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Background and purpose Methods Results Conclusions The European Academy of Neurology (EAN) has adhered to the global plan for reducing the burden of neurological disorders and promoting brain health launched by the World Health Organisation (WHO), the WHO Intersectoral Global Action Plan on Epilepsy and Other Neurological Disorders. This study reports the results of an EAN survey among national neurological societies (NNSs) on their awareness of brain health policies.The EAN survey on the current state of national brain health policies was conducted among the 47 presidents of the NNSs affiliated with the EAN, with the aim of developing the best strategy for close collaboration among stakeholders.From June 2023 to February 2024, 36/47 responses (77%) were collected. Among respondents, 67% were in contact with their Ministry of Health and 78% were aware of and in contact with one or more national neurological patient organisation, while 17% had no contacts with any association. Ninety‐two percent declared a high to medium degree of awareness of the need to support brain health and of brain health plans and strategies in their country.Our findings suggest good awareness of the importance of brain health and of the strategies implemented at the national level among the EAN‐affiliated NNSs and representatives. Efforts towards improvement may be directed towards cooperation between NNSs and political institutions, as well as patient organisations, to optimise brain and global public health and neurological care in each country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Austerity measures have become a contentious topic, shaping the landscape of health care systems around the world. As governments grapple with economic challenges, the impact of austerity on health care has emerged as a critical concern. This study focuses on the consequences of austerity actions adopted by the Zimbabwean government under the Transitional Stabilization Program (TSP) from August 2018 to December 2025. This research examines the impact of austerity measures on Zimbabwe's health care sector, exploring its connections with health infrastructure and resources, accessibility and affordability of health care, health funding, health care inequalities, and the health care workforce. Using a quantitative approach and data from 970 participants, including the general populace, health care providers, and government officials, significant positive correlations between austerity measures and these health care variables were identified. The findings indicated a noteworthy positive correlation between the independent variable "austerity measures" and five dependent variables: health care accessibility and affordability, health care inequalities, infrastructure and resources, health care funding, and health care workforce. The t -statistics values exceeded the threshold of 1.96, with values of 5.085, 3.120, 6.459, 8.517, and 3.830, respectively. These findings highlight the importance of considering the effects of austerity on health care access, health funding, health care inequalities, health workforce, health infrastructure and resources development. Policymakers should prioritize equitable resource allocation and targeted investments to strengthen the resilience of the health care system during economic challenges. Understanding these associations is crucial for evidence-based policy decisions and fostering a more equitable and resilient health care system in Zimbabwe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Coercion is frequently used in mental health practice. Since it overrides some patients' fundamental human rights, adequate use of coercion requires legal and ethical justifications. Having internationally standardised datasets to benchmark and monitor coercion reduction programs is desirable. However, only a few countries have specific, open, publicly accessible registries for this issue. Methods: This study aims to assemble expert opinions regarding strategies that might be feasible for promoting, developing, and implementing an integrated and differentiated coercion data collection system in Europe at national and international levels. A concept mapping methodology was followed, involving 59 experts from 27 countries in generating, sorting and rating strategies regarding relevance and feasibility. The experts were all researchers and/or practitioner members of an EU-COST-Action focused on coercion reduction Fostering and Strengthening Approaches to Reducing Coercion in European Mental Health Services (FOSTREN). Results: A hierarchical cluster analysis revealed a conceptual map of 41 strategies organized in seven clusters. These clusters fit into two higher-order domains: "Advancing Global Health Research: Collaboration, Accessibility, and Technological Innovations/Advancing International Research" and "Strategies for Comprehensive Healthcare Data Integration, Standardization, and Collaboration." Regarding the action with the higher priority, relevance was generally rated higher than feasibility. No differences could be found regarding the two domains regarding the relevance rating or feasibility of the respective strategies in those domains. The following strategies were rated as most relevant: "Collection of reliable data", "Implementation of nationwide register, including data on coercive measures", and "Equal understanding of different coercive measures". In analysing the differences in strategies between countries and their health prosperity, the overall rating did not differ substantially between the groups. Conclusion: The strategy rated as most relevant was the collection of reliable data in the nationwide health register, ensuring that countries share a standard understanding/definition of different coercive measures. Respondents did not consider the feasibility of establishing a shared European database for coercive measures to be high, nor did they envision the unification of mental