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The need for improvements in electronic devices has been generating important demands in the technical-scientific area. Thus, including in these devices natural materials, which present desirable performance and are sustainably obtained from renewable sources, becomes an interesting option. Nanocellulose and graphene-based films have been researched for some years seeking to achieve special electrical properties. However, the production method of these films directly influences their electrical properties. In this context, this work proposes to explore the conductive and morphological properties of nanocellulose films combined with graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), produced by two different methods (casting and dip coating). For this, the nanocelluloses were obtained through the milling process in a defibrillator stone mill of eucalyptus cellulose bleached in distilled water. The casting films were produced from the incorporation of GNP directly into the nanocellulose suspension; while the dip coating films were produced from the immersion (5–10 layers) of dry nanocellulose films in a solution containing GNP. In this way, it was sought to compare the nanoplatelets embedded (casting method) within the film to those applied on the external surface of the film (dip coating method). The volumetric conductivity was measured (ASTM D257-07 standard) and the surface conductivity (4-point device) of the films produced. The results showed that all films containing GNP had higher conductivities than pure nanocellulose films. However, casting films, despite having a higher GNP concentration, presented lower volumetric and surface conductivity values when compared to dip coating films. In addition, reassess after 1 year, the dip coating films showed an insignificant decrease in conductivity values, indicating a longer useful life. However, the casting films show about 50% decrease in conductivity. Thus, it was concluded that the presence of GNP only in the outer layer of nanocellulose films is more efficient for potential application in electronic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel approach is introduced involving grafting and dip coating on photocatalytic substrates to create a Z-Scheme structure of TiO2@g-C3N4 (TC). The synthesized photocatalyst undergoes comprehensive characterization through techniques such as XRD, SEM, XPS, FTIR, Contact Angle Goniometer, and BET analysis. Two configurations, TC coated on PVDF membrane (TC-PVDF) and TC coated on Film (TC-Film), are evaluated for the photodegradation of NOx under visible light. Compared to the benchmark material TiO2, TC-PVDF nanoparticles demonstrate outstanding performance, boasting a specific surface area of 60.93 m²/g and minimal toxic NO2 byproducts, with concentration as low as 3.54 ppb, constituting only 0.46% during NOx remediation. These nanoparticles exhibit remarkable stability, with less than a 10% decrease in efficiency after 5 cycles of visible light irradiation. Plasma treatment transforms TC-PVDF from superhydrophobic to hydrophilic, with a contact angle reduction from 124.7° to 0°. Notably, TC-PVDF shows substantial efficiency enhancements, reaching 84.04%. This study broadens insights into catalytic bag filters, providing practical implications for their use in NOx removal. It offers innovative solutions for air purification, addressing environmental challenges and advancing sustainable technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HypothesisThe dip coating of suspensions made of monodisperse non-Brownian spherical particles dispersed in a Newtonian fluid leads to different coating regimes depending on the ratio of the particle diameter to the thickness of the film entrained on the substrate. In particular, dilute particles dispersed in the liquid are entrained only above a threshold value of film thickness. In the case of anisotropic particles, in particular fibers, the smallest characteristic dimension will control the entrainment of the particle. Furthermore, it is possible to control the orientation of the anisotropic particles depending on the substrate geometry. In the thick film regime, the Landau-Levich-Derjaguin model remains valid if one account for the change in viscosity.ExperimentTo test the hypotheses, we performed dip-coating experiments with dilute suspensions of non-Brownian fibers with different length-to-diameter aspect ratios. We characterize the number of fibers entrained on the surface of the substrate as a function of the withdrawal velocity, allowing us to estimate a threshold capillary number below which all the particles remain in the liquid bath. Besides, we measure the angular distribution of the entrained fibers for two different substrate geometries: flat plates and cylindrical rods. We then measure the film thickness for more concentrated fiber suspensions.FindingsThe entrainment of the fibers on a flat plate and a cylindrical rod is primarily controlled by the smaller characteristic length of the fibers: their diameter. At first order, the entrainment threshold scales similarly to that of spherical particles. The length of the fibers only appears to have a minor influence on the entrainment threshold. No preferential alignment is observed for non-Brownian fibers on a flat plate, except for very thin films, whereas the fibers tend to align themselves along the axis of a cylindrical rod for a large enough ratio of the fiber length to the radius of the cylindrical rod. The Landau-Levich-Derjaguin law is recovered for more concentrated suspension by introducing an effective capillary number accounting for the change in viscosity.

In this study, dip coating technique is used to deposit titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silver (Ag)–doped–TiO2 nanocomposite thin films on glass substrates. The obtained films are typified using different characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV–Vis-NIR spectroscopy. Films are also tested for environmental applications related to color degradation (methylene blue). The XRD analysis confirms that the prepared nanostructures are the anatase phase of titania. The crystal sizes of annealed Ag–TiO2 as well as TiO2 thin films have been summarized across the XRD pattern and are approximately 29±1 and 23±1 nm, respectively. Additionally, the energy bandgaps of the photocatalysts (Pure–TiO2 and Ag–TiO2) are found to be around 3.3 and 3.02 eV, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 and Ag-doped TiO2 nanocomposite thin films is tested in the same initial concentrations of methylene blue in water (3×10−5 M). The photodegradation behavior of Ag–TiO2 (3% by weight) shows a good improvement against pure TiO2 for the concentrations of methylene blue in the pseudo-first order Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) model of the kinetics reaction. The global pseudo-first order reaction constant, k, for these concentrations goes from less than 1.4×10−3 min−1 for TiO2 films to 5.4×10−3 min−1,/p> for Ag–TiO2 films. This improvement is due to the incorporation of Ag, which increases the lifetime of the electrons and the separated holes, that decreases the rate of recombination (electron-hole) and which also generates reactive oxygen species. These features open the route to future applications for photocatalytic wastewater treatment and environmental remediation under solar irradiation.

