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Intelligent impact‐protection wearable devices often require intricate circuitry to operate, which hinders the timely display of impact‐related injuries. Consequently, it is imperative to develop intelligent protective materials that are self‐sufficient and capable of visualization. In this work, the impact protection material shear‐stiffening gel (SSG) is combined with the mechanoluminescent (ML) material ZnS:Cu/PDMS@SiO2 to create ML‐SSG. This material embodies various protective features, including impact protection, force visualization, flame resistance, and long‐distance passive control, making it ideal for intelligent wearable devices. In light of the significant shear stiffening effect of SSG, ML‐SSG effectively dissipates up to 80% of the impact energy and exhibits excellent impact resistance. Concurrently, ML‐SSG is also capable of visualizing impact injuries, displaying and warning in real‐time via mechanoluminescence, and assessing the impact force based on the intensity of mechanoluminescence. The incorporation of SiO2 and ZnS:Cu has resulted in ZnS:Cu/PDMS@SiO2 with remarkable flame‐retardant property. This innovative material significantly improves the performance of ML‐SSG in complex environments. In addition, ML‐SSG realizes human–computer interaction through neural network based on mechanoluminescence display characteristics. This research significantly expands the potential applications of multifunctional protective materials in various complicated environments, thereby promoting the development of wearable protective devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melamine polyphosphate (MP), a halogen-free flame retardant was utilized to prepare flame retardant enhanced montmorillonite (MP-MMT), which was introduced into polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) by emulsion polymerization to improve its heat resistance and flame retardancy. The decorated PMMA were characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, and XPS, indicating that MP-MMT/PMMA composites were successfully prepared. The resulting composites exhibited excellent heat resistance, the temperature at maximum weight loss rate was increased from 360 °C to 377 °C, and the char residue at 500 °C was increased to 1.93%. In addition, the LOI value of PMMA composite system was increased from 17.2% to 22.4%, and MP-MMT/PMMA-3 achieved UL-94 V-1 rating. Compared with pure PMMA, the total heat release and peak heat release rate of MP-MMT/PMMA were reduced by 23.0% and 32.4%, respectively. The total smoke release of the optimal flame-retardant PMMA resin decreased by 22.1%, the CO production increased slightly, and the CO2 production decreased significantly. This indicates that the incorporation of MP-MMT has a good effect on flame retardancy. Finally, the flame retardant mechanism of MP-MMT to inhibit PMMA combustion was analyzed. The intercalation modification of MMT is potentially valuable for flame retardant studies of PMMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melamine‐formaldehyde (MF) foam, while intrinsically flame retardant, necessitates further refinement to meet stringent fire safety standards, particularly in terms of heat release rate and thermal stability. In this study, an innovative approach was adopted wherein an inorganic substance, potassium water glass (WG), was employed to create an encapsulation layer on the surface of the MF foam structure via a straightforward dip‐coating technique. The composite foam underwent a comprehensive analysis of its structure and flame retardant characteristics, using test evaluations such as micro‐scale combustion calorimeter (MCC) testing, cone calorimeter testing (CCT), and thermogravimetric‐Fourier infrared spectrometer (TG‐IR) assessments. It was found that the even coating of WG on the MF foam surface profoundly enhanced the foam's structural integrity. Utilizing the shielding properties of this inorganic layer, the hybrid foam's thermal stability experiences a remarkable augmentation. The peak of heat release rate (pHRR) and the total heat release rate (THR) of the MF foam experienced an impressive reduction of 85.2% and 78.8%, correspondingly. Notably, this advancement is concomitant with a substantial decrease of 39.2% in the total smoke release (TSR) and a notable amelioration in mechanical characteristics. Such developments undeniably broaden their application horizons across diverse domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excellent flame resistance is supposed to be taken into consideration for electronic packaging materials due to the spontaneous combustion of short circuits, except for good mechanical and dielectric properties. Herein, a hyperbranched polyborosiloxane (HPSiB) flame retardant was synthesized via a simple one‐pot transesterification as a multifunctional additive for cyanate ester (CE) resin. The HPSiB with many active terminals features good compatibility with the resin matrix, while catalyzing the curing reaction that conducts at a lower temperature. With as little as 2 wt% HPSiB incorporated, the HPSiB/bisphenol A cyanate ester (BADCy) resin achieves a UL‐94 V0 rating and 32.4% LOI value, and its peak heat release and total smoke production are simultaneously reduced. Its flexural strength and impact strength were significantly enhanced by 30.0% and 85.4%. Besides, the minimum values of dielectric constant and loss can reach 2.77 and 0.0024 at 10 GHz, which are, respectively, reduced by 7.9% and 88.5%. The integration of unique hyperbranched SiOB backbone of HPSiB with CE crosslinked network was responsible for the enhanced overall performance. This work paves a facile strategy to develop multifunctional flame retardant as a promising candidate for the high‐performance electronic packaging materials. Highlights: A novel hyperbranched polyborosiloxane flame retardant was synthesized.HPSiB shows good compatibility and catalyzes the curing reaction of CE resin.HPSiB/CE resin with significantly enhanced flame retardancy was obtained.Simultaneously high toughness and low dielectric loss were achieved.Hyperbranched structure containing SiOB chains led to the great enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety protective coatings for oil and gas transportation pipelines are in dire need of high strength, wear resistance, temperature resistance, and fire resistance. However, the development of such coatings faces numerous challenges. This study introduces a epoxy coating with enhanced flame resistance and wear resistance. The composite coating is achieved through the synergistic integration of nano black phosphorus (BP), metal–organic framework (MOF)-derived layered double hydroxide (LDH), and an epoxy matrix. In this epoxy system, MOF-derived LDH effectively inhibits the aggregation of BP and LDH through directional growth. Remarkably, the composite coating demonstrates high flame-retardant efficiency at a low loading of 2 wt %, surpassing the performance of similar composites previously reported. During the combustion process, the heat release rate and total smoke yield decreased by 58.8 and 47.0%, respectively. Additionally, carbon monoxide emissions were reduced by 40.7%, and the limiting oxygen index increased to 32.0%, meeting the UL-94 V-0 