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Background/Objectives: Dental caries remains a significant public health challenge in Romania, with recent studies reporting a prevalence of 40% in children's permanent teeth, with 90% of cases untreated. This study aimed to evaluate the dental status of the first permanent molars in children aged 11–12 years. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted over 12 months at the Integrated Center for Dental Medicine in Târgu Mureș and two private clinics in Transylvania. A total of 516 children, aged 11–12 years, were examined using the ICDAS II classification. Data on carious lesions and dental treatments performed were collected. Results: Of the 2064 first permanent molars examined, 57.99% had carious lesions, fillings, or extractions, while 41.28% were free from caries. Among the affected molars, 41.71% had untreated caries, 9.30% were filled, and 6.25% were sealed. Boys showed a significantly higher prevalence of advanced lesions (ICDAS 4–6) compared to girls. Caries predominantly affected the pits and fissures (87.46%). Conclusions: This study reveals a high prevalence of carious lesions in first permanent molars and a low rate of treatment. The findings emphasize the need for improved oral health education, increased access to dental care, and the development of national strategies to prevent and treat dental caries in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While recycling is a topic of contemporary relevance, there is a scarcity of research on the engineering characteristics of construction and demolition wastes with different levels of grain strength and composition of debris, which impose constraints on their potential for reuse. This study aims to increase the use of recycled aggregates in fillings, addressing a gap in the literature. For this purpose, large-scale direct shear and California bearing ratio tests were conducted on nine diverse recycled aggregates from different construction works. The test outcomes were compared to those obtained from natural aggregates (NA) to draw a meaningful conclusion. The impact of the specimens' water content and relative density on the findings was discussed. Results demonstrated that the shear strength of recycled aggregates is significantly affected by the compressive strength of the concrete within the recycled aggregates. Besides, increasing the percentage of NA or relative density improved the specimen's shear strength. On the other hand, it was determined that the high water content of the crushed bricks reduced the fill's quality. As a result of the study, equations were suggested for use in filling design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Dental caries remains a significant public health challenge in Romania, with recent studies reporting a prevalence of 40% in children’s permanent teeth, with 90% of cases untreated. This study aimed to evaluate the dental status of the first permanent molars in children aged 11–12 years. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted over 12 months at the Integrated Center for Dental Medicine in Târgu Mureș and two private clinics in Transylvania. A total of 516 children, aged 11–12 years, were examined using the ICDAS II classification. Data on carious lesions and dental treatments performed were collected. Results: Of the 2064 first permanent molars examined, 57.99% had carious lesions, fillings, or extractions, while 41.28% were free from caries. Among the affected molars, 41.71% had untreated caries, 9.30% were filled, and 6.25% were sealed. Boys showed a significantly higher prevalence of advanced lesions (ICDAS 4–6) compared to girls. Caries predominantly affected the pits and fissures (87.46%). Conclusions: This study reveals a high prevalence of carious lesions in first permanent molars and a low rate of treatment. The findings emphasize the need for improved oral health education, increased access to dental care, and the development of national strategies to prevent and treat dental caries in children.

Soft materials bearing rigid, lightweight, and vibration-dampening properties offer distinct advantages over traditional wooden and metal-based fillings for spent fuel transport casks, due to their low density, tunable structure, excellent mechanical properties, and ease of processing. In this study, a novel type of rigid polyurethane foam is prepared using a conventional polycondensation reaction between isocyanate and hydroxy groups. Moreover, the density and size of the pores in these foams are precisely controlled through simultaneous gas generation. The as-prepared polyurethane exhibits high thermal stability exceeding 185 °C. Lifetime predictions based on thermal testing indicate that these polyurethane foams could last up to over 60 years, which is double the lifetime of conventional materials of about 30 years. Due to their occlusive structure, the mechanical properties of these polymeric materials meet the design standards for spent fuel transport casks, with maximum compression and tensile stresses of 6.89 and 1.37 MPa, respectively, at a testing temperature of −40 °C. In addition, these polymers exhibit effective flame retardancy; combustion ceased within 2 s after removal of the ignition source. All in all, this study provides a simple strategy for preparing rigid polymeric foams, presenting them as promising prospects for application in spent fuel transport casks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the early hydration reaction and mechanical evolution characteristics of graded fine tailing cemented backfill are studied. The hydration exothermicity and electrical resistance characteristics of backfill slurry with different lime sand ratios are tested, and the microscopic morphology characteristics of early hydration products are analyzed according to scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, on the basis of uniaxial compression mechanical test results, the early hydration reaction process and the effect of the products on the strength evolution of the backfill are analyzed. The results showed that the exothermic process of slurry hydration underwent rapid reaction stage I, induction stage II, acceleration stage III, deceleration stage IV, and stabilization stage V. The volume resistivity underwent increasing stage I, decreasing stage II, and accelerated increasing stages III. The slurry lime sand ratio affects the hydration heat release and volume resistivity. The larger ratio is, the greater the hydration heat release rate and heat release, the more hydration products are generated, and the greater the volume resistivity. An increase in the lime sand ratio prolongs the induction time of the hydration reaction and increases the rate of the hydration reaction during the induction period. At the same time, it retards the growth of volume resistivity. The larger the lime sand ratio is, the stronger the retarding effect and the larger the retarding effect on the growth of slurry volume resistivity. The rate of the hydration reaction directly determines the formation speed of the backfill strength. When the main components of the filling material, C3S and C3A, are dissolved rapidly in water, much heat is released. The generated Ca(OH)2 reduces the volume resistivity of the slurry and accelerates the growth of the backfill strength; the AFt generated subsequently compacts the pores between particles, blocks the dissolution of ions, decreases the rate of heat release, and prevents the growth of backfill strength. The backfill strength increases rapidly from 0–3 d and slowly from 3–7 d. When the hydration reaction is basically completed after 14 d, the filling material is solidified overall, and its strength is basically stable. The change in backfill strength first increases and then gradually decreases until stabilizing. These research conclusions provide theoretical support and scientific guidance for mining to adopt graded fine tailings to fill the underground goaf and control the temperature of the deep stope.