Copper oxide thin films undoped and doped with silver (15 wt.%, 25 wt.%) were deposited by two different methods, namely sol gel dip coating and sol gel spin coating, on a glass substrate with a 0.2 M precursor concentration. The samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, UV-visible spectrophotometry, and the four-point, probe method. Structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of Ag-doped CuO are studied. According to the X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, all peaks confirm the formation of the tenorite phase with a monoclinic structure. The thin films were all polycryst.alline with directions along (200). According to scanning electron microscopy, the morphology of the films is almost smooth. A comparison is made between the two techniques of fabrication in terms of electric conductivity, morphology, energy gap, and average transmission in the visible domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the introduction of 3D printing to biomedical fields, numerous advancements have been achieved in tissue engineering due to the advantages it offers. However, 3D-printed polymeric scaffolds may lack certain properties, impacting their functionality and success, such as bioactivity and cell affinity. In this study, the dip coating method was employed to enhance the biological and mechanical properties of 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds using fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology. Specifically, the scaffolds were dip-coated with a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/nano-diopside solution. The thermal features of the 3D-printed scaffolds were analyzed using the differential scanning calorimetry method, revealing a calculated crystallinity of about 13%. To assess bioactivity, both coated and non-coated scaffolds were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 28 days, and their evaluation was conducted through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). At 40 °C, compared to the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid, the thermal conductivities of the non-coated 3D-printed sample and the coated 3D-printed sample were reduced by 9.91 and 22.52%, respectively. The results of this study guided the design and fabrication of improved tissue engineering scaffolds for bone regeneration applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, superhydrophobic surfaces were fabricated on aluminium alloy plates with two different experimental procedures using the dip coating method. Each procedure was optimised using the Taguchi design to evaluate the significance of factors such as SiC abrasive paper number, etching time, and chemical modification time. By determining three levels for these factors, the L9 orthogonal array was formed. Water contact angle (WCA) measurements determined the wettability of the surfaces against the water. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to assess the general appearance and roughness of the surfaces. The coating thickness of the surfaces was also measured. For both experimental procedures, the most effective parameter in providing superhydrophobic coatings on the surfaces was determined as the etching time. SEM analyses demonstrated the roughness created by the clustered and protruding structures formed on the surface after the coating. The WCAs above 150° indicate that superhydrophobic surfaces were prepared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the impact of formulated emulsion was studied on strawberries which were coated using dip and electrostatic spray coating methods. The coated strawberries were kept at room temperature for a period of 12 days. A significant level of chargeability of w/o emulsion was achieved in terms of charge-to-mass ratio of 2.81 mC/kg at an applied high voltage of 2.0 kV, applied air pressure of 0.3 MPa, and liquid flow rate of 33.6 ml/min. The distance of 170 mm from the nozzle tip to Faraday cage was maintained during the measurements. As compared to uncoated and dip coated strawberries, the water-in-oil based electrostatically charged sprays considerably (p < 0.05) reduced the weight loss, decay rate, pH, titrable acidity, TSS, and antioxidant activity. In both the cases, i.e. strawberries coated with dip and electrostatic spray coating methods, the same weight loss was observed, however, there was a considerably less weight loss as compared to uncoated samples. The textures of the uncoated (9.02 N) and dip coated (12.58 N) samples were significantly different from the electrostatic spray coated (15.85 N) samples. Since, the coating formulation had no impact on the sensory attributes, the samples were considered as acceptable at the end of the storage. Furthermore, compared to uncoated, water-in-oil based electrostatically charged spray coating was more effective at delaying the decay by 12 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, dip coating technique is used to deposit titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silver (Ag)-doped-TiO2 nanocomposite thin films on glass substrates. The obtained films are typified using different characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy. Films are also tested for environmental applications related to color degradation (methylene blue). The XRD analysis confirms that the prepared nanostructures are the anatase phase of titania. The crystal sizes of annealed Ag-TiO2 as well as TiO2 thin films have been summarized across the XRD pattern and are approximately 29±1 and 23±1 nm, respectively. Additionally, the energy bandgaps of the photocatalysts (Pure-TiO2 and Ag-TiO2) are found to be around 3.3 and 3.02 eV, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 and Ag-doped TiO2 nanocomposite thin films is tested in the same initial concentrations of methylene blue in water (3x10-5 M). The photodegradation behavior of Ag-TiO2 (3% by weight) shows a good improvement against pure TiO2 for the concentrations of methylene blue in the pseudo-first order Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) model of the kinetics reaction. The global pseudo-first order reaction constant, k, for these concentrations goes from less than 1.4x10-3 min-1 for TiO2 films to 5.4x10-3 min-1 for Ag-TiO2 films. This improvement is due to the incorporation of Ag, which increases the lifetime of the electrons and the separated holes, that decreases the rate of recombination (electron-hole) and which also generates reactive oxygen species. These features open the route to future applications for photocatalytic wastewater treatment and environmental remediation under solar irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemically modified mandua starch was successfully synthesized and applied to coat mesalamine-loaded matrix tablets. The coating material was an aqueous dispersion of mandua starch modified by sodium trimetaphosphate and sodium tripolyphosphate. To investigate the colon-targeting release competence, chemically modified mandua starch film-coated mesalamine tablets were produced using the wet granulation method followed by dip coating. The effect of the coating on the colon-targeted release of the resultant delivery system was inspected in healthy human volunteers and rabbits using roentgenography. The results show that drug release was controlled when the coating level was 10% w/w. The release percentage in the upper gastric phase (pH 1.2, simulated gastric fluid) was less than 6% and reached up to 59.51% w/w after 14 h in simulated colonic fluid. In addition to in vivo roentgenographic studies in healthy rabbits, human volunteer studies proved the colon targeting efficiency of the formulation. These results clearly demonstrated that chemically modified mandua starch has high effectiveness as a novel aqueous coating material for controlled release or colon targeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, Ag/TiO2/Nylon 6/PMMA catalyst system was developed, and