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В течение 2019-2021 гг. изучено влияние предпосадочной обработки клубней картофеля различных сортов препаратами Селест Топ, КС и Идикум, КС на всхожесть, биометрические показатели роста и урожайность. Показано негативное влияние препаратов для обработки клубней на эти показатели в зависимости от сорта картофеля, места выращивания и в меньшей степени от погодных условий в начале вегетации растений. Выявлено, что в Дмитровском районе Московской области препарат Селест Топ не влиял на динамику всхожести клубней картофеля на всех сортах, но снижал биометрические показатели на сортах Удача и Любава. На сорте Санте этот протравитель снижал динамику всхожести в Люберецком районе Московской области. В обоих опытах высота растений и количество стеблей на этом сорте было на уровне контроля. Однако достоверного снижения продуктивности не отмечено. В Люберецком районе сорта Гранд, Гулливер и Санте более чувствительны к препарату Идикум, чем сорта Северное сияние, Кумач и Колобок, а в фазе цветения депрессивное влияние протравителя (снижение высоты куста и количества стеблей) сохранилось на сорте Гранд. В Дмитровском районе на сортах Санте и Варяг отмечено снижение всхожести и биометрических показателей. По сорту Санте задержка полных всходов составила 13 дней, на сорте Варяг – 17 дней. На сорте Мадейра динамика всходов во всех учетах, а также показатели роста и развития были на уровне контроля., For three years (2019-2021), the effect of pre-planting treatment of potato tubers of various varieties with Celest Top, CS and Idikum, CS preparations on germination, biometric indicators of growth and yield was studied. The negative effect of preparations for the processing of tubers on these indicators is shown, depending on the potato variety, the place of cultivation and, to a lesser extent, on weather conditions at the beginning of the vegetation of plants. It was revealed that in the Dmitrov district of the Moscow region, the drug Celest Top did not affect the germination dynamics of potato tubers in all varieties, but reduced biometric indicators in the varieties Luck and Lyubava. On the Santa variety, this mordant reduced the dynamics of germination in the Lyubertsy district of the Moscow region. In both experiments, the height of plants and the number of stems on this variety were at the control level. However, there was no significant decrease in productivity. In the Lyubertsy district, the Grand, Gulliver and Santa varieties are more sensitive to the drug Idikum than the Northern Lights, Kumach and Kolobok varieties. And during the flowering phase, the depressive effect of the mordant (a decrease in the height of the bush and the number of stems) remained on the Grand variety. In the Dmitrov district, a decrease in germination and biometric indicators was noted on the varieties of Santa and Varyag. For the Santa variety, the delay of full shoots was 13 days, for the Varangian variety – 17 days. On the Madeira variety, the dynamics of seedlings in all records, as well as growth and development indicators – the height of the bush and the number of stems were at the control level.

We compared germination rate and germination dynamics of species under different seed stratification treatments (dry, wet, temperature variation). The experiment was performed in laboratory conditions using seeds of ten species from commercial sales. The home site advantage was tested in a field experiment assessing seed germination of three species from four localities differing in moisture and seeds from commercial sales. We analysed the data using generalized linear models.

The aim of the research was to determine the effectiveness of various methods for breaking seed dormancy of weed species Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) and their influence on germination and seedlings growth. Beside control treatment, eight treatments for breaking dormancy of seeds were applied: seed immersion in distilled water for 24 hours ; seed immersion in water at 60 °C for 1 hour ; immersion in a 0.2% solution of potassium nitrate for 24 hours ; immersion in 2% solution of sodium hypochlorite for 8 hours ; treatments with concentrated sulphuric acid for 5 and 10 minutes ; treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid for 5 minutes and germination in darkness ; and combined treatment of sulphuric acid (5 minutes) and 1.5% potassium nitrate solution (2 hours). Average germination of Johnson grass seeds in control treatment was very low, only 2.8%. All dormancy breaking treatments increased seed germination and the highest germination was observed in treatment with combination of sulphuric acid and potassium nitrate (35.0%) and treatment with 2% sodium hypochlorite (30.6%). However, sodium hypochlorite reduced root length of seedlings for 40.9% compared to control, while all treatments had a positive effect on Johnson grass shoot length. Total seedlings length was the highest when seeds were treated for 5 minutes with sulphuric acid. None of the treatments showed significant effect on Johnson grass seedlings fresh weight. Seed germinated fastest in treatment with a combination of sulphuric acid and potassium nitrate (4.58 days), and slowest when seeds were immersed in water (8.16 days) and in the 2% solution of sodium hypochlorite (8.92 days).

