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Floppy Eyelid Syndrome (FES) is an underdiagnosed ocular condition characterized by the abnormal laxity of the upper eyelids, often leading to chronic eye irritation and redness. This review provides an in-depth examination of FES, covering its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. We discuss the potential etiological factors, including genetic predispositions and associations with ocular and systemic conditions such as obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, keratoconus, and glaucoma. Diagnostic strategies are outlined, emphasizing the importance of thorough clinical examinations and specific tests for an efficacious grading and assessment of FES. Management of FES ranges from conservative medical treatments to surgical interventions for more severe cases and should be driven by a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach. Herein, we illustrate the practical aspects of diagnosing and managing this condition. This comprehensive review aims to enhance the recognition and treatment of FES, ultimately improving the quality of life for affected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floppy Eyelid Syndrome (FES) is an underdiagnosed ocular condition characterized by the abnormal laxity of the upper eyelids, often leading to chronic eye irritation and redness. This review provides an in-depth examination of FES, covering its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. We discuss the potential etiological factors, including genetic predispositions and associations with ocular and systemic conditions such as obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, keratoconus, and glaucoma. Diagnostic strategies are outlined, emphasizing the importance of thorough clinical examinations and specific tests for an efficacious grading and assessment of FES. Management of FES ranges from conservative medical treatments to surgical interventions for more severe cases and should be driven by a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach. Herein, we illustrate the practical aspects of diagnosing and managing this condition. This comprehensive review aims to enhance the recognition and treatment of FES, ultimately improving the quality of life for affected patients.

Background: The association of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with development of eye diseases is unclear. This current systematic review and meta-analysis attempts to summarize and analyze associations between OSA and ocular disorders in the literature. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Web Of Science, and Scopus databases were searched from 1901 to July 2022 in accordance with the Preferred Reporting in Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Our primary outcome assessed the association between OSA and the odds of developing floppy eyelid syndrome (FES), glaucoma, non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), keratoconus (KC), idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and central serous chorioretinopathy (CSR) through odds ratio calculated at the 95% confidence interval. Results: Forty-nine studies were included for systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled OR estimate was highest for NAION [3.98 (95% CI 2.38, 6.66)], followed by FES [3.68 (95% CI 2.18, 6.20)], RVO [2.71(95% CI 1.83, 4.00)], CSR [2.28 (95% CI 0.65, 7.97)], KC [1.87 (95% CI 1.16, 2.99)], glaucoma [1.49 (95% CI 1.16, 1.91)], IIH [1.29 (95% CI 0.33, 5.01)], and AMD [0.92 [95% CI 0.24, 3.58] All observed associations were significant (p < 0.001) aside from IIH and AMD. Conclusion: OSA is significantly associated with NAION, FES, RVO, CSR, KC, and glaucoma. Clinicians should be informed of these associations so early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of eye disorders can be addressed in at-risk groups, and early referral to ophthalmic services is made to prevent vision disturbances. Similarly, ophthalmologists seeing patients with any of these conditions should consider screening and referring patients for assessment of possible OSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several pulmonary disorders can cause ocular involvement. Understanding these manifestations is critical for early diagnosis and treatment. Hence, we set out to examine the most common ocular manifestations of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), sarcoidosis, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and lung cancer. Allergic keratoconjunctivitis and dry eye are two ocular manifestations of bronchial asthma. The inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma can cause cataract formation. COPD is associated with ocular microvascular changes as a result of chronic hypoxia and systemic inflammation spillover into the eyes. Its clinical significance, however, is unknown. Ocular involvement is common in sarcoidosis, occurring in 20% of cases of pulmonary sarcoidosis. It can affect nearly any anatomical structure of the eye. Obstructive sleep apnea has been linked to floppy eye syndrome, glaucoma, non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, keratoconus, retinal vein occlusion, and central serous retinopathy, according to research. However, while an association has been established, causality is yet to be established. The effect of positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy used to treat OSA on the aforementioned ocular conditions is unknown. PAP therapy can cause eye irritation and dryness. Lung cancer can affect the eyes through direct nerve invasion, ocular metastasis, or as part of a paraneoplastic syndrome. The goal of this narrative review is to raise awareness about the link between ocular and pulmonary disorders in order to aid in the early detection and treatment of these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: This case report describes the benefits of a unique tape‐splinting technique to serve as a nonsurgical tarsorrhaphy in the management of exposure keratopathy in a patient who refuses surgical intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message This case report describes the benefits of a unique tape‐splinting technique to serve as a nonsurgical tarsorrhaphy in the management of exposure keratopathy in a patient who refuses surgical intervention.