its photocatalytic properties were fully analyzed. XRD, SEM, EDS, and PL analyses were carried out to get information on crystal structure, micromorphology, elemental composition, and band gap energy. Photocatalytic degradation was followed by UV–vis spectrophotometry. The band gap of the catalyst was found to be between 2.51 and 3.1 eV. Up to 80% degradation was achieved under UV light irradiation. No bulk adsorption was observed, which means that the reaction was completely carried by the photocatalytic process. pH 3 value was determined to be suitable for a high rate. Reaction kinetic was determined to be matched with the first-order rate law. The newly developed polymer blend matrix system here may have broad application prospects in the remediation of water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both, aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) and vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNT) have outstanding properties and promising applications in the future, however, there is little information in the scientific literature on whether this is feasible. In this study, we investigated the effects of catalyst layer deposition parameters and the synthesis parameters by using a simple and cost-effective dip coating method to form alumina support layer and iron and cobalt bimetal catalyst layer on the AZO surface thereafter performing synthesis via catalytic chemical vapor deposition technique at 650 °C. In order to gain useful information about the structure of the VACNTs, several parameters were varied during both catalyst layer preparation (e.g. catalyst ink concentration) and CCVD synthesis (e.g. water vapor gas feed, the presence of hydrogen gas). The resulting samples were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicated that the length and structure of CNTs were strongly affected by the catalyst ink concentration and water vapor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excellent mechanical strength and biodegradable characteristics of magnesium alloys have sparked considerable interest in orthopedic applications. The utilization of magnesium alloys in orthopedic applications has been restricted due to their brittleness caused by high corrosion rate in biological environments. One of the best techniques for increasing corrosion resistance of these alloys is surface coating. For the first time, the present work aims to dip-coat zein-bioactive glass (BG) nanocomposite on AZ31B magnesium alloy. The alloy surface was also coated by native zein as a control coating. BG nanoparticles required for zein and BG (zein_BG) composite were synthesized by a bio-inspired method using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a template. The formation of BG particles was affirmed by FTIR showing characteristic Si-O-Si and Si-O– peaks. Nano-size of BG particles with an average diameter of 6.67 ± 0.06 nm was reported by TEM. SEM micrographs revealed successful deposition of zein and zein_BG coatings on the magnesium alloy surfaces. High-resolution XPS analysis on zein_BG-coated Mg alloy immersed in HBSS revealed the corrosion deposition of Mg(OH)2, MgHPO4.H2O, CaHPO4.H2O, SiO2, MgCO3, and CaCO3 on the substrate surface. More than twofold wettability, 95% adhesion strength and 14-fold increase in surface roughness were reported for zein_BG-coated magnesium alloy compared to the bare surface. Measurements of weight loss in zein and zein_BG-coated alloy substrates in Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) for 10 d at 37°C showed a drastic decrease in weight loss of substrates after coating. As a result, zein_BG-coated substrate was observed to possess the maximum protective efficacy (95.99%) against corrosion. Interestingly, electrochemical measurements revealed a vast decrease in corrosion current density (2.41 E−6 A.cm−2) of zein_BG-coated substrate compared to the uncoated substrate (3.04 E−4 A.cm−2). Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) confirmed capacitive behavior of zein_BG-coated alloy substrate. These findings demonstrated that simple zein_BG composite dip coating was a successful corrosion-resistant implant coating on magnesium alloy surface for orthopedic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dip coating method was utilized for wash-coating alumina onto cordierite honeycomb substrate, followed by catalyst coating by sol–gel dip coating of CMX(X = 0, 5, 70, and 100 corresponding to Ce1-xMnxO2-δ, where x = 0, 0.5, 0.7, and 1) to obtain CM0/Al2O3/Cord, CM5/Al2O3/Cord, CM70/Al2O3/Cord, and CM100/Al2O3/Cord. The sol–gel was obtained from the EDTA–citrate method. XRD, BET, and BJH analysis was conducted on samples Cord to CM100/Al2O3/Cord. An intense peak of ceria at 462.53 cm−1 and that of Mn3O4 was observed at 658 cm−1 in the Raman spectra analysis. The adherence test was conducted to test the mechanical stability of the wash-coat and catalyst layer. The visual evidence of coating was furnished by optical imaging and FESEM analysis. Ultrafine particles with high porosity were observed in sample Al2O3/Cord. Cracks were observed in the FESEM images of CM0/Al2O3/Cord to CM100/Al2O3/Cord samples. CO oxidation studies were performed on the samples Cord to CM100/Al2O3/Cord. CM70/Al2O3/Cord performed the best among all other samples with a T50 temperature of 157 °C. The activation energy of CO oxidation was calculated using the Ozawa method for samples CM0/Al2O3/Cord to CM100/Al2O3/Cord. 50 h long-term CO oxidation stability experiments were also conducted on samples CM0/Al2O3/Cord to CM100/Al2O3/Cord. The synergistic effects of ceria and manganese, combined with fine dispersion of the catalyst, pore characteristics, and cracks improving diffusivity, pitched CM70/Al2O3/Cord to have the best CO oxidation activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel fabrication process for a vertical wavy structured stretchable piezoelectric sensor combining dip coating and micro-corrugation process is proposed. By changing the dip coating withdrawal speed, the thickness of PVDF-TrFE (poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene)) films deposited on metal foils was controlled; the wave shape fabricated by the micro-corrugation process was influenced by the PVDF-TrFE film thickness. By reducing the PVDF-TrFE film thickness to less than 5 μm, the wave shape exhibited a high aspect ratio (wave height divided by wave pitch). From estimations obtained by measuring the change in substrate length before and after the microcorrugation process, the predicted stretchability is expected to be greater than 30%. The fabricated vertical wavy structured piezoelectric sensor with a PVDF-TrFE film thickness of approximately 2 μm showed more than 50% stretchability. The fabricated sensor was used as a finger-bending sensor for a virtual reality system, and the proposed process is a promising method for fabricating stretchable sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Superhydrophobic materials are considered an ideal method for oil-water separation. However, existing oil-water separation methods have the problem of manufacturing complex and toxic chemical reagents. To address the limitation, we proposed a novel approach to sustainable and efficient oil-water separation using a superhydrophobic membrane based on the Bio Tin oxide nanoparticles (Bio-SnO2 NPs). Methods: The study involves synthesizing Bio-SnO2 NPs from the sunflower leaf extract which was natural and non-toxic and modifying textile fabric with a superhydrophobic coating (S.T.F.). Characterization techniques including SEM, FTIR, and BET analysis are employed to assess the structural and textural properties of the modified membrane. Results and Discussion: The textile fabric was modified with a superhydrophobic coating (S.T.F.), demonstrating enhanced wettability, oil absorption capacity, and oilwater separation performance. The Bio-SnO2 NPs exhibited crystalline structures with a length of 90 nm