Since joint fissures are distributed extensively within rock masses, rock masses evolve into "sandwich" shapes when filled with joint fissures under long-term geological action, which causes rock discontinuities and destroys rock stability. This study reviews the advances in the shear-seepage properties of rock masses filled with joint fissures (RMFJFs) under static, quasistatic, and dynamic loads, including laboratory experiments, theoretical analysis, and numerical calculations. Results show that the shear properties of RMFJFs are closely associated with the strength of the fillings, the filling degree, and the roughness of the joints. RMFJFs develop under the stress of surrounding rocks, and their seepage properties are therefore affected by the surrounding stress and the filling degree, the rock layer thickness, and the porosity of the rock or fillings. However, detailed studies on the seepage properties of RMFJFs under cyclic loading, impact loading, and different shear rates are lacking. Finally, the existing problems in the research on the seepage properties of RMFJFs are clarified, a constructive research strategy is proposed, and the related trends are discussed in light of the overall mechanical behavior of RMFJFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the water-inrush disaster law of collapse column under the influence of interstitial material activation, a return air roadway of Shenhua Group was taken as the research object. The strength reduction and permeability mutation caused by rock destruction inside and outside collapse column and activation and loss of fillings were considered. FLAC3D simulation was used to study the characteristics of displacement, permeability coefficient, pore water pressure and water inflow of collapse column and surrounding rock in the process of roadway excavation. On this basis, the influence of fillings packed height of collapse column on water inrush was analyzed. The results show that: with the increase of the distance between roadway and collapse column fillings layer, the width and depth of the activated loss of collapse column fillings in the roadway floor will be larger and larger, resulting in the rock displacement between collapse column water-conducting layer and roadway bottom is increasing and the overall slip trend appears. Finally, when the roadway driving face exceeds 1 m of the collapse column central axis, the high-pressure water of the collapse column injects water into the roadway through the activation and loss channel of fillings. And the water inrush has the characteristics of large volume, suddenness and hysteresis. The larger the fillings packed height of collapse column is, the later the water inrush time node of collapse column relative to roadway excavation surface is. However, when the fillings packed height of collapse column reaches 22 m, water inrush will not occur in the collapse column.

In this study, triaxial seepage tests on sandstone specimens containing a preexisting fissure were conducted for three different fissure filling states to investigate the effect of fillings on the mechanical characteristics, fracture behaviors and permeability evolution during the seepage stress-induced failure of jointed rocks. Furthermore, the final 3D crack networks were reconstructed using the X-ray CT technique to qualitatively and quantitatively reveal the internal damage characteristics. The results show that the enhancing effect of fillings on the stress thresholds of specimens with a low-dip fissure is greater than that of specimens with a high-dip fissure, especially for the peak strength, while the axial stiffness is more sensitive to the fissure inclination than the filling state. The mud and sand fillings obviously affect the crack initiation angles and change the failure types around the fissure from tension to shear, especially in specimens with a high-dip fissure. Interestingly, the types and initiation locations of the main cracks may change from those observed for unfilled specimens due to the presence of sand fillings. The reconstructed 3D internal failure models show that the crack paths and damage extent inside the specimens are both affected by the fillings and water pressure. Moreover, the permeability evolution is dependent on both the cracking behaviors and fillings. The permeability in the crack incubation stage is more affected by crack propagation than fillings, but the plugging effect of fillings is fully exerted after the crack networks and shear fractures are generated, especially in specimens with a low-dip fissure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental restorations that successfully bind to dental tissue and cosmetically mimic the tooth are in higher demand. Dental professionals can reconstruct posterior teeth using inlays/onlays, which combine functional and anatomical factors with aesthetic considerations. Inlays/onlays are made of porcelain and resin with no metallic basis. In this research, cases of deformation and the distribution of different stresses and strains for a tooth second upper molar crown were studied by designing four two dimensional mathematical models, the first for a tooth made of natural materials, and for the other three mathematical models of teeth with fillings from different materials (Zirconia, Titanium, Ceramic), and impact force was applied in three places, the first in the middle the filling and the second in the contact area between the filling and the tooth, and the third force shed between the first force and the second force. The results showed that the least deformation was in the model containing the zircon filler, while the highest deformation was in the model containing the ceramic filler. As well as from the important results, it was found that the model containing the ceramic filler is in a suitable fit with the model of the natural tooth in terms of the distribution of stresses, strains and deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural flaws containing fillings strongly affect the mechanical properties and failure process of rocks in practical engineering. In this work, uniaxial compression tests are performed on filled and unfilled red sandstone specimens containing two parallel dentate flaws. Two monitoring technologies––acoustic emission (AE) and high-speed camera––are employed to record the cracking process of the flawed rocks. The effects of filling and ligament angles