 50.22% compared with T1 (CK), respectively. Compared with T1 (CK), the contents of total sugar, reducing sugar and oxides potassium in T2, T3, T4 and 15 were significantly increased by 13.96%-56.51%, 7.46% -27.91% and 40.76% 52.72%. The contents of total nitrogen and nicotine in tobacco leaf decreased by 4.13% 11.00% and 3.39% -16.41%. [Conclusion] The use of flue-cured tobacco-alfalfa' and flue-cured tobacco-morchella' rotation mode can improve soil fertility, soil permeability, aggregate structure and soil microbial community abundance, which is beneficial to increase tobacco yield and output value, and improve the coordination of tobacco chemical composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal areas of the Ganges delta require optimization of agronomic practices to reduce the salinity effect on the crop production that can support the "Bangladesh Delta plan 2100". The present study was conducted in the Rabi seasons of 2018-19 and 2019-20 to determine the optimum sowing method and plant spacing of sunflower (variety Hysun 33) in the saline area of Bangladesh. Two sowing methods: flatbed sowing and ridge and furrow sowing and; three plant spacings: 40 cm x 25 cm, 50 cm x 25 cm and 60 cm x 25 cm were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications on a farmer's field at Dacope, Khulna. Results showed that although method of sowing had no significant effect on the yield of sunflower the ridge and furrow sowing method reduced the soil bulk density and soil salinity and increased the soil water holding capacity and solute potential significantly. Plant spacing and planting system (interaction of sowing method x plant spacing) had significant effects on growth and yield of sunflower. Plant spacing 50 cm x 25 cm produced the highest sunflower seed (2233 kg ha-1) by achieving optimum plant population to utilize the resource. Planting sytem: ridge and furrow sowing at 50 cm x 25 cm spacing had the lowest soil salinity (4.01 dS m-1) and soil bulk density (0.90 Mg m-3) which leads to highest solute potential (-380 KPa) and highest soil water holding capacity (21%,w/w) at 85 days after sowing of sunflower. This planting system had the highest crop growth rate (24.4 g m-2 day-1) that ultimately produced the highest grain weight per head (36 g) and seed yield (2274 kg ha-1) of sunflower. Ridge and furrow sowing at 50 cm x 25 cm can be effective for achieving maximum yield of sunflower in the Ganges tidal floodplain of Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] This paper explored the effects of maize based cropping systems on the forms and availability of potassium (K) in red soil to provide basis for rational cropping system designing and soil K management in the red soil areas. [Method] Before spring sowing, soil samples were collected from the ultivated layer (0-20 cm) and sub-cultivated layer (20-40 cm) under four cropping systems, including abandoned land (CK), maize continuous cropping (CY), pea-maize rotation (RWY) and zucchini-maize rotation (RXY). Soil properties and contents of different K forms were determined, and analyze its correlation. [Result] The distribution patterns of soil K forms were different under the four cropping systems. The contents of water-soluble K, non-specially adsorbed K, specially adsorbed K and non-exchangeable K in he cultivated layer were higher than those in the sub-cultivated layer. The mineral K contents did not show he typical pattern. Planting systems had greater effects on soil K contents in the cultivated layer than sub-cultivated layer. The contents of water-soluble K, specially adsorbed K and non-specially adsorbed K had significantly positive correlation with the available K, and the specially adsorbed K was the largest source f available K supply in this area. Compared to corn rotation, continuous maize cropping increased soil acidification. Although its available K content was significantly higher than that of other soils (P<0.05), long-term continuous cropping of maize was not conducive to maintaining soil K balance. Maize rotation could educe soil acidification and prevent excessive accumulation of available K, especially zucchini-maize rotation could keep soil K supply capacity at high and stable levels. [Conclusion] Maize cropping system had great influences on the forms and availability of K in the cultivated layer of red soil. The zucchini-maize rotation was the best maize cropping system for sustainable utilization of K in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jajar Legowo, as an agricultural technique innovation, has been introduced to farmers in Pangkal Jaya Village for quite some time. However, its implementation has not consistently followed the recommendations despite its proven ability to increase rice production. This research aims to review the adoption of the "Jajar Legowo" innovation in Pangkal Jaya Village, Bogor Regency, by analyzing the relationship between extension support and the farmer's perception of the innovation characteristics with implementing the innovation system. The research uses a survey method to collect quantitative data, supplemented by qualitative data obtained through in-depth interviews, observations, and literature review. The study found that the level of Jajar Legowo innovation implementation in Pangkal Jaya Village is relatively high and significantly related to extension support and farmers' perceptions of the characteristics of the Jajar Legowo planting technique. The effectiveness of the extension methods and content makes farmers quickly understand how to use the Jajar Legowo planting system, even though the extension media is less varied and the intensity of the extension is relatively low. Farmers assess Jajar Legowo as an agricultural innovation that is profitable, simple, and in accordance with farmers' needs, and the results can be observed. However, Jajar Legowo is challenging to implement because of the limited land available to farmers, requiring several adaptation strategies.

