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Background: Photoallergic contact dermatitis (PACD) is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to allergens only in the presence of ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. Photopatch testing (PhotoPT) is necessary to confirm the diagnosis of PACD. There are few published studies of PhotoPT in North America. Objective: To summarise the results of patients photopatch tested by members of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG), 2009–2020. Methods: Retrospective analysis of patient characteristics and PhotoPT results to 32 allergens on the NACDG Photopatch Test Series. Results: Most of the 454 tested patients were female (70.3%), 21–60 years old (66.7%) and White (66.7%). There were a total of 119 positive photopatch tests. Sunscreen agents comprised 88.2% of those, with benzophenones responsible for over half of them. Final diagnoses included PACD in 17.2%, allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in 44.5%, polymorphous light eruption (PMLE) in 18.9% and chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD) in 9.0% of patients. Conclusions: In 454 patients with suspected photosensitivity referred for photopatch testing in North America, approximately one‐fifth had PACD. Sunscreen agents, especially benzophenones, were the most common photoallergens. Other common diagnoses included ACD, PMLE and CAD. Photopatch testing is an important tool for differentiating these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A typical feature that the LOHC technology shares with other types of chemical hydrogen storage is that the release of hydrogen from the carrier requires an input of heat. In many use cases where waste heat from external sources is not available (e.g. in heavy-duty mobility), this is seen as a major drawback. In this paper, we show that autothermal LOHC dehydrogenation offers a very attractive way to overcome this drawback. In detail, we demonstrate autothermal hydrogen release from dicyclohexylmethane using diphenylmethane oxidation to benzophenone as source of heat. The full storage cycle involves benzophenone hydrodeoxygenation to dicyclohexylmethane, dicyclohexylmethane dehydrogenation to diphenylmethane, and diphenylmethane oxidation to benzophenone. We studied both the individual reaction steps using pure feedstocks and the integral cycle in which the intermediates and by-products of each reaction remain in the system for the subsequent reaction step. Although no efforts have yet been made to develop special catalyst materials for this purpose, the results with the applied commercial hydrodeoxygenation (Pd/C), dehydrogenation (Pt on alumina) and partial oxidation (VO x /TiO 2) catalysts are already very promising. The storage cycle can be closed with high selectivity and with only minor total oxidation losses. The proposed concept of autothermal LOHC dehydrogenation offers the potential to increase the amount of useable hydrogen from a given amount of charged hydrogen carrier by up to 30%. • Autothermal dehydrogenation enables chemical hydrogen storage without external heat. • Dehydrogenation heat is provided through partial oxidation of the hydrogen carrier. • Regeneration takes place through hydrodeoxygenation at energy-rich locations. • Individual reaction steps and influencing parameters have been studied. • Full autothermal hydrogen storage cycle demonstrated for model system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organic room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials via host–guest doped method receive considerable attention in the fields of optoelectronics, bioimaging, and information encryption. Despite many host–guest doped materials with excellent RTP properties have been developed, their luminous mechanism is still limited. Here, a series of host–guest doped materials, using benzophenone as the host and quinone compounds as the guests, were constructed to investigate the effect of the triplet energy gap (ΔET) between the host and guest on triplet states population. The guest's triplet state is proposed to be a “triplet energy reservoir”, gathering the triplet excitons to emit RTP when ΔET is large and returning triplet excitons to the host when ΔET is small. By combining the results of steady‐state and delayed emission spectra, time‐resolved transient absorption spectra, and theoretical calculations, a bidirectional energy transfer process is proved, which are triplet‐triplet energy transfer and reverse triplet‐triplet energy transfer processes. The thermal equilibrium of these two energy transfer processes can be regulated by the ΔET and temperature. The potential applications of these RTP properties are also realized in data encryption and anti‐counterfeiting. This work provides valuable insight into the design of host–guest doped materials based on energy transfer mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Asian Journals of Ecotoxicology is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The photosensitized reaction of nitrobenzene and its derivatives, including dinitrobenzene, has been extensively investigated in an aqueous alkaline medium using Benzophenone as a sensitizer under visible light irradiation. A 100 W tungsten lamp was employed for the purpose of irradiation. The presence of the strongly electron-withdrawing NO2 group leads to polarization of the C–H bond. In this process, the triplet excited state of benzophenone initiates H+ abstraction from the polarized C–H bond of nitrobenzene (NB) and meta-dinitrobenzene (m-DNB) through exciplex formation. Proton abstraction results in the formation of free radicals for both NB and m-DNB, followed by dimerization of the free radicals. The observed rate of the reaction follows the order m-DNB > NB. However, no photochemical reaction was observed for p-dinitrobenzene (p-DNB). Various parameters such as pH, substrate concentration, sensitizer concentration, light intensity, solvent effect, and the rate of the photochemical reaction were investigated. The quantum efficiency of the product was determined using a potassium ferrioxalate actinometer. The formation of the product occurs through exciplex formation from the triplet excited state. The possible products, namely 2,2'-dinitro biphenyl and 2,2'-4,4'-tetranitro biphenyl, were confirmed using UV–visible spectrophotometry and mass spectrometry. Finally, a proposed reaction mechanism was suggested based on the experimental findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hindered phenol antioxidants and benzophenone UV absorbers are common polymer additives and often used in combination applications to enhance the anti-aging performance of polymer materials. This study primarily aims to incorporate hindered phenol and benzophenone structures into a single molecule to develop a multifunctional polymer additive with good anti-aging performance. Thus, a novel potential polymer anti-aging agent, namely 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3-(4-benzoyl-3-hydroxyphenoxy)propyl ester (3C), was synthesized using 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, 3-bromo-1-propanol, and 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone as raw materials by two-step procedure. The structure of compound 3C was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray single crystal diffraction. Its thermal stability and UV resistance were