Purpose: Lax eyelid condition (LEC) and floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) represent two distinct conditions which have been associated with several ocular and systemic comorbidities. The main aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to explore the available literature to estimate the prevalence rate of LEC and FES in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods: The protocol of this systematic review and meta-analysis has been registered in PROSPERO. Four electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Web of Science) were searched from inception to December 24, 2021. A random intercept logistic regression model was carried out for the analysis of overall proportions. Odds ratio and mean difference were reported as measures of the effect size in the presence of binary and continuous outcomes, respectively. The estimated numbers of LEC/FES patients in OSA were calculated by multiplying the prevalence rate determined by our random-effects model and the corresponding Benjafield et al.'s population prospect. Results: We included 11 studies comprising 1225 OSA patients of whom 431 and 153 affected by LEC and FES, respectively. Our model estimated a pooled prevalence rate for LEC and FES in OSA patients of 40.2% (95%CI: 28.6–53.1%) and of 22.4% (95%CI: 13.8–34.2%), respectively. The number of LEC/FES affected individuals among OSA patients is expected to peak up to 376 and to 210 million, respectively. OSA patients appeared to have a 3.4 (95%CI: 2.2–5.2) and a 3.0 (95%CI: 1.7–5.5) increased risk of developing LEC and FES than the healthy counterpart. Conclusion: Prevalence of LEC and FES is higher in OSA-affected patients compared to controls. More studies are warranted to investigate the mechanisms leading to the development of LEC and/or FES in OSA patients, as well as the feasibility of the adoption of these clinical findings as screening tools for OSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) is an underdiagnosed condition stereotypically found in obese, middle-aged men, characterized by a lax eyelid tarsus which readily everts without excess mechanical manipulation. Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is the most frequently reported comorbidity in patients suffering from FES. The aim of this study was to determine whether or not individuals with FES present with distinct anthropometric characteristics in comparison to patients without FES suspected of having OSA. Methods: A retrospective case–control study in which FES patients and controls all referred for investigation of suspected OSA, matched for sex, ethnicity, residential location, age (± 2 years), date of sleep study (± 1 month), and type of sleep study were compared for anthropometric, comorbidity, and sleep data differences. Results: OSA prevalence and severity, assessed by apnoea-hypopnea index (AHI), revealed no significant differences between patients with FES (n = 39) and those without (n = 75), (85% vs 88%, p = 0.91 and 31.9 ± 28.7 vs 28.5 ± 16.6, p = 0.81 respectively), despite patients with FES being more obese (p = 0.02). Patients with FES had significantly lower Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) scores after treatment with CPAP (5.3 ± 4.1 vs 9.4 ± 5.0, p = 0.028). Patients with FES exhibited increased prevalence of hernias (15% vs 4%, p = 0.032), dermatological (41% vs 17%, p = 0.006) and rheumatological (15% vs 3%, p = 0.012) comorbidities. Conclusion: FES patients appear to exhibit a distinct phenotype with increased prevalence of comorbidities related to matrix metalloproteinase dysfunction and significant improvement of daytime hypersomnolence with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This meta-analysis aims to determine whether ocular surface alterations are associated with disease severity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). Methods: The protocol for this systematic review and meta-analysis was registered in PROSPERO. We conducted the search in six electronic databases (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Wanfang, and PubMed) from since the construction of the databases to 30 December 2022. The standard mean difference (SMD) and correlation coefficients are reported as measures of the effect size in the presence of retrieved data. In addition, the random effects model or fixed effects model was used in a combined analysis. Stata 11.0 and R 3.6.1 were used for statistical analyses of the data. Results: A total of 15 studies satisfied the inclusion criteria for this study. The prevalence of floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) and dry eye syndrome in patients with obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome was 40 and 48%, respectively. In addition, the Schirmer 1 value and tear break-up time (TBUT) were remarkably reduced in patients with OSAHS when compared to that of the controls. The ocular surface disease index (OSDI) scores, Oxford corneal staining scores, and the rates of loss in the meibomian glands were elevated in patients with obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome when compared to that of the controls, especially those with severe disease. Moreover, the Schirmer 1 value and tear break-up time exhibited a negative correlation with the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI), and the OSDI showed a positive association with the apnea–hypopnea index. Conclusion: Patients with OSAHS had a greater prevalence of FES than the healthy controls. They also showed lower Schirmer 1 value and tear break-up time but had a higher OSDI, Oxford corneal staining scores, and rates of loss in the meibomian glands than the healthy controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of reviewTo summarize the ocular and systemic associations of floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) as well as provide an up-to-date review on the pathogenesis and treatment strategies.Recent findingsVirtually all patients with FES have obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, a significantly lower proportion of patients with OSA have FES. Although some studies demonstrate no association between OSA and FES, almost all show at least an association with increased eyelid laxity, which may be a less severe form of FES. FES has also been associated with keratoconus (KCN) and glaucoma. Decreased corneal hysteresis has been found in FES, KCN, glaucoma, and OSA and may be related to matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) upregulation. Hypoxia-reperfusion injury, leptin resistance, and mechanical forces all may lead to increased MMP activity, contributing to elastin breakdown in the tarsus and other tissues throughout the body. Management of FES begins with investigation for OSA. Treating OSA with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or surgical uvulopalatoplasty may improve FES. Surgical treatments for FES should reduce horizontal eyelid laxity while maximizing the stability of the tarsus. Collagen crosslinking may prove a helpful modality for stabilizing the tarsus in the future.SummaryFES is associated with OSA, glaucoma, and KCN. MMP upregulation and lower corneal hysteresis have been found in these conditions, pointing toward a potential common pathogenesis.

Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS)is a group of diseases which occurred in the upper respiratory tract with transient, recurrent, partial or complete obstruction during night sleep. It can affect the regulation of hemodynamics, endocrine systems and autonomic nerve, and then result in the reduction of body oxygen saturation, chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia. Beside being an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, many studies have shown that it is also associated with ocular surface diseases in OSAHS, such as floppy eyelid syndrome, dry eye, keratoconus, etc., but there is still a lack of perfect systematic analysis. This paper reviews the relationship between OSAHS and relevant ocular surface diseases including pathogenesis,clinical manifestations and treatment progress, in order to reduce the ophthalmic complications of OSAHS patients in clinical diagnosis and treatment,and better improve the quality of life of patients.

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) has been linked to various ocular disorders, including floppy eyelid syndrome (FES). Previous studies have hypothesised the underlying association between the 2 , but results are currently still inconclusive. To investigate the association between OSA and FES. Four databases (Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library) were searched from inception until 28 February 2022 for observational studies and randomized controlled trials assessing the association between OSA and FES. Two reviewers selected studies, extracted data, graded the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and the quality of assessment using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system. Random-effects models were used to metaanalyze the associations. Twelve studies were included in the systematic review, of which nine were suitable for metaanalysis, with a combined cohort of 1,109 patients. Risk of bias was low to moderate. The overall analysis showed a significant positive association between OSA and FES (OR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.27–2.83, I 2 = 44%). Further analysis revealed that the more severe the OSA was, the higher the risk of developing FES. Patients with severe OSA had the nominally highest risk of developing FES (OR = 3.06, 95% CI = 1.62–5.78, I 2 = 0%), followed by moderate OSA (OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.29–4.97, I 2 = 0%), and patients with mild OSA had the lowest risk (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 0.85–3.62, I 2 = 0%). Our metaanalysis reports a positive association between OSA and FES, with increasing severity of OSA correlating with a significantly higher risk of FES. More longitudinal studies with sufficient duration of follow-up are needed to better characterise the relationship between OSA and FES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) is a clinical entity characterized by palpebral hyperlaxity and chronic conjunctivitis. Patients' eyelids evert ("flip inside out"), leading to eye irritation, dryness, grittiness, and tearing. More severe cases can lead to significant ocular complications, such as keratoconus and impaired eyesight. Research has revealed an association between FES and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). OSAS is also one of the most common comorbidities among patients with obesity and an indication for bariatric surgery. This is one of the first studies to explore FES in a group of patients who have undergone bariatric surgery. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study. A total of 88 patients completed a survey by mail or telephone. Additional data on demographics and baseline preoperative clinical information was extracted from the online medical records and the MBSAQIP database. Results: Thirty-nine patients (44%) recalled having chronic ocular symptoms before their bariatric surgery, among whom six reported palpebral laxity and/or an established diagnosis of FES. The majority of them (67%) rated their symptoms postoperatively as "somewhat" or "significantly improved." The patients that reported improvement in their ocular symptoms also experienced an improvement in their OSAS severity. Conclusion: Bariatric surgery might affect the clinical course of FES and the severity of symptoms. Treating OSAS, the underlying mechanism of FES, is a possible mechanism of how bariatric surgery can help patients. It is also critical for bariatric surgeons to consider FES when patients with obesity, particularly those with OSAS, present with chronic eye symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) is a frequently underdiagnosed disorder of unknown pathogenesis. FES has been associated with ocular conditions such as keratoconus. At present, despite the frequent combination of FES and keratoconus, there are almost no data on the biomechanical properties of the cornea in these patients. Aims: to determine the corneas biomechanical properties in patients with floppy eyelid syndrome. Methods: The study included 40 patients (54 eyes) with hyper-extensible eyelid syndrome. The average age was 53.96.7 years. The central corneal thickness averaged 55125 m. All the patients underwent a standard ophthalmological examination, including pneumotonometry. The intraocular pressure (IOP) and biomechanical properties of the cornea were measured using dynamic bidirectional applanation. Results: The study of the corneas biomechanical properties in patients with floppy eyelid syndrome showed a decrease in the corneal hysteresis (CH) indices to 9.960.61 mm Hg on the average, in the corneal resistance factor (CRF) to 9.540.64 mm Hg. Moreover, their value varied depending on the severity of the syndrome. The mean value of the corneal compensated IOP (IOPcc) in the entire sample was 15.51.0 mm Hg, Goldman IOP (IOPg) 15.12.0 mm Hg, pneumotonometric IOP 11.612.9 mm Hg. Regardless of the severity, the pneumotonometric IOP indices did not have statistically significant differences, while as this syndrome progressed, the IOPcc and IOPg indices showed a steady decrease in the mean values. Conclusions: It was found that, in floppy eyelid syndrome, the biomechanical parameters of the cornea were reduced. At the same time, the value of these indicators varied significantly with the severity. The largest and the smallest decrease were observed in the corneal hysteresis index and the corneal-compensated IOP, respectively.

