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The mite Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) has a dramatic impact on beekeeping and is one of the main causes of honey bee colony losses. This ectoparasite feeds on honey bees' liquid tissues, through a wound created on the host integument, determining weight loss and a reduction of lifespan, as well as the transmission of viral pathogens. However, despite its importance, the mite feeding strategy and the host regulation role by the salivary secretions have been poorly explored. Here, we contribute to fill this gap by identifying the salivary components of V. destructor, to study their functional importance for mite feeding and survival. The differential expression analysis identified 30 salivary gland genes encoding putatively secreted proteins, among which only 15 were found to be functionally annotated. These latter include proteins with putative anti‐bacterial, anti‐fungal, cytolytic, digestive and immunosuppressive function. The three most highly transcribed genes, coding for a chitin‐binding domain protein, a Kazal domain serine protease inhibitor and a papain‐like cysteine protease were selected to study their functional importance by reverse genetics. Knockdown (90%–99%) by RNA interference (RNAi) of the transcript of a chitin‐binding domain protein, likely interfering with the immune reaction to facilitate mite feeding, was associated with a 40%–50% decrease of mite survival. This work expands our knowledge of the host regulation and nutritional exploitation strategies adopted by ectoparasites of arthropods and allows the identification of potential targets for RNAi, paving the way towards the development of new strategies for Varroa mite control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is one of the most harmful pests in many agroecosystems worldwide. To effectively manage this pest, there is an urgent need to develop novel bio-active acaricides that support integrated pest management strategies targeting T. urticae. In this study, we explored the acaricidal effects of xenocoumacin 1 (Xcn1) on T. urticae and its predator Neoseiulus californicus using the highly purified compound. Xcn1 was extracted and purified from the cell-free supernatant of the Xenorhabdus nematophila CB6 mutant constructed by the easy promoter activated compound identification (easyPACId) method. When the concentration of Xcn1 exceeded 100 μg mL−1, the survival rate of spider mite adults declined to below 40% and the fecundity was decreased by 80% at six days post-application. At concentrations of 25 and 50 μg mL−1, Xcn1 significantly impeded spider mite development by inhibiting the molt. However, neither concentration had any adverse effects on the survival or reproduction of the predatory mite N. californicus. The results from laboratory and semi-field experiments consistently demonstrated the effectiveness of the antimicrobial metabolite Xcn1 in controlling pest mites at both the molecular and physiological levels. Our study offers a promising possibility that combines the compatible biocontrol agents of Xcn1 and predatory mites for integrated pest mite control.

Mites have been a persistent infectious disease affecting both humans and animals since ancient times. In veterinary clinics, the primary approach for treating and managing mite infestations has long been the use of chemical acaricides. However, the widespread use of these chemicals has resulted in significant problems, including drug resistance, drug residues, and environmental pollution, limiting their effectiveness. To address these challenges, researchers have shifted their focus towards natural products that have shown promise both in the laboratory and real-world settings against mite infestations. Natural products have a wide variety of chemical structures and biological activities, including acaricidal properties. This article offers a comprehensive review of the acaricidal capabilities and mechanisms of action of natural products like plant extracts, natural compounds, algae, and microbial metabolites against common animal mites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The BEEHAVE model simulates the population dynamics and foraging activity of a single honey bee colony (Apis mellifera) in great detail. Although it still makes numerous simplifying assumptions, it appears to capture a wide range of empirical observations. It could, therefore, in principle, also be used as a tool in beekeeper education, as it allows the implementation and comparison of different management options. Here, we focus on treatments aimed at controlling the mite Varroa destructor. However, since BEEHAVE was developed in the UK, mite treatment includes the use of a synthetic acaricide, which is not part of Good Beekeeping Practice in Germany. A practice that consists of drone brood removal from April to June, treatment with formic acid in August/September, and treatment with oxalic acid in November/December. We implemented these measures, focusing on the timing, frequency, and spacing between drone brood removals. The effect of drone brood removal and acid treatment, individually or in combination, on a mite‐infested colony was examined. We quantify the efficacy of Varroa mite control as the reduction of mites in treated bee colonies compared to untreated bee colonies. We found that drone brood removal was very effective, reducing mites by 90% at the end of the first simulation year after the introduction of mites. This value was significantly higher than the 50–67% reduction expected by bee experts and confirmed by empirical studies. However, literature reports varying percent reductions in mite numbers from 10 to 85% after drone brood removal. The discrepancy between model results, empirical data, and expert estimates indicate that these three sources should be reviewed and refined, as all are based on simplifying assumptions. These results and the adaptation of BEEHAVE to the Good Beekeeping Practice are a decisive step forward for the future use of BEEHAVE in beekeeper education in Germany and anywhere where organic acids and drone brood removal are utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mites have been a persistent infectious disease affecting both humans and animals since ancient times. In veterinary clinics, the primary approach for treating and managing mite infestations has long been the use of chemical acaricides. However, the widespread use of these chemicals has resulted in significant problems, including drug resistance, drug residues, and environmental pollution, limiting their effectiveness. To address these challenges, researchers have shifted their focus towards natural products that have shown promise both in the laboratory and real-world settings against mite infestations. Natural products have a wide variety of chemical structures and biological activities, including acaricidal properties. This article offers a comprehensive review of the acaricidal capabilities and mechanisms of action of natural products like plant extracts, natural compounds, algae, and microbial metabolites against common animal mites.