and a diameter of 20 nm, as confirmed by SEM analysis. FTIR results revealed characteristic peaks at 3410 cm-1 and 642 cm-1, indicating the presence of hydroxyl group and Sn-O bonds confirming the successful synthesis of Bio-SnO2 NPs. BET analysis showed a substantial specific surface area of 413 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.19 cm3/g, emphasizing the textural properties. The FTIR and SEM techniques were used to study the characteristics of the textile fabric before and after modification with the superhydrophobic coat. The S.T.F. exhibited remarkable superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 152° and a water sliding angle of 4°. Absorption capacities for coconut oil, diesel, and hexane were found to be 70.4 g/g, 63.5 g/g, and 49.6 g/g, respectively, with excellent cyclic stability. Separation efficiency for hexane, diesel, and coconut oil was found to be 99.5, 97.1%, and 96.3%, respectively, with excellent cyclic stability. Mechanical stability test revealed superhydrophobicity retention even after an abrasion length of 200 mm. The chemical stability test indicated that the superhydrophobicity was maintained in the pH range of 3-11. Moreover, the flux for hexane, diesel, and coconut oil was 9400 L m-2 h-1, 8800 L m-2 h-1efficient oil-water separation capabilities. These results collectively position the developed S.T.F. as a promising and sustainable solution for diverse oil-water separation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fiber-based Fabry–Perot (FP) optical sensor is well-suited for the rapid and selective detection of gas molecules, including volatile organic compounds (VOC), explosive analytes, etc. The sensing probe of a fiber-based Fabry–Perot (FP) sensor is achieved through the deposition of a thin vapor-sensitive material on a cleaved fiber end-face, primarily using the dip-coating method. Because the sensitivity of the FP sensor is closely tied to its cavity length, it is crucial for the coating mechanism to consistently create FP cavities of the same length and thickness. The paper details a process for the controlled deposition of polymer onto an optical fiber, achieved through dip coating. The determination of the shape, size, and other properties of the polymer-based FP cavity involved a comprehensive analysis of the coating steps. Fabricated sensors were further used to evaluate the temporal progression of acetone sensing experiments in response to VOC. Taken as a whole, the outcomes outlined in this paper underscore the potential for achieving consistent coating/cavity thickness in a single-mode fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber photodetectors (FPDs) are promising candidates for wearable applications due to their flexibility, knittability, and full‐angle detection. The current state‐of‐the‐art FPDs based on inorganic photosensitive materials show drawbacks in mechanical flexibility. The organic FPDs (OFPDs) are superior, while the fabrication is limited by multi‐layer process compatibility issues. Herein, a diode‐type five‐layer OFPD with Zn/ZnO/PBDB‐T:ITIC‐Th/MoO3/PEDOT:PSS structure is prepared by combining thermal evaporation with a successive dip‐coating method. It is worth mentioning that the uniform coaxial MoO3 interfacial layer is processed by the proposed fiber‐compatible thermal evaporation technique, while the other functional layers are enabled by the solution‐based dip‐coating method. At the bias of −0.5 V, the optimized OFPD exhibits a dark current density of 8.46 × 10−8 A cm−2, a responsivity of 86.4 mA W−1 (@ 760 nm), and a specific detectivity of over 1011 Jones in the visible range of 400–760 nm. Besides, the device displays a fast response speed of 0.44 and 0.14 ms for rise and fall time, showing the capability of full‐angle detection. The device is demonstrated in photoplethysmography for real‐time heart‐rate monitoring, suggesting its potential for practical application in wearable electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of the Internet of Things has spurred extensive research on integrating conductive materials into textiles to turn them into sensors, antennas, energy storage devices, and heaters. MXenes, owing to their high electrical conductivity and solution processability, offer an efficient way to add conductivity and electronic functions to textiles through simple dip coating. However, manual development of MXene‐coated textiles restricts their quality, quantity, and variety. Here, a versatile automated yarn dip coater tailored for producing continuously high‐quality MXene‐coated yarns and conducted the most comprehensive MXene‐yarn dip coating study to date is developed. Compared to manual methods, the automated coater provides lower resistance, superior uniformity, faster speed, and reduced MXene consumption. It also enables rapid coating parameter optimization, resulting in a thin Ti3C2 coating uniform over a 1 km length on a braided Kevlar yarn while preserving its excellent mechanical properties (over 800 MPa) and adding Joule heating and damage sensing to composites reinforced by the yarns. By dip‐coating five different yarns of varying materials, diameters, structures, and chemistries, new insights into MXene‐yarn interactions are gained. Thus, the automated dip coating presents ample opportunities for scalable integration of MXenes into a wide range of yarns for diverse functions and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu-doped ZnO nanofilms were prepared by sol–gel process using zinc acetate dihydrate, Copper (II) chloride dihydrate as a precursor and ethanol as solvent. The influence of Cu-doping concentration (2 wt%, 5 wt% and 7 wt%) and withdrawal speed of the dip coating process (20, 50 and 100 mm/min) on the structural, morphological and optical properties of the nanofilms have been investigated. The prepared films were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and UV–visible. The XRD patterns show the typical hexagonal ZnO in the (002) plane, and the crystallite size of the doped film increases with the doping concentration and withdrawal speed. The SEM images show that the morphological surface of the films was affected by Cu doping. The successful doping of ZnO films with Cu was confirmed by the EDS analysis. The transmittance considerably decreases accompanying increase in the Cu concentration, and increases as the withdrawal speed increases from 20 to 100 mm/min. The optical band gap of pure and Cu-doped ZnO was found to decrease from 3.25 to 3.18 eV as the withdrawal speed increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of thermally conductive lightweight materials holds paramount importance for optimizing heat dissipation in automobile components. This study investigated three distinct techniques for coating graphene onto 6061 Al plates: direct, aluminum nitride (AlN)-aided, and poly-vinyl-alcohol (PVA)-aided coatings. The direct coating approach, via dipping into a graphene suspension, resulted in nonuniform graphene distribution due to the poor wettability of Al with graphene. AlN formation on the surface of a 6061 Al plate before graphene dip coating (AlN-aided coating) considerably improved the wettability of the surface with graphene. When using the PVA-aided coating method, 6061 Al plate was treated with PVA, followed by immersion in a graphene oxide (GO) suspension, achieving uniform GO coverage. This was facilitated by strong bonding between functional groups formed on the plate through treatment with PVA and those present on the GO surface. Directly coated samples exhibited a bonding strength of ∼1 MPa, whereas the samples coated using AlN- and PVA-aided methods showed bonding strengths of ∼3 and ∼10 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, AlN- and PVA-aided coatings improved thermal conductivity by ∼5.6% and ∼8.5%. This study proposes a facile and effective graphene-derivative coating process to improve the heat dissipation of Al-based materials.