health legislation in the future. There is some consensus on the most suitable strategies that can be adopted to enable international benchmarking of coercion in mental health settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes Brazil's Unified Health System (SUS), established by the 1988 Constitution. The papper initially presents the previous trajectory of national health policy and the context of democratization in the 1980s, which favored health reform and created a public, universal, and comprehensive health system. It then explores the advances and contradictions recorded in more than three decades of implementation of the SUS. The main advances observed were the creation of institutional mechanisms compatible with the federative arrangement and social participation, political and administrative decentralization, the national expansion of access to health, changes in the health care model, including strengthening primary care, and improvements in health indicators. On the other hand, the persistence of structural problems and disputes between different health agendas, with differences between governments, led to contradictions in financing and public-private relations in health. Despite the differences between countries, the analysis of the Brazilian case provides lessons on the challenges in building universal health systems in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Policies can guarantee health through health determinants. Therefore, the present study was carried out with the aim of determining and comparing the measures and policies applied to promote health among public universities in southeastern Iran. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 320 employees working in Sistan and Baluchistan University and Zahedan University of Medical Sciences in 2021, using available sampling method. Collecting data using a researcher-made questionnaire of workplace health policies in nine dimensions of management and leadership, organization, psychological work environment, physical environment; Chemical and biological work, service provision, safety and health of the work environment, employees, planning, implementation and evaluation were done with proper validity and reliability. Data were analyzed using SPSS23 software and frequency tests, t-test, ANOVA and multivariate linear regression. In all tests, p<0.05 was considered as a significant level. Results: The mean and standard deviation of the health policy implementation score in Sistan and Baluchistan University and Zahedan University of Medical Sciences were 36.6 ± 22.66 and 32.92 ± 22.66 and 36.6 ± 23.30, respectively, and the t-test showed a significant difference. did not (P=0.16). In the univariate test between health policies score with work experience, education, type of employment and organizational position and based on multivariate regression of work experience (P=0.02) and education of employees (P=0.01) showed a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: The implementation of health policies is related to the well-being of university employees, and it can provide more educational support to enrich the learning and well-being of students. Therefore, it is suggested that health programs and policies in higher education and universities should be given more attention and policy committees in universities should try to implement these policies well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Statins, which are effective in preventing ASCVD, are underused, particularly for primary prevention. This study examined trends in statin use for primary ASCVD prevention from 1999 to 2020, focusing on demographic variations. Methods: Utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the present study includes individuals aged 18 years and older who had a greater than 10% risk of ASCVD over 10 years, and excluded patients with existing ASCVD. Subgroup analyses by demographic categories were performed. We calculated the changes in statin usage and used linear and quadratic tests to assess the linear and nonlinear trends in those changes. Results: A total of 10,037 participants were included. Statin usage increased from 16.16% in 1999 to 36.24% in 2010, and 41.74% in 2020 (quadratic P-value < 0.001). In the 18–44 years age group, statin usage increased from 2.52% in 1999 to 8.14% in 2020 (linear P-value = 0.322), showing no significant linear trend. In the "never-married" group, statin usage increased from 19.16% in 1999 to 30.05% in 2020 (linear P-value = 0.256). Conclusion: Statin usage has shown a positive trend among populations requiring primary prevention for ASCVD. Currently, health policies are proving effective. However, the overall statin usage rate remains less than 50%. Additionally, young and never-married individuals should also receive special attention regarding statin usage as primary treatment for ASCVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais is the property of Centro de Estudos Sociais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Saudi Medical Journal is the property of Saudi Medical Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Medical corporations have secured their authority for professional self-regulation from the State and have responded throughout history by way of their scientifically grounded statements which confer rationality to State interventions in the field of health. During the pandemic in Brazil, there was a solid right-wing association between state governance and medical governance that supported a policy to address the pandemic based on scientific denialism, off-label use of ineffective drugs, and the disregard of certain preventive measures, which together were responsible for most of the more than 700,000 deaths that occurred in the country. This article examines the phenomenon of the interaction of these two forms of governance in a context of authoritarian neoliberalism and thus seeks to reflect on the necessary limits to medical autonomy at all its levels.