ABSTRACT. Padang penggembalaan yang berkualitas baik akan menghasilkan produktivitas ternak yang optimal. Sistem penanaman hijauan pakan secara monokultur dan polikultur berperanan penting dalam menciptakan padang penggembalaan yang berkualitas baik. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengukur tingkat produksi dan keragaman vegetasi hijauan pakan di padang penggembalaan Balai Pembibitan Ternak Unggul dan Hijauan Pakan Ternak (BPTUHPT) Padang Mengatas berdasarkan sistem penanaman berbeda. Penelitian didesain menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan dua perlakuan berdasarkan perbedaan sistem penanaman (monokultur dan polikultur) dan 4 ulangan. Data penelitian dianalisis menggunakan T-test paired sample berdasarkan perbedaan sistem penanaman. Peubah yang diamati adalah karakteristik warna dan pH tanah, tingkat keragaman vegetasi, dan tingkat produksi tanaman pakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan sistem penanaman monokultur dan polikultur menghasilkan hasil yang sama baik dan tidak berbeda nyata (P0,05) terhadap pH tanah, produksi biomassa tanaman dan kapasitas tampung. Visualisasi warna tanah adalah cenderung gelap dan pedok didominasi tanaman pakan sesuai desain penanaman, yakni Brachiaria decumbens pada sistem monokultur, Brachiaria decumbens, Panicum maximum, dan Cynodon plectostachyus untuk sistem penanaman polikultur. Kesimpulan dari penelitian bahwa tingkat produksi hijauan dan kapasitas tampung padang penggembalaan tidak berbeda nyata (P0,05) antara perlakuan monokultur dan polikultur, tetapi cenderung lebih tinggi pada perlakuan sistem penanaman polikultur, yakni 4,86 ± 0,88 ST/ha/th dan 5,26 ± 2,42 ST/ha/th. Keragaman vegetasi dari rumput yang dikembangkan berdasarkan indeks nilai penting (INP) adalah tinggi dan dominan Brachiaria decumbens pada sistem monokultur. Begitu juga INP yang tinggi dan dominan dari tanaman Brachiaria decumbens, Panicum maximum, dan Cynodon plectostachyus untuk sistem penanaman polikultur. (Production rate and diversity of forage vegetation at pasture base on planting system) ABSTRAK. Good quality pasture will produce optimum livestock productivity. Forage planting system both monoculture and polyculture have important role to provide good quality pasture. The objective of the research was to evaluate production rate and forage diversity at Center of Animal Breeding and Forage (BPTUHPT) Padang Mengatas based on different planting system. A completely randomized design with 2 treatments based on planting system (monoculture and polyculture) and 4 replication were applied for the research. Data was analyzed by T-test paired sample based on planting system. Parameters observed were color characteristics and soil pH, vegetation diversity rate, and forage productivity. Research shows that planting system by monoculture and polyculture provide similar result (P0,05) for soil pH, biomass production and carrying capacity. Soil color visualization tend to be darker and paddock was dominated by Brachiaria decumbens for monoculture system, meanwhile Brachiaria decumbens, Panicum maximum, dan Cynodon plectostachyus were dominant for polyculture system. Production rate and carrying capacity of pasture were not significantly different (P0,05) for both monoculture and polyculture system, but tend to be higher on polyculture system. The average production rate were 4,86±0,88 AU/ha/yr for monoculture system and 5,26±2,42 AU/ha/yr for polyculture system. Diversity of forage vegetation according to the Importance Value Index (IVI) was high and dominance for Brachiaria decumbens at monoculture system. In addition, it was similar result for Brachiaria decumbens, Panicum maximum, dan Cynodon plectostachyus with polyculture system.

Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the effect of planting densities on the yield and quality of 'Hass' avocado (Persea americana) in the department of Antioquia, Colombia. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with three replicates. The treatments were six plant densities (204, 278, 333, 400, 625, and 816 trees per hectare) with five harvest seasons, and each experimental unit consisted of six nine-year-old trees. The highest fruit yield is obtained at 333 and 400 trees per hectare. The main harvest represents 70% (18 Mg ha-1) of the annual production, whereas the secondary (mitaca) harvest represents 30% (5.25 Mg ha-1). Yield per tree and number of avocado fruits per tree are negatively affected by the increase in planting densities. In addition, fruit quality parameters show better results at intermediate planting densities of 333 and 400 trees per hectare, with the highest ratios of mesocarp and the lowest of seed, both in fresh and dry weight.