classification. The incorporation of functional fillers enhanced the tensile strength of the epoxy protective coating to 55.3 MPa, with an improved impact strength of 16.5 kJ/m2. Friction characterization tests revealed a friction coefficient of only 0.55 for the composite coating, significantly lower than that of pure epoxy, and the depth and width of grinding marks generated are significantly diminished, confirming the superior wear resistance of the coating surface. This research offers a valuable reference for the design and manufacture of safety protective coatings tailored for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the incorporation of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and polyphenylene ether-grafted maleic anhydride copolymer (FB) into acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)/polyphenylene oxide (PPO) blend has been investigated to enhance the compatibility and performance of the blends. ABS/PPO blend (AP) with the weight ratio of ABS/PPO = 70/30 with 5 wt% loading of FB and different weight contents of HNTs were elaborated by melt blending process, and their properties were studied. The SEM observation revealed that AP blend exhibited dispersed phases of PPO droplets with apparent gaps between PPO and ABS phases, indicating poor adhesion between the polymers in the blend. As the compatibilizer, FB effectively enhanced the inter-phase interaction, minimizing the formation of interfacial gaps, evidenced by the SEM images, leading to the adhesion between ABS, PPO, and HNTs phases. As a result, the mechanical performance of the AP blend was significantly improved with the addition of FB and HNTs. At 5 wt% of HNT, the AP/FB/HNT blend exhibited the tensile strength of 37.47 MPa and flexural strength of 59.09 MPa compared to 26.60 MPa and 39.45 MPa of neat AP, respectively. The glass transition temperature of the modified blends showed shifts compared to the neat AP, which indicates the improvement in miscibility of the modified-AP blends. The thermal stability and flame resistance of the blends were also enhanced with the introduction of HNTs and FB, evidenced by the V-1 rating in the UL-94 test and the increase in limiting oxygen index (LOI). These results demonstrated that the incorporation of HNTs and FB is a promising and straightforward method to improve the properties of ABS/PPO blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of polyurethane foam (PUF) from green and sustainable agricultural waste reeds could replace traditional petroleum-based PUF. In this paper, reed naturally contains nano-SiO2.was liquefied to reed-based polyol (R-P) using Castor oil and PEG-400 as a compound solvent and H2SO4 as a catalyst, The liquefaction efficiency is as high as 97.16%; Reed-based polyurethane foam (R-PUF) was prepared with R-P, water, and isocyanate by one-pot and free rise method. Moreover, DOPO with a rigid ring and Phosphorus was introduced into the cross-linked structure of rigid PUF as a reactive-type flame retardant. The mechanical properties, microstructure, thermal stability, and flame retardance of the R-PUFs were investigated, The results showed that the density of R-PUF was 33.03 kg/m3, the thermal conductivity was 0.0350 W/(m·K), and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was 20.5%, which was higher than petroleum-based polyurethane; the 6%-DOPO PUF has better flame retardant and thermal stability. The mechanism of R-PUF added DOPO is intrinsic flame retardant and the result of the presence of the gas phase inhibiting the combustion chain reaction and the coalescence phase blocking the transfer of oxygen and heat to the interior of the foam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As noise pollution affects mental and physical health, sound absorbing panels are used to reduce noise pollution problems, especially the use of natural materials instead of synthetic materials in the fabrication of sound absorbing panels. Bamboo charcoal and natural kaolin clay were applied for eco-friendly flame retardant sound absorbing panels. The appropriate ratio of natural materials for forming sound absorbing panels to obtain the maximum sound absorption ability was investigated. In addition, the effects of the mixture ratios and thicknesses of sound absorbing panels on sound absorption, mechanical properties, and flame resistance were studied. The noise reduction coefficient (NRC) was determined according to ISO 354:2006 and ASTM C 423. At a thickness of 7 mm, the mixture materials obtained the highest sound absorption coefficient of 0.4 with a weight ratio of bamboo charcoal: natural kaolin: water: latex compound of 97: 3: 200: 50, respectively. It also has properties with a density of 327.62 kg/m3, a water absorption value of 9.14%, and a maximum tensile strength of 453.66 N, according to TIS 535-2527. The microstructural characteristics of the fabricated sound absorbing panel were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, which revealed good adhesion and high porosity. The flammability tests were performed according to ASTM D3801 and ASTM D635 for the vertical and horizontal positions, respectively. The appropriate mixture ratios presented for vertical burning obtained a V-0 classification, and horizontal burning obtained an HB classification. The flame retardant sound absorbing panel made from natural materials, including bamboo charcoal as a sound absorber and natural kaolin clay as a sound absorbing support, can be achieved because when it is ignited, it turns into ashes that can assist in extinguishing the fire by itself and not spread the flame. Bamboo charcoal powder and natural kaolin clay showed good performance for both sound absorption and flame retardancy. These are the natural alternative materials that can be used to develop commercial flame retardant sound absorbing panels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Plastics Science & Technology / Suliao Ke-Ji is the property of Plastics Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To improve the flame retardancy and solid content of waterborne polyurethane (WPU), AOT, and AOD series of WPU were synthesized and characterized. Carboxylic acid/nonionic composite units were used as hydrophilic groups, and OP550/THPO and OP550/DOPO‐HQ combinations were used as flame retardant modifiers, respectively. The results revealed that the flame retardant‐modified WPU emulsions still had excellent dispersion, stability, and fluidity. The UL‐94 rating of modified WPU could reach V‐0, and the AOD series samples had better flame retardancy than the AOT series, where AO10D3‐WPU containing 3% DOPO‐HQ had an limiting oxygen index value up to 30.5%. Besides, the peak heat release rate and total heat release of AO10D3‐WPU were respectively decreased by 32% and 34%, compared with the control sample in the conical calorimetric test. The TGA, TG‐IR, and SEM‐EDS exhibited that the flame retardants functioned in the condensed phase by promoting carbon formation. The tensile strength of AOT series samples was excellent with a range of 15.84–27.47 MPa, while the elongation at break of AOD series samples was relatively high with a distribution of 850.8%–913.11%, which could be selected to suit the needs of different application scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applications