assessed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and UV absorption spectroscopy (UV). The compound 3C as an additive was incorporated into the preparation of polyolefin elastomer (POE) films. The anti-aging performance of POE films was evaluated by measuring parameters such as oxidation induction time, melt flow index, transmittance, and infrared spectra of the artificially aged POE films. The results indicate that the compound 3C exhibits a promising anti-aging performance in both thermo-oxidative aging and ultraviolet aging tests of POE films and is a potential polymer anti-aging agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystal & Displays is the property of Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystal & Displays and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The analysis of UV filters (UVFs) in water has become increasingly important due to their adverse effects on aquatic organisms and humans. This study describes a method for the determination of benzophenone derivatives UVF in wastewater samples. The selected UVFs are 2‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxybenzophenone (BP‐3), 2,4‐dihydroxybenzophenone (BP‐1), 4‐hydroxybenzophenone (4HB), 2,2′‐dihydroxy‐4‐methoxybenzophenone (DHMB) and lastly, 4,4′‐dihydroxybenzophenone (4DHB). The method includes solid‐phase extraction (SPE) of analytes from wastewater followed by on‐line derivatization with bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and analysis with GC‐MS/MS. Method validation studies resulted in good recoveries (86–112%), relative standard deviation RSD = 0.8 and 7.3%, the limits of detection LODs = 1.00–10.8 ng/L, and the limits of quantification LOQs = 3.00–32.3 ng/L. The method was successfully applied to domestic wastewater samples collected from influent and effluent of touristic hotels' biological wastewater treatment plants. BP‐3 (24–1765 ng/L), BP‐1 (8–703 ng/L), 4HB (26–96 ng/L), and 4DHB (20–22 ng/L) were the common benzophenone derivatives in the influent wastewater while effluent contained mainly BP‐1 (8–32 ng/L), 4HB (12–57 ng/L) and 4DHB (20–102 ng/L). These results indicate that BP‐3 and BP‐1 are biodegraded in the treatment processes. However, 4HB and 4DHB are resistant to degradation and they are the main benzophenone metabolites discharged to receiving media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzophenone was encapsulated in molecular crystals of fully fluorinated coordination complexes, [ML2] [1, M = Cu2+ and Pd2+, L = bis(pentafluorobenzoyl)-methanido−], forming a unique chiral co-crystal with a ratio of [ML2]:benzophenone = 2:3, while no encapsulation was observed in the corresponding non-fluorinated complexes [M(dbm)2] (dbm = dibenzoylmethanido−). Notable π-hole···π and metal(M)···π interactions were detected between the complex and the adapted orientation of benzophenone in the co-crystals. Analyses from crystal structures and thermogravimetric (TG) results indicated that the encapsulation and thermal stability of benzophenone in these molecular crystals correlate well with the electrophilic characteristics shown by the electrostatic potential (ESP) at the metal centers, which is enhanced by fluorination: Cu2+ > Pd2+ >> Pt2+. The recognition of benzophenone is driven by π-holes created by the electron-withdrawing nature of fluorine atoms and the electron-deficient metal ion enhanced by the aromatic fluorine, demonstrating that the effect of electrostatic molecular recognition is as significant as oxygen coordination, as shown in comparative studies with 1,1-diphenylethylene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanoma, an aggressive and potentially fatal skin cancer, is constrained by immunosuppression, resistance, and high toxicity in its treatment. Consequently, there is an urgent need for innovative antineoplastic agents. Therefore, this study investigated the antimelanoma potential of guttiferone E (GE). In an allogeneic murine B16 melanoma model, GE was administered subcutaneously and intraperitoneally. Antitumor evaluation included tumor volume/weight measurements and histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. Furthermore, the toxicity of the treatments was evaluated through body/organ weights, biochemical parameters, and genotoxicity. Subcutaneous administration of 20 mg/kg of GE resulted in a significant reduction in both tumor volume and weight, effectively suppressing melanoma cell proliferation as evidenced by a decrease in mitotic figures. The tumor growth inhibition rate was equivalent to 54%. This treatment upregulated cleaved caspase-3, indicating apoptosis induction. On the other hand, intraperitoneal administration of GE showed no antimelanoma effect. Remarkably, GE treatments exhibited no toxicity, evidenced by non-significant differences in body weight gain, as well as organ weight, biochemical parameters of nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, and genotoxic damage. This study revealed, for the first time, the efficacy of subcutaneous administration of GE in reducing melanoma, in the absence of toxicity. Furthermore, it was observed that the apoptotic signaling pathway is involved in the antimelanoma property of GE. These findings offer valuable insights for further exploring GE's therapeutic applications in melanoma treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is a growing interest in studying natural products for the identification of novel lead compounds for drug development for treating inflammatory diseases. Although some studies have focused anti-inflammatory activity of benzophenones and xanthones, exploring additional targets such as enzymes and cytokines, involved in their inflammatory response could provide more comprehensive understanding of the compounds' anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, four xanthones ananixanthone (1), smeathxanthone A (2), smeathxanthone B (3), and 1,3,5,8-tetrahydroxy-2-(3-methybut-2-enyl)-4-(3,7- dimethyloct-2,6-dienyl) xanthone (4); and three benzophenones guttiferone O (5), guttiferone M (6), and aristophenone A (7) from Garcinia smeathmannii (Planch. & Triana) Oliv. were investigated for their effect on nitric oxide production, cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase inhibition, and Th1/Th2 cytokines production in activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Methods: The Griess reagent method and the ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange assay were used to evaluate the inhibition of NO production and the 15-lipoxygenase activity respectively. Cyclooxygenase activity was assessed using the fluorometric COX activity assay kit and measurement of Th1/Th2 cytokines was performed using a flow cytometer. Results: All the tested compounds exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of NO production with varying degrees of inhibitory effects on 15-LOX activity. Compound (6), displays the best inhibitory effect on COX-1/COX-2 activity. A general trend of the tested compounds on cytokines profiles revealed that compound (5) showed a pronounced enhancement of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10). Conclusion: This observation supports future exploration of ananixanthone (1), guttiferone O (5), and guttiferone (6) as potential candidates for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidation of alcohols to ketones constitutes a crucial aspect of undergraduate organic chemistry theory. Benzophenone, the