Abstract Background During the last thirty years the world has benefited from the increasing adoption to cloud-based storage of personal health records. The concept of a Global Patient co-Owned Cloud (GPOC) of personal health records is presented in the GPOC Series, which contains a systematic review and meta-analysis, a global survey among 100% of the UN member states and a technical sandbox environment. GPOC contains patient co-ownership of personal health records. The global survey showed a consensus for the realisation of a GPOC. Methods Here, we present a Delphi styled GPOC Summit. It also contains a final vote, that validates the results of the previous GPOC Survey. Hence, the Summit contains both multiple rounds of discussion and a voting. Results At the GPOC Summit a unanimous consensus for patient co-ownership of the personal health records was expressed. The majority of participants underlined that GPOC may benefit global health, transfers of the personal health records globally and the dissemination of evidence-based medicine across the globe. The plausible advantages for patients, both refugees and travellers and for developing economies were underlined. GPOC, as a large substrate for global medical artificial intelligence research, was highlighted. There was unanimous positive interest for GPOC. The GPOC Summit agreed on patient co-ownership of personal health records. This collective agreement underscores the potential of GPOC to enhance global health outcomes, facilitate seamless exchange of health data, and advance medical research worldwide. Conclusions The summit emphasised the potential benefits of GPOC for diverse populations and economies, highlighting its potential role in improving healthcare access and infrastructure. Moving forward, coordination with relevant initiatives could enhance interoperability and standardisation in healthcare data management. In conclusion, the GPOC Summit represents one step towards realising a patient-centric, globally accessible healthcare ecosystem, with possible implications for the development and global adoption of AI-driven healthcare solutions.

The COVID-19 pandemic affected an already critical state of the Italian National Healthcare System and of the Welfare State in general. The aim of this work is to describe how the challenge imposed by pandemic has been faced, and the possible directions that social and health policies could take in the country, also in light of the adoption of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan. Through the analysis of the deep-rooted contradictions in public policies and of the areas where the intervention is more urgent, the work underlines the structural factors which are leading to a progressive shift in the vision of health, from a perspective centred on the role of the State and the protection of the public interest, to one where the role of the private sector and the idea of individual interest are ever stronger, with a consequent change in the balance between economics, legal and political systems.

Background: During the last thirty years the world has benefited from the increasing adoption to cloud-based storage of personal health records. The concept of a Global Patient co-Owned Cloud (GPOC) of personal health records is presented in the GPOC Series, which contains a systematic review and meta-analysis, a global survey among 100% of the UN member states and a technical sandbox environment. GPOC contains patient co-ownership of personal health records. The global survey showed a consensus for the realisation of a GPOC. Methods: Here, we present a Delphi styled GPOC Summit. It also contains a final vote, that validates the results of the previous GPOC Survey. Hence, the Summit contains both multiple rounds of discussion and a voting. Results: At the GPOC Summit a unanimous consensus for patient co-ownership of the personal health records was expressed. The majority of participants underlined that GPOC may benefit global health, transfers of the personal health records globally and the dissemination of evidence-based medicine across the globe. The plausible advantages for patients, both refugees and travellers and for developing economies were underlined. GPOC, as a large substrate for global medical artificial intelligence research, was highlighted. There was unanimous positive interest for GPOC. The GPOC Summit agreed on patient co-ownership of personal health records. This collective agreement underscores the potential of GPOC to enhance global health outcomes, facilitate seamless exchange of health data, and advance medical research worldwide. Conclusions: The summit emphasised the potential benefits of GPOC for diverse populations and economies, highlighting its potential role in improving healthcare access and infrastructure. Moving forward, coordination with relevant initiatives could enhance interoperability and standardisation in healthcare data management. In conclusion, the GPOC Summit represents one step towards realising a patient-centric, globally accessible healthcare ecosystem, with possible implications for the development and global adoption of AI-driven healthcare solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Significant funding and attention are directed toward schoolbased health and nutrition interventions. Less attention is given to the potential unintended consequences of these policies, especially those that target children and adolescents. This systematic review aimed to elucidate the unintended consequences of school-based health and nutrition policies in the United States. Methods: We conducted a systematic review, adhering to PRISMA guidelines, to analyze quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research conducted between January 2013 and September 2023. The search strategy encompassed three databases, identifying 11 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Results: Unintended consequences were organized into four themes: disordered weight control behaviors, parental discomfort or encouragement of disordered weight control behaviors, eating disorder triggers, and financial losses. The analysis of disordered weight control behaviors indicates limited impact on youth, and we noted limited consensus in the assessment of these behaviors. We observed parent concerns about BMI screening and reporting as well as apprehensions about privacy and efficacy. There were fewer articles addressing eating disorder antecedents, although there was evidence that some youths with eating disorders considered school health