The sweet potato transplanters of diverse transplanting configurations have been shown to produce various planting properties in relation to different raised bed cropping systems, thus affecting crop growth and yield in sweet potato cultivation. In Shandong Province, a field experiment assessed the effects of three treatments (RB1, mulched raised beds with a finger-clip type transplanter; RB2, bare raised beds with a finger-clip type transplanter; and RB3, bare raised beds with a clamping-plate type transplanter) on soil temperature, plant growth, yield, and economic benefits. With the lowest coefficient variation of plant spacing and planting depth, the RB1 with the finger-clip type transplanter had 6.4% and 6.0% higher temperature at 5–10 cm soil layer by using the plastic-mulch for rapid early slips growth as compared with the RB2 and the RB3, respectively. Consequently, the leaf area index in the RB1 was increased by 5.6% and 6.4% as compared to the RB2 and the RB3, separately. This finally contributed to 57.5–70.8% greater fresh vines weight and 23.8–33.8% higher tubers yield in the RB1 compared with both the RB2 and the RB3 treatments, respectively. In general, in the mulched raised bed system of the Huang-Huai-Hai region of China, the finger-clip type transplanter could be a suitable option for the transplanting of sweet potato slips. In the bare raised bed system, meanwhile, the clamping-plate type transplanter has the potential to increase the production of sweet potatoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to evaluate whether an automatic analysis with deep learning convolutional neural networks techniques offer the ability to efficiently identify olive groves with different intensification patterns by using very high-resolution aerial orthophotographs. First, a sub-image crop classification was carried out. To standardize the size and increase the number of samples of the data training (DT), the crop images were divided into mini-crops (sub-images) using segmentation techniques, which used a different threshold and stride size to consider the mini-crop as suitable for the analysis. The four scenarios evaluated discriminated the sub-images efficiently (accuracies higher than 0.8), obtaining the largest sub-images (H = 120, W = 120) for the highest average accuracy (0.957). The super-intensive olive plantings were the easiest to classify for most of the sub-image sizes. Nevertheless, although traditional olive groves were discriminated accurately, too, the most difficult task was to distinguish between the intensive plantings and the traditional ones. A second phase of the proposed system was to predict the crop at farm-level based on the most frequent class detected in the sub-images of each crop. The results obtained at farm level were slightly lower than at the sub-images level, reaching the highest accuracy (0.826) with an intermediate size image (H = 80, W = 80). Thus, the convolutional neural networks proposed made it possible to automate the classification and discriminate accurately among traditional, intensive, and super-intensive planting systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted at Kediri, East Java, to examine the influence of row spacing on the yield of five promising clones from August 2018-June 2020. The investigation was of a Split-Plot design with three replications. The main plot consisted of three planting arrangements: SR, single row spacing at 110 cm, DR1, double rows spacing 50+135 cm, and DR2, double rows spacing 50+170 cm. Sub-plots consisted of five promising clones and one check variety: MLG 5, MLG 9, MLG 14, MLG 52, MLG 55, and PS 881. The results suggest no overall significant effect of planting arrangement on sugar yield, though clones may vary. There are significant differences in yield between some clones. Wider rows, DR2, show the highest yield in tonnes of cane per hectare (TCH) in PC (153.94 t/ha) with a slight decrease (14%) in RC-1 due to reduced plant population. Sugar yield in tonnes of sugar per hectare (TSH) in various planting arrangements ranges from 12.26-13.99 t/ha in PC and 10.68-11.93 t/ha in RC-1. MLG 9 can be released as a new variety with high cane and sugar yields.

Soil salinity is considered to be a major impediment to the production of rice among other abiotic stresses. In this study, 16S rRNA Illumina amplicon sequencing was performed to characterise the halophilic communities entrapped in rice rhizosphere soil cultivated in different planting systems (conventional, aerobic and System of Rice Intensification (SRI)) under saline conditions. The physicochemical properties and urease, soil dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and arylsulphatase activity of soil samples were evaluated to understand their influence on the bacterial communities of the soil. Electrical conductivity (EC) of soil was lower in SRI soil samples, while the available major soil nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) content and soil enzyme activities such as dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, urease and arylsulphatase were higher. A total of 2,516,700 reads were generated by amplicon sequencing of the hypervariable V3–V4 regions of bacterial 16S rRNA gene and were clustered into 273,447 OTU operational taxonomic units. The total number of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) was higher in the conventional soil samples compared to the SRI and aerobic soil samples. Metagenomic analysis revealed that Proteobacteria was the most dominant phyla in all the planting systems followed by Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Chloroflexi. The alpha diversity index was higher in conventional soil samples compared to other samples and more species diversity was found in SRI soil samples. KEGG analysis revealed that bacterial communities in different soil samples showed varied functional properties. The bacterial diversity of saline soil in this study can be utilised to identify microbial communities with biotechnological potential that can be employed for plant growth promotion in saline environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sweet potato transplanters of diverse transplanting configurations have been shown to produce various planting properties in relation to different raised bed cropping systems, thus affecting crop growth and yield in sweet potato cultivation. In Shandong Province, a field experiment assessed the effects of three treatments (RB1, mulched raised beds with a finger-clip type transplanter; RB2, bare raised beds with a finger-clip type transplanter; and RB3, bare raised beds with a clamping-plate type transplanter) on soil temperature, plant growth, yield, and economic benefits. With the lowest coefficient variation of plant spacing and planting depth, the RB1 with the finger-clip type transplanter had 6.4% and 6.0% higher temperature at 5–10 cm soil layer by using the plastic-mulch for rapid early slips growth as compared with the RB2 and the RB3, respectively. Consequently, the leaf area index in the RB1 was increased by 5.6% and 6.4% as compared to the RB2 and the RB3, separately. This finally contributed to 57.5–70.8% greater fresh vines weight and 23.8–33.8% higher tubers yield in the RB1 compared with both the RB2 and the RB3 treatments, respectively. In general, in the mulched raised bed system of the Huang-Huai-Hai region of China, the finger-clip type transplanter could be a suitable option for the transplanting of sweet potato slips. In the bare raised bed system, meanwhile, the clamping-plate type transplanter has the potential to increase the production of sweet potatoes.