on the mechanical properties of the flawed rocks are analyzed. The relationship between AE parameters and stress–strain curves is established in order to evaluate the cracking process. The fracture behaviors between the filled and unfilled specimens are qualitatively compared. An intensity analysis method, based on the historic index and severity, is employed to assess the damage level of the flawed rocks. Simultaneously, a judgmental design criterion, including safety, early warning, and instability, is developed, which can be employed to evaluate the stability of rock structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the evolution process of interstitial material in Chang 8 reservoir, Through casting thin section, scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence, carbon and oxygen isotope, laser Raman, electron probe and other analytical techniques, in-situ micro-zone temperature measurement analysis was carried out.The formation temperatures of chlorite, illite and carbonate cement in Chang 8 reservoir in Longdong area were determined by micro-zone in situ temperature measurement analysis,and the diagenetic sequence of Chang 8 reservoir interstitials was quantitatively analyzed. The study shows that the Chang 8 reservoir mainly develops five types of interstitial material, namely chlorite, illite, kaolinite, siliceous and carbonate cement, and the content of interstitial material is significantly different. The filling sequence of interstitial material in Chang 8 reservoir in Longdong area is : stage I chlorite rim→stage I carbonate cementation→stage I authigenic quartz→kaolinite+stage II authigenic quartz→stage I illite→stage II chlorite+stage II illite+stage II carbonate→stage III authigenic quartz→stage III illite→stage III carbonate→stage III chlorite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both complete and uncompleted radiolarian siliceous shells were developed at Wufeng-Longmaxi radiolarian siliceous shale laminae in Sichuan Basin. Micro- and ultra-micropetrological observation suggests that they were successively filled by calcite, pyrite and organic–silicon complex, where pyrite and organic–silicon complex filled dissolved pores associated with calcite during sedimentation. Calcite was derived from calcium carbonate produced by microbial activities at the seawater surface. The environment of radiolarian siliceous shell cavities, which was suitable for sulfate reducing bacterial growth or dissolved hydrogen sulfide reducing Fe3+, contributed positively to pyrite development. Organic–silicon complex development was related to microorganism metabolism that was an important silica source. Honeycomb-like organic pores were developed in cavities with complete shells, but were not developed in cavities with uncompleted shells. This is because the latter could not withstand overburden pressure compared with the former. The only approach to figure out organic pore carriers and understand sequences and development processes of minerals and organic matter is to select weakly compacted radiolarian siliceous shale laminae to carry out micro- and ultra-micropetrological observation and geochemical testing via various technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Apical periodontitis is an infectious disease caused by microorganisms colonizing the root canal system. For optimization of endodontic treatment, bacterial populations within the root canal should be eliminated or at least significantly reduced to levels where it is possible to recover the periapical tissues. This article discusses some aspects of bacterial persistence before and after the therapy, including the use efficiency of a new drug for the temporary filling of the root canal based on the data of microbiological studies.

Apical periodontitis is an infectious disease caused by microorganisms colonizing the root canal system. For optimization of endodontic treatment, bacterial populations within the root canal should be eliminated or at least significantly reduced to levels where it is possible to recover the periapical tissues. This article discusses some aspects of bacterial persistence before and after the therapy, including the use efficiency of a new drug for the temporary filling of the root canal based on the data of microbiological studies.

Copyright of dentalTarget is the property of dentalTarget and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We introduce and study a d -dimensional generalization of graph Hamiltonian cycles. These are the Hamiltonian d -dimensional cycles in K n d (the complete simplicial d -complex over a vertex set of size n). Hamiltonian d -cycles are the simple d -cycles of a complete rank, or, equivalently, of size 1 + ( n − 1 d ). The discussion is restricted to the fields F 2 and Q. For d = 2 , we characterize the n 's for which Hamiltonian 2-cycles exist. For d = 3 it is shown that Hamiltonian 3-cycles exist for infinitely many n 's. In general, it is shown that there always exist simple d -cycles of size ( n − 1 d ) − O (n d − 3). All the above results are constructive. Our approach naturally extends to (and in fact, involves) d -fillings, generalizing the notion of T -joins in graphs. Given a (d − 1) -cycle Z d − 1 ∈ K n d , F is its d -filling if ∂ F = Z d − 1. We call a d -filling Hamiltonian if it is acyclic and of a complete rank, or, equivalently, is of size ( n − 1 d ). If a Hamiltonian d -cycle Z over F 2 contains a d -simplex σ , then Z ∖ σ is a Hamiltonian d -filling of ∂ σ (a closely related fact is also true for cycles over Q). Thus, the two notions are closely related. Most of the above results about Hamiltonian d -cycles hold for Hamiltonian d -fillings as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of the study of primary medical documentation (PMD) 167 (132 (79.04%) men and 35 (20.96%) women) man held endodontic treatment for various forms of pulpitis and 83 people (73 (87.95%) men and 10 (12.05%) women) held endodontic treatment for various forms of periodontitis. Patients ranged in age from 18 to 55 years of age (young and middle age). The analysis used by physicians diagnostic methods and their frequency in the treatment of pulpitis and periodontitis, as well as their comparison with the departmental standard endodontic treatment. The paper noted the presence of a large number of defects in mine action, as identified in the departmental medical institution metropolis.