Genetic-physiological approach was used in the study of the quality of Serbian spruce seed (Picea omorika /Pancic/Purkynĕ), collected in the populations on the left bank of the river Drina. The seed originated from the three populations that represent the overall ecological and productive conditions of Serbian spruce populations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Two natural populations were selected: Veliki Stolac and Gostilj, and one planted forest population in Srebrenica. The cones were collected in late autumn 2009 and early spring 2010. They were collected from five trees from Srebrenica and Gostilj, and seven trees from Veliki Stolac. Immediately after they were collected, the cones and seeds were processed and germination tests were done. Germination, germination viability and germination dynamics were studied in three categories of seed treatment: 1) control unit (just processed seed), 2) seed stored for six months at 0-4 oC, 3) seed stored for seven months at 0-4o C and treated with fungicide after five months of storing. The number of germinated seed was observed and noted on the third, fourth, fifth, seventh, tenth, fourteenth, twenty-first and twenty-eighth day. There were significant differences in germination dynamics at the population level and the level of treatment during the first couple of days of germination test. Fungicide (captan) acted as an inhibitor on seed germination process. The seeds originating from the largest population of Veliki Stolac showed the best response to storing treatment with fungicide related to germination dynamics. The seed originating from Srebrenica andkept at low temperatures 0-4 °C without treatment with fungicides showed the best result in germination. Regardless of the presence of differences in the dynamics of germination, significant differences in germination regarding different treatments on the last day of the test, were not recorded.

Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi alelopatski utjecaj vodenih ekstrakata divljeg sirka (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) na rast i razvoj salate. Provedena su tri pokusa: utjecaj vodenih ekstrakata divljeg sirka u Petrijevim zdjelicama, utjecaj vodenih ekstrakata divljeg sirka u posudama s tlom te utjecaj biljnih ostataka divljeg sirka u posudama s tlom. Ispitan je uĉinak na klijavost sjemenki salate, duljinu izdanka i korijena te svježu i suhu masu klijanaca. Rezultati su pokazali da divlji sirak ima znaĉajan alelopatski uĉinak na salatu. U pravilu, veće koncentracije imale su najveći inhibitorni utjecaj, dok su s druge strane, u pokusu s posudama s tlom, niže koncentracije djelovale pozitivno na svježu i suhu masu klijanaca. Biljni ostatci divljeg sirka znaĉajno su negativno utjecali na nicanje i rast klijanaca u obje ispitivane doze od 10 i 20 g po kg tla., The aim of this study was to determine allelopathic effect of water extracts of johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) on the growth and development of lettuce. Three experiments were conducted: effect of water extracts of S. halepense in Petri dishes, effect of water extracts of S. halepense in pots with soil and effect of plant residues applied in pots with soil. Effect on seed germination, shoot and root lenght were investigated as well as effect on fresh and dry weight of seedlings. The results showed that S. halepense had significant allelopathic effect on lettuce. Generally, higher concentrations had the highest inhibitory effect, and on the other hand, in experiment in pots with soil, the lower concentrations had positive effect on fresh and dry weight of seedlings. Plant residues of S. halepense had significantly negative influence on the emergence and growth of seedlings in both studied doses of 10 and 20 g per kg of soil.