To make Mg alloy implants have better corrosion resistance and reduced degradation rate in the human body, hydroxyapatite (HA), polypropylene (PP), and HA+PP coatings were added to the surface of AZ31B through dip coating. Coated samples were tested for weight differences, corrosion rate, surface roughness, and microscopic view. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis confirm coating on the substrate surfaces. The potentiodynamic polarisation test result shows that the corrosion rate in the uncoated substrate (10.138 mm/y) was higher compared to HA-coated = 0.5084 mm/y, PP-coated = 0.442 mm/y, and HA/PP-coated = 0.3275 mm/y. After 14 days, weight loss (5.5%) was highest in the uncoated and lowest in the HA-PP-coated (0.9%). Deposition of the bone mineral was higher on the HA-coated sample, showing superior bone integration properties. Hybrid coating improved electrochemical properties compared to HA coating on Mg alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing paper hydrophobicity is of key importance for many paper-based applications. Fatty acids or vegetable oils and their derivatives replace environmentally harmful conventional coating materials but still require challenging chemical reactions for covalent attachment onto paper. Here, we show that simple storage of olive oil-coated cotton linter paper at 70 °C and subsequent Soxhlet extraction is able to endow paper with hydrophobic properties, reaching water contact angles above 130°. In-depth chemical and morphological analytics show the relevance of temperature and air accessibility during the aging process compared with aging at ambient temperature and under the exclusion of oxygen, underlining the importance of assessing a coating's long-term performance and stability under diverse storage conditions. Simple storage of vegetable oil-coated paper at elevated temperatures followed by extraction proves to be an easy way to produce stable covalently attached hydrophobic paper coatings with exceptionally low coating amounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The driving force of Oman's economy is oil and gas industries with a fairly diversified treasure among Gulf cooperation council countries. The corrosion problems in oil pipelines would be successfully resolved by means of novel control techniques. The current study aimed to synthesize aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles from waste aluminium foil and to assess its potential application in corrosion inhibition of mild steel pipe. Al2O3 nanoparticles have been synthesized by facile co-precipitation technique at room temperature. The synthesized Al2O3 nanoparticles have been used to fabricate nanocomposite thin films using a biopolymer, chitosan by dip coating technique and to carry out corrosion inhibition studies of mild steel pipe. The characterisation techniques employed are scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, atomic force microscopy. Atmosphere test and Wet/Dry tests are carried out to investigate the corrosion behaviour of coated specimen. From the experimental studies, it is observed that the chitosan -- Al2O3 nano thin film could inhibit the corrosion and also to enhance the lifespan of the mild steel pipe. This novel research project is aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDG- 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) and Oman vision 2040. The study demonstrates that the chitosan -- Al2O3 composite thin films fabricated using dip coating technique with minimum film thickness can be a feasible solution in controlling the corrosion in oil pipelines with good film stability, high durability, with a cost effective and environmentally friendly approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A general two-step method combining dip coating and light curing process was used to prepare polyvinylpyrrolidone hydrophilic lubricating coatings on the surface of polyurethane sheets. It was found that the ambient humidity (water vapor) and water content of the coating solution can have a great influence on the lubricating performance of the coating during the preparation of hydrophilic coatings. Compared with the environmental conditions of lower humidity (30%RH), the friction coefficient of the coatings prepared under high humidity (70%RH) decreased significantly, from 0.183 to 0.035 on average. Under the same humidity, changing the proportion of water in the top coating solution, the lubricating properties of the coatings also show great differences. At 30%RH, with the increase of water content in the top coating solution, the average friction coefficient of the coating gradually decreased from 0.183 at 0 wt% water content to 0.043 at 20 wt% water content. When the proportion of water in the solvent exceeds a certain amount, the lubricity of the coating will change in the opposite direction. The evaporation process of top coating solvent under different conditions shows the possible influence of water on the coating lubricating performance during coating preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dip coating process is one of the recognized techniques used to generate polymeric coatings on stents in an easy and low-cost way. However, there is a lack of information about the influence of the process parameters of this technique on complex geometries such as stents. This paper studies the dip coating process parameters used to provide a uniform coating of PLA with a 4–10 µm thickness. A stainless-steel tube (AISI 316L) was laser-cut, electropolished, and dip-coated in a polylactic acid (PLA) solution whilst changing the process parameters. The samples were characterized to examine the coating's uniformity, thickness, surface roughness, weight, and chemical composition. FTIR and Raman investigations indicated the presence of PLA on the stent's surface, the chemical stability of PLA during the coating process, and the absence of residual chloroform in the coatings. Additionally, the water contact angle was measured to determine the hydrophilicity