class a trigger of their disorder. One study was identified that found an increase in food waste following replacement of sugar-sweetened beverages. Implications: Findings underscore the importance of comprehensive evaluation and consideration of unintended consequences in the development and implementation of school-based health policies. Recommendations include further longitudinal research, integrating obesity prevention with eating disorder prevention, and de-implementation when unintended consequences potentially outweigh benefits, such as in BMI screening and surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Community & Physician / Toplum ve Hekim is the property of Turk Tabipleri Birligi / Turkish Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• The prevalence of pSS in Italy may be consistent with the definition of rare disease. • Patients with pSS show higher rates of hospitalization, pharmacological treatment, and outpatient care needs. • Economic impact of pSS patients' health care is three-times higher than the general population. Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease with significant impact on morbidity, mortality, and quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate epidemiology, healthcare needs and related costs of pSS patients from the Italian National Health Service perspective. From the Fondazione Ricerca e Salute's database (∼5 million inhabitants/year), pSS prevalence in 2018 was calculated. Demographics, mean healthcare consumptions and direct costs at one year following index date (first in-hospital diagnosis/disease waiver claim) were analysed through an individual direct matched pair case-control analysis (age, sex, residency). In Italy, 3.8/10,000 inhabitants were identified as affected by pSS (1,746 case: 1,746 controls) in 2018. In the year following index date, 53.7% of cases and 42.7% of controls received ≥1 drug (p <0.001); mean per capita cost was €501 and €161, respectively (p <0.01). At least one hospitalization occurred to 7.8% of cases and 3.9% of controls (p <0.001) with mean per capita costs of €416 and €129, respectively (p = 0.46). At least one outpatient specialist service was performed in 49.8% of cases and 30.6% of controls (p <0.001); mean per capita costs were €200 and €75, respectively (p <0.01). Overall, mean annual costs were €1,171 per case and €372 per control (p < 0.01). According to results of this population-based study, the prevalence of pSS in Italy appears to be consistent with the definition of rare disease. Patients with pSS have higher pharmacological, in-hospital and outpatient specialist care needs, leading to three-times higher overall cost for the INHS, compared to the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Derecho de la Seguridad Social, Laborum is the property of Ediciones Laborum S.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Real-world evidence (RWE) can reinforce clinical trial evidence in health technology assessment (HTA). Objectives: Review HTA bodies' (HTAbs) requirements for RWE, real uses, and acceptance across seven countries (Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom) and outline recommendations that may improve acceptance of RWE in efficacy/effectiveness assessments and appraisals processes. Methods: RWE requirements were summarized based on HTAbs' guidelines. Acceptance by HTAbs was evaluated based on industry experience and case studies. Results: As of June 2022, RWE methodological guidelines were in place in three of the seven countries. HTAbs typically requested analyses based on local data sources, but the preferred study design and data sources differed. HTAbs had individual submission, assessment, and appraisal processes; some allowed early meetings for the protocol and/or results validation, though few involved external experts or medical societies to provide input to assessment and appraisal. The extent of submission, assessment, and appraisal requirements did not necessarily reflect the degree of acceptance. Conclusion: All the countries reviewed face common challenges regarding the use of RWE. Our proposals address the need to facilitate collaboration and communication with industry and regulatory agencies and the need for specific guidelines describing RWE design and criteria of acceptance throughout the assessment and appraisal processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the Chilean Student movement, graduate students in the Masters Program in Clinical Psychology at the University of Chile organized a protest forum on July 13th, 2011. The protest took place on the steps of the University’s central building and was entitled “History, Public Policy, and Mental Health.” During the protest various academics made presentations and led discussions with the audience (which included pedestrians walking along Alameda Ave in the center of the city). This article is a transcription of one of those presentations. It questions the public health policies which were implemented in Chile during the last several decades and looks at their consequences.

Background: Real-world evidence (RWE) can reinforce clinical trial evidence in health technology assessment (HTA). Objectives: Review HTA bodies’ (HTAbs) requirements for RWE, real uses, and acceptance across seven countries (Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom) and outline recommendations that may improve acceptance of RWE in efficacy/effectiveness assessments and appraisals processes. Methods: RWE requirements were summarized based on HTAbs’ guidelines. Acceptance by HTAbs was evaluated based on industry experience and case studies. Results: As of June 2022, RWE methodological guidelines were in place in three of the seven countries. HTAbs typically requested analyses based on local data sources, but the preferred study design and data sources differed. HTAbs had individual submission, assessment, and appraisal processes; some allowed early meetings for the protocol and/or results validation, though few involved external experts or medical societies to provide input to assessment and appraisal. The extent of submission, assessment, and appraisal requirements did not necessarily reflect the degree of acceptance. Conclusion: All the countries reviewed face common challenges regarding the use of RWE. Our proposals address the need to facilitate collaboration and communication with industry and regulatory agencies and the need for specific guidelines describing RWE design and criteria of acceptance throughout the assessment and appraisal processes.