Abstract The BEEHAVE model simulates the population dynamics and foraging activity of a single honey bee colony (Apis mellifera) in great detail. Although it still makes numerous simplifying assumptions, it appears to capture a wide range of empirical observations. It could, therefore, in principle, also be used as a tool in beekeeper education, as it allows the implementation and comparison of different management options. Here, we focus on treatments aimed at controlling the mite Varroa destructor. However, since BEEHAVE was developed in the UK, mite treatment includes the use of a synthetic acaricide, which is not part of Good Beekeeping Practice in Germany. A practice that consists of drone brood removal from April to June, treatment with formic acid in August/September, and treatment with oxalic acid in November/December. We implemented these measures, focusing on the timing, frequency, and spacing between drone brood removals. The effect of drone brood removal and acid treatment, individually or in combination, on a mite‐infested colony was examined. We quantify the efficacy of Varroa mite control as the reduction of mites in treated bee colonies compared to untreated bee colonies. We found that drone brood removal was very effective, reducing mites by 90% at the end of the first simulation year after the introduction of mites. This value was significantly higher than the 50–67% reduction expected by bee experts and confirmed by empirical studies. However, literature reports varying percent reductions in mite numbers from 10 to 85% after drone brood removal. The discrepancy between model results, empirical data, and expert estimates indicate that these three sources should be reviewed and refined, as all are based on simplifying assumptions. These results and the adaptation of BEEHAVE to the Good Beekeeping Practice are a decisive step forward for the future use of BEEHAVE in beekeeper education in Germany and anywhere where organic acids and drone brood removal are utilized.

Simple Summary: Panonychus ulmi is a pest of several agriculturally important crops, including apples. If populations are not controlled, it can cause severe foliar damage in apple that results in lower return bloom and yield loss in following year. Biological mite control of this pest can be achieved in eastern United States apple orchards if growers conserve several species of predatory mites through proper selection and timing of insecticide applications for the main pests such as codling moth which directly damage the fruit. When apple growers occasionally loose biological mite control, they need to rely on effective miticides that also conserve these predatory mite species to maintain sustainable pest mite control. Efficiency of different pesticide chemicals used for the P. ulmi management and their non-target effects on predatory mites conserved for biological mite control in apple orchards are discussed. Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae), commonly known as European red mite, is a polyphagous pest of various tree and small fruit crops, including apples. A field study was conducted to evaluate different pesticide options available for the management of P. ulmi, and their impact on the population of non-target predatory mite species complex consisting of Neoseiulus fallacis, Typhlodromus pyri, and Zetzellia mali in apple orchards. Pesticides were applied using a commercial airblast sprayer at the 3–5 mite/leaf recommended economic Integrated Pest Management (IPM) threshold or prophylactically in the spring ignoring IPM practices such as monitoring, reliance on biological control and economic thresholds. Effects on the motile and egg stages of P. ulmi were evaluated as were effects on the populations of predatory mites through frequent leaf counts during the season. We also recorded the subsequent overwintering eggs of P. ulmi from each pesticide treatment. The two prophylactic treatments containing a mixture of zeta-cypermethrin + avermectin B1 + 1% horticultural oil and abamectin + 1% horticultural oil provided effective control of P. ulmi population throughout the season without reducing predatory mite populations. In contrast, eight treatments applied at the recommended economic threshold of 3–5 mites/leaf were not effective in suppressing P. ulmi populations and most reduced predatory mites. Etoxazole had significantly higher number of overwintering P. ulmi eggs compared to all other treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae), commonly known as European red mite, is a polyphagous pest of various tree and small fruit crops, including apples. A field study was conducted to evaluate different pesticide options available for the management of P. ulmi, and their impact on the population of non-target predatory mite species complex consisting of Neoseiulus fallacis, Typhlodromus pyri, and Zetzellia mali in apple orchards. Pesticides were applied using a commercial airblast sprayer at the 3–5 mite/leaf recommended economic Integrated Pest Management (IPM) threshold or prophylactically in the spring ignoring IPM practices such as monitoring, reliance on biological control and economic thresholds. Effects on the motile and egg stages of P. ulmi were evaluated as were effects on the populations of predatory mites through frequent leaf counts during the season. We also recorded the subsequent overwintering eggs of P. ulmi from each pesticide treatment. The two prophylactic treatments containing a mixture of zeta-cypermethrin + avermectin B1 + 1% horticultural oil and abamectin + 1% horticultural oil provided effective control of P. ulmi population throughout the season without reducing predatory mite populations. In contrast, eight treatments applied at the recommended economic threshold of 3–5 mites/leaf were not effective in suppressing P. ulmi populations and most reduced predatory mites. Etoxazole had significantly higher number of overwintering P. ulmi eggs compared to all other treatments.