of the coating. Our results indicate that, when using entry and withdrawal speeds of 500 mm min−1 and a 15 s immersion time, a uniform coating thickness was achieved throughout the tube and in the stent with an average thickness of 7.8 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, Ti3C2Tx type MXene was prepared by selective etching of Al from Ti3AlC2 with mesh size of 200. The powder form of raw material was used to fabricate Ti3C2Tx by in-situ HF etching method. The MXene is further coated on non-woven paper by simply dip coating method. The detailed structural, morphology and elemental content study of as prepared Ti3C2Tx MXene have demonstrated. The MXene (Ti3AlC2) powders show compact, layered morphology as expected for bulk layered ternary carbide. The detailed elemental analysis has carried out for Titanium carbide based MXene coated and uncoated woven paper. The lower conducting property obtained for paper coating due less amount of coating in the surface of paper instead of coating on glass substrate. The electrical property characterization of MXene coated non-woven paper and glass substrate have also been studied. Hence, the conductive coating of MXene-in water formulation achieved through simple dip coating methods is promising for low cost sensor, wearable shielding device fabrication towards renewable energy and healthcare applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hydrothermal process was used to grow titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanorods on p-type silicon substrates, and a dip-coating process was then used to fabricate TiO2 thin film–nanorod hybrid structures. The nanorod-like structures were obtained for processing temperatures of 160°C and 180°C. The thin films were dip-coated on the nanorods with a withdrawal speed of 1 cm/min. Afterwards, thin film–nanorod hybrid structures were annealed at 500°C for 1 h. Morphological characterization carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies confirmed the formation of nanorods. XRD and Raman studies confirmed the presence of anatase and rutile phases of TiO2-based hybrid structures. The oxide charge density (Qox) and the interface charge density (Dit) of the hybrid structures were measured from the capacitance–voltage (C–V) plot. Qox and Dit were calculated as 2.29 × 1012 cm−2 and 0.89 × 1012 eV−1 cm−2, respectively, for a temperature of 180°C and growth time of 60 min. The resistive switching properties of TiO2-based hybrid structures showed a good on/off ratio, and hence the hybrid structure-based device can be considered a suitable element for memory devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionSuperhydrophobic materials are considered an ideal method for oil-water separation. However, existing oil-water separation methods have the problem of manufacturing complex and toxic chemical reagents. To address the limitation, we proposed a novel approach to sustainable and efficient oil-water separation using a superhydrophobic membrane based on the Bio Tin oxide nanoparticles (Bio-SnO2 NPs).MethodsThe study involves synthesizing Bio-SnO2 NPs from the sunflower leaf extract which was natural and non-toxic and modifying textile fabric with a superhydrophobic coating (S.T.F.). Characterization techniques including SEM, FTIR, and BET analysis are employed to assess the structural and textural properties of the modified membrane.Results and DiscussionThe textile fabric was modified with a superhydrophobic coating (S.T.F.), demonstrating enhanced wettability, oil absorption capacity, and oil-water separation performance. The Bio-SnO2 NPs exhibited crystalline structures with a length of 90 nm and a diameter of 20 nm, as confirmed by SEM analysis. FTIR results revealed characteristic peaks at 3410 cm-1 and 642 cm-1, indicating the presence of hydroxyl group and Sn-O bonds confirming the successful synthesis of Bio-SnO2 NPs. BET analysis showed a substantial specific surface area of 413 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.19 cm3/g, emphasizing the textural properties. The FTIR and SEM techniques were used to study the characteristics of the textile fabric before and after modification with the superhydrophobic coat. The S.T.F. exhibited remarkable superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 152° and a water sliding angle of 4°. Absorption capacities for coconut oil, diesel, and hexane were found to be 70.4 g/g, 63.5 g/g, and 49.6 g/g, respectively, with excellent cyclic stability. Separation efficiency for hexane, diesel, and coconut oil was found to be 99.5, 97.1%, and 96.3%, respectively, with excellent cyclic stability. Mechanical stability test revealed superhydrophobicity retention even after an abrasion length of 200 mm. The chemical stability test indicated that the superhydrophobicity was maintained in the pH range of 3-11. Moreover, the flux for hexane, diesel, and coconut oil was 9400 L m−2 h−1, 8800 L m−2 h−1, and 8100 L m−2 h−1, respectively, highlighting the membrane’s efficient oil-water separation capabilities. These results collectively position the developed S.T.F. as a promising and sustainable solution for diverse oil-water separation applications.

We designed a homemade dip coater controlled by an Arduino microcontroller to produce semiconductor metal oxide films such as ZnO, CoO, and NiO. The developed device was successfully used to deposit ZnO film on a glass substrate. The structural, surface, and optical properties of the film were investigated. XRD patterns showed that the film is predominantly a hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the ZnO film was uniformly and homogeneously coated on the glass substrate. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of Zn and O in the film structure. Optical characterization by UV-visible spectrometry showed that the ZnO film has a high transmittance of over 85% in the visible region and absorbs wavelengths in the range of 300–400 nm. Moreover, the band gap of the ZnO film calculated by the Tauc equation was determined as 3.398 eV.