Ocular involvement can be a comorbidity of several pulmonary disorders. A knowledge of these manifestations is essential for early diagnosis and treatment. Hence, we aimed to review the common ocular manifestations of Asthma, COPD, sarcoidosis, obstructive sleep apnea and lung cancer. The ocular manifestations of bronchial asthma include allergic keratoconjunctivitis and dry eye. The inhaled corticosteroids used in the management of asthma can lead to cataract formation. COPD is associated with ocular microvascular changes due to chronic hypoxia and spill over of systemic inflammation into the eyes. However, its clinical significance is yet to be known. Ocular involvement is very common in sarcoidosis, seen in 20% of cases of pulmonary sarcoidosis. It can involve almost any anatomical structure of the eye. Studies have shown the association of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with floppy eye syndrome, glaucoma, nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, keratoconus, retinal vein occlusion and central serous retinopathy. However, though association has been established, causality remains to be proven. The effect of positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy used in the treatment of OSA on the above ocular conditions is yet to be known. The PAP therapy can itself lead to irritation and dry eyes. Lung cancer can involve the eyes by direct invasion of nerves, ocular metastasis or as a part of paraneoplastic syndrome. The purpose of this narrative review is to raise awareness about the association between ocular and pulmonary disorders to facilitate early detection and treatment of these conditions.

Abstract Background Spontaneous globe subluxation (SGS) is an atraumatic anterior dislocation of the eyeball. It is exceedingly rare. Understanding SGS predisposing factors may help uncover its etiology and undertake vision-saving management. Case presentation A 48-year-old female presented to the ED with her right eye out of its socket. She reported blurry vision, photophobia, and pain in the affected eye. She was unable to close her right eyelid and was in obvious distress. On arrival, her blood pressure was elevated. Her medical history was notable for hypertension and obesity. On physical examination, extraocular eye movements were not intact, and the globe appeared whole and round. She was also unable to count fingers with the affected eye. There was no visible trauma to the face. Multiple wet gauzes with sterile saline were placed over the displaced eyeball. Direct and even pressure was applied on the globe. Within 30 s, the globe was reduced back in. The patient was able to close her eyelids and reports substantial pain relief with reduction. A CT scan of the orbits was then obtained, demonstrating mild bilateral proptosis. The globes were normal and symmetric. No intraconal or extraconal abscess or infection was seen. There were no intraconal or extraconal masses. There was no acute orbital traumatic injury, no avulsion of the optic nerve, ocular rupture, or retrobulbar hematoma. After reviewing the case with an ophthalmologist, a follow-up appointment with the ophthalmologist was arranged. The patient was discharged on erythromycin ointment. Post-discharge investigation of the CT imaging revealed dilated optic nerve sheaths, tortuosity of the optic nerve, and empty sella. Conclusions In addition to causing distress and severe anxiety, SGS poses numerous immediate as well as long-term complications. Traction of the optic nerve and retinal vasculature may potentially cause retinal venous congestion and loss of visual acuity with potential vision loss. In the absence of known risk factors or disease processes, orbital imaging and serological studies for thyroid ophthalmopathy should be considered.