A clinical and functional examination of the maxillofacial area was performed in 280 patients with the defects of the lateral teeth being replaced with ceramic crown inlays or light-cured composites three years ago. Computer methods were used to assess the articulation, occlusion and tone of the masticatory muscles on the T-Scan III and Bio EMG III devices. In a third of the lateral teeth, an unreasonable increase in indications to composite fillings has been established when more than 50.0% of the occlusal surface is destroyed. Indicators of dental status are significantly better when using ceram- ic inlays compared with fillings made of composite material in the long term after treatment of multiple caries. Ceramic crown inlays prevent occlusal-articulatory disorders and dysfunction of the masticatory apparatus, characteristic in long-term periods for patients with multiple caries when replacement of lateral teeth defects with fillings made of composite.

Herrings rich in vitamins B12, A, D, minerals, including calcium, potassium, magnesium, iodine, possess high levels of lysine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan, as well as omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids, namely eicosapentanoic, docosahexoenoic and docosapentoenoic. To suppress the microbiological spoilage of fish preserves, it is promising to use bio-protective cultures that have minimal impact on the production process and product properties. Bacterial strains are able to exert a static effect on the microflora, which causes biodeterioration of food products. Microorganisms as part of bio-protective cultures are included in the fermentation process, so they can be attributed to ordinary food ingredients, so there is no need to put separate information on the packaging. The chemical composition of the frozen Atlantic and Pacific herring fillet, the amino acid composition of proteins, and the fatty acid composition of lipids were studied. The difference between Atlantic and Pacific herrings was detected, which consists in a significantly higher content of docosahexaenoic acid. The difference in the fractional composition of triacylglycerols for the Atlantic and Pacific herring was established. The microflora of SafePro B-2 biological product (Chr. Hansen GmbH), containing multiple strains of Lactobacillus sakei, and the viability of the culture in preserves fillings were studied. The experimental development of canned food with SafePro B-2 additives was carried out. Microbiological, organoleptic and biochemical indicators of the preserves quality during cold storage were studied. The influence of introduced culture on the dynamics of preserves curing period and their shelf life was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The necessity of having windows on any building’s façade is not questionable. However, not every window is suitable for any building. The selection of an adequate window must include the analysis of various factors—the most important ones are the type of window (e.g., single or double glazing); filling gas in cavities (e.g., air, argon or some other gas); and placing, i.e., orientation of a window on a façade (facing north, south, or east, etc.). The research presented in this paper is dealing with the calculation of the window thermal loading for the cities of Kragujevac and Bor in Serbia and Žilina in Slovakia. These three cities were selected because they belong to different climate regions, according to the Köppen–Geiger climatic classification. The first two cities in Serbia belong to the same region Cf with difference only in the category of summer—Kragujevac Cfa and Bor Cfb—while the third city—Žilina in Slovakia—belongs to the Dfb region. The calculated thermal loading through the window was obtained as a sum of the thermal loading due to the heat conduction and thermal loading due to the solar radiation. The objective was to find the optimal window construction and orientation of a building’s façade for each of these cities, by varying the type of the window, its frame material and the filling gas. The results show that for the first two cities in Serbia, there is a difference in the window frame material in the optimal window construction, while for the third city (Žilina in Slovakia), the results are the same as for the second city (Bor in Serbia) despite the fact that they belong to different climate regions (Cfb and Dfb, respectively). These results support the fact that the climate affects the optimal window construction for any city/region in the world.