Abstract Background Maternal and neonatal mortality remains a major concern in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and the country’s protracted crisis context exacerbates the problem. This political economy analysis examines the maternal and newborn health (MNH) prioritization in the DRC, focussing specifically on the conflict-affected regions of North and South Kivu. The aim is to understand the factors that facilitate or hinder the prioritization of MNH policy development and implementation by the Congolese government and other key actors at national level and in the provinces of North and South Kivu. Methods Using a health policy triangle framework, data collection consisted of in-depth interviews with key actors at different levels of the health system, combined with a desk review. Qualitative data were analysed using inductive and then deductive approaches, exploring the content, process, actor dynamics, contextual factors and gender-related factors influencing MNH policy development and implementation. Results The study highlighted the challenges of prioritizing policies in the face of competing health and security emergencies, limited resources and governance issues. The universal health coverage policy seems to offer hope for improving access to MNH services. Results also revealed the importance of international partnerships and global financial mechanisms in the development of MNH strategies. They reveal huge gender disparities in the MNH sector at all levels, and the need to consider cultural factors that can positively or negatively impact the success of MNH policies in crisis zones. Conclusions MNH is a high priority in DRC, yet implementation faces hurdles due to financial constraints, political influences, conflicts and gender disparities. Addressing these challenges requires tailored community-based strategies, political engagement, support for health personnel and empowerment of women in crisis areas for better MNH outcomes.

Copyright of Annali di Igiene, Medicina Preventiva e di Comunità is the property of Societa Editrice Universo s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Maternal and neonatal mortality remains a major concern in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and the country's protracted crisis context exacerbates the problem. This political economy analysis examines the maternal and newborn health (MNH) prioritization in the DRC, focussing specifically on the conflict-affected regions of North and South Kivu. The aim is to understand the factors that facilitate or hinder the prioritization of MNH policy development and implementation by the Congolese government and other key actors at national level and in the provinces of North and South Kivu. Methods: Using a health policy triangle framework, data collection consisted of in-depth interviews with key actors at different levels of the health system, combined with a desk review. Qualitative data were analysed using inductive and then deductive approaches, exploring the content, process, actor dynamics, contextual factors and gender-related factors influencing MNH policy development and implementation. Results: The study highlighted the challenges of prioritizing policies in the face of competing health and security emergencies, limited resources and governance issues. The universal health coverage policy seems to offer hope for improving access to MNH services. Results also revealed the importance of international partnerships and global financial mechanisms in the development of MNH strategies. They reveal huge gender disparities in the MNH sector at all levels, and the need to consider cultural factors that can positively or negatively impact the success of MNH policies in crisis zones. Conclusions: MNH is a high priority in DRC, yet implementation faces hurdles due to financial constraints, political influences, conflicts and gender disparities. Addressing these challenges requires tailored community-based strategies, political engagement, support for health personnel and empowerment of women in crisis areas for better MNH outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Compliance with the guidelines for intervention in acute malnutrition by the Local Health Directorates must guarantee comprehensive care processes. However, there are serious deficiencies reflected in comprehensive care. Objective: To evaluate compliance with the comprehensive care guide for acute malnutrition in children under five years of age in the municipalities of Córdoba. Method: Descriptive study in which Local Health Directorates of municipalities in the Department of Córdoba participated. Through interviews, observation and audit of evidence, information was taken to evaluate the percentage of compliance with the Resolution's reagents. Results: The overall level of compliance is medium-low (69%). A wide range of the reagents (87.5%) of event code 113 have moderate to low degrees of compliance, including the control and monitoring of identified cases. Conclusions: Compliance with the guidelines established in the Resolution is deficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Saglik Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Celal Bayar University Health Sciences Institute Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Community & Physician / Toplum ve Hekim is the property of Turk Tabipleri Birligi / Turkish Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: The article analyzes the fight against COVID-19 in three Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico. A multiple case study was carried out in a comparative perspective, based on a bibliographic review, documentary analysis, and secondary data, considering characteristics of the countries and the health system, evolution of COVID-19, national governance, containment and mitigation measures, health systems response, constraints, positive aspects and limits of responses. The three countries had distinct health systems but were marked by insufficient funding and inequalities when hit by the pandemic and recorded high-COVID-19 mortality. Structural, institutional, and political factors influenced national responses. In Argentina, national leadership and intergovernmental political agreements favored the initial adoption of centralized control measures, which were not sustained. In Brazil, there were limits in national coordination and leadership related to the President’s denialism and federative, political, and expert conflicts, despite a universal health system with intergovernmental commissions and participatory councils, which were little used during the pandemic. In Mexico, structural difficulties were associated with the Federal Government’s initial reluctance to adopt restrictive measures, limits on testing, and relative slowness in immunization. In conclusion, facing health emergencies requires strengthening public health systems associated with federative, intersectoral, and civil society coordination mechanisms and effective global solidarity mechanisms.