By quantifying the soil water movement (SWM) in crop planting systems, we can better understand the soil water consumption (SWC) and crop yield relationship; this finding is significant for determining the field water cycle and reducing agricultural water waste. In this paper, a case study was conducted on cotton production. Soil moisture sensors were set at depths of 10–110 cm under three cotton cropping systems (monoculture cotton (MC), wheat/delayed intercropped cotton (WIC), and wheat/direct-seeded cotton (WDC)) based on spatial grid methods; a geostatistical grid calculus was used to calculate SWM; and the crop and meteorological influence mechanisms on cotton lint yield were comprehensively analyzed. At the squaring stage, SWC and vertical SWM were significantly correlated with light, temperature and water conditions. At the flowering and boll development stage, SWC and vertical SWM were collectively affected by meteorological conditions and crops, and they were positively correlated with lint yield. The aboveground and belowground biomass accumulation at the flowering and boll development stage positively affected vertical SWM in and between cotton rows. Vertical SWM in cotton rows increased SWC in cotton rows. SWC in cotton rows and aboveground biomass positively impacted lint yield formation; SWC between rows negatively impacted lint yield. The SWC and vertical SWM between rows in the MC seedling stage exceeded those in cotton rows, and more precise irrigation at the seedling stage reduced water waste. The WIC horizontal SWC at the squaring and flowering and boll opening stages was relatively high, moving from the row midline to cotton row. A better SWC distribution in and between cotton rows promoted water utilization in the cotton rows; this method was feasible for improving cotton yield in diverse planting systems. The results could optimize precision irrigation management at different cotton growth stages and provide a theoretical reference for promoting sustainable agricultural production and climate adaptation. [Display omitted] • Quantifying soil water movement using novel geostatistical grid calculus method. • Diversified planting systems promotes horizontal soil water movement. • Water and cotton yield relationship are strongest at flowering and boll development stage. • Soil water consumption and vertical movement in cotton rows increase lint yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted at Kediri, East Java, to examine the influence of row spacing on the yield of five promising clones from August 2018-June 2020. The investigation was of a Split-Plot design with three replications. The main plot consisted of three planting arrangements: SR, single row spacing at 110 cm, DR1, double rows spacing 50+135 cm, and DR2, double rows spacing 50+170 cm. Sub-plots consisted of five promising clones and one check variety: MLG 5, MLG 9, MLG 14, MLG 52, MLG 55, and PS 881. The results suggest no overall significant effect of planting arrangement on sugar yield, though clones may vary. There are significant differences in yield between some clones. Wider rows, DR2, show the highest yield in tonnes of cane per hectare (TCH) in PC (153.94 t/ha) with a slight decrease (14%) in RC-1 due to reduced plant population. Sugar yield in tonnes of sugar per hectare (TSH) in various planting arrangements ranges from 12.26-13.99 t/ha in PC and 10.68-11.93 t/ha in RC-1. MLG 9 can be released as a new variety with high cane and sugar yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil salinity is considered to be a major impediment to the production of rice among other abiotic stresses. In this study, 16S rRNA Illumina amplicon sequencing was performed to characterise the halophilic communities entrapped in rice rhizosphere soil cultivated in different planting systems (conventional, aerobic and System of Rice Intensification (SRI)) under saline conditions. The physicochemical properties and urease, soil dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and arylsulphatase activity of soil samples were evaluated to understand their influence on the bacterial communities of the soil. Electrical conductivity (EC) of soil was lower in SRI soil samples, while the available major soil nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) content and soil enzyme activities such as dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, urease and arylsulphatase were higher. A total of 2,516,700 reads were generated by amplicon sequencing of the hypervariable V3–V4 regions of bacterial 16S rRNA gene and were clustered into 273,447 OTU operational taxonomic units. The total number of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) was higher in the conventional soil samples compared to the SRI and aerobic soil samples. Metagenomic analysis revealed that Proteobacteria was the most dominant phyla in all the planting systems followed by Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Chloroflexi. The alpha diversity index was higher in conventional soil samples compared to other samples and more species diversity was found in SRI soil samples. KEGG analysis revealed that bacterial communities in different soil samples showed varied functional properties. The bacterial diversity of saline soil in this study can be utilised to identify microbial communities with biotechnological potential that can be employed for plant growth promotion in saline environments.