To assess of the microleakage of anterior fillings after the application of laser dental treatment, eight samples of each group were taken .The first group samples are taken to examine the filling with the acid and bonding are used; while the second group samples, the laser and bonding are used; then the third group samples were taken where the laser, acid and bonding were in use.The adhesion resulted for the first group samples was not good because the depth of leakage was high which indicated dye penetration approximating the tooth cavity floor portion.It was noted that the adhesion quality of fillings measured of second group samples was good because the depth of leakage was medium in touching the enamel layer.Adhesion checked for the third group samples shows fillings of high strength since no leakage, penetration of dye

Background: Historically, lack of evidence for effective management of decay in primary teeth has caused uncertainty, but there is emerging evidence to support alternative strategies to conventional fillings, which are minimally invasive and prevention orientated. Objectives: The objectives were (1) to assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of three strategies for managing caries in primary teeth and (2) to assess quality of life, dental anxiety, the acceptability and experiences of children, parents and dental professionals, and caries development and/or progression. Design: This was a multicentre, three-arm parallel-group, participant-randomised controlled trial. Allocation concealment was achieved by use of a centralised web-based randomisation facility hosted by Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit. Setting: This trial was set in primary dental care in Scotland, England and Wales. Participants: Participants were NHS patients aged 3–7 years who were at a high risk of tooth decay and had at least one primary molar tooth with decay into dentine, but no pain/sepsis. Interventions: Three interventions were employed: (1) conventional with best-practice prevention (local anaesthetic, carious tissue removal, filling placement), (2) biological with best-practice prevention (sealing-in decay, selective carious tissue removal and fissure sealants) and (3) best-practice prevention alone (dietary and toothbrushing advice, topical fluoride and fissure sealing of permanent teeth). Main outcome measures: The clinical effectiveness outcomes were the proportion of children with at least one episode (incidence) and the number of episodes, for each child, of dental pain or dental sepsis or both over the follow-up period. The cost-effectiveness outcomes were the cost per incidence of, and cost per episode of, dental pain and/or dental sepsis avoided over the follow-up period. Results: A total of 72 dental practices were recruited and 1144 participants were randomised (conventional arm, n = 386; biological arm, n = 381; prevention alone arm, n = 377). Of these, 1058 were included in an intention-to-treat analysis (conventional arm, n = 352; biological arm, n = 352; prevention alone arm, n = 354). The median follow-up time was 33.8 months (interquartile range 23.8–36.7 months). The proportion of children with at least one episode of pain or sepsis or both was 42% (conventional arm), 40% (biological arm) and 45% (prevention alone arm). There was no evidence of a difference in incidence or episodes of pain/sepsis between arms. When comparing the biological arm with the conventional arm, the risk difference was –0.02 (97.5% confidence interval –0.10 to 0.06), which indicates, on average, a 2% reduced risk of dental pain and/or dental sepsis in the biological arm compared with the conventional arm. Comparing the prevention alone arm with the conventional arm, the risk difference was 0.04 (97.5% confidence interval –0.04 to 0.12), which indicates, on average, a 4% increased risk of dental pain and/or dental sepsis in the prevention alone arm compared with the conventional arm. Compared with the conventional arm, there was no evidence of a difference in episodes of pain/sepsis among children in the biological arm (incident rate ratio 0.95, 97.5% confidence interval 0.75 to 1.21, which indicates that there were slightly fewer episodes, on average, in the biological arm than the conventional arm) or in the prevention alone arm (incident rate ratio 1.18, 97.5% confidence interval 0.94 to 1.48, which indicates that there were slightly more episodes in the prevention alone arm than the conventional arm). Over the willingness-to-pay values considered, the probability of the biological treatment approach being considered cost-effective was approximately no higher than 60% to avoid an incidence of dental pain and/or dental sepsis and no higher than 70% to avoid an episode of pain/sepsis. Conclusions: There was no evidence of an overall difference between the three treatment approaches for experience of, or number of episodes of, dental pain or dental sepsis or both over the follow-up period. Future work: Recommendations for future work include exploring barriers to the use of conventional techniques for carious lesion detection and diagnosis (e.g. radiographs) and developing and evaluating suitable techniques and strategies for use in young children in primary care. Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN77044005. Funding: This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 24, No. 1. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

The possibility of making sodium alginate from a by-product (fucus semi-finished product), obtained by producing an extract from brown algae of the Fucus family -- fucus bubbly (F.vesiculosus), has been studied. It has been found that up to 80% of the alginic acids contained in the feedstock remain in the fucus semi-finished product, which can also be isolated and used. The principal technology of sodium alginate from the fucus semi-finished product is developed, consisting of the following main stages: preparation of raw materials, reduction, pretreatment, extraction of alginates, isolation of alginic acid, production of sodium alginate, drying. As a result of optimization of the technological scheme, it was possible to increase the yield and improve the quality of the product: the yield of sodium alginate was 4.5% (which is 20% higher than the original), the content of alginic acids increased by 7% and was 92% in terms of dry matter, kinematic the viscosity increased almost twofold - its value reached a value of 500 cSt. Investigations carried out by the Fourier method of IR spectroscopy on the Shimadzu IR Tracer-100 ( Japan) showed that the sodium alginate obtained from the fucus semi-finished by optimized technology is