of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) are largely limited due to its poor flame resistance. In this work, organosolubility, and flame resistance are imparted to PVOH through green chemical transformation using dichloroacetic acid (DCAA). Unlike the conventional solvent‐based strategies, PVOH was modified by simply mixing it with DCAA and heating the mixture without employing any additional reagents/catalysts/solvents. This resulted in the formation of a random copolymer, poly(vinyl alcohol‐co‐vinyl dichloroacetate), which was not soluble in water but was soluble in organic solvents such as acetone, methanol, and dimethylsulfoxide. Furthermore, the copolymer was inherently self‐extinguishing, and did not melt drip or show glowing combustion. Additionally, dummy currency notes coated with this copolymer displayed exceptional self‐extinguishing and non‐glowing properties when removed from the flame, proving the copolymer's suitability for flame‐retardant sizing/coating applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research focuses on the preparation of several coating pastes using polyacrylate PA, polyurethane PU and Latex mixed with different ionic liquids, namely [Py, PF6] and [A, PF6]. These prepared pastes were applied to one side of a cotton/polyester blend fabric, by knife coating to improve their flame resistance and water repellency. The morphology of pristine fabric and fabric coated with ionic liquids was studied by scanning electron microscope. The mechanical resistance according to NF EN ISO 13934-1:2013 standard shows that the functionalization of fabrics by [A, PF6] and [Py, PF6] using the knife coating method does not affect the mechanical resistance of the fabrics elaborated. The vertical burning test according to ISO 6940:2004 (F) shows that fabrics treated with polymers + ionic liquids do not burn even increasing the flame time to 20 s with a residue of 98% for PU + 2% [Py, PF6]. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the thermal stability of fabrics coated with polymers + ionic liquids PF 6 - has been improved compared to that of pristine fabric and fabrics coated only with polymers. The washing test carried out according to the ISO 105-C06:2010 standard shows that fabrics treated with ionic + polymer liquids retain the flame-retardant property for up to 12 washing cycles. Then, a drop test and a rain test confirmed that the textile materials coated with polymers + PF 6 - do not absorb water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cellulose (Cel)-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-sodium alginate (SA) composite aerogels are prepared by adding PVA and SA to the Cel suspension, followed by freeze-drying. The structure and properties of Cel-PVA-SA composite aerogels are determined by FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index method and cone calorimetry. The results reveal that sodium alginate is uniformly distributed within the aerogels. The as-synthesized composite aerogels possess excellent compressive resilience properties. In addition, the addition of sodium alginate significantly reduces the flammability of cellulose. Therefore, this study provides a simple method to prepare green flame-retardant Cel-PVA composite aerogels materials, and the aerogels demonstrate excellent potential for application in construction materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flammability of natural fibers is their main limitation in high-temperature engineering applications, a contemporary issue in the present green engineering sector. Therefore, the current investigation focused on developing fire-resistant natural fibers through surface coating with hybrid biochemicals using the Taguchi approach (L9 orthogonal array). The low-cost and eco-friendly chemicals, chitosan (CTS), sodium bicarbonate (SBC), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP), were utilized by dissolving 3 wt% and 6 wt% of each in an aqueous medium and coating the mixture on bamboo nonwoven fibers (BNFs). The surface chemistry of the coated BNFs were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of the hybrid coating on the flammability and thermal stability of the BNFs were studied. The experimental results indicate that the synergistic effect of the chemicals through the intumescent mechanism and metal bicarbonate effectively improved the flame resistance of BNFs. The results of the vertical burning test of the coated fibers indicated their exceptional self-flame-extinguishment, reaching the V0 level, with excellent thermal stability and almost 40 wt% residue at 700 °C. Overall, the hybrid coat could enhance the flame-resistant properties of natural fibers, thereby overcoming the limitations of natural fibers and making them suitable for use as sub-structural components in engineering applications as reinforcements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyimide aerogels (PIAs) are thermally insulating materials that possess various advantages, such as exceptionally high temperature resistance and low thermal conductivity, which make them great potential candidate materials to be applied in the area of thermal protection. However, under harsh mechanical stresses, the macro- and microscopic structural stability of PIAs may be compromised due to shrinkage/collapse, leading to performance degradation. Herein, we propose a homogeneous organic/inorganic hybrid formation strategy for constructing nanoporous polyimide/silica aerogels (PIAs-A) with exceptional mechanical strength and ultralow thermal conductivity. The results obtained indicate that PIAs-A have an optimal three-dimensional nanoporous network structure with a pore size distribution mainly within the range of 10–20 nm. Monitoring the temperature evolution of the material's cold surface showed that it remained at a low temperature of 37.5 °C even when the material was placed against a hot surface of 150 °C. The residual mechanical strengths of the aerogels remained at a superior level (with strength degradation being less than 9%) after exposure to ultralow and high-temperature atmospheres. Furthermore, compressive stress values at 3% strain exceeded previously reported values for PIAs by 625 and 733% at −50 and 100 °C, respectively. Meanwhile, our aerogels displayed flame resistance even when exposed to a heat source of approximately 1200 °C, possessed favorable hydrophobic properties, and maintained dimensional stability up to 504 °C. The robust mechanical and thermal insulation properties of PIAs-A make them a promising substitute material for thermal superinsulation in aircraft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal control methods based on phase change materials have a wide range of applications, from thermal management to latent heat storage for renewable energy systems, with intermittent availability. Organic PCMs have some advantages over inorganics; however, their major drawback is flammability. In critical applications, such as buildings, electric vehicles, and aerospace applications, flammability is an issue that must be addressed in order to comply with safety standards. This review paper covers current studies assessing the PCM response to fire or excessive temperature, methods for ensuring flame retardancy, and their impact