Simple Summary: The mite Varroa destructor is the most damaging parasite of honey bees (Apis mellifera) worldwide. When necessary, mite control is mainly accomplished with acaricides. Optimal parasite control is achieved when the acaricide is applied during times of little or no brood in honey bee colonies, which varies by region. Therefore, in this study we analyzed the population dynamics of the mite in honey bee colonies established in a temperate semi-arid climate in Mexico by periodically sampling brood and adult bees, as well as by counting mites falling to the bottom board of hives over 10 months. We also measured brood and adult bee populations and food stores. It was found that the sampling period influences the population of V. destructor in the colonies. The mite population increased by 26% in the 10 months of sampling. It was observed that as the worker brood population increased, the mite infestation rate in adult bees decreased, and the opposite occurred when the amount of brood in the colonies was reduced. Monitoring V. destructor populations by recording fallen mites is more reliable than determining mite infestation rates in adult bees and brood. The best period to apply an acaricide treatment in the region of study is between November and December. This study aimed to analyze the population dynamics of the mite Varroa destructor in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in a temperate semi-arid climate in Mexico. Ten colonies homogeneous in population, food stores, and levels of mite infestation were used. The mite infestation rate in brood and adult bees, total number of mites, daily mite fall, brood and adult bee population, and food stores were determined periodically for 10 months. There was a significant effect (p < 0.05) of sampling period on the population of V. destructor in adult bees, brood, total mite population, and daily fallen mites. The total mite population increased by 26% on average per colony. The increase in brood amount reduced the mite infestation rate in adult bees, and the opposite occurred when the brood decreased. Monitoring V. destructor populations by recording fallen mites is more reliable than determining mite infestation rates in bees, as mite fall has a dynamic pattern similar to that of the total mite population. The best period to apply an acaricide treatment in the region of study is between November and December because most mites were in the phoretic phase, since there was less brood in the colonies compared to other times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The Varroa mite (Varroa destructor) is considered to be the greatest threat to apiculture worldwide. RNA interference (RNAi) using double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) as a gene silencing mechanism has emerged as a next‐generation strategy for mite control. RESULTS: We explored the impact of a dsRNA biopesticide, named vadescana, designed to silence the calmodulin gene in Varroa, on mite fitness in mini‐hives housed in a laboratory. Two dosages were tested: 2 g/L dsRNA and 8 g/L dsRNA. Vadescana appeared to have no effect on mite survival, however, mite fertility was substantially reduced. The majority of foundress mites exposed to vadescana failed to produce any offspring. No dose‐dependent effect of vadescana was observed, as both the low and high doses inhibited mite reproduction equally well in the mini‐hives and neither dose impacted pupal survival of the honey bee. Approximately 95% of bee pupae were alive at uncapping across all treatment groups. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that vadescana has significant potential as an effective alternative to conventional methods for Varroa control, with broader implications for the utilization of RNAi as a next‐generation tool in the management of pest species. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of the Varroa destructor mite requires the use of acaricide treatments for honeybee colonies. Amitraz is one of the most common acaricide-active ingredients used by beekeepers. Certain Varroa mite populations have developed resistance to amitraz, thereby leading to a loss in the efficacy of amitraz-based treatments. Two products, Apivar and Supatraz, were applied in the same apiary in France to evaluate their efficacy. Both treatments are amitraz-based but have different galenics. Thanks to field data, a dynamic model was used to simulate the actions of Apivar and Supatraz on the mite population. We considered two parameters to compare the products as follows: the daily mortality rate and the treatment duration. In the field, the percentage of the efficacy of the two products was not significantly different, but Supatraz kills mites faster and decreases 90% of the mite infestation in 28.4 days compared with 50.9 days when using Apivar. Through modeling, we showed the daily impact of the two different products on mite population. Supatraz has a higher daily mortality rate during the first two weeks than Apivar. Supatraz requires a lower efficacy (% of varroa mites killed during all the treatment) to stabilize the varroa mite population due to its faster release of active ingredients than Apivar, thereby needing a shorter period to achieve the same result. Depending on the model, Supatraz conserves effective efficacy when used against moderately resistant mites (with mite mortality being 40–70% at the LC90) but not against highly resistant mites (with mite mortality being <40% at the LC90). These results show that the comparison of the efficacy of the two products with different characteristics (duration of treatment and daily mortality rate) should be analyzed with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermanyssus gallinae, also known as the