not inferior in quality to sodium alginate produced from laminaria (Sigma Aldrich (USA).) Sodium alginate, made from the fucus semi-finished product, can be used as one of the components of gelling fillings for the production of canned fish in jellies. A technological scheme for processing algae is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to evaluate the thermal performance of different zones for high level water collecting wet cooling towers (HWCTs) precisely, field test was conducted on one real HWCT equipped for a 1000 MW unit under different crosswind and water-spraying density conditions. In this paper, three parameters α s , α f and α r , which represent the cooling capacity of water-spraying zone, fillings zone and rain zone, respectively, are introduced to evaluate the crosswind influence on different zones. The variations of α s , α f and α r under windless and crosswind conditions were researched. The results demonstrate that, under windless condition, α f exceeds 88%. As crosswind velocity rises from 0.28 m/s to 4.79 m/s, when Q = 68646 t/h, α f decreases by 8.8%, while α s keeps around 10%, and α r increases by 5.6%. Additionally, it can be obtained that the cooling capacity of fillings is more outstanding under lower circulating water flow rate and small crosswind velocity conditions. Based on the test data, the fitting equations between α f and crosswind velocity are obtained. Briefly, the cooling capacity of different zones is obtained in this paper, and derived the changing rules of cooling capacity with different crosswind velocity, which can be used to guide the engineering design. • Field test is conducted for high level water collecting wet cooling towers. • Cooling capacity of three zones are studied under crosswind velocity. • Cooling capacity in fillings zone exceeds 88% under windless condition. • Cooling capacity in fillings zone decreases with the rising of crosswind velocity. • Cooling capacity in water-spraying zone keeps stable under crosswind velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sufficient atomic power generation safety increase may be done with microfuel adapting to reactor plants with water coolant. Microfuel particle is a millimeter size grain containing fission material core in a protecting coverage. The coverage protects fuel contact with coolant and provides isolation of fission products inside. Well thermophysical properties of microfuel bed in a direct contact with water coolant excludes fuel overheating when accidents. Microfuel use was suggested for a VVER, а direct flow reactor for superheat steam generation, a reactor with neutron spectra adjustment by the steam partial content varying in the coolant.Nonuniformities of two-phase coolant distribution in a heat generating particles bed are predicted by calculations in this text. The one is due to multiple-valuedness of pressure drop across the bed on the steam quality dependency. The nonuniformity decreases with flow rate and particle size growths absolute pressure diminishing while porosity effect is weak. The worse case is for pressure quality of order of one. Some pure steam filled pores appears parallel to steam water mixture filled pores, latter steam quality is less than the mean of the bed. Considering this regime for the direct flow reactor for superheat steam generation we predict some water drops at the exit flow. The two-phase coolant filtration with subcooled water feed is unstable to strong disturbance effects are found. Uniformity of two-phase coolant distribution is worse than for one-phase in the same radial type reactor.

In this paper we give simple bijective proofs that the number of fillings of layer polyominoes with no northeast chains is the same as the number with no southeast chains. We consider 01-fillings and $${{\mathbb{N}}}$$ -fillings and prove the results for both strong chains where the smallest rectangle containing the chain is also in the polyomino, and for regular chains where only the corners of the smallest rectangle containing the chain are required to be in the polyomino. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to assess the frequency of the use of dental amalgam fillings in pediatric dental clinics in Jordan. Retrospective file data for 500 Pediatric dental patients visiting Pediatric Dental Clinic in Prince Hashem Bin Abdullah in Aqaba in the South of Jordan in 2017 for routine dental visits, were collected. The types of dental fillings used were recorded. The patients had 865 different dental fillings in their teeth. Dental amalgam fillings formed 126/865 (15%) of the total fillings. Dental amalgam fillings are still used frequently in Pediatric Dental practice in Jordan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a lack of evidence for effective management of dental caries (decay) in children's primary (baby) teeth and an apparent failure of conventional dental restorations (fillings) to prevent dental pain and infection for UK children in Primary Care. UK dental schools' teaching has been based on British Society of Paediatric Dentistry guidance which recommends that caries in primary teeth should be removed and a restoration placed. However, the evidence base for this is limited in volume and quality, and comes from studies conducted in either secondary care or specialist practices. Restorations provided in specialist environments can be effective but the generalisability of this evidence to Primary Care has been questioned. The FiCTION trial addresses the Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Programme's commissioning brief and research question "What is the clinical and cost effectiveness of restoration caries in primary teeth, compared to no treatment?" It compares conventional restorations with an intermediate treatment strategy based on the biological (sealing-in) management of caries and with no restorations. Methods/Design: This is a Primary Care-based multi-centre, three-arm, parallel group, patient-randomised controlled trial. Practitioners are recruiting 1461 children, (3-7 years) with at least one primary molar tooth where caries extends into dentine. Children are randomized and treated according to one of three treatment approaches; conventional caries management with best practice prevention, biological management of caries with best practice prevention or best practice prevention alone. Baseline measures and outcome data (at review/treatment during three year follow-up) are assessed through direct reporting, clinical examination including blinded radiograph assessment, and child/parent questionnaires. The primary outcome measure is the incidence of either pain or infection related to dental caries. Secondary outcomes are; incidence of caries in primary and permanent teeth, patient quality of life, cost-effectiveness, acceptability of treatment strategies to patients and parents and their experiences, and dentists' preferences. Discussion: FiCTION will provide evidence for the most clinically-effective and cost-effective approach to managing caries in children's primary teeth in Primary Care. This will support general dental practitioners in treatment decision making for child patients to minimize pain and infection in primary teeth. The trial is currently recruiting patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carrillo-Diaz M, Crego A, Armfield JM, Romero-Maroto M. Treatment experience, frequency of dental visits, and children's dental fear: a cognitive approach. Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 120: 75-81. © 2012 Eur J Oral Sci Cognitive elements play a key role in dental anxiety. Nevertheless, relatively little is known about how dental treatments and frequency of visits to the dentist are related to dental fear and its cognitive antecedents. This study aimed to explore the relationships between dental visits, past treatment experiences, expectations on the aversiveness/probability of negative dental events, and dental fear in children. The participants were 147 children (60% female; mean age = 12.0 yr) who completed a questionnaire comprising measures of dental treatment-related experience (attendance, fillings, and extractions), perceived aversiveness and probability of dental events, and dental anxiety. Bivariate correlations and multiple linear regression analyses were used to analyze the data. A higher frequency of dental visits was associated with less dental fear and a decreased belief in the probability of negative events occurring during treatment. The type of treatments received was not directly linked to dental fear. However, having received fillings was significantly associated with the perceived probability of negative dental events, whereas extractions were positively associated with these expectations but negatively associated with the perceived aversiveness of possible dental events. Regular dental visits, as well as dental treatments, can influence, in different ways, cognitive elements associated with dental anxiety in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The pattern-avoiding fillings of Young diagrams we study arose from Postnikov''s work on positive Grassmann cells. They are called ▪-diagrams, and are in bijection with decorated permutations. Other closely-related fillings are interpreted as acyclic orientations of some bipartite graphs. The definition of the diagrams is the same but the avoided patterns are different. We give here bijections proving that the number of pattern-avoiding filling of a Young diagram is the same, for these two different sets of patterns. The result was obtained by Postnikov via a recurrence relation. This relation was extended by Spiridonov to obtain more general results about other patterns and other polyominoes than Young diagrams, and we show that our bijections also extend to more general polyominoes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The necessity of having windows on any building's façade is not questionable. However, not every window is suitable for any building. The selection of an adequate window must include the analysis of various factors—the most important ones are the type of window (e.g., single or double glazing); filling gas in cavities (e.g., air, argon or some other gas); and placing, i.e., orientation of a window on a façade (facing north, south, or east, etc.). The research presented in this paper is dealing with the calculation of the window thermal loading for the cities of Kragujevac and Bor in Serbia and Žilina in Slovakia. These three cities were selected because they belong to different climate regions, according to the Köppen–Geiger climatic classification. The first two cities in Serbia belong to the same region Cf with difference only in the category of summer—Kragujevac Cfa and Bor Cfb—while the third city—Žilina in Slovakia—belongs to the Dfb region. The calculated thermal loading through the window was obtained as a sum of the thermal loading due to the heat conduction and thermal loading due to the solar radiation. The objective was to find the optimal window construction and orientation of a building's façade for each of these cities, by varying the type of the window, its frame material and the filling gas. The results show that for the first two cities in Serbia, there is a difference in the window frame material in the optimal window construction, while for the third city (Žilina in Slovakia), the results are the same as for the second city (Bor in Serbia) despite the fact that they belong to different climate regions (Cfb and Dfb, respectively). These results support the fact that the climate affects the optimal window construction for any city/region in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the influence of dental fillings on the performance of an artificial intelligence (AI)-driven tool for tooth segmentation on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) according to the type of tooth., Methods: A total of 175 CBCT scans (500 teeth) were recruited for performing training (140 CBCT scans - 400 teeth) and validation (35 CBCT scans - 100 teeth) of the AI convolutional neural networks. The test dataset involved 74 CBCT scans (226 teeth), which was further divided into control and experimental groups depending on the presence of dental filling: without filling (control group: 24 CBCT scans - 113 teeth) and with coronal and/or root filling (experimental group: 50 CBCT scans - 113 teeth). The segmentation performance for both groups was assessed. Additionally, 10% of each tooth type (anterior, premolar, and molar) was randomly selected for time analysis according to manual, AI-based and refined-AI segmentation methods., Results: The presence of fillings significantly influenced the segmentation performance (p<0.05). However, the accuracy metrics showed an excellent range of values for both control (95% Hausdorff Distance (95% HD): 0.01-0.08 mm; Intersection over union (IoU): 0.97-0.99; Dice similarity coefficient (DSC): 0.98-0.99; Precision: 1.00; Recall: 0.97-0.99; Accuracy: 1.00) and experimental groups (95% HD: 0.17-0.25 mm; IoU: 0.91-0.95; DSC: 0.95-0.97; Precision:1.00; Recall: 0.91-0.95; Accuracy: 0.99-1.00). The time analysis showed that the AI-based segmentation was significantly faster with a mean time of 29.8 s (p<0.001)., Conclusions: The proposed AI-driven tool allowed an accurate and time-efficient approach for the segmentation of teeth on CBCT images irrespective of the presence of high-density dental filling material and the type of tooth., Clinical Significance: Tooth segmentation is a challenging and time-consuming task, mainly in the presence of artifacts generated by dental filling material. The proposed AI-driven tool could offer a clinically acceptable approach for tooth segmentation, to be applied in the digital dental workflows considering its time efficiency and high accuracy regardless of the presence of dental fillings., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