resultant product of the reaction, finds extensive applications in fields such as photoinitiators and UV-curable coatings. Compounds featuring benzophenone as their backbone also hold significance in targeted drug release. Traditional methods for benzophenone synthesis suffer from long reaction time, the use of heavy metal oxidation reagents, and the complexity of dehydrogenation catalyst preparation, limiting their suitability for undergraduate laboratory teaching. This paper presents an environmentally friendly electrochemical synthesis approach for benzophenone. The method employs potassium iodide as the electrolyte and a mixed solvent of acetonitrile and water, facilitating the direct electrolytic oxidation of diphenylmethanol to benzophenone without the need for additional oxidation or dehydrogenation agents. This improved method boasts shorter reaction time, higher yield, simplified post-processing, and employs inexpensive, readily available reagents, making it ideal for introductory organic chemistry experiments. The experiment integrates thin-layer chromatography (TLC), melting point determination, ¹HNMR, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to analyze and identify reaction systems or products, thereby enhancing students’ proficiency in experimental operations and product identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previously, we found that the ultraviolet filter benzophenone-3 (BP3) causes fetal growth restriction in mice when is applied when implantation occurs (first week of gestation). However, whether BP3 can affect gestation and fertility after implantation period is unknown. We aimed to study the effects on reproductive physiology of the offspring caused by perinatal exposure to BP3. C57BL/6 pregnant mice were dermally exposed to 50 mg BP3/kg bw.day or olive oil (vehicle) from gestation day 9 (gd9) to postnatal day 21 (pnd1). We observed no differences in mother's weights, duration of gestation, number of pups per mother, onset of puberty or sex ratio. The weights of the pups exposed to benzophenone-3 were transiently lower than those of the control. Estrous cycle was not affected by perinatal exposure to BP3. Besides, we performed a fertility assessment by continuous breeding protocol: at 10 weeks of age, one F1 female and one F1 male mouse from each group was randomly chosen from each litter and housed together for a period of 6 months. We noticed a reduction in the number of deliveries per mother among dams exposed to BP3 during the perinatal period. To see if this decreased fertility could be associated to an early onset of oocytes depletion, we estimated the ovarian reserve of germ cells. We found reduced number of oocytes and primordial follicles in BP3. In conclusion, perinatal exposure to BP3 leads to a decline in the reproductive capacity of female mice in a continuous breeding protocol linked to oocyte depletion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumin longa (Turmeric) contains an extremely strong phytochemical called curcumin, which has various medicinal and industrial benefits, including anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects, textile dyeing, and food and beverage colorants. However, due to its poor bioavailability and low aqueous solubility, it is unstable. These physiochemical properties limit curcumin's clinical application. In order to solve this problem, scientists recently made new PAMAM dendrimers of the zero, first, and second generations conjugated with curcumin and benzophenone, which is a water-soluble secondary metabolite. Here, we use topological indices to examine these novel PAMAM dendrimers. Adriatic indices, which are a subclass of topological indices, can be used to measure how the arrangement of atoms in a chemical structure affects its most important physical properties. In this study, the parameters of the aforementioned dendrimer, including its density, retention duration, enthalpy, and lipophilicity, are calculated and analyzed based on 16 distinct adriatic indices. Enhanced bioavailability of curcumin in the near future is likely to bring this promising natural product to the forefront of therapeutic agents for the treatment of human diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lysozyme, a common antimicrobial agent, is widely used in the food, biopharmaceutical, chemical, and medicine fields. Rapid and effective isolation of lysozymes is an everlasting topic. In this work, ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymer nanofibrous membranes with a gradient porous structure used for lysozyme adsorption were prepared through layer-by-layer nanofiber wet-laying and a cost-efficient ultraviolet (UV)-assisted graft-modification method, where benzophenone was used as an initiator and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid as a modifying monomer. As indicated in the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectric energy spectrometer (XPS) investigation, sulfonic acid groups were introduced on the surface of the modified nanofibrous membrane, which possessed the ability to adsorb lysozyme. Compared with membranes with homogenous porous structures, membranes with a gradient porous structure present higher static (335 mg/g) and dynamic adsorption capacities (216.3 mg/g). Meanwhile, the adsorption capacity remained high after five cycles of the adsorption–desorption process. The results can be attributed to the gradient porous structure rather than the highest porosity and specific surface area. This suggests that the membrane with comprehensive separation performance can be designed from the view of the transmembrane porous structure, which is of significance for the development of next-generation advanced chromatographic membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective removal of organic UV filters from aquatic environmental compartments and swimming waters is very important because these substances are hazardous to humans and wildlife at low concentrations and act as endocrine disruptors. Therefore, the aim of the present article is to determine the extraction efficiencies of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) for the selected UV filters based on benzophenone structure (benzophenone, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2,2´,4,4´-tetrahydroxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 2,2´-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 4-methacryloxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone) from aqueous matrices. For this purpose, six HDESs based on dl-menthol in combination with caprylic, decanoic and lauric acid are prepared and compared with referent terpene solvents such as terpineol and linalool. The effect of various parameters such as HDES composition, volume ratio, frequency and shaking time are studied. The highest extraction efficiency is shown by HDES of menthol:caprylic acid (1:1) composition at the aqueous:organic phase volume ratio of 1:1, shaking frequency of 1500 rpm and shaking time of 15 min. The achieved extraction efficiencies are higher than 99.6 % for all benzophenones studied in the purification of stagnant pond water, swimming pool water and river water samples. After a simple and fast sample treatment, the residual levels of benzophenones in the waters are controlled by a newly developed sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method with LOQs in the range of 0.7 – 5.0 ng/mL.