BackgroundSignificant funding and attention are directed toward school-based health and nutrition interventions. Less attention is given to the potential unintended consequences of these policies, especially those that target children and adolescents. This systematic review aimed to elucidate the unintended consequences of school-based health and nutrition policies in the United States.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review, adhering to PRISMA guidelines, to analyze quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research conducted between January 2013 and September 2023. The search strategy encompassed three databases, identifying 11 articles that met the inclusion criteria.ResultsUnintended consequences were organized into four themes: disordered weight control behaviors, parental discomfort or encouragement of disordered weight control behaviors, eating disorder triggers, and financial losses. The analysis of disordered weight control behaviors indicates limited impact on youth, and we noted limited consensus in the assessment of these behaviors. We observed parent concerns about BMI screening and reporting as well as apprehensions about privacy and efficacy. There were fewer articles addressing eating disorder antecedents, although there was evidence that some youths with eating disorders considered school health class a trigger of their disorder. One study was identified that found an increase in food waste following replacement of sugar-sweetened beverages.ImplicationsFindings underscore the importance of comprehensive evaluation and consideration of unintended consequences in the development and implementation of school-based health policies. Recommendations include further longitudinal research, integrating obesity prevention with eating disorder prevention, and de-implementation when unintended consequences potentially outweigh benefits, such as in BMI screening and surveillance.Systematic Review Registration: Identifier CRD42023467355. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=467355

This paper endeavours to unveil individual characteristics associated with an interest in One Health. Through the distribution of an online survey randomly distributed among the United Kingdom population, we discovered significant correlations between pre-existing attitudes towards and relationships with nature and animals and interest in One Health, which is quantified by the number of additional pages of One Health information participants agreed to view at the survey's conclusion. Additionally, individuals with poorer mental health demonstrated a higher level of interest in One Health. The findings suggest that interest in One Health and people's connections with nature and animals are driven by the same personal preferences. These insights point towards the potential for more targeted communication strategies to specific groups, facilitating more effective promotion of the One Health concept.

Background Globally, data on stillbirth is limited. A call to action has been issued to governments to address the data gap by strengthening national policies and strategies to drive urgent action on stillbirth reduction. This study aims to understand the policy environment for stillbirths to advance stillbirth recording and reporting in data systems.Methods A systematic three-step process (survey tool examination, identifying relevant study questions, and reviewing country responses to the survey and national documents) was taken to review country responses to the global 2018-2019 World Health Organization (WHO) Reproductive, Maternal, Neonatal, Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCAH) Policy Survey. Policy Survey responses were reviewed to identify if and how stillbirths were included in national documents. This paper uses descriptive analyses to identify and describe the relationship between multiple variables.Results Responses from 155 countries to the survey were analysed, and over 800 national policy documents submitted by countries in English reviewed. Fewer than one-fifth of countries have an established stillbirth rate (SBR) target, with higher percentages reported for under-5 (71.0%) and neonatal mortality (68.5%). Two-thirds (65.8%) of countries reported a national maternal death review panel. Less than half (43.9%) of countries have a national policy that requires stillbirths to be reviewed. Two-thirds of countries have a national policy requiring review of neonatal deaths. WHO websites and national health statistics reports are the common data sources for stillbirth estimates. Countries that are signatories to global initiatives on stillbirth reduction have established national targets. Globally, nearly all countries (94.8%) have a national policy that requires every death to be registered. However, 45.5% of reviewed national policy documents made mention of registering stillbirths. Only 5 countries had national policy documents recommending training of health workers in filling out death certificates using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 for stillbirths.Conclusion The current policy environment in countries is not supportive for identifying stillbirths and recording causes of death. This is likely to contribute to slow progress in stillbirth reduction. The paper proposes policy recommendations to make every baby count.