An in vivo comparison was made of two different types of restorative resins over a 2-year period: a microfilled resin ( -1158262462Silux Plus, 3M-1158262462, USA) and a hybrid minifilled composite resin (-1158262461Herculite XRV, Kerr-1158262461, USA); 56 restorations were placed in 28 patients by one experienced dentist and examined by two independent evaluators using the United States Public Health Service (UPSHS) rating system for marginal adaptation, marginal discoloration, surface roughness, anatomic form and modified criteria for color match (direct and indirect evaluation). Modified criteria divided the classic A score into A1 for ”not detectable” filling and A2 for ”slightly discernible filling”. Restorations were evaluated at baseline, 1 week, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years later. After 2 years, all materials were considered satisfactory for marginal adaptation, anatomic form and surface roughness (no ”Charlie”, or ”Delta” ratings). No recurrent caries was observed. Clinical evaluation showed a significantly higher rate of marginal discoloration for the microfilled composite resin than the other resin. Hybrid composite resin materials may be expected to perform well as an anterior restorative material. Photographic ratings confirmed the clinical evaluation. The modified evaluation for color match demonstrated differences, which are not discernible with the USPHS system and showed, more rapidly, differences that appear later with the USPHS system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bond strength of porcelain fused to cast and wrought titanium surfaces was calculated from fracture loads in a 4-point bending test. Two different porcelain were applied (O'Hara and Duceratin). The surface of Ti-cast specimens was treated in two different ways to produce variations in the impurity level before porcelain veneering. Microhardness measurements as well as scanning electron microscopy with EDX analysis were conducted. The results showed no significant difference in bond strength between the two porcelains. Nor was any difference in bond capacity found between thoroughly blasted castings and wrought titanium. Significantly lower bond strengths were observed for lightly blasted specimens and for specimens treated with Gold bonding agent. Impurities in the surface region of the castings were found to be due to contact with the investment during solidification. This indicates that a thin surface layer (50-100 μm) of the casting should be removed before firing of the porcelain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of reduced rate of polymerization on the marginal adaptation of a composite resin inserted in dentin cavities treated with a simplified Gluma system. The effect on bonding strength to dentin and compressive strength was also investigated. The light intensity of the polymerization unit was lowered by the use of a transformer, and thus the rate of polymerization of the composite resin. When the resin was irradiated for 30 s at 110 V followed by 30 s at 220 V, the marginal adaptation was significantly improved. This condition resulted in acceptable values of bonding strength to dentin and diametral compressive strength. It is suggested that the reduced rate of polymerization may allow for increased flow of the material, decreasing the contraction stress in the filling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated whether the incidence or prevalence of filled teeth/approximal surfaces at one age could be predictive for the incidence in another period or for the prevalence at the age of 18. The study was conducted in 12-18-yr-olds in Norway. Regression analysis showed that the best prognosis for subsequent incidence of filled teeth/approximal surfaces could be made at the age of 15. By using regression analysis or discriminant analysis it was possible at the age of 15 to predict with high accuracy those who would acquire more fillings than the median at the age of 18. Discriminant analysis with one predictor variable is suggested for clinical use. The variable that discriminated best between above arid below median number of new fillings in the period 15-18 yr was untreated lesions in the inner half of the enamel in the approximal surfaces of premolars and molars at the age of 15. From the use of simple prediction tools, it was concluded that individuals at the age of 15 with a low prevalence of filled teeth/filled approximal surfaces and without untreated approximal lesions would be subjected to a low incidence of new fillings until the age of 18. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the course of a prospectively designed long-term clinical trial, composite fillings and inlays were evaluated for clinical acceptability as restorative materials in one, two or more surface cavities of posterior teeth over a 1-year period. In 45 patients, 88 restorations were placed by nine student operators, under the supervision of an experienced dentist, to compare the two half sides using the composite resins Tetric (Vivadent), blend-a-lux (Blend-a-med), and Pertac-Hybrid Unifil (Espe). The first clini-cal follow-up check took place within a time period of 11 – 13 months after placement of the restorations using modified USPHS criteria. The interpretation of the clinical criteria showed satisfactory results over this time period: more than 85% of the inlays and direct fillings were rated ``alpha'' or ``bravo'', using the parameters of assessment defined in this study. Only three restorations (two fillings, one inlay), all in molars, were rated ``delta'', i. e., unacceptable. The reasons for their replacement were mar-ginal opening, secondary caries, and loss of sensitivity. For the criteria ``surface texture'', ``anatomical form of the surface'', and ``occlusion'', composite inlays were significantly better than composite fillings. These results indicate that posterior composite restorations provide acceptable and excellent clinical service, even if they are placed by relatively inexperienced student operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]