Background: Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) such as phthalates and phenols can affect placental functioning and fetal health, potentially via epigenetic modifications. We investigated the associations between pregnancy exposure to synthetic phenols and phthalates estimated from repeated urine sampling and genome wide placental DNA methylation. Methods: The study is based on 387 women with placental DNA methylation assessed with Infinium MethylationEPIC arrays and with 7 phenols, 13 phthalates, and two non-phthalate plasticizer metabolites measured in pools of urine samples collected twice during pregnancy. We conducted an exploratory analysis on individual CpGs (EWAS) and differentially methylated regions (DMRs) as well as a candidate analysis focusing on 20 previously identified CpGs. Sex-stratified analyses were also performed. Results: In the exploratory analysis, when both sexes were studied together no association was observed in the EWAS. In the sex-stratified analysis, 114 individual CpGs (68 in males, 46 in females) were differentially methylated, encompassing 74 genes (36 for males and 38 for females). We additionally identified 28 DMRs in the entire cohort, 40 for females and 42 for males. Associations were mostly positive (for DMRs: 93% positive associations in the entire cohort, 60% in the sex-stratified analysis), with the exception of several associations for bisphenols and DINCH metabolites that were negative. Biomarkers associated with most DMRs were parabens, DEHP, and DiNP metabolite concentrations. Some DMRs encompassed imprinted genes including APC (associated with parabens and DiNP metabolites), GNAS (bisphenols), ZIM2;PEG3;MIMT1 (parabens, monoethyl phthalate), and SGCE;PEG10 (parabens, DINCH metabolites). Terms related to adiposity, lipid and glucose metabolism, and cardiovascular function were among the enriched phenotypes associated with differentially methylated CpGs. The candidate analysis identified one CpG mapping to imprinted LGALS8 gene, negatively associated with ethylparaben. Conclusions: By combining improved exposure assessment and extensive placental epigenome coverage, we identified several novel genes associated with the exposure, possibly in a sex-specific manner.

The reactivity of the complex [(dpp-bian)GaNa(DME)2] (1) (dpp-bian = 1,2-bis[(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene) towards isocyanates, benzophenone, diphenylketene, and 1,2-dibenzylidenehydrazine has been studied. Treatment of 1 with isocyanates led to derivatives of imidoformamide [(dpp-bian)Ga{C(=NPh)2}2–NPh][Na(DME)3] (2), biuret [(dpp-bian)Ga(NCy)2(CO)2NCy][Na(DME)] (3), or carbamic acids [(dpp-bian)GaN(Cy)C(O)O]2[Na(THF)(Et2O)] (4), [(dpp-bian)GaC(=NCy)N(Cy)C(O)O][Na(Py)3] (5). Treatment of 1 with 2 equiv. of Ph2CO resulted in gallium pinacolate [(dpp-bian)GaO(CPh2)2O][Na(Py)2] (9), while the reaction of 1 with 2 equiv. Ph2CCO gave divinyl ether derivative [(dpp-bian)Ga{C(=CPh2)O}2][Na(DME)3] (10). Complex 1 treated with 2 equiv. 1,2-dibenzylidenehydrazine underwent [1+2+2] cycloaddition to give C–C coupling product [(dpp-bian)Ga{N(NCHPh)}2(CHPh)2][Na(DME)3] (11). When complex 1 was sequentially treated with 1 equiv. of 1,2-dibenzylidenehydrazine and 1 equiv. of pyridine or pyridine-d5; it gave [1+2+2] cycloaddition product [(dpp-bian)GaN(NCHPh)C(Ph)CN][Na(DME)3] (12). Compounds 2–12 were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, and their molecular structures were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.

Materials exhibiting room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) have recently emerged as a subject of significant interest. In this study, we successfully created inclusion crystals by introducing halobenzenes as guests into a host molecule combining benzophenone with naphthalene diimide. This approach led to the creation of fascinating fluorescence and RTP properties dependent on the guest molecules. Notably, crystals containing chlorobenzene showed cyan fluorescence, while those with iodobenzene displayed red RTP. This difference highlights the impact of the guest molecule on the luminescent properties, with the significant external heavy‐atom effect of iodobenzene playing a key role in promoting efficient intersystem crossing between the excited singlet and triplet states. Crystals with bromobenzene exhibited a unique blend of fluorescence and RTP, both from benzophenone and naphthalene diimide, highlighting the moderate heavy‐atom effect. These findings reveal composite materials with remarkably diverse and interesting optical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reactivity of the complex [(dpp-bian)GaNa(DME)2] (1) (dpp-bian = 1,2-bis[(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene) towards isocyanates, benzophenone, diphenylketene, and 1,2-dibenzylidenehydrazine has been studied. Treatment of 1 with isocyanates led to derivatives of imidoformamide [(dpp-bian)Ga{C(=NPh)2}2–NPh][Na(DME)3] (2), biuret [(dpp-bian)Ga(NCy)2(CO)2NCy][Na(DME)] (3), or carbamic acids [(dpp-bian)GaN(Cy)C(O)O]2[Na(THF)(Et2O)] (4), [(dpp-bian)GaC(=NCy)N(Cy)C(O)O][Na(Py)3] (5). Treatment of 1 with 2 equiv. of Ph2CO resulted in gallium pinacolate [(dpp-bian)GaO(CPh2)2O][Na(Py)2] (9), while the reaction of 1 with 2 equiv. Ph2CCO gave divinyl ether derivative [(dpp-bian)Ga{C(=CPh2)O}2][Na(DME)3] (10). Complex 1 treated with 2 equiv. 1,2-dibenzylidenehydrazine underwent [1+2+2] cycloaddition to give C–C coupling product [(dpp-bian)Ga{N(NCHPh)}2(CHPh)2][Na(DME)3] (11). When complex 1 was sequentially treated with 1 equiv. of 1,2-dibenzylidenehydrazine and 1 equiv. of pyridine or pyridine-d5; it gave [1+2+2] cycloaddition product [(dpp-bian)GaN(NCHPh)C(Ph)CN][Na(DME)3] (12). Compounds 2–12 were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, and their molecular structures were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is regarded as the most aggressive form of brain tumor delineated by high cellular heterogeneity; it is resistant to conventional therapeutic regimens. In this study, the anti-cancer potential of garcinol, a naturally derived benzophenone, was assessed against GBM. During the analysis, we observed a reduction in the viability of rat glioblastoma C6 cells at a concentration of 30 µM of the extract (p < 0.001). Exposure to garcinol also induced nuclear fragmentation and condensation, as evidenced by DAPI-stained photomicrographs of C6 cells. The dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential in a dose-dependent fashion was linked to the activation of caspases. Furthermore, it was observed that garcinol mediated the inhibition of NF-κB (p < 0.001) and decreased the expression of genes associated with cell survival (Bcl-XL, Bcl-2, and survivin) and proliferation (cyclin D1). Moreover, garcinol showed interaction with NF-κB through some important amino acid residues, such as Pro275, Trp258, Glu225, and Gly259 during molecular docking analysis. Comparative analysis with positive control (temozolomide) was also performed. We found that garcinol induced apoptotic cell death via inhibiting NF-κB activity in C6 cells, thus implicating it as a plausible therapeutic agent for GBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six benzophenone derivatives, carneusones A-F (1–6), along with seven known compounds (7–13) were isolated from a strain of sponge-derived marine fungus Aspergillus carneus GXIMD00543. Their chemical structures were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic data and quantum chemical calculations. Compounds 5, 6, and 8 exhibited moderate anti-inflammatory activity on NO secretion using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells with EC50 values of 34.6 ± 0.9, 20.2 ± 1.8, and 26.8 ± 1.7 μM, while 11 showed potent effect with an EC50 value of 2.9 ± 0.1 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Full utilization of the excited species at both singlet states (1R*) and triplet