on the PCMs key characteristics: phase transition temperature range, latent heat, heat transfer rate, and compatibility with other system materials. A special focus is set on the preparation methods and the effectiveness of the flame-retardance achievement method. Some research gaps and further research directions are identified and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emission, reduce the consumption of natural resources, and increase the sustainability of biocomposite foams, the present study focuses on the recycling of cork processing waste for the production of lightweight, non-structural, fireproof thermal and acoustic insulating panels. Egg white proteins (EWP) were used as a matrix model to introduce an open cell structure via a simple and energy-efficient microwave foaming process. Samples with different compositions (ratio of EWP and cork) and additives (eggshells and inorganic intumescent fillers) were prepared with the aim of correlating composition, cellular structures, flame resistance, and mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the first magnetic ceramic nanoparticles were produced utilizing the hydrothermal method. The properties of the nanoparticles were studied utilizing a variety of distinct analytical tools, including an X-ray diffraction pattern, a scanning electron microscope, an infrared absorption spectrometer, and a vibration sample magnetometer. Then, the polymer matrix nanocomposite (PMNC) was fabricated using epoxy resin and made into nanoparticles. In the next step, various analyses, such as microhardness, tensile strength, and flame tests, were taken from the PMNC samples, and the results were compared. The results showed that nanoparticles with a fine and uniform structure and high purity are produced and also have magnetic properties. Furthermore, by adding nanoparticles to epoxy resin and improving surface and mechanical properties, flame resistance is also improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fire behaviour of electric vehicles (EVs) differs from that of vehicles with combustion engines. Especially the rechargeable energy storage system (REESS) requires special fire protection measures. The fire behaviour of materials for REESS housings plays an important role in the fire resistance of such systems. Full-scale fire resistance tests like gasoline pool fire tests on complete REESS according to the UNECE-R100-8E standard are mandatory for EVs. However, these tests are not applicable for materials used for REESS housings in the material and process development state, due to the high material demand and production costs of the REESS. Standard tests like the limiting oxygen index test, UL94-V test or cone calorimeter test are insufficient to analyse the fire behaviour of thermoplastic and thermoset materials in a gasoline pool fire. This paper describes a bench-scale fuel fire test including several test criteria to evaluate materials for REESS housings on a laboratory scale. This bench-scale fire test is demonstrated on two case studies: fibre-reinforced thermoset plates and thermoplastic sandwich structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Smart fire alarm sensor (FAS) materials with mechanically robust, excellent flame retardancy as well as ultra-sensitive temperature-responsive capability are highly attractive platforms for fire safety application. However, most reported FAS materials can hardly provide sensitive, continuous and reliable alarm signal output due to their undesirable temperature-responsive, flame-resistant and mechanical performances. To overcome these hurdles, herein, we utilize the multi-amino molecule, named HCPA, that can serve as triple-roles including cross-linker, fire retardant and reducing agent for decorating graphene oxide (GO) sheets and obtaining the GO/HCPA hybrid networks. Benefiting from the formation of multi-interactions in hybrid network, the optimized GO/HCPA network exhibits significant increment in mechanical strength, e.g., tensile strength and toughness increase of ~ 2.3 and ~ 5.7 times, respectively, compared to the control one. More importantly, based on P and N doping and promoting thermal reduction effect on GO network, the excellent flame retardancy (withstanding ~ 1200 °C flame attack), ultra-fast fire alarm response time (~ 0.6 s) and ultra-long alarming period (> 600 s) are obtained, representing the best comprehensive performance of GO-based FAS counterparts. Furthermore, based on GO/HCPA network, the fireproof coating is constructed and applied in polymer foam and exhibited exceptional fire shielding performance. This work provides a new idea for designing and fabricating desirable FAS materials and fireproof coatings.

In quest of developing sustainable separator for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), this research focuses on functionalization of low cost cellulose based commercial paper using duo-polymer and nano-SiO2 by designing a facile aqueous based industry friendly wet-coating process. Unlike commercial plastic based polyolefin separators (polypropylene/polyethylene), the developed paper separator shows superior thermal stability > 200 °C without dimensional shrinkage, excellent electrolyte wettability (147%) with zero contact angle, quicker electrolyte saturation and satisfactory mechanical strength (34.86–38.31 MPa). The electrochemical performance carried out in 2032 coin cells using fabricated paper separators shows comparable performance to that of commercial polypropylene (PP) based separator at different current densities of 0.05–0.4 mA/cm2 with excellent columbic efficiency (> 96%) and good capacity retention on cycling. The developed separator is found to be compatible with most of the commercial electrodes (MCMB, LiCoO2, LiFePO4) used in today's LIBs. The functionalized cellulose-ceramic composite paper separator shows excellent flame retardant properties by offering an added safety features for its successful use in lithium-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial biomineralization is explored as a strategy for improving the thermal stability of symbiotic cultures of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) cellulose aerogels. Cellulose pellicles were grown in kombucha tea and subsequently biomineralized with Sporosarcina pasteurii (S. pasteurii). The samples were exposed to one, two, or three cycles of ureolytic biomineralization. The microstructure and material properties of biomineralized samples were compared to experimental controls, which included a non‐biomineralized cellulose aerogel sample and an abiotic cellulose aerogel sample that was exposed to the biomineralization treatment without the addition of S. pasteurii. Results indicate that significant biomineralization (up to 38% CaCO3 by mass) occurred in the biomineralized SCOBY cellulose aerogels. Multiple biomineralization cycles enhance biomineralization of the sample surface and interior. Thermal conductivities of resultant aerogels measured ≈0.043–0.057 Wm−1 K−1 for all samples, indicating that biomineralization did not negatively affect the thermal conductivity of the SCOBY cellulose aerogels. Results further illustrate that biomineralization improved the thermal stability and flame resistance of SCOBY cellulose aerogels compared to experimental