Although the effects of nitrogen (N) on forage legume productivity have been well‐studied, there is still some debate as to whether the supply of additional N is essential to support higher forage legume yields. Here, a meta‐analysis was conducted to synthesize the effects of N fertilization on forage legume biomass across different climates, soil types and planting system. The results showed that forage legume biomass in pure stands generally increased after N addition and was positively correlated with plant accumulation of N, phosphorus and potassium. The direction and magnitude of forage legume biomass responses in pure stands were influenced by accumulated temperature during growth stage and soil characters including organic matter, pH and N availability. Soil pH was positively correlated while other factors were negatively correlated with forage legume biomass response. Increases in forage legume biomass were greater at sites where accumulated temperatures were lower than 2,000°C. N addition did not contribute to higher forage legume biomass in acidic soil and when soil N availability was high (e.g. soil total N content higher than 0.9 g/kg and N addition rate higher than 200 kg/ha). Moreover, forage legume biomass was negatively affected in mixed systems which was independent of N application rate. In conclusion, this meta‐analysis highlights the importance of considering temperature, soil characters and planting system when evaluating the necessity of N application during forage legume production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study on the influence of planting distances on the growth, productivity and fruit quality of dwarf apple trees in a 15- to 18-year-old orchard was carried out at the Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry. Trees of the apple (Malus × domestica Borkh) cultivar 'Auksis' on rootstock P 60 were planted at distances of 3 × 1.5, 3 × 1.25, 3 × 1.00 m and 3 × 0.75 m. With increasing density of fruit trees, singletree growth, generative development and yield were significantly reduced. The opposite results were obtained when these parameters were evaluated per unit area. Yield and fruit quality measurements were made at two canopy heights: 0-1.5 and 1.5-2.5 m. In the upper part of the fruit tree canopy, fruit average weight and diameter were higher, while the colour was more intense and less dependent on the planting density of fruit trees. In the lower part of the canopy, fruit quality was inferior and with increasing fruit tree density it further deteriorated. Planting distances had a significant effect on the accumulation of sugar, soluble solids and dry matter content: greater planting distances resulted in increased sugar content from 10.97% to 11.90%, soluble solids - from 12.30% to 13.17% and dry matter content - from 13.80% to 14.80%. Conversely, higher accumulation of phenolic and triterpenic compounds in apple fruits was found with decreasing planting distances. A significant increase of phenolic compounds from 2.91 up to 4.03 mg g-1 DW (dry weight) was recorded at the upper part of the canopy, while an increase of triterpens from 12.9 up to 16.07 mg g-1 DW - at the lower part of the canopy. The best productivity and fruit quality of 'Auksis' apple trees on P 60 rootstock at the full bearing stage were obtained, when fruit trees had been spaced at 3 × 1.25 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Roof garden is an alternative to overcome food security through breeding crops and horticultures of fruits and vegetables. The research was conducted in Malang by applying two planting systems, such as shallow bed (direct cropping) and plant container bag by the same planting medium treatments. Research, which applied shallow bed and container bag, was conducted using Randomized Block Design (RBD) by 6 treatments of planting medium and 4 replications, such as : Soil (100%) (M0), Soil + Charcoal (1:1) (M1), Soil + Cocopeat (1:1) (M2), Soil + Compost (1:1) (M3), Soil + Manure (1:1) (M4), and Soil + Moss (1:1) (M5). Data analysis of the research used analysis of variance, and if any significant influence was found, it would be followed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) at level 5%. And then, it would be followed by T-test as comparison between shallow bed system and container bag system. Parameters that being observed in the research included length of crop, leaf area, numbers of tuber, fresh weight of tuber, dry weight of tuber, and total dry weight of plants. Results of the research showed that the application of medium types of soil and manure (1:1) by shallow bed system on Roof Garden concept may increase numbers of tuber, fresh weight of tuber, dry weight of tuber, and dry weight of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) in comparison with the application of soil medium and manure (1:1) by plant container bag system.

Using live mulches is one of the biologic methods for weed control in potato. This research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on RCBD with four replications at the Research Field of Fereydunshahr of Esfahan during 2015. The treatments consisted of two cultivars: Arinda and Agria and three planting systems of potato: weedy sole cropping, weed-free sole cropping and potato inter cropped with maize. Analysis of variance showed that all traits like plant height, plant dry weight, tuber number per plant and tuber yield, except average weight of tuber, were influenced by variety at five percent level of significance. However, plant height and tuber number per plant were influenced by planting system at the level of one percent and plant dry weight, average weight of tuber and tuber yield at the level of five percent significance. The results also showed that potato intercropped with maize reduced highly weed density. The highest and the lowest penetration light were related to weed-free and maize, respectivey. The highest reduction in potato height was found in maize. This might be due to correlation of height and competitiveness of species, because by increasing plant competition height was increased. The highest plant dry weight of potato (121.79g) was related to weed free condition and following by maize, weedy sole cropping. The highest average tuber weight (65.33 g) and tuber yield (677.44 g) belonged to maize, weed free treatments, and lower values of these traits were founded in weedy sole cropping treatment. Overall, live mulches by reducing density of Amaranth (plants per 38.4 m2) was able to control weeds in potato field. This could be attributed to its effects on shading and/or higher competitivness.

ABSTRACT: Simulation models of crop growth enable estimating crop yield and water balance components with low cost and high precision. This study aimed to calibrate and evaluate the performance of the CS-CROPGRO model for common beans under the conditions of Jaboticabal city (SP), Brazil. The model was calibrated and tested with data previously collected from two experiments conducted in 2002 and 2003. In these experiments, treatments corresponded to two irrigation scheduling methods (tensiometers and class A pan evaporation) and two cropping systems (conventional and no-till). For calibration, data from the experiment carried out in 2002 were used. For testing, we used data from the experiment conducted in 2003. By using the genetic coefficients calibrated for cultivar IAC-Carioca, the model could correctly simulate phenology, leaf area, dry matter and grain yield during both, calibration and testing, under no-till and conventional systems, combined with tensiometer and class A pan irrigation scheduling methods. Conversely, the model did not show the same performance for soil moisture simulations.

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences is the property of Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The leaf-area duration and photosynthetic yield in early-maturing tomato varieties were studied in terms of planting system and degree of density of plants.

As an effort to overcome problems in rice cultivation system, it is necessary to use new technologies and innovations. This study aims to determine the physical and nutritional quality of grain and milled rice from 2 varieties of rice using several planting systems. The research was conducted using a Complete Randomized Block Design of factorial pattern, consisting of 2 factors with 3 replications. The factors were: a) Planting system (S1 = Cubic S2 = Double row 2: 1, and S3 = Twin seed) and b) Rice varieties (V1 = Ciherang; V2 = Inpari 10). The observation parameters include: physical quality of grain, rice milled quality, physical quality of rice and rice nutrition. The results showed that the cubic planting system produced a higher empty grains than the double row and twin seed planting system. The twin seed planting system, yielding lime green grains and yellow broken grains lower than other planting systems, both on rice varieties of Ciherang and Inpari 10. Grains from Ciherang variety had a thinner shell and a higher hardness level of rice compared to grain of Inpari 10 variety, resulting in higher milled rice and head rice, but lower in broken rice and rice groats contents. It can be concluded that: a) the physical quality of rice was not affected by the planting system, but it was significantly affected by the rice varieties; b) the planting system and rice varieties used in this study did not have significant effect on the nutritional quality of the rice produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pot experiment has been conducted to evaluate the growth of the Dyah Suci, a lowland rice variety, in an SRI (System of Rice Intensification) planting system. The phosphorus-32 (32P) isotope technique was used to evaluate the growth of plants in relation with their phosphorus uptake. The uptake was assumed to vary in the same direction as the growth of the plant. The 32P uptake is assumed to vary in the opposite direction to the plant’s total phosphorus uptake. Here the 32P uptake is expressed in count per minutes (cpm) which is then transformed to disintegration per minute (dpm). The results show that, in terms of promoting the plant’s uptake of phosphorus, the SRI planting system is superior to the conventional planting system, and it is manifested in the higher dry weight of straw and grain. From this experiment it is concluded that the 32P method can be used satisfactorily as a tool for explaining the relation between P-uptake and plant growth