The aim of the present study was to calculate maternal mortality rates by analyzing pregnancy-related death cases in Samsun over the last 20 years, to identify causes of death and preventability, and to examine the change over the years. The Samsun Provincial Health Directorate's pregnancy-related mortality data from 2002 to 2021 were examined retrospectively. Causes of maternal death were classified as direct, indirect, undecided, and incidental. The maternal mortality rate was calculated as the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. Between 2002 and 2021, Samsun experienced a total of 344,324 live births juxtaposed with 79 pregnancy-related deaths. The computed maternal mortality rate is 19.16 per 100,000 live births across the two-decade span. Detailed analysis reveals that 30 deaths (38%) were attributable to direct causes, 31 (39.2%) to indirect causes, 13 (16.5%) were incidental, and 5 (6.3%) remained inconclusive post-autopsy. A breakdown of the direct causes unveils obstetric bleeding as the primary culprit (18.2%), trailed by cardiovascular diseases (13.6%). Moreover, incidental causes, represented by traffic accidents, account for a 7.6% fatality rate. While the observed decline in maternal deaths, particularly from preventable direct causes, over the previous twenty years signifies the efficacy of the instated health policies, the persistent mortality underscores the imperative for ongoing research and strategy recalibration. Identifying fluctuations in causative factors through comparative analyses is pivotal in strategizing future preventive studies on pregnancy-related deaths. The results advocate a pronounced emphasis on continuous professional development to curtail mortalities from avoidable sources, especially postpartum hemorrhage, thereby fortifying existing health policies with reinforced, data-driven interventions. [Med-Science 2023; 12(4.000): 1252-7]

This review provides a comprehensive summary of evidence to explore the role and value of differential diagnosis in the management of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) through point-of-care (POC) rapid testing in a post-pandemic scenario, paying particular attention to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The document builds on a review of literature and policies and a process of validation and feedback by a group of seven experts from Latin America (LATAM). Evidence was collected to understand scientific and policy perspectives on the differential diagnosis of ARIs and POC rapid testing, with a focus on seven countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Peru. The evidence indicates that POC rapid testing can serve to improve ARI case management, epidemiological surveillance, research and innovation, and evidence-based decision-making. With multiple types of rapid tests available for POC, decisions regarding which tests to use require the consideration of the testing purpose, available resources, and test characteristics regarding accuracy, accessibility, affordability, and results turnaround time. Based on the understanding of the current situation, this document provides a set of recommendations for the implementation of POC rapid testing in LATAM, supporting decision-making and guiding efforts by a broad range of stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thalassemia management has reached new milestones, with new therapies promising the dawning of a new era. However, conventional and new approaches require accessibility, affordability, acceptability/adherence by patients, and medical expertise from healthcare providers. Current treatments still do not offer the expected duration and quality of life, and inequalities in patient care are almost a universal phenomenon. To understand the requirements to achieve improved care, including the adoption of new therapies, for the maximum number of the global patient population, it is necessary to recognize the weaknesses that are experienced in the present so that future corrective action can be taken. Deficits in service provision are due to poor political and financial support, lack of prioritization during resource rationing, and absence of epidemiological information for policy making. These system weaknesses require improved resource management and would benefit from patient support organizations, improved psychosocial support and patient welfare, and an increase in professional expertise through educational programs. Medical products and technology must also be made affordable and widely available, and the curative treatments and cheaper approaches to technology must be recognized as resource saving. Improvements in the access to innovative and quality care, and even a cure, require concerted actions by all stakeholders, including physicians and the patient community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law & History / Türkiye klinikleri tıp Etiği, Hukuku ve Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law & History / Türkiye klinikleri tıp Etiği, Hukuku ve Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Community & Physician / Toplum ve Hekim is the property of Turk Tabipleri Birligi / Turkish Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Health Management Review is the property of International Journal of Health Management Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the present study was to calculate maternal mortality rates by analyzing pregnancy-related death cases in Samsun over the last 20 years, to identify causes of death and preventability, and to examine the change over the years. The Samsun Provincial Health Directorate's pregnancy-related mortality data from 2002 to 2021 were examined retrospectively. Causes of maternal death