controls. Low thermal conductivity, improved thermal stability, and higher flame resistance of biomineralized SCOBY cellulose aerogels together indicate that thermally stable insulation materials can be produced exclusively from biological organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of intelligent materials for protective equipment applications is still growing, with enormous potential to improve the safety of personnel functioning in specialized professions, such as firefighters. The design and production of such materials by the chemical modification of biodegradable semisynthetic polymers, accompanied by modern manufacturing techniques such as electrospinning, which may increase specific properties of the targeted material, continue to attract the interest of researchers. Phosphorus-modified poly(vinyl alcohol)s have been, thus, synthesized and utilized to prepare environmentally friendly electrospun mats. Poly(vinyl alcohol)s of three different molecular weights and degrees of hydrolysis were phosphorylated by polycondensation reaction in solution in the presence of phenyl dichlorophosphate in order to enhance their flame resistance and thermal stability. The thermal behavior and the flame resistance of the resulting phosphorus-modified poly(vinyl alcohol) products were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and by cone calorimetry at a micro scale. Based on the as-synthesized phosphorus-modified poly(vinyl alcohol)s, electrospun mats were successfully fabricated by the electrospinning process. Rheology studies were performed to establish the optimal conditions of the electrospinning process, and scanning electron microscopy investigations were undertaken to observe the morphology of the phosphorus-modified poly(vinyl alcohol) electrospun mats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water pollutions that come from spilled oils, discharged organic reagents and abused pesticides have become an urgent problem to ecosystem. In this study, inspired by the multi-properties of MOF materials, we presented a bifunctional MOF-based sponge (OPA-UiO-66 @MF) to achieve the effective oil/water separation as well as the catalytic degradation of organic pollutants. On one hand, upon the in-situ growth of UiO-66 on melamine foam (MF) sponges and the octadecyl-phosphonic acid (OPA) modification of UiO-66, we highlighted the superhydrophobic/superoleophilic property of the OPA-UiO-66 @MF, which leads to excellent performances in oils adsorption and continuous oil/water separation. On the other hand, benefits from the lipase-like property of UiO-66, OPA-UiO-66 @MF was proved having potential ability in the catalytic degradation of carboxylic acid ester pesticides which are usually enriched in oils or organic solvents. Moreover, since phosphorus containing groups can be introduced onto the surface of sponge through OPA modification, OPA-UiO-66 @MF also displayed superior flame resistance. As an effective, safe and green material, the developed flame-resistant bifunctional OPA-UiO-66 @MF sponge might provide a promising application in the elimination of organic pollutants in water systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphated hydrotalcite (P-LDHs) was synthesized from steel slag and modified hydrotalcite (SDS-P-LDHs) was obtained by intercalation of P-LDHs with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). P-LDHs and SDS-P-LDHs were blended with expanded graphite and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA),to prepare EVA foam composites, respectively. The surface morphology and structure of P-LDHs and SDS-P-LDHs were characterized by XRD, XRF, FT-IR, SEM and TEM. Combined with limited oxygen index(LOI), UL-94, SEM, TG, tensile strength and elongation at break, the effects of P-LDHs and SDS-P-LDHs on the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of EVA foam composites were discussed. The results show that the addition of P-LDHs and SDS-P-LDHs significantly improves the flame retardant properties of EVA foam composites and can play a good role in charring formation. Compared with P-LDHs, SDS-P-LDHs have better compatibility with EVA matrix. When the addition amount of SDS-P-LDHs is 30%(mass fraction), the LOI reaches 27.5%, UL-94 reaches V-0 level, tensile strength and elongation at break are 2.27 MPa and 251%, respectively. The comprehensive properties of the system are optimal.

Adding flame retardant into leather is an effective way to improve the flame resistance of leather products. In this paper, a Nitrogen-Phosphorus Intumescent (NPI) flame retardant was synthesized and then added to the fatliquoring process to modify leather. The effect of NPI flame retardant on the flame-retardant properties of leather was investigated using Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI), smoke density, vertical combustion, cone calorimeter tests, and SEM. The results revealed that LOI of leather modified with NPI flame retardant increased with the increase of flame retardant. The flame and flameless combustion time of the modified leather was effectively reduced. Compared with unmodified leather, HRR of the modified leather with 6% NPI flame retardant decreased from 80.32 MJ/m2 to 63.45 MJ/m2; the peak HRR dropped from 108.71 MJ/m2 to 77.23 MJ/m2. Moreover, the fire growth index of the modified leather with 6% NPI flame retardant is close to half of that of the unmodified sample. The results certified the enhancing effect of NPI flame retardant added in the fatliquoring process on flame retardancy of leather samples.

Flame-resistant polymer composites were prepared based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a polymer matrix and a polyphosphonate as flame retardant. Oxalic acid was used as crosslinking agent. LiClO4, BaTiO3, and graphene oxide were also incorporated into PVA matrix to increase the ionic conductivity. The obtained film composites were investigated by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and microscale combustion tests. Incorporating fire retardant (PFRV), BaTiO3, and graphene oxide (GO) into a material results in increased resistance to fire when compared to the control sample. A thermogravimetric analysis revealed that, as a general trend, the presence of PFRV and BaTiO3 nanoparticles enhances the residue quantity at a temperature of 700 °C from 7.9 wt% to 23.6 wt%. Their dielectric properties were evaluated with Broad Band Dielectric Spectroscopy. The electrical conductivity of the samples was determined and discussed in relation to the LiClO4 content. The electrical properties, including permittivity and conductivity, are being enhanced by the use of LiClO4. Additionally, a relaxation peak has been observed in the dielectric losses at frequencies exceeding 103 Hz. The electrical properties, including permittivity and conductivity, are being enhanced by the use of LiClO4. Additionally, a relaxation peak has been observed in the dielectric losses at frequencies exceeding 103 Hz. Out of the various composites tested, the composite containing 35 wt% of LiClO4 exhibits the highest alternating current (AC) conductivity, with a measured value of 2.46 × 10−3 S/m. Taking into consideration all the aspects discussed, these improved composites are intended for utilization in the manufacturing of Li-Ion batteries.