The choice of the training system is a rather important decision for yield, fruit quality and profitability. There were dramatic changes in concepts for apple training in the last years. Centrifugal training system which was one of the innovations was developed in the beginning of the 2000’s in France. SolAxe training system forms the main part of this training system. The most innovative aspect of the Centrifugal training system is the artificial extinction technique. This technique is carried out more specifically in the center of the tree and on the underside of branches to remove potentially poor quality fruits. Artificial extinction improves light distribution within the tree canopy especially in colored-fruit varieties for which the light climate is particularly important. It also offers an alternative training method to reduce biennial bearing. In addition to canopy porosity created by artificial extinction, this training system can help reducing disease and harmful insects. In this study it is aimed to explain general rules of centrifugal training system.

Objetivou-se, no presente trabalho, avaliar o efeito de diferentes critérios para manejo da irrigação em quatro densidades de plantio, sob sistema de gotejamento na incidência e severidade da ferrugem do cafeeiro e avaliar a influência do enfolhamento na curva de progresso dessa doença. Conduziu-se, o experimento, em área experimental da Universidade Federal de Lavras MG, utilizando a cultivar Rubi MG-1192 com seis anos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por quatro parcelas representadas pelas densidades de plantio (convencionais e adensados): 2500 (4,0x1,0 m), 3333 (3,0x1,0 m), 5000 (2,0x1,0 m), 10000 (2,0x0,5 m) plantas ha-1, quatro subparcelas sendo: irrigações quando a tensão da água no solo atingiu valores de 20 e 60kPa; irrigações utilizando o manejo do balanço hídrico (calculado através do software IRRIPLUS), com turnos de irrigação fixos de três dias por semana e uma testemunha sem irrigação, perfazendo um total de 16 tratamentos. Cada subparcela foi constituída por 10 plantas, sendo consideradas como plantas úteis as seis centrais. Foram avaliadas a incidência e severidade da ferrugem e a porcentagem de enfolhamento das plantas de cafeeiros. Após análise estatística, os dados foram convertidos em área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença e do crescimento. Verificou-se que os critérios para manejo da irrigação influenciaram a curva de progresso do crescimento, porém, não interferiu na curva de progresso da incidência e da severidade da ferrugem. Os sistemas de plantios adensados favoreceram a incidência da ferrugem. Mas as densidades de plantio não interferiram no enfolhamento.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation controls implemented in four planting densities on a system of drip on the incidence and severity of rust and to assess the influence of leaf growth on the progress curve of this disease. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Federal University of Lavras - MG, using the cultivar Rubi MG-1192 with 6 years. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replicates. The treatments consisted of four tranches represented by planting densities (conventional and non-conventional): 2500 (4.0 x1.0 m), 3333 (3.0 x 1.0 m), 5000 (2.0 x 1.0 m), 10,000 (2.0 x 0.5 m) plants / ha, with four subplots: the tension when irrigation water in the soil reaches values of 20 and 60kPa; using water balance management of irrigation (calculated by the software IRRIPLUS) with rounds of irrigation fixed three days per week and a control without irrigation, making a total of 16 treatments. Each subplot line consisted of 10 plants with the six central plants considered as useful. The incidence and severity of rust and the percentage of grown of coffee plants were evaluated. After statistical analyses the data were converted to area under the curve of disease and growth progress. It was verified that the management of irrigation influenced the progress curve of growth, but it did not interfere in the progress curve of the incidence and severity of coffee rust. The dense system of plantation favored the incidence of rust. However, the planting densities did not affect growth.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o vigor e a produtividade do maracujazeiro-amarelo plantado em diferentes tamanhos de cova e plantio direto sob manejo orgânico. O experimento foi conduzido de 2005 a 2007, no Setor de Agricultura Ecológica da Universidade Federal do Acre, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, constituídos de cinco tratamentos, quatro repetições e quatro plantas por parcela. Foram avaliados cinco tipos de preparo do solo: T1 cova do tamanho do torrão (0,19 x 0,063m) com adubação em cobertura; T2 cova de 0,30 x 0,30 x 0,30m com adubação de plantio na cova; T3 cova de 0,30 x 0,30 x 0,30m com adubação de plantio em cobertura; T4 cova de 0,50 x 0,50 x 0,50m com adubação de plantio na cova; e T5 cova de 0,50 x 0,50 x 0,50m com adubação de plantio em cobertura. O tamanho da cova e o plantio direto não influenciaram o vigor da planta e a biomassa de raízes. O número de frutos por planta e a produtividade, na segunda e na somatória das duas safras, foram maiores com plantio direto e com covas cúbicas de 0,30m. Após dois anos de cultivo, a densidade do solo foi maior na camada de 0-5cm de profundidade num raio de 20cm da planta para o plantio em covas de 0,50m com adubação na cova e menor para o plantio direto, não havendo diferença entre os demais tratamentos. O plantio direto ou o plantio em covas pequenas com dimensões de 0,30 x 0,30 x 0,30m proporcionou maior produtividade de maracujá que o plantio em covas maiores, mesmo não influenciando o vigor das plantas e a massa seca de raízes.The objective of this research was to evaluate the yield and vigor of the yellow passion fruit tree planted in hole and no-tillage under organic system. The experiment was carried under experimental design in randomized blocks with five treatments and four replicates with four plants per plot. Five types of soil tillage: T1- hole of the size of the clod (0.19 x 0.063m) with manuring in covering; T2- hole of 0.30 x 0.30 x 0.30m with manuring addition in the hole; T3 - similar the T2, with manuring in covering; T4 - hole of 0.50 x 0.50 x 0.50m with manuring addition in the hole; and T5 - similar the T4, with manuring in covering were evaluated. The hole size and the no-tillage did not influence the vigor of the plant and root biomass. The number of fruits per plant and the yield in the second crop and in the total of the two crops were larger with holes of 0.30m and no-tillage. After 2 years of planting, the soil bulk density was larger in the depth of 0-5 cm to 20cm of the plant for the planting in holes of 0.50m with manuring addition and smaller for the no-tillage, there was no difference among the other treatments. The no-tillage or traditional system with holes of 0.30 x 0.30 x 0.30m, provided larger passion fruit yield than the traditional systems with holes of 0.50 x 0.50 x 0.50m, not having an influence in the vigor of the plant and the dry mass of roots.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho comparar o desempenho de cultivares e linhagens de arroz de terras altas sob plantio direto e convencional. Para tanto, foi conduzido em Lavras-MG um experimento constituído de dois ensaios: um no sistema plantio direto e outro no sistema convencional, nos anos agrícolas 2003/2004 e 2004/2005. Foram testadas 13 cultivares e linhagens de arroz de terras altas. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. As variáveis analisadas foram: produtividade de grãos, altura de planta, floração e incidência de doenças. As cultivares e linhagens têm comportamento semelhante para produtividade de grãos nos dois sistemas de cultivo. No sistema plantio direto, há uma tendência de redução na altura de plantas e alongamento do ciclo da cultura, comparado ao sistema convencional. Concluiu-se que, além do sistema convencional, o sistema plantio direto também constitui alternativa viável para a cultura do arroz de terras altas.This study aimed to compare the performance of upland rice cultivars and rice lineages under no tillage (no-till) and conventional planting system, and to verify the existence of differentiated responses to both tillage systems. Thus, an experiment constituted of two essays, no-till and conventional tillage system was conducted in Lavras, MG, in 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 growing seasons. Thirteen upland rice cultivars and lineages were tested. A randomized block design and three replicates were used. Grain yield, plant height, flowering and disease incidence were analyzed. Rice cultivars and lineages presented similar yield in grains in both tillage systems. In no-till system there was a reduction tendency in plant height, disease incidance and cycle prolongation, as compared to conventional system. Therefore, no-till system is a viable alternative for upland rice crop.