states (3R*) is crucial to improving electrochemiluminescence (ECL) efficiency but is challenging for organic luminescent materials. Here, an aggregation‐induced delayed ECL (AIDECL) active organic dot (OD) containing a benzophenone acceptor and dimethylacridine donor is reported, which shows high ECL efficiency via reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) of non‐emissive 3R* to emissive 1R*, overcoming the spin‐forbidden radiative decay from 3R*. By introducing dual donor‐acceptor pairs into luminophores, it is found that nonradiative pathway could be further suppressed via enhanced intermolecular weak interactions, and multiple spin‐up conversion channels could be activated. As a consequence, the obtained OD enjoys a 6.8‐fold higher ECL efficiency relative to the control AIDECL‐active OD. Single‐crystal studies and theoretical calculations reveal that the enhanced AIDECL behaviors come from the acceleration of both radiative transition and RISC. This work represents a major step towards purely organic, high‐efficiency ECL dyes and a direction for the design of next‐generation ECL dyes at the molecular level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four new 2-pyrone derivatives, two pairs of enantiomers, (±)-egypyrone A [(±)-1] and (±)-egypyrone B [(±)-2], together with a new benzophenone analogue, orbiophenone B (3), were isolated from the endophytic fungus Penicillium egyptiacum. The enantiomeric mixtures (±)-1 and (±)-2 were separated through chiral HPLC, respectively. Their structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of spectroscopic data and the absolute configuration was determined by comparing the optical rotation of structurally similar molecule. Subsequently, the cytotoxic activities of (±)-1, (±)-2, and 3 against the U87 cell line were tested and no activity was observed at a concentration of 10 µM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is a growing interest in studying natural products for the identification of novel lead compounds for drug development for treating inflammatory diseases. Although some studies have focused anti-inflammatory activity of benzophenones and xanthones, exploring additional targets such as enzymes and cytokines, involved in their inflammatory response could provide more comprehensive understanding of the compounds’ anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, four xanthones ananixanthone (1), smeathxanthone A (2), smeathxanthone B (3), and 1,3,5,8-tetrahydroxy-2-(3-methybut-2-enyl)-4-(3,7-dimethyloct-2,6-dienyl) xanthone (4); and three benzophenones guttiferone O (5), guttiferone M (6), and aristophenone A (7) from Garcinia smeathmannii (Planch. & Triana) Oliv. were investigated for their effect on nitric oxide production, cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase inhibition, and Th1/Th2 cytokines production in activated RAW 264.7 macrophages.Methods: The Griess reagent method and the ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange assay were used to evaluate the inhibition of NO production and the 15-lipoxygenase activity respectively. Cyclooxygenase activity was assessed using the fluorometric COX activity assay kit and measurement of Th1/Th2 cytokines was performed using a flow cytometer.Results: All the tested compounds exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of NO production with varying degrees of inhibitory effects on 15-LOX activity. Compound (6), displays the best inhibitory effect on COX-1/COX-2 activity. A general trend of the tested compounds on cytokines profiles revealed that compound (5) showed a pronounced enhancement of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10).Conclusion: This observation supports future exploration of ananixanthone (1), guttiferone O (5), and guttiferone (6) as potential candidates for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs.

Hindered phenol antioxidants and benzophenone UV absorbers are common polymer additives and often used in combination applications to enhance the anti-aging performance of polymer materials. This study primarily aims to incorporate hindered phenol and benzophenone structures into a single molecule to develop a multifunctional polymer additive with good anti-aging performance. Thus, a novel potential polymer anti-aging agent, namely 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3-(4-benzoyl-3-hydroxyphenoxy)propyl ester (3C), was synthesized using 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, 3-bromo-1-propanol, and 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone as raw materials by two-step procedure. The structure of compound 3C was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray single crystal diffraction. Its thermal stability and UV resistance were assessed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and UV absorption spectroscopy (UV). The compound 3C as an additive was incorporated into the preparation of polyolefin elastomer (POE) films. The anti-aging performance of POE films was evaluated by measuring parameters such as oxidation induction time, melt flow index, transmittance, and infrared spectra of the artificially aged POE films. The results indicate that the compound 3C exhibits a promising anti-aging performance in both thermo-oxidative aging and ultraviolet aging tests of POE films and is a potential polymer anti-aging agent.

Abstract Full utilization of the excited species at both singlet states (1R*) and triplet states (3R*) is crucial to improving electrochemiluminescence (ECL) efficiency but is challenging for organic luminescent materials. Here, an aggregation‐induced delayed ECL (AIDECL) active organic dot (OD) containing a benzophenone acceptor and dimethylacridine donor is reported, which shows high ECL efficiency via reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) of non‐emissive 3R* to emissive 1R*, overcoming the spin‐forbidden radiative decay from 3R*. By introducing dual donor‐acceptor pairs into luminophores, it is found that nonradiative pathway could be further suppressed via enhanced intermolecular weak interactions, and multiple spin‐up conversion channels could be activated. As a consequence, the obtained OD enjoys a 6.8‐fold higher ECL efficiency relative to the control AIDECL‐active OD. Single‐crystal studies and theoretical calculations reveal that the enhanced AIDECL behaviors come from the acceleration of both radiative transition and RISC. This work represents a major step towards purely organic, high‐efficiency ECL dyes and a direction for the design of next‐generation ECL dyes at the molecular level.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is regarded as the most aggressive form of brain tumor delineated by high cellular heterogeneity; it is resistant to conventional therapeutic regimens. In this study, the anti-cancer potential of garcinol, a naturally derived benzophenone, was assessed against GBM. During the analysis, we observed a reduction in the viability of rat glioblastoma C6 cells at a concentration of 30 µM of the extract (p < 0.001). Exposure to garcinol also induced nuclear fragmentation and condensation, as evidenced by DAPI-stained photomicrographs of C6 cells. The dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential in a dose-dependent fashion was linked to the activation of caspases. Furthermore, it was observed that garcinol mediated the inhibition of NF-κB (p < 0.001) and decreased the expression of genes associated with cell survival (Bcl-XL, Bcl-2, and survivin) and proliferation (cyclin D1). Moreover, garcinol showed interaction with NF-κB through some important amino acid residues, such as Pro275, Trp258, Glu225, and Gly259 during molecular docking analysis. Comparative analysis with positive control (temozolomide) was also performed. We found that garcinol induced apoptotic cell death via inhibiting NF-κB activity in C6 cells, thus implicating it as a plausible therapeutic agent for GBM.