Flame resistance is required for the deployment of bio-based materials, especially those forming cellular structures that endow thermal insulation. This study proposes a one-pot strategy to prepare cellular lignocellulosic composites with excellent flame resistance. Lignocellulosic microfibers were used as the substrate onto which a flame-retardant complex consisting of P-containing phytic acid (PA) and N-containing polyethyleneimine (PEI) was formed. Following the prediction of ab initio molecular dynamics simulation, PA and PEI are integrated onto MF-CTMP following a single-step complexation assembly triggered by pH effects. The PA-PEI modified MF-CTMP can be readily transformed into a composite solid foam by dewatering a wet foam followed by oven drying. At the expense of a slightly reduced thermal insulation (thermal conductivity increase from 33.6 ± 0.6 to 40.0 ± 0.6 mW/(m·K)) the presence of PA-PEI complexes significantly improved the mechanical performance of the foam and uniquely endows it with flame resistance. Compared to unmodified MF-CTMP foams, the composite foams showed significant improvement in the Young's, specific compression, and flexural moduli (increased by 13.5, 5.5, and 7.3 folds, respectively), a high oxygen index (up to 40.8 %) and self-extinguishing effects. The results suggest the suitability of the introduced lignocellulosic foam as an alternative to traditional synthetic polymer-based counterparts as well as inorganic matter for insulation, particularly relevant to the building sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Nacre-like ternary hybrid network TA-GO/HHACP is facilely constructed. • The network shows excellent mechanical and flame resistance property. • Ultra-sensitive early fire alarm response of ∼ 1 s at temperature of 250 °C is achieved. • Ultra-long continuous fire alarming period of > 1600 s is realized. • Flame-retardant mechanisms and reliable fire warning behaviors are clarified. Graphene oxide (GO)-based intelligent fire alarm sensor (FAS) has recently been a sought-after research topic in fire prevention fields. However, it remains a challenge to facilely construct GO-based composite that simultaneously possess mechanical flexibility, excellent flame resistance, highly-sensitive temperature-responsive behavior, rapid fire response and ultra-long fire alarming durability. Here, a nacre-like ternary hybrid paper is conveniently obtained by integrating GO with hexachlorophosphazene-based multi‑hydroxyl molecule (HHACP) and tannic acid (TA) via a facile and eco-friendly water evaporation-induced self-assembly method. The resultant composite paper (TA-GO/HHACP) exhibits mechanically flexible property with tensile strength of 103.7 MPa and toughness of 1.51 MJ/m3, comparable to 2.52 and 5.39 times higher than those of pure GO paper. Further, the TA-GO/HHACP paper displays excellent nonflammability and high-temperature resistance that can withstand continuous butane flame attack (∼ 1200 °C), resulting in ultra-long sustained alarming period of > 1600 s under an open fire. More importantly, benefiting from its rapid electrical resistance reduction capability, such TA-GO/HHACP paper demonstrates ultra-fast fire-triggered response time of ∼ 0.6 s, and ultra-sensitive early fire alarm responses to abnormal high temperatures during pre-combustion process, e.g., ∼ 1 s at 250 °C and ∼ 19 s at 200 °C, respectively, outperforming the best reported GO‑based FAS counterparts. This work provides an inventive paradigm to develop high-performance GO-based intelligent materials with reliable and sensitive early fire-warning function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal control methods based on phase change materials have a wide range of applications, from thermal management to latent heat storage for renewable energy systems, with intermittent availability. Organic PCMs have some advantages over inorganics; however, their major drawback is flammability. In critical applications, such as buildings, electric vehicles, and aerospace applications, flammability is an issue that must be addressed in order to comply with safety standards. This review paper covers current studies assessing the PCM response to fire or excessive temperature, methods for ensuring flame retardancy, and their impact on the PCMs key characteristics: phase transition temperature range, latent heat, heat transfer rate, and compatibility with other system materials. A special focus is set on the preparation methods and the effectiveness of the flame-retardance achievement method. Some research gaps and further research directions are identified and discussed.

The objective of this study is to develop polybenzoxazine‐silica nanocomposite systems endowed with greater thermal and fire performance. For this purpose, the 3‐aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and bisphenol A‐based benzoxazine (BA‐3aptms) was synthesized. Also, smooth and spherical silica nanoparticles of 50 nm size were prepared following the Stöber's method. The influence of the nanoparticle size and geometry on the properties (laminar morphology, thermal, dynamic‐mechanical, hydrophobicity, and flame retardancy) of the polybenzoxazine/polysilsesquioxane material was investigated. Also, nanocomposites from the conventional benzoxazine (BA‐a) and SiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized for comparative purposes. The addition of nanoparticles in both polybenzoxazines improved the mechanical, thermal and flammability properties. Likewise, the presence of these nanoparticles conferred to the material a more hydrophobic surface (contact angle around 95°). Particularly, the Pr(BA‐3aptms)/NP nanocomposites presented better properties than the BA‐a‐based systems, due to the presence of laminar‐oriented polysilsesquioxane networks chemically bonded to the silica nanoparticles at nanoscale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: Graphene oxide-based hybrid networks were fabricated via introducing multi-amino molecule with triple roles (i.e., cross-linker, fire retardant and reducing agent). The optimized hybrid network with mechanically robust, exceptional intumescent effect and ultra-sensitive fire alarm response (~ 0.6 s) can be used as desirable smart fire alarm sensor materials. Exceptional fire shielding performances, e.g., ~ 60% reduction in peak heat release rate and limiting oxygen index of ~ 36.5%, are achieved, when coated such hybrid network onto combustible polymer foam. Smart fire alarm sensor (FAS) materials with mechanically robust, excellent flame retardancy as well as ultra-sensitive temperature-responsive capability are highly attractive platforms for fire safety application. However, most reported FAS materials can hardly provide sensitive, continuous and reliable alarm signal output due to their undesirable temperature-responsive, flame-resistant and mechanical performances. To overcome these hurdles, herein, we utilize the multi-amino molecule, named HCPA, that can serve as triple-roles including cross-linker, fire retardant and reducing agent for decorating graphene oxide (GO) sheets and obtaining the GO/HCPA hybrid