Introduction: Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS) is defined as an excessive billowing of the iris during cataract surgery. Floppy eyelid syndrome is defined as an excessive hyperlaxity of the eyelids. Based in our daily experience, we suspected FES to be associated with IFIS. This association has been investigated. The goal of the study was to explore whether FES was predictive of IFIS., Material and Methods: We conducted a prospective observational single-center study at the University Hospital of Nice. IFIS and FES were investigated in patients undergoing cataract surgery from November 2019 to May 2021. In addition, tarsus and iris samples were harvested in 2 fresh cadavers, and Verhoeff staining was used to identify elastin fibers., Results: We included 452 eyes (n=312 patients, 50.9% male) with a mean age of 71.7years (±11.4). IFIS was diagnosed in 88 (19.5%) patients, including 20 (4.4%) grade 1, 34 (7.5%) grade 2, and 33 (7.3%) grade 3. FES was diagnosed in 35 (7.7%) patients. PEX was found in 23 (5.1%) patients. On multivariate analysis, FES (P<0.001), pseudo exfoliation (P=0.017), intracameral dilatation (P<0.004), senior surgeons (P=0.009) and α1-ARA (P<0.001) were associated with IFIS. Elastin fibers were identified in small amounts in the tarsus samples but not in the iris samples., Conclusion: FES is predictive of IFIS. Surgeons should be aware of this association to prevent intraoperative complications., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) presents perioperative challenges with increased risk for complications. Floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) is associated with OSA yet has not been addressed perioperatively. The current standard for perioperative OSA screening includes assessing patient risk factors or the STOP-BANG tool, which requires an active participant. We aimed to confirm a connection between FES and OSA in presurgical patients and develop a screening method appropriate for patients with perioperative OSA risk. Materials and Methods: 162 presurgical pre-anesthesia clinic patients were enrolled. Screening questions determined eligibility. Those who were pregnant or aged < 19 were excluded. Control group included those with a STOP-BANG score < 3. Experimental group included those with BMI > 35 and OSA diagnosis. Examiners photographed participants' eyes with vertical and horizontal retraction while two blinded ophthalmologists used a grading scale to review grade of eyelid laxity. Results: Differences in habitus, ASA score, and hypertension as a comorbidity were significant. Sensitivity of FES screening was 52% (CI 37–66%) and specificity was 56% (CI 46–66%) for reviewer 1. For reviewer 2, sensitivity was 48% (CI 28–69%) and specificity was 72% (CI 60–81%). Negative predictive value was 86% (CI 81–90) for reviewer 1 and 88% (CI 83–92%) for reviewer 2. Inter-rater agreement was moderate. Conclusion: While specificity and sensitivity were lower than anticipated, negative predictive value was high. Given this strong negative predictive value, our findings indicate using eyelid retraction to screen for FES has perioperative clinical utility. These findings encourage further research addressing the connection of lid laxity/FES to OSA. Key Points: • Aimed to investigate if a FES screening tool could identify perioperative OSA risk. • Negative predictive value for FES with OSA was 86%. • Observing periocular lid laxity has clinical utility; is feasible in any patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Spontaneous globe subluxation (SGS) is an atraumatic anterior dislocation of the eyeball. It is exceedingly rare. Understanding SGS predisposing factors may help uncover its etiology and undertake vision-saving management. Case presentation: A 48-year-old female presented to the ED with her right eye out of its socket. She reported blurry vision, photophobia, and pain in the affected eye. She was unable to close her right eyelid and was in obvious distress. On arrival, her blood pressure was elevated. Her medical history was notable for hypertension and obesity. On physical examination, extraocular eye movements were not intact, and the globe appeared whole and round. She was also unable to count fingers with the affected eye. There was no visible trauma to the face. Multiple wet gauzes with sterile saline were placed over the displaced eyeball. Direct and even pressure was applied on the globe. Within 30 s, the globe was reduced back in. The patient was able to close her eyelids and reports substantial pain relief with reduction. A CT scan of the orbits was then obtained, demonstrating mild bilateral proptosis. The globes were normal and symmetric. No intraconal or extraconal abscess or infection was seen. There were no intraconal or extraconal masses. There was no acute orbital traumatic injury, no avulsion of the optic nerve, ocular rupture, or retrobulbar hematoma. After reviewing the case with an ophthalmologist, a follow-up appointment with the ophthalmologist was arranged. The patient was discharged on erythromycin ointment. Post-discharge investigation of the CT imaging revealed dilated optic nerve sheaths, tortuosity of the optic nerve, and empty sella. Conclusions: In addition to causing distress and severe anxiety, SGS poses numerous immediate as well as long-term complications. Traction of the optic nerve and retinal vasculature may potentially cause retinal venous congestion and loss of visual acuity