In this study, we investigate the adsorption behavior of three benzophenone derivatives, namely 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone (benzophenone-1; BP-1), 2,2′,4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (benzophenone-2; BP-2), and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (benzophenone-3; BP-3) on the surfaces of graphene oxide (GO) using density functional theory method. The geometric optimization of the unaltered structures of GO adsorbent, benzophenone derivatives, and their respective complexes was conducted via the M052X/6-311 + G* level of theory. The optimal temperature for the interaction between the GO adsorbent and BPs pollutants in the aqueous phase was found to be 298.15 K. The adsorption process was found to be spontaneous, exothermic, and irreversible based on the calculated values of adsorption energy, Gibbs free energy (ΔGad), and enthalpy (ΔHad). The negative values of the calculated chemical potential for all structures indicated that the studied structures were thermodynamically stable. The adsorption of BP-2 pollutant on the surface of GO results in a highest dipole moment (μd = 28.22 D) compared to the corresponding unadsorbed molecule (μd = 7.93 D). The adsorption efficiency of GO–BPs complexes follows an increasing trend of GO–BP-2 (−1009.75 kcal/mol) > GO–BP-3 (−1006.31 kcal/mol) > GO–BP-1(−1000.65 kcal/mol). Moreover, infrared (IR) frequency calculations confirmed the feasibility of the structures, showing true local minima. The recovery time values indicate that GO is a highly effective adsorbent in removing organic BP-2 pollutants ( τ = 3.158 ms) from aqueous media rather than BP-3 ( τ = 2.120 ms) and BP-1 ( τ = 1.831 ms) counterparts. Other key parameters engaged in the adsorption behavior of considered molecules, including charge capacity, electrophilicity, band gap, chemical potential, and chemical hardness, were also deliberated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical bond cleavage by electron transfer to an organic molecule is a typical electro-initiated reaction; however, there are few examples of carbon—carbon bond cleavage. In this study, using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, controlled-potential electrolysis with chromatographic characterization of products, and ab initio quantum chemical calculations, it was shown that the electrochemical reduction of benzopinacol (1,1,2,2-tetra-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol) in aprotic solvents (DMF, MeCN, THF) in the presence of Bu4NClO4 as a supporting electrolyte is accompanied by cleavage of the central C–C bond, which follows the electron transfer. This initiates a chain reaction giving equimolar amounts of benzophenone and benzhydrol (diphenylmethanol). The decomposition is inhibited in the presence of medium-strength proton donors (phenol, benzoic and acetic acids, etc.) in the solution. A similar effect is attained by the addition of divalent metal salts, in particular Mg(ClO4)2. According to the results of quantum chemical calculations, the effective C–C bond cleavage in the benzopinacol radical anion to give a radical and an anion is due to a very low energy barrier (1.7 kcal mol−1) and is very thermodynamically favorable (ΔG°298 = −16.6 kcal mol−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic UV filters (OUVFs), the active ingredient in sunscreens, are of environmental concern due to reported ecotoxicological effects in aquatic biota. Determining the environmental concentrations of these chemicals is essential for understanding their fate and potential environmental risk. Salting‐out assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) coupled with liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was developed for simultaneous extraction, separation, and quantification of seven OUVFs (2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2,2′,4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzophenone, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, butyl-methoxy-dibenzoyl methane, octocrylene, octyl methoxycinnamate, and oxybenzone). Method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 11 to 45 ng/L and practical quantification limits (PQLs) from 33 to 135 ng/L. Method trueness, evaluated in terms of recovery, was 69–127%. Inter-day and intra-day variability was < 6% RSD. The coefficients of determination were > 0.97. The method was applied to river and seawater samples collected at 19 sites in and near Port Phillip Bay, Australia, and temporal variation in OUVF concentrations was studied at two sites. Concentrations of OUVF were detected at 10 sites; concentrations of individual OUVFs were 51–7968 ng/L, and the maximum total OUVF concentration detected at a site was 8431 ng/L. Recreational activity and water residence time at the site contributed to OUVF's environmental presence and persistence. The benefits of the SALLE-LC–MS/MS method include its simple operation, good selectivity, precision over a wide linear range, and that obtained extracts can be directly injected into the LC–MS/MS, overall making it an attractive method for the determination of these OUVFs in environmental water matrices. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of OUVFs in Port Phillip Bay, Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzophenones (BPs) frequently occur in water environments, and they are able to both screen UV light and to sensitize reactive intermediate (RI) production. However, BPs have largely been overlooked as a background water component when studying photodegradation of co-existing organic micropollutants (OMPs). Therefore, in this study, we investigated the influence of BP and its derivative oxybenzone (BP3) on the degradation of the co-existing model OMP sulfamethoxazole (SMX). A series of photodegradation experiments were conducted covering a range of BPs concentrations in μg/L levels, and the degradation of 1.00 μM of SMX was studied. The addition of BP at 0.10 μM, 0.25 μM, and 0.30 μM, and BP3 at 0.10 μM and 0.25 μM, significantly increased the first order degradation rate constant of 1.00 μM of SMX (kobs(BP)) by 36.2%, 50.0%, 7.3%, 31.5%, and 36.2% respectively, compared to that in the absence of any BPs. The maximum indirect photodegradation induced by BP and BP3 reached 33.8% and 27.7%, respectively, as a percentage of the observed SMX degradation rate at the [BPs]/[SMX] ratio of 0.25. In general, triplet excited dissolved organic matter (3SMX*, 3BP*, and 3BP3*) played the major role in the photosensitizing ability of BPs. The results further implied that the increase of SMX degradation at the molar ratio of 0.25 was possibly due to 3BP* for the mixture of SMX and BP. Overall, this study revealed the sensitizing ability of BP and BP3 on the co-existing OMP, SMX, in water for the first time. Our findings can be applied to other BP type UV filters which are similar to BP and PB3 in molecular structure.