Avaliou-se neste trabalho a atividade residual da mistura comercial dos herbicidas fluazifop-p-butil e fomesafen (Robust) em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo câmbico (PVAc), cultivado com feijão, nos sistemas de plantio direto e convencional. Cultivou-se, no sistema de plantio direto, o feijoeiro sobre as palhas de milho (3,6 t ha-1), Brachiaria brizantha (15 t ha-1) e milho + B. brizantha (8,1 t ha-1). No sistema convencional, o plantio do feijão foi realizado após a incorporação ao solo das palhas de milho + B. brizantha oriundas do consórcio. A mistura comercial dos herbicidas, na dose de 500 mL ha-1, foi aplicada 30 dias após a emergência do feijão. Em amostras de solo coletadas aos 10, 29, 47, 72 e 119 dias após aplicação dos herbicidas (DAA), avaliou-se a persistência desses compostos no solo. Para isso, utilizou-se o método de bioensaio, tendo Sorghum vulgare como planta indicadora. Verificou-se que o PVAc apresentou elevada capacidade sortiva para a formulação comercial dos herbicidas. Independentemente do tipo e da quantidade de palha presente à superfície do solo no sistema de plantio direto, não se observou efeito residual dos herbicidas no solo a partir dos 10 DAA. Entretanto, quando a palha foi incorporada ao solo, no sistema convencional de cultivo, os sintomas de fitotoxidez e redução da altura e da massa seca da parte aérea de S. vulgare persistiram após 72 DAA dos herbicidas. A ausência dos sintomas de resíduos na planta indicadora, quando os herbicidas foram aplicados no sistema de plantio direto, pode ser atribuída, principalmente, à retenção desses produtos pela palha, impedindo o seu contato com o solo.The residual activity of the commercial mixtures of the herbicides fluazifop-p-butyl and fomesafen was evaluated in Typic Hapludalfs soil in bean cultivated under tillage and no-tillage systems. The bean plant was cultivated under the tillage system over corn straw (3.6 t ha¹) Brachiaria brizantha (15 t ha-1) and corn straw + B. brizantha (8.1 t ha-1). Under the tillage system, bean was planted after incorporation into the soil of the corn straws + B. brizantha originating from the consortium. The commercial herbicide mixture (500 mL ha-1 ) was applied 30 days after bean emergence. In soil samples collected at 10, 29, 47, 72 and 119 days after herbicide application (DAA), persistence was evaluated in the soil using the bioassay method and Sorghum vulgare as control. It was verified that Typic Hapludalfs soil has a high sorption capacity for fluazifop-p-butyl and fomesafen. Regardless of the type and amount of straw over the surface soil, under no tillage system, no herbicide residual effect on soil was verified after 10 DAA. However, when the straw was incorporated into the soil, under the tillage system, phytotoxicity symptoms, and reduced height and dry mass aerial part of S. vulgare persisted after 72 DAA of the herbicides. The absence of residual symptoms in the control plant, when the herbicides were applied under no tillage system, was attributed to straw retention, preventing its contact with the soil.