with potential vision loss. In the absence of known risk factors or disease processes, orbital imaging and serological studies for thyroid ophthalmopathy should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) is a frequent eyelid disorder characterized by eyelid laxity that determines a spontaneous eyelid eversion during sleep associated with chronic papillary conjunctivitis and systemic diseases. FES is an under-diagnosed syndrome for the inaccuracy of definition and the lack of diagnostic criteria. Eyelid laxity can result from a number of involutional, local, and systemic diseases. Thus, it is pivotal to use the right terminology. When the increased distractibility of the upper or lower eyelid is an isolated condition, it is defined as 'lax eyelid condition' (LAC). When laxity is associated with ocular surface disorder such as papillary conjunctivitis and dry eyes, it can be referred to as 'lax eyelid syndrome' (LES). However, FES is characterized by the finding of a very loose upper eyelid which everts very easily and papillary tarsal conjunctivitis affecting a specific population of patients, typically male, of middle age and overweight. Obesity in middle-aged male is also recognized as the strongest risk factor in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, (OSAHS). FES has been reported as the most frequent ocular disorder associated with OSAHS. Patients with FES often complain of non-pathognomonic ocular signs and symptoms such as pain, foreign body sensation, redness, photophobia, and lacrimation. Due to these clinical features, FES is often misdiagnosed while an early recognition might be important to avoid its chronic, distressing course and the associated morbidities. This review provides an updated overview on FES by describing the epidemiology, proposed pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, related ocular, and systemic diseases, and treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Floppy eyelid syndrome is a disorder in which the tarsal plate is easily distensible and is currently treated with conservative or surgical measures. Human tarsal plate contains type I collagen, which is crosslinked in corneal tissue as a treatment for keratoconus. We hypothesized that collagen crosslinking would similarly stiffen tarsal plate tissue and investigated this in porcine and human tarsal plate specimens. Methods Riboflavin-sensitized porcine and human tarsus samples were irradiated with ultraviolet-A light. Porcine experiments were analyzed with gross photographs, anterior segment optical computed tomography (AS-OCT) imaging, and tensile testing. A prospective study of human tarsus was performed on samples from patients undergoing wedge resection for floppy eyelid syndrome and was analyzed with AS-OCT and tensile testing. Results 73 porcine adnexa and 9 patients (16 eyelids) who underwent wedge excision were included in the study. Grossly, greater stiffness was observed in crosslinked porcine tissue. AS-OCT imaging in porcine tissue showed a distinct hyperreflective band in crosslinked specimens whose area and intensity increased with longer treatment time (P = 0.003); this band was also visible in crosslinked human specimens. Tensile testing was performed, but results were not statistically significant. Conclusions AS-OCT imaging, which has not been previously described for tarsal plate, showed a characteristic change in crosslinked porcine and human specimens. Tissue stiffness was increased grossly, but changes in tensile properties were not statistically significant. Further study is warranted to determine relevance as a potential treatment for floppy eyelid syndrome.

In this concise review, some essential characteristics of a relatively rare ocular disorder, floppy eyelid syndrome, are described. A special emphasis is made on the close relationships between this eye disease, on the one hand, and obstructive sleep apnea designed as a common and socially significant pathology of modern society, on the other hand. Along with conservative drug treatment, a variety of effective surgical techniques for the treatment of floppy eyelid syndrome are presented. A closer collaboration between ophthalmologists and sleep medicine specialists are needed to solve the problems of obstructive sleep apnea-related floppy eyelid syndrome.

Purpose: To report the clinical improvement observed in a glaucomatous patient affected by floppy eyelid syndrome and ectropion after treatment with Bimatoprost 0.03%. Methods: Retrospective observational case report of a single glaucomatous patient (caucasian, 82 years old) affected by floppy eyelid syndrome with marked eyelid laxity and ectropion after 1 month of once a day 0.03% Bimatoprost ocular drop administration. Results: We observed a reduction of intraocular pressure (36% in the right eye and 37.5% in the left eye) and an unexpected improvement of eyelid laxity and inferior ectropion after 1 month of therapy with topical 0.03% Bimatoprost. Secondary outcomes were the improvement of the related ocular surface diseases and the decrease of the upper eyelid dermatochalasis. No side effect in terms of conjunctival inflammation and eyelashes growth was observed. Conclusions and Importance: The first observational clinical case of a possible prostaglandin therapeutic effect on periocular tissue improving the laxity and malposition of the eyelids in a patient with floppy eyelid syndrome associated with inferior eyelid ectropion.

Floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) is an ocular manifestation of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), but no studies have analyzed whether it can be improved by nocturnal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of CPAP on FES by comparing objective measurements before and after 6 months of CPAP therapy. We conducted a prospective study of 47 patients (74.5% males) with newly diagnosed OSA at a secondary care Portuguese hospital who underwent objective diagnostic testing for FES (upper eyelid eversion for >6 seconds and tarsal conjunctival exposure and upper eyelid laxity ≥1.5 mm). Patients with hyperelastic eyelid or FES were re-evaluated by the same ophthalmologist (blinded to the patients' condition) after 6 months of CPAP therapy. Mean apnea hypopnea index (AHI), analyzed as number of events per hour, was 28.7 ± 18.6 overall and 42.8 ± 20.0 in the supine position. Thirty-four percent of patients had FES. Mean AHI in the supine position was significantly higher in patients with FES (p =.041) and was an independent predictor of FES (p =.034; OR = 0.48). Severe OSA was significantly associated with FES (p =.023). FES resolved in 53.8% of patients after CPAP therapy. Patients with non-reversible FES had more severe OSA and worse airway access according to the Mallampati classification (from class I: visualization of soft palate and entire uvula, to class IV: soft palate not visible). A higher AHI in the supine position may be predictive of FES. CPAP therapy might reverse FES and patients with non-reversible FES appear to have more severe OSA and a worse airway access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floppy eyelids are usually asymmetrical, and more severe on the side the patient sleeps on. This has been related to the mechanical basis of this entity's pathophysiology. Patients who exhibit floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) tend to suffer from obstructive sleep apnea and other sleeping disorder such as snoring; therefore, their spouses are likely to be found sleeping facing away from them. In this study, we aim to assess this correlation between FES laterality and the spouse's sleeping side. 185 patients with floppy eyelid were assessed. Upper lids were pulled cephalad towards the orbital rim to assess which side everted and was more floppy. Based on the upper lid distraction test, a prediction was made to which side of the bed the spouse slept on. 185 patients with floppy eyelid syndrome were assessed, 160 male patients and 25 females, at an average age of 68. All 25 female patients, and 117 of the male patients, had spouses that slept in the same bed. Their side of sleep was predicted correctly in 87% of cases. The physician extrapolated the spouse slept on the opposite side facing away from the snoring spouse and was correct in 91% of cases. There is a high correlation between FES laterality and the patient's spouse's sleeping side. These data strengthen the mechanical etiology, and can also be used to confirm the worse-affected side in FES patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSA) is a common sleep disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep. Floppy Eye Syndrome (FES) is a condition in which the upper eyelids easily evert with upward traction due to underlying tarsal plate laxity and is associated with chronic, reactive papillary conjunctivitis; this causes the eye to be vulnerable to discomfort and visual symptoms. A 49-year-old man with an 8-year history of snoring, sleep fragmentation, and daytime sleepiness was admitted as an outpatient in our sleep clinic. The patient had complied ocular symptoms such as burning eyes, redness, and irritative ocular symptoms in the past five years, arising upon waking up. The symptoms did not regress with the use of artificial tears and proper ointment. The patient was diagnosed with OSA and began using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). CPAP therapy significantly corrected the symptoms of FES associated with OSA . This would help to sensibilize ocular findings in patients with OSA and identify hidden sleeping diseases needing a more appropriate investigation and possible treatment. We must look beyond our approach to sleep clinic patients and avoid being kept to the common symptoms patients represent., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interests The authors have no conflict of interests to declare., (Brazilian Sleep Association. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).)

Objective: To evaluate the effect of full-thickness wedge resection (FTWR) on ocular surface and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) findings in patients with floppy eyelid syndrome (FES)., Methods: The study included two groups: a surgical treatment (ST) group (26 eyes) consisting of patients who underwent FTWR surgery, and a conservative treatment (CT) group (30 eyes). Pre-treatment and post-treatment ocular surface disease index (OSDI), tear break-up time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), IVCM findings along with the body mass index (BMI), FES grade, the presence and the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) were recorded and compared between the groups., Results: The groups were comparable in terms of BMI, FES grade, and OSAS data. After six months, TBUT in the ST group significantly increased to 12.92 ± 1.15, compared to 8.10 ± 1.60 in the CT group ( p  = 0.000). The CFS and OSDI scores were significantly lower in the ST group (0.15 ± 0.37, 18.0 ± 8.3, respectively) compared to the CT group (0.90 ± 0.61, 27.3 ± 9.3, respectively) ( p  = 0.000). IVCM analysis revealed a significant decrease in dendritic cell count (ST: 22.0 ± 12.4, CT: 39.5 ± 15.1, p  = 0.000) and nerve tortuosity (ST: 1.38 ± 0.64, CT: 2.00 ± 0.59, p  = 0.000), with a significant increase in total nerve density (ST: 4.27 ± 0.83, CT: 3.57 ± 0.90, p  = 0.002) in the ST group compared to the CT group after six months., Conclusion: In our retrospective cohort, FTWR surgery was shown to be an effective and reliable surgical treatment for FES, improving both ocular surface and IVCM