This study makes experimental evaluations of the corrosion and tip tests of CP-Ti joint (commercial pure Ti) implant alloys coated with YSZ nanoceramic. A Taguchi design of experiments (DOE) strategy was used to create a thin adhesive covering utilizing dip coating and electrophoretic deposition techniques. An L9-type orthogonal Taguchi array determined how dip coating and electrophoretic deposition factors, such as temperature, voltage, YSZ concentration, time, and the degree of pulverizing the Ti alloy substrate, affected the deposition yield. The Ti alloys were coated using the optimal settings for the dip coating and electrophoretic deposition procedures as previously described, utilizing the output data from the thickness and adhesion experiments used to optimize the conditions of dip coating and electrophoretic deposition. The optimal conditions for electrophoretic deposition were 60 volts, 7 minutes, 15% concentration, and 400 grit of grinding. The optimal dip coating conditions were 60°C temperature, 10 seconds, 1% concentration, and 250 grit size of Grinding. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images of the coated alloys were employed for the examination. The microstructure and thickness of the coated surfaces were further examined using optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The corrosion resistance of the best-coated Ti alloys was examined using electrochemical techniques such as polarizing (Tafel) and cyclic polarization in simulated bodily fluid (SBF). Using a tip tester, the coatings' adhesive strength was evaluated. The coated CP-Ti alloys were contrasted using the following corrosion-resistant values: Both coating alloys enhanced corrosion resistance in Ringer's solution at 37°C. However, the coated CP-Ti alloy by electrophoretic deposition corroded less quickly than the CP-Ti alloy by dip coating (3.031×10-3 vs 1.042×10-3 respectively).

Katma değeri yüksek, ileri teknoloji ve yüksek maliyet gerektiren malzemelere alternatif olarak ince film kaplama yöntemleri ile eşdeğer yüzey özelliklerine sahip ekonomik malzemeler üretilebilmektedir. İnce film biriktirme yapılarak farklı sensörler, fotovoltaik hücreler, elektronik uygulamalar ve filtreler gibi çeşitli teknolojik malzemelerin temelini oluşturan yarı iletken yüzeyler üretmek mümkündür. Çeşitli fosil yakıtlar ve atıkların yanması ile farklı gazlar açığa çıkmaktadır. Çevreye zarar vermekte ve sağlığa olumsuz etkileri olan bu gazların tespit edilmesi gerekmektedir. CuO yarıiletken ince filmler karbondioksit, etanol, amonyak gibi farklı gazların belirlenmesi ve gerekli uyarıların verilmesinde gaz sensörü olarak kullanımı amacı üzerine çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında cam yüzeyler üzerine CuO yarıiletken ince filmler biriktirilerek gaz sensörü olarak kullanımı test edilmiştir. CuO yarı iletken ince filmlerin CO2 gazının tespitinde alternatif bir gaz sensörü olarak kullanılabileceği tespit edilmiştir.

Chemically modified mandua starch was successfully synthesized and applied to coat mesalamine-loaded matrix tablets. The coating material was an aqueous dispersion of mandua starch modified by sodium trimetaphosphate and sodium tripolyphosphate. To investigate the colon-targeting release competence, chemically modified mandua starch film-coated mesalamine tablets were produced using the wet granulation method followed by dip coating. The effect of the coating on the colon-targeted release of the resultant delivery system was inspected in healthy human volunteers and rabbits using roentgenography. The results show that drug release was controlled when the coating level was 10% w/w. The release percentage in the upper gastric phase (pH 1.2, simulated gastric fluid) was less than 6% and reached up to 59.51% w/w after 14 h in simulated colonic fluid. In addition to in vivo roentgenographic studies in healthy rabbits, human volunteer studies proved the colon targeting efficiency of the formulation. These results clearly demonstrated that chemically modified mandua starch has high effectiveness as a novel aqueous coating material for controlled release or colon targeting.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) from Lates calcarifer scales was used as a coating material for 316L Stainless Steel (SS 316L) to determine the influence of the thickness and withdrawal speed on the morphology of the layer. The dip coating method was used with variations in the mass of the HA in the coating suspension at a constant immersion time and carried out at 2 withdrawal speeds. The withdrawal speed used was 2 mm/s and 4 mm/s with variations in the HA content in the suspension of 4 g, 8 g, and 12 g at a constant immersion time of 10 seconds. Analysis of morphological characteristics and thickness were observed with a Stereo Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and a Sanfix Thickness Gauge. Based on the data obtained from this study, the optimal layer morphology is at a withdrawal speed of 2 mm/s with a mass of HA as much as 12 g in suspension because it has a uniform thickness value according to the biomedical standards and a coated surface area of 91.8%.

Abstract Adhesion and homogeneity of the coating-substrate were analyzed on the basis of the establishment of coating mineralogy. Substrate raw materials used were kaolin clay and a calcined alumina 4 µm; a series of higher density ceramic coatings were deposited using calcined aluminas 0.5 µm and 4 µm, silica fume, and talc. The dip coating technique was applied to all substrates and later sintered at 1300 ºC. Shrinkage and density of coatings mixtures and substrate were separately evaluated. X-ray diffraction was utilized to identify the crystalline phases present in the coatings, while optical and electron microscopy were employed for the structural characterization of the coatings. Coatings exhibited lower shrinkage compared to the substrate. Among the specimens that exhibited good adhesion, cracks were observed to extend parallel to the substrate surface. The presence of cristobalite on the coating indicated that the failure mechanism involved buckling. The crack dimension presented on the coating decreased after adding talc to the mixture.

Titanium and its alloys are widely used for orthopedic implant fabrication. The interfacial reaction between titanium and living tissue is controlled by the oxide film formed on the surface of the titanium substrate. In this work, an anodic oxidation technique was explored to create the self-organized TiO2 nanotube array by maintaining a constant voltage of 30 V for 4 h using ethylene glycol (80%), ammonium fluoride (0.3 wt%), and the distilled water adjusted the remaining balance (19.7%). The constructed nanotube array has a diameter of 100 ± 12 nm. Further, a 58 S bioglass was synthesized using a sol-gel technique and integrated into the TiO2 nanotubular array. The samples were analyzed in terms of their topography and electrochemical response. The 58 S bioglass-integrated nanotubular surface effectively improves resistance to electrochemical corrosion.