Phytotoxic effects of invasive weed Parthenium hysterophorus were studied by using whole plant, leaf and root aqueous extracts at 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10% (w/v) concentrations against germination and early seedling growth of wheat and canola. Studies were carried out both in Petri plates with filter paper as substratum placed in controlled conditions and soil-filled plastic pots placed in open environments. Pronounced variation was noted for phytotoxic activity of different plant parts of parthenium, aqueous extract concentrations, test species, and bioassay techniques. Aqueous parthenium extracts either inhibited or delayed the germination and suppressed seedling growth of test species over control. For both test species, all the germination attributes were suppressed to a greater extent in Petri plates than in plastic pots. Leaf extracts were more suppressive to germination of test species than whole plant and root extracts. Increasing extract concentration beyond 2.5% caused significant reduction in seedling dry biomass of both test species. Aqueous parthenium extract diminished chlorophyll contents of wheat and canola by 32-63% and 29 69%, respectively. Nevertheless, an increase of 9-172% and 22-60% in phenolic contents of wheat and canola was recorded. Canola appeared to be more susceptible than wheat at all extract concentrations. Present study concluded that bioassays conducted under controlled condition using filter paper as substratum may be misleading due to over estimation of allelopathic response and variation in potential of receiver and donor species. Furthermore, it implies that threshold concentrations of allelochemicals for test species in Petri plates are rarely reached under field conditions. Foram estudados os efeitos fitotóxicos da planta daninha invasora Parthenium hysterophorus, por meio de extratos aquosos de plantas integrais, folhas e raízes em concentrações de 0, 2,5, 5,0, 7,5 e 10% (w/v), sobre a germinação e o crescimento inicial de plântulas de trigo e canola. Foram realizados estudos tanto em placas de Petri com papel-filtro quanto em substrato colocado em condições controladas e vasos de plástico cheios de solo colocados em ambientes abertos. Variação pronunciada foi observada na atividade fitotóxica de diferentes partes da planta Parthenium, nas concentrações de extrato aquoso, na espécie de teste e nas técnicas de bioensaio. Extratos aquosos de Parthenium inibiram ou retardaram a germinação e o crescimento suprimido de plântulas das espécies de teste, em relação ao controle. Para ambas as espécies de teste, todos os atributos de germinação foram suprimidos em uma extensão maior em placas de Petri do que em vasos de plástico. Os extratos de folhas foram mais supressivos à germinação de espécies de teste do que as plantas integrais e os extratos de raízes. O aumento da concentração do extrato além de 2,5% causou redução significativa na biomassa seca de plântulas nas duas espécies de teste. O extrato aquoso de Parthenium diminuiu os teores de clorofila em trigo e canola em 32-63% e 29-69%, respectivamente. No entanto, aumentos de 9-172% e 22-60% em conteúdo fenólico de trigo e canola foram registrados. A canola pareceu ser mais suscetível do que o trigo a todas as concentrações do extrato. Concluiu-se que bioensaios realizados sob condições controladas, utilizando papel-filtro como substrato, podem ser enganosos devido à sobrestimação da resposta alelopática e variação no potencial das espécies receptoras e doadoras. Além disso, isso sugere que os limites de concentrações de aleloquímicos para as espécies de teste em placas de Petri raramente são atingidos em condições de campo.

Polyploidization belong to principal evolutionary mechanisms in plants. Although it is rather rare in the family Apiaceae, there are several interesting polyploid complexes here. The present study deals with Libanotis pyrenaica, species three previously reported ploidy levels, namely diploid (2n = 2x = 22), tetraploid (2n = 4 x = 44) and most likely very rare triploid (2n = 3x = 33). The present study aims at geographical pattern of ploidal diversity in central Europe, genetic variation and selected biological features of this species. Flow cytometru, analysis of two chloroplast DNA markers (trnF-trnL and cp018-cp020), morphometrics and in vitro germination experiments were used. The tetraploid cytotype occurs throughout the studied area; in the Czech Republic it was found in the České středohoří Mts., southern Bohemia and Moravia, in Slovakia it especially in the Carpathian mountains in western and central parts of the country and in the Pieniny Mts. in the northeast. Tetraploid cytotype occurs mainly in central-east Europe; in the Czech Republic it is common in the lowlands along the river of Labe and locally in Moravia; in Slovakia it was found along the river of Váh, in the Slovenské rudohorie Mts. and in the Belanské Tatry Mts. A mixed-ploidy population (2x, 4x) was discovered in southern...