findings. Patients with moderate to severe stages of FES not responding to conservative treatment may benefit from eyelid tightening., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background: Floppy eyelid syndrome is a disorder in which the tarsal plate is easily distensible and is currently treated with conservative or surgical measures. Human tarsal plate contains type I collagen, which is crosslinked in corneal tissue as a treatment for keratoconus. We hypothesized that collagen crosslinking would similarly stiffen tarsal plate tissue and investigated this in porcine and human tarsal plate specimens.Methods: Riboflavin-sensitized porcine and human tarsus samples were irradiated with ultraviolet-A light. Porcine experiments were analyzed with gross photographs, anterior segment optical computed tomography (AS-OCT) imaging, and tensile testing. A prospective study of human tarsus was performed on samples from patients undergoing wedge resection for floppy eyelid syndrome and was analyzed with AS-OCT and tensile testing.Results: 73 porcine adnexa and 9 patients (16 eyelids) who underwent wedge excision were included in the study. Grossly, greater stiffness was observed in crosslinked porcine tissue. AS-OCT imaging in porcine tissue showed a distinct hyperreflective band in crosslinked specimens whose area and intensity increased with longer treatment time (P = 0.003); this band was also visible in crosslinked human specimens. Tensile testing was performed, but results were not statistically significant.Conclusions: AS-OCT imaging, which has not been previously described for tarsal plate, showed a characteristic change in crosslinked porcine and human specimens. Tissue stiffness was increased grossly, but changes in tensile properties were not statistically significant. Further study is warranted to determine relevance as a potential treatment for floppy eyelid syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Known causes of superficial punctuate keratopathy (SPK) in children include entropion, viral infection, blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (BKC), and toxicity of eye drops. However, there are some SPK patients whose causes could not be identified well. Herein, we describe the history, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of a rare case. Case presentation To report a case of superficial punctate keratopathy (SPK) which coexisted with floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) and presented as intermittent red eye and blurred vision in an 11-year-old boy who slept in the prone position. His condition did not improve despite treatment with topical antibiotics (levofloxacin, tobramycin), steroid eye drops (prednisolone), and artificial tears. The patient was diagnosed with tonsil hypertrophy and nasopharyngeal adenoid hypertrophy and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). He underwent tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Then he started sleeping in the supine position postoperatively. The SPK, red eye and blurred vision completely resolved after surgery without additional treatment. The corneal sensation also recovered gradually during the next 7 years. However, the floppy eyelid did not resolve. Conclusion Recurrent SPK of childhood might be related to tonsil hypertrophy, adenoid hypertrophy and OSAS, which can be rehabilitated by a surgical approach.

The patient performed a 30-2 glaucoma tendency-oriented perimetry visual field and optic nerve head imaging with optical coherence tomography. Glaucoma treatment in patients diagnosed with sleep apnoea has been thoroughly studied. The hazard ratio of developing glaucoma in those patients left untreated was 2:15;[10] patients undergoing a combination of treatments - either nasal or pharyngeal surgery with continuous positive airway pressure - significantly reduced the hazard ratio to levels not statistically different from controls. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Floppy eyelid syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by tarsal atonia, common spontaneous eversion of the upper eyelids in conjunction with chronic papillary conjunctivitis. Floppy eyelid syndrome is a frequent cause of recurrent keratitis of different severity up to corneal ulceration. Aim: To assess tear production, tear film and status of cornea in patients with floppy eyelid syndrome. Materials and methods: We examined 8 women aged 47–81 years (median 59 years) with clinical signs of floppy eyelid syndrome. For functional assessment, Schirmer and Norn tests were used. Results: All patients had dry eye syndrome due to increased evaporation and fluid loss from the ocular surface in combination with meibomian gland dysfunction. In all cases, keratitis of varied severity was diagnosed: pitted corneal erosions in 7 patients, severe keratitis on 1 patient. In this patient, untimely diagnosis of floppy eyelid syndrome and inadequate treatment resulted in the development of purulent corneal ulcer, endophthalmitis and subsequent eye enucleation. In all patients, medical treatment involved artificial tear, night gauze bandage and therapeutic eye gels. Conclusion: In patients with floppy eye syndrome, early diagnosis and timely treatment may prevent the development of corneal ulcer.

The obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) may be associated with several eyes disorders, among which the most common is the floppy eyelid syndrome (FES). We intended to highlight the association between OSAS and FES and evaluate the effect of FES treatment with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP). A 50-year patient with a 10-year history of snoring, sleep fragmentation and daytime sleepiness associated with several comorbidities has been studied. For six months, several ocular symptoms were present, particularly on waking up in the morning. An overnight respiratory polygraphy was performed at baseline and after CPAP titration. The treatment with CPAP corrects apnea/hypopnea events and rapidly improves patient’s daytime sleepiness and eyes FES-related symptoms. This improvement is already evident after a very short period of treatment.