were classified as direct, indirect, undecided, and incidental. The maternal mortality rate was calculated as the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. Between 2002 and 2021, Samsun experienced a total of 344,324 live births juxtaposed with 79 pregnancy-related deaths. The computed maternal mortality rate is 19.16 per 100,000 live births across the two-decade span. Detailed analysis reveals that 30 deaths (38%) were attributable to direct causes, 31 (39.2%) to indirect causes, 13 (16.5%) were incidental, and 5 (6.3%) remained inconclusive post-autopsy. A breakdown of the direct causes unveils obstetric bleeding as the primary culprit (18.2%), trailed by cardiovascular diseases (13.6%). Moreover, incidental causes, represented by traffic accidents, account for a 7.6% fatality rate. While the observed decline in maternal deaths, particularly from preventable direct causes, over the previous twenty years signifies the efficacy of the instated health policies, the persistent mortality underscores the imperative for ongoing research and strategy recalibration. Identifying fluctuations in causative factors through comparative analyses is pivotal in strategizing future preventive studies on pregnancy-related deaths. The results advocate a pronounced emphasis on continuous professional development to curtail mortalities from avoidable sources, especially postpartum hemorrhage, thereby fortifying existing health policies with reinforced, data-driven interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

IntroductionCoercion is frequently used in mental health practice. Since it overrides some patients’ fundamental human rights, adequate use of coercion requires legal and ethical justifications. Having internationally standardised datasets to benchmark and monitor coercion reduction programs is desirable. However, only a few countries have specific, open, publicly accessible registries for this issue.MethodsThis study aims to assemble expert opinions regarding strategies that might be feasible for promoting, developing, and implementing an integrated and differentiated coercion data collection system in Europe at national and international levels. A concept mapping methodology was followed, involving 59 experts from 27 countries in generating, sorting and rating strategies regarding relevance and feasibility. The experts were all researchers and/or practitioner members of an EU-COST-Action focused on coercion reduction Fostering and Strengthening Approaches to Reducing Coercion in European Mental Health Services (FOSTREN).ResultsA hierarchical cluster analysis revealed a conceptual map of 41 strategies organized in seven clusters. These clusters fit into two higher-order domains: “Advancing Global Health Research: Collaboration, Accessibility, and Technological Innovations/Advancing International Research” and “Strategies for Comprehensive Healthcare Data Integration, Standardization, and Collaboration.” Regarding the action with the higher priority, relevance was generally rated higher than feasibility. No differences could be found regarding the two domains regarding the relevance rating or feasibility of the respective strategies in those domains. The following strategies were rated as most relevant: “Collection of reliable data”, “Implementation of nationwide register, including data on coercive measures”, and “Equal understanding of different coercive measures”. In analysing the differences in strategies between countries and their health prosperity, the overall rating did not differ substantially between the groups.ConclusionThe strategy rated as most relevant was the collection of reliable data in the nationwide health register, ensuring that countries share a standard understanding/definition of different coercive measures. Respondents did not consider the feasibility of establishing a shared European database for coercive measures to be high, nor did they envision the unification of mental health legislation in the future. There is some consensus on the most suitable strategies that can be adopted to enable international benchmarking of coercion in mental health settings.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a major public health problem worldwide, with a high prevalence between the ages of 15 and 25 in most Western countries. High notification rates of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis are reported in the WHO European Region, with differences between countries. In Italy, the total number of STIs alerts increased by 18% from 2020 to 2021. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection; globally one in seven women is infected by this virus, and certain sexual behaviors are important risk factors for HPV-related cancers, particularly cervical cancer (CC), anogenital cancers and cancers of the head and neck. The burden of CC is relevant worldwide, in particular in Europe CC is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women aged 15–44. This HPV-related tumor is preventable through a combined strategy of vaccination and screening for precursor lesions. In Italy, the coverage of organized screening varies from region to region and the average HPV vaccination rate is still far from the expected optimal threshold of 95% at the age of 12. To address the challenges of health promotion and HPV prevention, priority actions are needed such as: promoting education and information at every level, from schools to healthcare professionals. In Italy, education of adolescents on sexual and reproductive health, still remains critical, regionally inhomogeneous and much lower than in other European countries. Equitable measures need to be taken, and schools are an important place for health promotion activities.