The present study was carried out to determine the effects of different planting systems (standard raised bed, gable raised bed, flat planting) on growth, development, earliness and harvest period parameters of Sümela F1 tomatoes organically grown in the field. The plants grown and development in raised beds had a higher (P<0.01) stem diameter (mm), plant height (cm), leaf appearance rate (number day-1), raceme formation rate (cluster day-1), flowering rate (flower day-1), first fruit set, first harvest, last harvest, duration of harvest than flat planting. The highest raceme formation rate (0.17 cluster day-1), leaf appearance rate (0.35 number day-1), duration of harvest (81.2 day) were obtained from gable raised bed. It was concluded that raised beds (standard and gable raised beds) could have significant effects on the growth and development parameters of tomatoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With urbanization accelerating, people's living standard is growing and their demands on lifestyle are improving accordingly. The research proposed housing gardening system based on low-carbon greenhouse technology from perspectives of air quality, food safety and environment-friendliness. Besides, the research detailed designs of planting system, water circulation system and lighting system by interpretation on low-carbon greenhouse technology, microclimate and housing gardening system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A citricultura dos Estados da Bahia e Sergipe representa cerca de 103.000 ha e está localizada nos Tabuleiros Costeiros, onde predominam Latossolos Amarelos, com horizontes coesos que se apresentam endurecidos quando secos. Esse fenômeno impede o desenvolvimento das raízes ao longo do perfil, diminuindo o volume de solo explorado e a disponibilidade de água e nutrientes. Para romper os horizontes coesos e aumentar o volume de solo ocupado pelas raízes, foram utilizados plantios com profundidades de cova de 0,40; 0,60; 0,80; 1,00 e 1,20 m, com laranjeira 'Valência' enxertada sobre limoeiro 'Volkameriano', que apresentaram maior desenvolvimento de raízes quando plantadas em covas de 1,00 m e 1,20 m de profundidade. Não houve diferenças significativas para diâmetro da copa, diâmetro do caule, altura de planta e produção de frutos entre os tratamentos.The citros crop in Bahia and Sergipe, represents about 103.000 hectares and is established in the Coastal Table Land, where Yellow Latosol prevail, with cohesive horizons that become hardned when dry. This problem restrains the development of the roots along the profile of the soil, promoting the decrease of soil volume explored and consequently the availability of water and nutrients. To solve this problem, breaking the cohesive layer and increase the volume of soil roots it was used several depths of planting with holes of 0,40; 0,60; 0,80; 1,00 and 1,20 m, using orange tree 'Valência' grafted on lemon tree 'Volkameriano'. The best development of the roots was obtained with the 1,00 m and 1,20 m of depth. No significant statistical results was obtained for diameter of the cup and the stem, plant height and production of fruits among the treatments.

In 2011, 16 strawberry cultivars were planted with two planting systems--a black-plastic-covered perennial system (BP) and a matted-row system (MR)--arranged in a split-block design with four replications at the New Mexico State University (NMSU) Sustainable Agriculture Science Center, Alcalde, NM. Cultivars varied greatly in their yield and tolerance to high-pH soil. 'Allstar', 'Chandler', and 'Darselect' were the three most sensitive cultivars to high soil pH among the 16 cultivars tested, whereas 'Wendy', 'Brunswick', 'Honeoye', and 'Clancy' were the four most tolerant cultivars by the end of July 2011. Two to three applications of 0.67 g'in 1 (linear row) FeEDDHA were used per year through fertigation to effectively treat leaf chlorosis resulting from high soil pH. After averaging the yields of 2012 and 2013, 'Mesabi' and 'Kent' had greater yield than others and twice the yield of 'Jewel'. Early cultivars Earliglow and Annapolis and late cultivars U'Amour and Ovation all had low yields in both years. In Jan. 2013, the minimum temperature reached -21.7 °C, which caused crown damage to some cold-tender cultivars, especially in the black-plastic-covered system. 'Wendy', 'Chandler', 'Clancy', and 'Jewel' were the cold-tender cultivars, whereas 'Mesabi', 'Kent', 'Cavendish', and 'Honeoye' were the hardiest among those tested. Despite repeated late frosts from 19 Apr. to 4 May 2013 and a delayed harvest season, most cultivars produced greater yield than in 2012 with 'Mesabi' and 'Kent' being the greatest. There were no significant differences in yields in 2012 and 2013 between BP and MR treatments, but yield in BP was significantly lower than in MR in 2014. With appropriate cultivar selection and management, growers can produce strawberries in high-pH soil at high elevation with a short growing season in the Southwest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Erwerbs-Obstbau is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)