networks. Benefiting from the formation of multi-interactions in hybrid network, the optimized GO/HCPA network exhibits significant increment in mechanical strength, e.g., tensile strength and toughness increase of ~ 2.3 and ~ 5.7 times, respectively, compared to the control one. More importantly, based on P and N doping and promoting thermal reduction effect on GO network, the excellent flame retardancy (withstanding ~ 1200 °C flame attack), ultra-fast fire alarm response time (~ 0.6 s) and ultra-long alarming period (> 600 s) are obtained, representing the best comprehensive performance of GO-based FAS counterparts. Furthermore, based on GO/HCPA network, the fireproof coating is constructed and applied in polymer foam and exhibited exceptional fire shielding performance. This work provides a new idea for designing and fabricating desirable FAS materials and fireproof coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Hexamethylolmelamine was used as a cross‐linking agent to graft 3‐(dimethylphosphono)‐N‐methylolpropionamide (MDPA) onto Lyocell fibers in a posttreatment process to reduce flammability. The effects of processing conditions on the mechanical properties and P content of the fibers were examined. The results show that increasing the MDPA concentration, microwave treatment time, baking temperature, and baking time increases the P concentration in the fibers, although the mechanical properties of the fibers are reduced to varying degrees. The optimal processing conditions comprise a 40% MDPA concentration, a 320 W microwave treatment for 3 minutes, and baking at 160°C for 5 minutes. Under these conditions, flame‐retardant Lyocell fibers with a breaking strength of 2.47 cN·dtex−1 and a limiting oxygen index of 34.6% were obtained, which meet the performance requirements for textile fibers. Thermogravimetric data indicate that the residual fiber mass after heating increased from 4.7% before treatment to 21.5% after treatment. There was only a minimal change in the hygroscopicity of the treated Lyocell fibers. In addition, after 30 washes, the limiting oxygen index was decreased to 26.5% while maintaining a good flame‐retardant effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel flame retardant, Triethylenetetramine phosphonate ammonium (TECHPA), containing phosphonate and ammonium phosphate groups, was synthesized and characterized by 1H, 13C, and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The results showed that the Limiting oxygen index (LOI) of cotton fabric treated with 40 g/L TECHPA reached 36.8%, which remained at 31.1% after 50 laundering cycles. The infrared spectra and durability test results suggested that the flame retardant was grafted onto the cotton fibers through P–O–C covalent bonds. TG and cone calorimetry results indicated that the cotton fabrics treated with TECHPA flame retardant showed excellent flame retardancy. The SEM and XRD results suggested that the cotton fibers retained their original structures. For treated cotton fabrics, their stiffness increased slightly, their tensile strength decreased a little, and their crease recovery was greatly improved. No formaldehyde was detected in the cotton fabric after treatment. Overall, simultaneously introducing phosphonate and ammonium phosphate groups provided an effective method to increase the durability of treated cotton fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burning of plastics present a serious problem for both our health and safety when applied in advanced applications. Based on the above argument, there is need to enhance the flammability resistance of polymers in order to meet the required flammability standards. Various flame‐retardant fillers are incorporated into polymers in order to provide a protection against heat into the system and inhibit the diffusion of volatile materials out of the polymer composite system. Different flame‐retardant fillers including phosphorus‐based materials, carbon‐based flame retardants, and inorganic hydrated flame‐retardant fillers have been added into polymers in order to improve the flame retardancy of the plastics. Amongst the abovementioned flame‐retardant fillers, inorganic hydrated fillers have gained popularity, especially magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) due its high heat absorption capacity, less smoke release, and non‐toxic, as a result environmentally friendly flame‐retardant filler. However, an effective content of magnesium hydroxide for better flammability retardancy is approximately 60 wt%, which happens to deteriorate the mechanical properties of the magnesium hydroxide/polymer composites. In order to try and compensate for reduction in mechanical properties and improve the flame retardancy of the composites at the same time, magnesium hydroxide is incorporated with another flame‐retardant fillers. This review article covers an in‐depth discussion on the effect of magnesium hydroxide modification, synergistic effect with other fillers, particle size of the magnesium hydroxide, and the effect of compatibilizer(s) on both mechanical and flammability properties of magnesium hydroxide reinforced polymer composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With rapid advancements in aerospace and supersonic aircraft technology, there is a growing demand for multifunctional thermal protective materials. Aerogels, known for their low density and high porosity, have garnered significant attention in this regard. However, developing a lightweight multifunctional aerogel that combines exceptional thermal and mechanical properties through a straightforward and time-efficient method remains a significant challenge. Herein, a facile and universal approach is developed for the preparation of Kevlar/hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) aerogels, in which a spin-assisted method is applied to create robust microribbons and further accelerate solvent displacement. The resulting microribbon scaffold, with its entangled nanofiber-nanosheet morphologies, exhibits sufficient strength to prevent volume shrinkage during drying, thereby allowing precise control over aerogel density. The porous hybrid aerogels, featuring controllable geometric characteristics and tailored densities ranging from 6.9 to 100 mg cm -3 , can be successfully fabricated. These aerogels exhibit excellent thermal insulation properties, and the thermal conductivities of the as-prepared KB X aerogels have a wide distribution in the range of 0.0269-0.0450 W m -1 k -1 . The thermal stability of the hybrid aerogels is enhanced to 566 °C. Moreover, the resulting hybrid aerogels exhibit an ultrahigh bearing ratio, supporting more than 2000 times their own weight while maintaining stable structural integrity. These aerogels also demonstrate high compressive strength, hydrophobicity, and excellent sorption performance for various oils and solvents. Additionally, the oil-saturated aerogels can be easily recovered through heat treatment or combustion in air. The features endow hybrid Kevlar/h-BN aerogels with significant potential for applications in thermal management, environmental protection, and neutron protection.