The aim of the research was to determine the effectiveness of various methods for breaking seed dormancy of weed species Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) and their influence on germination and seedlings growth. Beside control treatment, eight treatments for breaking dormancy of seeds were applied: seed immersion in distilled water for 24 hours; seed immersion in water at 60 °C for 1 hour; immersion in a 0.2% solution of potassium nitrate for 24 hours; immersion in 2% solution of sodium hypochlorite for 8 hours; treatments with concentrated sulphuric acid for 5 and 10 minutes; treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid for 5 minutes and germination in darkness; and combined treatment of sulphuric acid (5 minutes) and 1.5% potassium nitrate solution (2 hours). Average germination of Johnson grass seeds in control treatment was very low, only 2.8%. All dormancy breaking treatments increased seed germination and the highest germination was observed in treatment with combination of sulphuric acid and potassium nitrate (35.0%) and treatment with 2% sodium hypochlorite (30.6%). However, sodium hypochlorite reduced root length of seedlings for 40.9% compared to control, while all treatments had a positive effect on Johnson grass shoot length. Total seedlings length was the highest when seeds were treated for 5 minutes with sulphuric acid. None of the treatments showed significant effect on Johnson grass seedlings fresh weight. Seed germinated fastest in treatment with a combination of sulphuric acid and potassium nitrate (4.58 days), and slowest when seeds were immersed in water (8.16 days) and in the 2% solution of sodium hypochlorite (8.92 days)., Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi učinkovitost različitih metoda prekida dormantnosti sjemena korovne vrste divlji sirak (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) odnosno njihov utjecaj na klijavost i rast klijanaca. Uz kontrolni tretman, primijenjeno je osam tretmana za prekidanje dormantnosti sjemena: potapanje sjemena u destiliranu vodu tijekom 24 sata; zagrijavanje u vodi na 60 °C tijekom 1 sata; potapanje u 0,2% otopinu kalijevoga nitrata tijekom 24 sata; potapanje u 2% otopinu natrijevoga hipoklorita; tretiranje koncentriranom sumpornom kiselinom tijekom 5 i 10 minuta; tretiranje koncentriranom sumpornom kiselinom tijekom 5 minuta i naklijavanje u tami, te kombinirani tretman sumporne kiseline (5 minuta) i 1,5% otopine kalijevoga nitrata (2 sata). Prosječna klijavost sjemena divljeg sirka u kontrolnom tretmanu bila je vrlo niska, svega 2,8%. Svi tretmani prekidanja dormantnosti povećali su klijavost sjemena, a najviša klijavost zabilježena je u tretmanu s kombinacijom sumporne kiseline i kalijevoga nitrata (35,0%) te u tretmanu s 2% otopinom natrijevoga hipoklorita (30,6%). Međutim, primjena natrijevoga hipoklorita smanjila je duljinu korijena klijanaca divljeg sirka za 40,9% u odnosu na kontrolu, dok su svi tretmani imali pozitivan utjecaj na duljinu izdanka divljeg sirka. Ukupna duljina klijanaca bila je najviša kod tretiranju sjemena sumpornom kiselinom tijekom 5 minuta. Tretmani nisu pokazali značajan utjecaj na svježu masu klijanaca divljeg sirka. Najbrže je klijalo sjeme u tretmanu s kombinacijom sumporne kiseline i kalijevoga nitrata (4,58 dana), a najsporije kod potapanja sjemena u vodu (8,16 dana) te u 2% otopinu natrijevoga hipoklorita (8,92 dana).

Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi učinkovitost različitih metoda prekida dormantnosti sjemena sirka (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) odnosno njihov utjecaj na klijavost i rast klijanaca. Uz kontrolni tretman primijenjeno je osam tretmana za prekidanje dormantnosti sjemena: potapanje sjemena u destiliranu vodu, zagrijavanje u vodi na 60 °C, potapanje u 0,2% otopinu KNO3, te 2% otopinu NaOCl, tretiranje koncentriranom H2SO4 tijekom 5 i 10 min, te tijekom 5 min i naklijavanje u tami, te kombinirani tretman sumporne kiseline (5 min) i 1,5% otopine KNO3. Sjeme divljeg sirka u kontrolnom tretmanu imalo je vrlo nisku klijavost, svega 2,8%. Svi tretmani povećali su klijavost sjemena, a najviša klijavost zabilježena je tretmanu s kombinacijom H2SO4 i KNO3 (35,0%) te tretmanu s 2% otopinom NaOCl (30,6%). Primjena NaOCl smanjila je duljinu korijena klijanaca divljeg sirka za 40,9% u odnosu na kontrolu, dok su svi tretmani imali pozitivan utjecaj na duljinu izdanka. Ukupna duljina klijanaca bila je najviša pri tretiranju sjemena sumpornom kiselinom tijekom 5 minuta. S druge strane, tretmani nisu pokazali značajan utjecaj na svježu masu klijanaca divljeg sirka. Najbrže je klijalo sjeme u tretmanu s kombinacijom H2SO4 i KNO3 (4,58 dana), a najsporije kod potapanja sjemena u vodu (8,16 dana) te u 2% otopinu NaOCl (8,92 dana)., The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of various methods on breaking seed dormancy of johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) and their influence on germination and seedlings growth. Beside control treatment, eight treatments for breaking dormancy of seeds were applied: seeds immersion in water, seed heating in water at 60 °C, immersion in a 0.2% solution of KNO3, and 2% solution of sodium hypochlorite, treatments with concentrated H2SO4 for 5 and 10 minutes, and for 5 min and germination in darkness, and the combined treatment of sulphuric acid (5 min) and 1.5% KNO3 solution. Seeds of johnsongrass had very low germination percentage in the control treatment, only 2.8%. All treatments increased the germination of seeds, and the highest germination was observed in treatment with combination of H2SO4 and KNO3 (35.0%) and treatment with 2% NaOCl (30.6%). NaOCl reduced the root length of seedlings for 40.9% compared to control, while all treatments had a positive effect on the shoot length. Total seedlings length was the highest when seeds were treated for 5 minutes with sulphuric acid. On the other hand, none of the treatments showed significant effect on johnsongrass seedlings fresh weight. Seed germinated fastest in treatment with a combination of H2SO4 and KNO3 (4.58 days), and slowest when seeds were immersed in water (8.16 days) and in the 2% solution of NaOCl (8.92 days).