poultry red mite (PRM), is one of widespread ectoparasite in the poultry industry worldwide, causing direct and indirect detriments to poultry as well as substantial financial losses. Novel control methods are urgently needed to improve the current acaricide-based control of D. gallinae. The control approach based on arrestment pheromone is environment-friendly but the related research is limited in PRMs. In the present study we found two compounds from the mite feces acting as arrestment pheromones of D. gallinae, which could lead to mite arrestment upon contact. One is guanine, which was also found in unfed female mites' acid-saline extract. The other is hematin. Moreover, it was found that the ferric ion of hematin played a pivotal role in stimulating the arrestment of mites. Finally, it was found the combination of guanine or/and hematin plus cypermethrin led to significantly improved mite-killing performance compared with cypermethrin, showing a promising potential of novel control method based on the arrestment pheromone., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest The authors declared that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. We declare that none of the contents of this manuscript have been published or are under consideration for publication elsewhere and that no competing interests exist. All authors have contributed to read and approved this submitted manuscript in its current form., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Varroa destructor is a dangerous pest directly for beekeeping and indirectly for crops that require insect pollination. In recent years, the application of chemical pesticides has led to the occurrence of mite resistance and contamination of hive products. Plant extracts are considered as a suitable alternative to chemical acaricides for the Varroa mite control. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the acaricidal and insecticidal activity of extract of Prangos ferulacea plant against the Varroa mite and its host in the honey bee colonies in the climatic conditions of Kurdistan province from 2022 to 2024. The P. ferulacea plant was collected in June 2022 from different regions of Kurdistan province in the flowering stage, extracted and then its chemical compounds were identified using GC-MS. The present study was conducted in the form of a factorial experiment based on a completely random basic design with four treatments and seven replications. Before conducting the bioassay experiments, the experimental colonies were homogenized in terms of queen age, population (adults and brood), and honey storage. Also, the initial infestation rate of colonies with Varroa mites was evaluated for adult and brood. The results showed that the extract of 50% of P. ferulacea was relatively favorable acaricidal properties. So that, there was no significant difference with oxalic acid and Apistan treatments in terms of mite mortality percentage in the first time of spraying. Also, the result showed that the bee's mortality percentage was not more than 7% in any of the times of spraying with the 50% extract of the P. ferulacea, and there was observed a significant difference compared to the oxalic acid and Apistan treatments in terms of bee's mortality percentage (P<0.01). The queen superseding was not observed in any of the experimental treatments. According to the findings of the present research, the concentration of 50% of the extract P. ferulaceous can be suggested as a suitable alternative to synthetic acaricides and organic acids to control the Varroa mite in honey bee colonies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus leprosis mite [Brevipalpus yothersi Baker (Acari: Tenuipalpidae)] is traditionally controlled with acaricide applications using a high volume of spray solution (> 2000 L.ha-1). However, high spray solution volumes can generate water waste and environmental contamination. An experiment was set up in a sweet orange orchard located in the municipality of Taquaral, São Paulo, Brazil, aiming to optimize the spray solution volume required for more efficient control of the leprosis mite. The experiment was conducted from December 2020 to July 2022. Two spray solution volumes were evaluated: 100 and 180 mL m–3 of plant canopy. In total, seven acaricide applications were performed. During the experiment, we assessed the incidence and infestation of the leprosis mite. Additionally, at the end of the experiment, we counted the number of plants and fallen fruits exhibiting leprosis symptoms. The treatment with a spray volume of 180 mL m–3 was more effective in controlling mites, as the incidence and infestation of B. yothersi were lower in this treatment. Moreover, this treatment resulted in fewer plants with fallen fruits and a reduced number of fallen fruits showing leprosis symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1930s, the dry-cured ham industry has used methyl bromide fumigation to control Tyrophagus putrescentiae (ham mite) infestations. However, due to methyl bromide being a class I ozone depleting substance and no longer being manufactured, alternatives to methyl bromide have been studied extensively. Direct contact food-grade coatings and coated ham nets of various materials have shown efficacy in controlling ham mite growth and reproduction. These coated nets, often including propylene glycol, can be dried to ease application and reduce shipping cost, but chemical and thermal treatments on fabrics may cause the fabrics to become more brittle, which negatively impacts stretchability and bursting strength, and ultimately the effectiveness of the net. Scanning electron microscopy can provide precise visual inspection of fabric surface morphology, allowing for a detection of potential