Benzophenone was encapsulated in molecular crystals of fully fluorinated coordination complexes, [ML2] [1, M = Cu2+ and Pd2+, L = bis(pentafluorobenzoyl)-methanido−], forming a unique chiral co-crystal with a ratio of [ML2]:benzophenone = 2:3, while no encapsulation was observed in the corresponding non-fluorinated complexes [M(dbm)2] (dbm = dibenzoylmethanido−). Notable π-hole···π and metal(M)···π interactions were detected between the complex and the adapted orientation of benzophenone in the co-crystals. Analyses from crystal structures and thermogravimetric (TG) results indicated that the encapsulation and thermal stability of benzophenone in these molecular crystals correlate well with the electrophilic characteristics shown by the electrostatic potential (ESP) at the metal centers, which is enhanced by fluorination: Cu2+ > Pd2+ >> Pt2+. The recognition of benzophenone is driven by π-holes created by the electron-withdrawing nature of fluorine atoms and the electron-deficient metal ion enhanced by the aromatic fluorine, demonstrating that the effect of electrostatic molecular recognition is as significant as oxygen coordination, as shown in comparative studies with 1,1-diphenylethylene.

Tourism has increased the contact of tourists with the aquatic environment and is transporting harmful substances such as benzophenone (BP-3) into the water. This is an emerging contaminant present in sunscreens and other cosmetics, which can alter the behavior of fish by acting on the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis. We hypothesized that the use of the water column, feeding, and aggressiveness would be affected by this contaminant. Thirty-six juvenile male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to BP-3 for 1 to 97 hours were analyzed. We compared the time spent at the bottom of the tank, the latency to feed, and the latency to attack a mirror between control and three BP-3 concentrations using an Anova, both parametric and non-parametric followed by post-hoc tests. We observed that the fish spent less time at the bottom of the tank, a normal condition for tilapia, and ate faster, but showed no change in aggressiveness. Effects varied with concentration and duration of exposure. Previous studies have shown similar results with other fish species, suggesting the metabolic cost of BP-3 as a contaminant, but with no significant effect on aggressiveness. Ours is the first study to address the effect of BP-3 on aggressiveness and habitat use of a bottom-dweller and territorial fish also widely used in aquaculture. Protection against ultraviolet radiation is necessary, but the use of BP-3 for this purpose should be considered with caution.

This paper explores the photochemical synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles, specifically gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles, using a one-component photoinitiator system. The synthesis process involves visible light irradiation at a wavelength of 419 nm and an intensity of 250 mW/cm2. The radical-generating capabilities of the photoinitiators were evaluated using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The main objective of this study was to investigate how the concentration of metal salts influences the size and distribution of the nanoparticles. Proposed mechanisms for the photochemical formation of nanoparticles through photoinitiated radicals were validated using cyclic voltammetry. The results showed that the concentration of AgNO3 significantly impacted the size of silver nanoparticles, with diameters ranging from 1 to 5 nm at 1 wt% and 3 wt% concentrations, while increasing the concentration to 5 wt% led to an increase in the diameter of silver nanoparticles to 16 nm. When HAuCl4 was used instead of AgNO3, it was found that the average diameters of gold nanoparticles synthesized using both photoinitiators at different concentrations ranged between 1 and 4 nm. The findings suggest that variations in HAuCl4 concentration have minimal impact on the size of gold nanoparticles. The photoproduction of AuNPs was shown to be thermodynamically favorable, with the reduction of HAuCl4 to Au0 having ∆G values of approximately −3.51 and −2.96 eV for photoinitiators A and B, respectively. Furthermore, the photoreduction of Ag+1 to Ag0 was demonstrated to be thermodynamically feasible, with ∆G values of approximately −3.459 and −2.91 eV for photoinitiators A and B, respectively, confirming the effectiveness of the new photoinitiators on the production of nanoparticles. The synthesis of nanoparticles was monitored using UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, and their sizes were determined through particle size analysis of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzophenone (BP-3) is an organic compound that is a common ingredient in lotions, conditioners, and other personal care products, which helps protect against ultraviolet radiation. This study investigated the effect of BP-3 on the structure of the integument and gills, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the gills of Danio rerio. Fish were exposed to different concentrations (7, 70, and 700 µg L−1) of BP-3 for 7 and 14 d. For the histological analysis of the integument and gills, the fish were fixed in Bouin liquid and processed according to standard histologic procedures, and the tissue section slices were stained according to different histochemical methods. BP-3 caused tissue damage and morphological alterations in the gills; however, the integument showed no histological or morphological alterations. Furthermore, there was no observed correlation between the BP-3 concentration and exposure period and the gill alterations, as these did not occur in a linear manner. The gills were removed to evaluate the antioxidant defense; for this, CAT and SOD activities were measured, and a reduction of SOD activity was noted, whereas the CAT activity was not significantly affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of new benzophenone derivatives were synthesized by the esterification reaction of hydroxy‐benzophenone and acyl chloride or sulfonyl chloride. All the compounds were characterization by NMR and MS spectroscopy technology. The resulting products exhibited efficient UV light absorption in the range of 225–325 nm, leading to excellent photoinitiating effects as photoinitiators in light‐cured coatings. The cured film showed comparable mechanical performance with the commercial product. Moreover, we discussed the photoinitiation mechanism of the new benzophenone derivatives, which would promote the further development of novel photoinitiators for industry application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunscreens reduce the occurrence risk of skin disorders such as sunburn, skin aging, and cancer through their ability to absorb, reflect, and scatter ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This review provides an overview of UV filters as active ingredients of sunscreen products, emphasizing their classification and structural characteristics. Their photostability, mechanism of action of ultraviolet radiation absorption, optical properties, and regulatory status are discussed based on their chemical structure. The main classes of organic UV filters presented include aminobenzoic acid derivatives, salicylic acid derivatives, cinnamic acid derivatives, benzophenones, dibenzoylmethane derivatives, benzylidene camphor derivatives, triazines, benzimidazole derivatives, and benzotriazole derivatives. The pursuit of new UV filters through research is crucial in advancing sunscreen technology and ensuring the availability of effective and safe options for sun protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sequence of novel 2-(4-benzoyl-2-methyl-phenoxy)-N-(3-chloro-2-oxo-4-phenyl-azetidin-1-yl)-acetamide analogues 9(a–n) were synthesized by multistep synthesis. The newly synthesized compounds were well characterized, and their antimicrobial activities were carried out by disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. Further, all the novel series of compounds (9a–n), were tested against a variety of bacterial and fungal strains in comparison to Ketoconazole, Chloramphenicol, and Amoxicillin as standard drugs, respectively. Compounds 9a, 9e, and 9g as a lead molecule demonstrated a good inhibition against tested strains. Further, molecular docking studies have been performed for the potent compounds to check the three-dimensional geometrical view of the ligand binding to the targeted proteins.