This work focused on the preparation of chlorinated nitrile rubber (Cl-NBR)/hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocomposites by an open two-roll mixing mill. The formation of nanocomposites was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The dielectric properties and flame retardancy of polymer nanocomposites were analyzed with special attention to the loading of HA nanoparticles. Diffusion and permeation properties of petroleum solvents through the prepared Cl-NBR/HA composites were also investigated in detail as a function of filler content, different temperatures and nature of solvent. The incorporation of HA in Cl-NBR has been endorsed by FTIR analysis. The XRD showed the crystalline peaks of HA in the polymer chain. SEM images revealed that the nanoparticles were uniformed distributed in the polymer network with spherically shaped particles. TGA results indicated that the thermal stability of nanocomposites was remarkably higher than the pure Cl-NBR and the thermal stability increases with the loading of nanoparticles. The dielectric study observed a decreasing dielectric constant with increasing frequency, and the maximum property was obtained for 7 phr HA filling in Cl-NBR. The flame resistance of the polymer composites was greatly enhanced by the incorporation of nanoparticles. The diffusion, sorption and permeation constants were found to decreased with increase in HA content. The solvent uptake decreases with the size of the penetrant molecules, and the mechanism of transport of Cl-NBR composite was anomalous in nature. The enthalpy and entropy changes of the nanocomposites were analyzed from the diffusion data. The composite containing 7 phr HA sample showed higher dielectric properties and better solvent resistance properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose nanofibril (CNF) aerogels have attracted great interests in recent years due to the low cost, sustainability and biocompatibility of raw CNF. However, the poor thermal stability and flammable feature of CNF aerogels have limited their wider applications. In this paper, polydopamine/CNF composite aerogels with good comprehensive properties are fabricated by modification of CNF with polydopamine and metal coordination bonds crosslinking. The microstructure and properties of composite aerogels are thoroughly characterized by a variety of tests. It is found that the microstructure of aerogels are more regular and the compressive strength of aerogels are enhanced by the incorporation of polydopamine and Fe3+ crosslinking. Importantly, the thermal stability and flame resistance of aerogels are significantly improved, which permit the application of composite aerogels in high-temperature thermal insulation. In addition, the reversible characteristic of metal coordination bonds allows the water induced healing of fractured composite aerogels. This study is expected to provide information for future development of green and high-performance aerogels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the research on the introduction of rare earth elements into silicone rubber has been increased, and the rare earth additives has greatly improved the comprehensive performance of silicone rubber. The various applications of rare earths in silicone rubber are introduced, including improving its mechanical properties, flame resistance, heat resistance, fluorescence, good radiation resistance and antibacterial properties. Application prospects in silicone rubber are also prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review précises progress in the design, characteristics and potential of polyimide/graphene nanocomposite foam. The polyimide and graphene based foam architectures have been designed using two strategies, i.e., reinforcement of polyimide foam with graphene/graphene oxide nanofiller and the inclusion of preformed graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, or modified graphene foams in the polyimide matrix. In this regard, several advance approaches have been adopted to fabricate the polyimide/graphene nanocomposite foam. The polyimide/graphene nanocomposite foam possesses enhanced structural and physical properties. Consequently, the nanocomposite foam owns remarkable porosity, hierarchical nanostructure, electrical conductivity, thermal transportation, thermal stability, mechanical robustness and other superior features. The practical applications of polyimide/graphene nanocomposite foam have been experiential in the fields of sensing, radiation shielding, flame resistance and oil/water separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood–plastic composites (WPCs) are increasingly broadly applied composites that combine the merits of wood and plastics, such as the renewable, degradable, lightweight, and low‐cost characteristics of wood, and the thermoplasticity, hydrophobicity, and toughness of plastics. However, WPCs also display the disadvantages of the two main components including hydrophilicity and flammability of wood, and weathering degradability, flammability, and thermal expansion of plastics. Coextruded WPCs (Co‐WPCs) are multilayer composites in which regular WPCs are coated with a protective shell layer through coextrusion. The core–shell structure of Co‐WPCs provides a way to overcome the shortcomings of WPCs by modifications specific to the composite surfaces. This review summarizes the studies of Co‐WPCs in terms of their mechanical properties, moisture absorption, weathering, flame resistance, and dimensional stability. It also presents expectations for the further development of Co‐WPCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic resin‐carbon fiber composites are used in various industries due to their high flame resistance, high strength to weight ratio, and high thermal stability as an insulator. In this study, to expand the applications of this composite in marine structures, phenolic resin‐carbon fiber‐nanosilica composites were fabricated with eight layers of twill carbon fibers and 0, 1, 2, and 3 wt% of nanosilica then flexural and flame resistance was investigated. To evaluate the stability of the composites in seawater, the samples were placed in seawater for 30, 60, and 90 days then the flexural test was performed and the percentage of strength reduction was calculated. Thermogravimetric analyzer test was performed on a sample that had the highest strength after 90‐day immersion. Finally, it was found that nanosilica particles had a significant effect on increasing the flexural strength and flame resistance of samples so that the sample with 3 wt% silica had flexural strength and burning rate of 690 MPa, 0.098 g/s, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A phosphorus/nitrogen-rich oligomer with numerous reactive groups (PEI-P) was synthesized and used as highly efficient durable flame retardant for cotton fabric. The O=P–ONH4 and O=P–OH groups in PEI-P reacted with O–H group in cellulose during finishing process. PEI-P triggered the decomposition of cotton fabric in advance, while markedly increased the char yield at high temperature. Treated fabrics showed superior flame resistance and durability. With the add-on of 19.3%, treated fabric achieved an LOI value of 38.7%. It self-extinguished even after 50 laundering cycles during vertical burning test. The PHRR and THR decreased by 86.10% and 65.11% in contrast to control fabric, respectively. PEI-P exerted gaseous and condensed flame-retardant effects by restraining the release of flammable volatiles, producing nonflammable gases and catalyzing the formation of stable phosphorus/nitrogen-rich char layers. Compared to control fabric, treated fabrics obtained well-maintained crystal structure and physical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose is now considered as an appealing environment friendly material for the development of sustainable separators for rechargeable batteries. This study thus aims to develop high performance paper based ceramic separators with superior electrolyte wettability (>170 %), high thermal stability (>200 °C) and excellent flame safety. While developing paper based ceramic separator, extensive studies are carried out to understand thenature and functionality of different nano-structured ceramic materials (Al 2 O 3 , BaTiO 3 and ZrO 2) impregnated in paper matrix. Nano-ZrO 2 facilitates an effective pathway for Li +-ion transport (t Li + = 0.51), whereas BaTiO 3 and Al 2 O 3 ceramics show moderate Li +-ion transport properties (t Li+ of 0.29 and 0.30 respectively). Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurement clearly reveals that ZrO 2 exhibits more interfacial compatibility with the electrodes (MCMB and LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2) compared to the other two ceramic separators during full cell operation. The developed paper separators show excellent electrochemical properties in terms of cycling (tested 300 cycles), multi-electrode compatibility and rate capabilities at different current densities of 0.1–1.2 mAcm−2. The pre- and post-electrochemical EIS data reveal that ZrO 2 based impregnation offers significantly lower charge transfer resistance compared to the other two separators. The study thus demonstrates a real promise for its successful application in Li-ion battery towards achieving sustainability and safety. [Display omitted] • Sustainable, flexible and high safety ceramic based paper separators for LIBs. • Separators were developed using easy to scale up wet-coating process. • Ceramic impregnation affects physical and electrochemical properties of the separators. • Paper separators show superior electrolyte wettability and high thermal stability. • Better electrochemical performances and flame safety are other important advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]