damage to the fibers. This purpose of this review is to summarize the application of food-grade coatings on nets used in the dry-cured ham industry to control mite infestations. More importantly, the review provides comprehensive information on coated nets, covering various aspects such as the selection of netting materials, evaluation of fabric properties, techniques for coating nets, net drying method, all in relation to their efficacy for mite control. This review contributes to the broad area of this applied technology by highlighting efficacious treatments to control mites, ineffective treatments, a discussion of processes to evaluate their properties, and future prospectives regarding this area of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insecticide resistance in Panonychus citri is a major obstacle to mite control in citrus orchards. Pyrethroid insecticides are continually used to control mites in China, although resistance to pyrethroids has evolved in some populations. Here, the resistance to the pyrethroid fenpropathrin was investigated and 7 out of 8 field‐collected populations of P. citri exhibited a high level of resistance, ranging from 171‐fold to 15 391‐fold higher than the susceptible (SS) comparison strain. Three voltage‐gated sodium channel (VGSC) mutations were identified in the tested populations: L1031V, F1747L, and F1751I. Amplicon sequencing was used to evaluate the frequency of these mutations in the 19 field populations. L1031V and F1751I were present in all populations at frequencies of 11.6%–82.1% and 0.5%–31.8%, respectively, whereas the F1747L mutation was only present in 12 populations from Chongqing, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Yunnan provinces. Introduction of these mutations singly or in combination into transgenic flies significantly increased their resistance to fenpropathrin and these flies also exhibited reduced mortality after exposure to the pyrethroids permethrin and β‐cypermethrin. Panonychus citri VGSC homology modeling and ligand docking indicate that F1747 and F1751 form direct binding contacts with pyrethroids, which are lost with mutation, whereas L1031 mutation may diminish pyrethroid effects through an allosteric mechanism. Overall, the results provide molecular markers for monitoring pest resistance to pyrethroids and offer new insights into the basis of pyrethroid actions on sodium channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ham mite, (Schrank; Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae), is the predominant pest of dry-cured pork during aging. This research was conducted 1) to determine the minimal concentrations of propylene glycol necessary for food grade coatings to control mites; and 2) to determine if sensory differences could be detected in hams that were treated with food grade coatings in commercial facilities using difference from control sensory tests. Ham cubes coated with either xanthan gum + 15% propylene glycol or propylene glycol alginate + carrageenan + 7.5% propylene glycol were the lowest propylene glycol concentrations that were effective ( < 0.05) at controlling mite infestations under laboratory conditions. Whole hams from commercial plants that were dipped with coatings were slightly different ( < 0.05) from the non-dipped control hams with respect to flavor, texture and moistness in the first trial. However, hams sprayed with coatings, a lower-cost application than dipping, did not cause sensory differences ( > 0.05) when compared to the control with respect to flavor, texture, moistness, and weight loss in trial 2. This research indicated that dry-cured ham processors could potentially spray these coatings on dry-cured hams during aging to control mite infestations in their plants without negatively impacting the sensory quality of the hams.

The survival of the honey bee (Apis mellifera), which has a crucial role in pollination and ecosystem maintenance, is threatened by many pathogens, including parasites, bacteria, fungi and viruses. The ectoparasite Varroa destructor is considered the major cause of the worldwide decline in honey bee colony health. Although several synthetic acaricides are available to control Varroa infestations, resistant mites and side effects on bees have been documented. The development of natural alternatives for mite control is therefore encouraged. The study aims at exploring the effects of cinnamon and oregano essential oils (EOs) and of a mixed fruit cocktail juice on mite infestation levels and bee colony health. A multi-method study including hive inspection, mite count, molecular detection of fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens, analysis of defensin-1, hymenoptaecin and vitellogenin immune gene expression, colony density and honey production data, was conducted in a 20-hive experimental apiary. The colonies were divided into five groups: four treatment groups and one control group. The treatment groups were fed on a sugar syrup supplemented with cinnamon EO, oregano EO, a 1:1 mixture of both EOs, or a juice cocktail. An unsupplemented syrup was, instead, used to feed the control group. While V. destructor affected all the colonies throughout the study, no differences in mite infestation levels, population density and honey yield were observed between treatment and control groups. An overexpression of vitellogenin was instead found in all EO-treated groups, even though a significant difference was only found in the group treated with the 1:1 EO mixture. Viral (DWV, CBPV and BQCV), fungal (Nosema ceranae) and bacterial (Melissococcus plutonius) pathogens from both symptomatic and asymptomatic colonies were detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The life cycle of Varroa destructor , the