Electrically conductive, thin, and flexible materials with outstanding mechanical properties are desired to meet the electromagnetic shielding requirements of next-generation electronic devices. Herein, we report the synthesis of nanostructured MXene/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer composites by tuning the architecture by three different approaches (sandwiched, dip coated, and solution mixing) and evaluating their potential for electromagnetic shielding. A sandwich architecture (PVDF/MXene/PVDF) dominates in terms of mechanical strength (tensile strength of 40 MPa) with complete waterproof characteristics. The sandwich architecture and solution-processed composites offered a shielding effectiveness (SE) of 65 and 51 dB, respectively, with a similar weight-to-thickness ratio for 70 μm-thick samples. The dip-coated MXene nanosheet-coated PVDF film, however, demonstrated an outstanding SE of 90 dB for a small thickness of 30 μm, which is the highest value reported for comparable thickness among polymer composites. The research emphasizes the significance of structural design in regulating the properties of polymer composites, which integrate 2D nanomaterials with similar compositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A critical assessment was carried out to investigate the impact of electrostatic spray coatings as compared to dip coatings on tomatoes which were conducted at 30 ± 2 °C and 60% RH for a period of 30 days. In this paper, the impact of developed polysaccharide‐based coatings (alginate and cellulose coatings with clove oil) and commercially available wax‐based coatings (VMW50+) was compared to that of uncoated tomatoes. The application of alginate‐ and cellulose‐based electrostatically charged sprays was found to significantly (P < 0.05) reduce the weight loss, firmness, colour and bioactive compound degradation and overall flavour loss as compared to uncoated and dip‐based coating during the storage period of 30 days. Moreover, alginate‐ and cellulose‐based electrostatically charged spray coating were more efficient in delaying the spoilage of tomatoes by 20 days as compared to the uncoated one. A significant level of charge‐to‐mass ratio has been achieved, which confirmed the chargeability of coating materials. These findings confirmed the capability of electrostatically charged sprays to extend the shelf life and preserve the overall quality of tomatoes during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The method employed for membrane preparation and nanoparticle incorporation in membrane systems can affect their properties. This work aims to compare the better strategy to obtain membranes from the preparation of PBAT [Poly(butylene adipate co‐terephthalate)] containing nanoclay Cloisite® 20A (C20A) (0, 0.5, and 1 wt.%) by combined Evaporation/Non‐solvent Induced Phase Separation (EIPS/NIPS) or dip coating methods. The SEM, TGA, contact angle measurements, FTIR, XRD, mechanical testing, and cost analysis characterized EIPS/NIPS to dip coating membranes. EIPS/NIPS membranes had smaller pores (0.3–0.5 μm), with a more homogeneous pore diameter distribution due to C20A nanoclay insertion. PBAT/0.5% C20AEIPS/NIPS was the more hydrophilic membrane (37°) with better mechanical properties proven by statistical analysis. The cost analysis showed that EIPS/NIPS membranes production cost per square meter (m2) was lower (US$ 73.4–73.8) than dip coating (US$ 89.0–99.2). The EIPS/NIPS method was the most economically and statistically advantageous, and its properties can favor future applications for PTEs removal in aqueous media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water‐resistant poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films are valuable in biomedical applications; however, they typically require crosslinkers to stabilize the films, which can introduce undesired aggregation or phase separation reactions. Herein, a dipping‐based process to prepare PEDOT:PSS films on nonplanar surfaces without crosslinker is developed. Sequential soaking of a dip‐coated PEDOT:PSS film in ethanol and water imparts water resistance to the film. Microscopic and spectroscopic techniques are used to monitor the process and confirm that the ethanol soaking elutes the excess PSS from the film bulk, which stabilizes the film prior to the water‐soaking process. The obtained films act as conductors and semiconductors on curved surfaces, including 3D‐printed objects. A film deposited on a curved surface is successfully applied as the channel layer in a neuromorphic organic electrochemical transistor. This approach can enable integrated bioelectronic and neuromorphic applications that can be readily deployed for facile prototyping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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AbstractElectrocardiogram (ECG) is the most common and simple technique to diagnose cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular diseases can be detected effectively if ECG signals are monitored for a long time, producing innovative clinical outcomes to diagnose and treat cardiovascular diseases. Due to skin irritation and degradation of signal quality with time, traditional wet electrodes are unsuitable for long-term ECG monitoring. Researchers are trying to fabricate flexible, wearable, highly conductive and lightweight ECG sensors, which can be applied for long-term monitoring of ECG signals and the detection of several cardiovascular diseases. Graphene is used for fabricating dry ECG electrodes because it exhibits robust mechanical flexibility, good environmental stability and excellent carrier mobility. This review paper presents the progress of various fabrication methods to make graphene-based ECG electrodes and provides the researcher’s clarification on recent advancements and direction in this domain. This paper focuses on a systematic review and comparative study of various fabrication methods of graphene-based ECG electrodes, such as screen printing, dip coating, drop casting, wet transfer, electrospinning, wet transfer and dry patterning, spin coating, spray coating, ink-jet printing etc.

AbstractWe report on several state of the art thin films coating technologies including physical vapor deposition (PVD) and solution process deposition techniques. Such techniques have their own significance to develop the energy efficiency devices. Choosing the right technique has become very critical in recent days as the scaling varies significantly with the technology. Thus, it becomes obvious to pick-up the right deposition procedure according to the needs where substrate size, film thickness, and required surface roughness are critically involved. Among all techniques, PVD offers various advantages, which include full control over growth, pristine film quality, large-scale fabrication, stacking of thin films, co-deposition flexibility, and controlling of the deposition temperature. In addition, such techniques can be adapted in small-scale research based labs with capping in terms of budget. Such vapor deposition processes also result in pin-hole free, homogeneous and continuous thin films which are highly desirable parameters for many energy related applications. Solution process techniques such as dip, spin, blade, and roll coating techniques are also discussed to provide an overall view. This report aims to give in-depth cross sectional review of all deposition techniques considering both positive and negative sides. PVD growth processes are very efficient where pattering of films are very significantly required. Hence, in this work, we have captured many deposition techniques where the properties of the films are very crucial to end up with different morphologies. The goal is to compare various techniques as a key parameter to control the fine formation of thin films. We are convinced that our report will show substantial importance to a wider group of materials scientists, chemists, physicists, and to the wider photovoltaic community to pick the best-suited vehicle for thin film growth purposes.