Germination and emergence dynamics and herbicide resistance are adaptive traits crucial for weed persistence in arable fields. Herbicide resistance alleles can have pleiotropic effects on other traits. We investigated the pleiotropic effects of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) alleles L1781, N2041 or G2078 on seed germination and seedling emergence in the grass weed Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass). We used black-grass populations with homogenised genetic backgrounds that segregated for L1781, N2041 or G2078 ACCase alleles. In two series of experiments, germination dynamics and seedling growth were compared among seeds containing embryos carrying no, one or two copies of a given mutant ACCase allele. No significant effects were observed for N2041 ACCase. A codominant acceleration in seed germination (1.2 and 1.1-fold decrease in the time to reach 50% germination [t50] for homozygous and heterozygous mutant embryos, respectively) was observed for G2078 ACCase. This effect was associated with a codominant increase in fatal germination in one series of experiments and to a segregation distortion against homozygous mutant embryos in the other. A codominant delay in seed germination (1.4 and 1.2-fold increase in t50 for homozygous and heterozygous mutant embryos, respectively) associated with a substantial codominant decrease in fatal germination was observed for L1781 ACCase. Under current agricultural systems, the fitness advantage conferred by herbicide resistance is enhanced in plants carrying L1781 ACCase, and counterbalanced in plants carrying G2078 ACCase, by direct pleiotropic effects of the mutant ACCase alleles on plant phenology. Superficial soil cultivation promoting fatal germination and delayed crop sowing to eradicate early-germinating seedlings should be effective against G2078 ACCase. Maximising crop competition prior to seedling emergence should be effective against late-germinating L1781 seedlings. N2041 ACCase appears trickier to manage. Whatever the allele, a diversification of weed control practices is the best way to manage resistance and reduce the risk for resistance selection.

V naši nalogi smo pripravili nabor laboratorijskih vaj s kalčki različnih rastlinskih vrst. Pripravili smo deset vaj, načrtovanih tako z računalniško podprtim laboratorijem kot s klasično metodo laboratorijskega dela. Pripravili smo naslednje vaje: Kaljivost semen in potek dinamike kalitve, Inhibitorji kalitve, Dihanje kalčkov redkvice, rukole, lucerne, Dihanje kalčkov odvisno od časa kalitve, Dihanje kalčkov odvisno od temperature kalitve, Kvalitativni test reduktivnih sladkorjev v kalčkih, Kvantitativni test reduktivnih sladkorjev v kalčkih, Amilazna aktivnost kalčkov, Kvantitativni test vitamina C kalčkom lucerne, Določanje koncentracije proteinov v kalčkih. Vaje bo mogoče uporabiti za laboratorijsko eksperimentalno delo ne samo na kalčkih, pač pa tudi na drugih rastlinskih objektih, kar zaradi možnega transfera viša pedagoško vrednost pripravljenih vaj. In our study, we prepared a set of laboratory experiments with sprouts of different vegetable plants. There are all together ten laboratory research exercises that have been performed with two separate methods: one using the classical approach of laboratory work and the other done by using a computer model. The exercises are as follows: Germination of seeds and their dynamics, Germination inhibitors, The breathing of radish, rocket and alfalfa sprouts, The breathing of sprouts depending on time of germination, The breathing of sprouts depending on temperature, A qualitative test of reductive sugars in sprouts, A quantitative test of reductive sugars in sprouts, The amylase activity of sprouts, A quantitative test of vitamin C content in alfalfa sprouts and Determination of protein concentration in sprouts. These laboratory tests and exercises can be used for additional laboratory experimental work not only on different kinds of sprouts, but on any other vegetable. This means that these kinds of tests have a much higher overall pedagogical value.