ectoparasitic mite of honey bees (Apis mellifera), includes a dispersal phase, in which mites attach to adult bees for transport and feeding, and a reproductive phase, in which mites invade worker and drone brood cells just prior to pupation to reproduce while their bee hosts complete development. In this study, we wanted to determine whether increased nurse bee visitations of adjacent drone and worker brood cells would increase the likelihood of Varroa mites invading those cells. We also explored whether temporarily restricting the nurses' access to sections of worker brood for 2 or 4 h would subsequently cause higher nurse visitations, and thus, higher Varroa cell invasions. Temporarily precluding larvae from being fed by nurses subsequently led to higher Varroa infestation of those sections in some colonies, but this pattern was not consistent across colonies. Therefore, removing highly infested sections of capped worker brood could be further explored as a potential mechanical/cultural method for mite control. Our results provide more information on how nurse visitations affect the patterns of larval cell invasion by Varroa. Given that the mite's successful reproduction depends on the nurses' ability to visit and feed developing brood, more studies are needed to understand the patterns of Varroa mite invasion of drone and worker cells to better combat this pervasive honey bee parasite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mites are highly prevalent arthropods that infest diverse ecological niches globally. Approximately 55,000 species of mites have been identified but many more are yet to be discovered. Of the ones we do know about, most go unnoticed by humans and animals. However, there are several species from the Acariformes superorder that exert a significant impact on global human health. House dust mites are a major source of inhaled allergens, affecting 10–20% of the world's population; storage mites also cause a significant allergy in susceptible individuals; chiggers are the sole vectors for the bacterium that causes scrub typhus; Demodex mites are part of the normal microfauna of humans and their pets, but under certain conditions populations grow out of control and affect the integrity of the integumentary system; and scabies mites cause one of the most common dermatological diseases worldwide. On the other hand, recent genome sequences of mites provide novel tools for mite control and the development of new biomaterial with applications in biomedicine. Despite the palpable disease burden, mites remain understudied in parasitological research. By better understanding mite biology and disease processes, researchers can identify new ways to diagnose, manage, and prevent common mite-induced afflictions. This knowledge can lead to improved clinical outcomes and reduced disease burden from these remarkably widespread yet understudied creatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chaetodactylus krombeini (Acariformes: Astigmata: Chaetodactylidae) mites are kleptoparasites of solitary bees in the genus Osmia and depend on bee hosts for harbourage, nutrition, and dispersal, with infestations increasing morbidity and larval mortality. The life history traits of C. krombeini are unclear, complicating the control efforts of mites in managed bee nests. Mites in the family Chaetodactylidae have a facultative life stage, the heteromorphic deutonymph, used for either dispersal or dormancy when food resources are sparse. The heteromorphic deutonymph life stage is hypothesized to consist only of females, requiring arrhenotokous parthenogenesis to reproduce. This study examined this hypothesis by determining the sex of the adults that developed from each deutonymph morph. Phoretic deutonymphs were isolated after overwintering either with or without a bee host; inert deutonymphs were isolated from field collections from various locations. Mites were individually observed for 14 days, and development was recorded. Mites that reached adulthood were sexed. After 14 days, 32–38% of heteromorphic deutonymphs that reached adulthood were male. These results disprove the previous hypothesis that heteromorphic deutonymphs are exclusively female. The survival and reproductive strategies of C. krombeini are now in question, specifically the role of true arrhenotoky in founding new mite populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoseiid predatory mites are one of the most important groups of biocontrol agents, commonly used in biological control. The ability to produce these predatory mites economically, at high density on cheap factitious food sources, is a major contributor to their success. Astigmatid mites are the most widely used factitious food for this purpose. In this study, we investigated the potential application of the leaf-dwelling astigmatid mite Czenspinskia transversostriata (Oudemans) (Acari: Winterschmidtiidae) as a prey mite in biological control. We tested whether C. transversostriata is a suitable food source for the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae), both in the laboratory and on cucumber plants. Based on a reproduction trial, C. transversostriata proved to be an equally good food source compared to both pollen of Typha angustifolia L. (Poales: Typhaceae) and a frequently used prey mite Carpoglyphus lactis L. (Acari: Carpoglyphidae). In a pre-establishment trial on cucumber plants, populations of A. swirskii reached equally high densities when supplemented with C. transversostriata, compared to C. lactis. Lastly, we show that C. transversostriata is capable of feeding and reproducing on powdery mildew growing on cucumber plants, thereby slowing down the development of the pathogenic fungus. Results derived from this study show that C. transversostriata may have multiple potential applications in biological control programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores sustainable agricultural practices by examining the role of organic materials in enhancing native predatory mites for controlling spider mites in apple orchards. Developing techniques to conserve indigenous natural enemies is vital for sustainable agricultural production. Phytoseiid mites can control spider mites, which are among the most significant pests in apple production. To conserve phytoseiid mite populations, it is important to identify alternative prey and to determine their role in phytoseiid mite proliferation. We demonstrated that the concurrent use of specific organic fertilizers and coconut husks can increase prey Tyrophagus mites, thereby enhancing phytoseiid mite density. Our research was conducted using sticky traps at the Miyagi Prefectural Agriculture and Horticulture Research Center in Japan. The occurrence of Tyrophagus mites was significantly correlated with the occurrence of phytoseiid mites in 2 years. In laboratory experiments, the use of organic fertilizers increased the density of Tyrophagus mites by 83 × within 4 weeks. Several species of phytoseiid mites were able to lay between 0.25 and 1.03 eggs per day per female by preying on Tyrophagus larvae. A 2-year field survey revealed that the use of organic fertilizers more than doubled the density of phytoseiid mites on apple leaves, likely through promoting Tyrophagus mite proliferation on the ground. These results highlight the potential of organic fertilizers not only to enhance soil nutrients, but also to boost phytoseiid mite populations, thereby contributing to more sustainable apple production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato crops are attacked by several pests, including mites. While the main predatory mites are not effective enough to control mite pests, recent studies have shown encouraging results with the European endemic phytoseiid Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) recki. The first objective of the study was to assess the ability of this species to disperse along the tomato stem, considering six genotypes of Solanum lycopersicum, S. peruvianum and S. cheesmaniae with contrasted trichome numbers and types of stem trichomes, accuratetly characterised in a previous study. The second objective was to determine how predator morphological traits can explain dispersal along the tomato stem. For this, ambulatory dispersal ability of females (stem crossing rate success, hesitation and escape behavior, mobility periods) was tested in lab conditions on the eight Solanum genotypes, at four period of time after the predator introduction (10, 25, 55 and 100 min), with a video observation of 5 min at each period. The females were then mounted on slides and body length and width (at the fore hind, middle and back parts) measured. No effect of the tomato genotypes was observed on the dispersal ability of the predator. However, specimens that succeeded in crossing the stem, had a higher percentage of mobility time (79.36%) than those that failed (43.60%). Furthermore, body width at midbody (DSW2) and dorsal shield length (DSL) were negatively correlated with dispersal ability. The mean DSL and DSW2 of the females that succeed to cross were 342.3 and 160.9 μm, respectively vs. 345.6 and 164.9 μm, for females that did not succeed. This suggests that the more slender and relatively small the specimens, the more are mobile and able to successfully cross the stem. The number of glandular trichomes type (GT) VI and to a lesser extent GT I and IV, and non-glandular trichomes (NGT) II&III appear to limit dispersal. The GT VI seems to have a repellent effect. On the opposite, the number of NGT V were positively correlated with high mobility and stem crossing rates. Assuming that the main barrier to biological control efficiency is dispersal along tomato stems, these preliminary results should have implications for biological control success. The proportion of mites with 'optimal dimensions' appears to be low and further studies should be undertaken to better assess the proportion of mites with such ideal dimensions in different populations and also to determine whether these morphological traits are associated with different feeding abilities and/or abiotic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Most studies on efficacy of fungal pathogens and predatory mites against Tetranychus urticae have been done on individual species in the laboratory. We evaluated fungi and predatory mites separately and together against glasshouse populations of T. urticae on chrysanthemum plants. First, effectiveness of the fungal pathogens Beauveria bassiana (Bb88) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma129) was compared; then, effectiveness of the predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis and Neoseiulus californicus. Based on the results, N. californicus and isolate Ma129 were selected and evaluated in combination. In all experiments, treatment effects were assessed for eggs and motile stages of T. urticae. RESULTS: The first experiment showed no significant effect of either fungal isolate on T. urticae populations, except on plants initially infested with 20 mites, where more eggs were found in the control compared to the fungal treatments. In the second experiment, both predatory mites were equally effective at reducing T. urticae populations compared with the control, regardless of initial T. urticae population density. The last experiment demonstrated that populations of T. urticae were reduced most when M. anisopliae (Ma129) and N. californicus were applied together, compared with the control and when each natural enemy was applied separately. CONCLUSIONS: Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma129) and B. bassiana (Bb88) isolates did not have a significant effect on reducing T. urticae populations. Both predatory mites reduced T. urticae populations, regardless of T. urticae density. Combined application of M. anisopliae (Ma129) and N. californicus were more effective against T. urticae than the control or when each agent was applied separately. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the efficacy of single and combined usage of the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (NC) (McGregor) and Terpenoid Blend QRD-460 (TBQ) for the control of spider mites in apple orchards were determined. The study was carried out in two different apple orchards in Şarkikaraağaç district of Isparta Province. The study was planned according to the randomized plot design with 3 replications and 4 characters as control, TBQ, 50NC/tree and TBQ+50NC. In the apple orchard in Çavundur village, on the 63rd day, in the plots where control, 50NC/tree, TBQ+50NC/tree and TBQ treatments were applied, a mean number of 8.18, 0.76, 0.84 and 8.22 eggs/leaf and 10.26, 2.09, 1.07 and 9.24 hd (motile period: larva+ nymph+adult)/leaf were found, respectively. In the apple orchard in Alciklar neighborhood, on the 63rd day, in the plots where control, 50NC/tree, TBQ+50NC/tree and TBQ applications were applied, a mean number of 3.36, 0.49, 0.71 and 3.38 eggs/leaf and 5.02 0.71, 0.93 and 4.62 hd/leaf were found, respectively. As a result, 50NC/tree and TBQ+50NC/tree treatments suppressed red spider populations at different times and were successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoseius plumifer (Canestrini and Fanzago) and Euseius scutalis (Athias-Henriot) (Phytoseiidae) are generalist predatory mites important in controlling phytophagous mites on some agricultural crops. The biology of both species as potential biological control agents of the grape erineum mite, Colomerus vitis (Pagenstecher) (Eriophyidae) on grape leaf disks was studied in the laboratory at 33 ± 1 °C, 60%RH, 12:12 h L:D. The developmental time, survival, and reproductive parameters of P. plumifer and E. scutalis on C. vitis, date palm pollen as well as C. vitis plus date palm pollen were investigated. Both predators, P. plumifer and E. scutalis, thrived on the mixed diet of C. vitis and date palm pollen resulting in a shorter developmental time (6.16 and 6.69 days, respectively), higher oviposition rate (2.11 and 1.96 eggs/female/day, respectively), and higher intrinsic rate of increase (0.251 and 0.229 per female/day, respectively) than on any other diet. Date palm pollen was an adequate alternative food source for P. plumifer and E. scutalis. The results suggest that both predators have good potential to suppress C. vitis populations and that date palm pollen can support the population establishment of both predators in the absence or scarcity of the main prey in the environment. We discuss the relevance of our results for the biocontrol of C. vitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different plant part extracts of cherry laurel [Prunus laurocerasus (Rosaceae)] were investigated for the acaricidal and repellent activity against Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Prostigmata: Tarsonemidae). The leaf, flower, and seed aqueous extracts of cherry laurel were prepared for efficacy bioassays. The tested concentrations of each extract were 1% (volume/volume, v/v), 5% (v/v), 10% (v/v), 20% (v/v) and 30% (weight/volume, w/v). Distilled water and a mixed formulation of 228.6 g/L spiromesifen + 11.4 g/L abamectin were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. It can be concluded that the flower and leaf extract of P. laurocerasus at 30% concentration and the seed extract at 10% or greater concentrations have the potential to control P. latus in the egg stage. Although spiromesifen+abamectin caused extremely low egg mortality (9.5%), all larvae died shortly after hatching (indirect ovicidal effect). In contrast, all adult mites died within 20 hours after spraying. Moreover, the adult mortalities (92%-98%) associated with seed extract at 30% during the experimental period, and the leaf (93.78%) and flower (91.11%) extract at 30% 72-h after exposure were statistically similar to that of spiromesifen+abamectin (100%) application. All extracts at 20% and seed extract at 10% or greater concentrations may also have a great potential for repelling P. latus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanopesticides with controlled release can achieve more effective utilization of pesticides. Here, to enhance the adsorption of pesticides onto the target organisms, the formulation of pesticides with temperature-responsive release was proposed by combing graphene oxide (GO) and existing pyrethroid pesticides (cyhalothrin, bifenthrin and fenpropathrin). Pesticides were loaded onto GO nanosheets as a carrier via a simple physisorption process, and the GO-pesticide nanocomposites exhibited temperature-responsive release and excellent storage stability, which are of vital importance to the practical application. Furthermore, we assessed the bioactivity of the GO-pesticide nanocomposites against spider mites ( Tetranychus urticae Koch) indoors and in the field. As a result, GO-pesticide nanocomposites had many folds higher bioactivity than individual pesticides, and could be adsorbed on the cuticle of T. urticae and surface of bean leaves with highly uniform dispersibility. The easy preparation and higher bioactivity of GO-pesticide nanocomposites indicate their promising application potential in pest control and green agriculture., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)