Six compounds including three new benzophenones, selagibenzophenones D-F (1–3), two known selaginellins (4–5) and one known flavonoid (6), were isolated from Selaginella tamariscina. The structures of new compounds were established by 1D-, 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectral analyses. Compound 1 represents the second example of diarylbenzophenone from natural sources. Compound 2 possesses an unusual biphenyl-bisbenzophenone structure. Their cytotoxicity against human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and SMCC-7721 cells and inhibitory activities on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells were evaluated. Compound 2 showed moderate inhibitory activity against HepG2 and SMCC-7721 cells, and compounds 4 and 5 showed moderate inhibitory activity to HepG2 cells. Compounds 2 and 5 also exhibited inhibitory activities on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzophenones (BPs) are a class of chemicals found in various personal care and cosmetic products, such as sunscreens and lotions. Their usage is known to cause reproductive and hormonal health risks, but the exact mechanism of action remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of BPs on human and rat placental 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (3β-HSDs), which play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, particularly progesterone. We tested inhibitory effects of 12 BPs, and performed structure-activity relationship (SAR) and in silico docking analysis. The potency of BPs to inhibit human 3β-HSD1 (h3β-HSD1) is BP-1 (IC 50 , 8.37 μM)>BP-2 (9.06 μM)>BP-12 (94.24 μM)>BP-7 (1160 μM) >BP-8 (1257 μM) >BP-6 (1410 μM) > other BPs (ineffective at 100 μM). The potency of BPs on rat r3β-HSD4 is BP-1 (IC 50 , 4.31 μM)>BP-2 (117.3 μM)>BP-6 (669 μM) >BP-3 (820 μM)>other BPs (ineffective at 100 μM). BP-1, BP-2, and BP-12 are mixed h3β-HSD1 inhibitors and BP-1 is a mixed r3β-HSD4 inhibitor. LogP, lowest binding energy, and molecular weight were positively associated with IC 50 for h3β-HSD1, while LogS was negatively associated with IC 50. The 4-OH substitution in the benzene ring plays a key role in enhancing the effectiveness of inhibiting h3β-HSD1 and r3β-HSD4, possibly through increasing water solubility and decreasing lipophilicity by forming hydrogen bonds. BP-1 and BP-2 inhibited progesterone production in human JAr cells. Docking analysis shows that 2-OH of BP-1 forms hydrogen bonds with catalytic residue Ser125 of h3β-HSD1 and Thr125 of r3β-HSD4. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that BP-1 and BP-2 are moderate inhibitors of h3β-HSD1 and BP-1 is a moderate inhibitor of r3β-HSD4. There is a significant SAR differences for 3β-HSD homologues between BPs and distinct species-dependent inhibition of placental 3β-HSDs. [Display omitted] • BP-1 and BP-2 potently inhibit placental human 3β-HSD1. • BP-1 potently inhibits placental rat 3β-HSD4. • BP-1 and BP-2 inhibit progesterone production by human JAr cells. • BP-2 is more potent to inhibit human 3β-HSD1 than rat 3β-HSD4. • LogP and LogS are correlated with the IC50 values of human 3β-HSD1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzophenones (BPs) frequently occur in water environments, and they are able to both screen UV light and to sensitize reactive intermediate (RI) production. However, BPs have largely been overlooked as a background water component when studying photodegradation of co-existing organic micropollutants (OMPs). Therefore, in this study, we investigated the influence of BP and its derivative oxybenzone (BP3) on the degradation of the co-existing model OMP sulfamethoxazole (SMX). A series of photodegradation experiments were conducted covering a range of BPs concentrations in μg/L levels, and the degradation of 1.00 μM of SMX was studied. The addition of BP at 0.10 μM, 0.25 μM, and 0.30 μM, and BP3 at 0.10 μM and 0.25 μM, significantly increased the first order degradation rate constant of 1.00 μM of SMX (kobs(BP)) by 36.2%, 50.0%, 7.3%, 31.5%, and 36.2% respectively, compared to that in the absence of any BPs. The maximum indirect photodegradation induced by BP and BP3 reached 33.8% and 27.7%, respectively, as a percentage of the observed SMX degradation rate at the [BPs]/[SMX] ratio of 0.25. In general, triplet excited dissolved organic matter (3SMX*, 3BP*, and 3BP3*) played the major role in the photosensitizing ability of BPs. The results further implied that the increase of SMX degradation at the molar ratio of 0.25 was possibly due to 3BP* for the mixture of SMX and BP. Overall, this study revealed the sensitizing ability of BP and BP3 on the co-existing OMP, SMX, in water for the first time. Our findings can be applied to other BP type UV filters which are similar to BP and PB3 in molecular structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and cost‐efficient method for fluorescent microsphere synthesis, which does not require any fluorescent monomers or modification steps to incorporate fluorescent moieties into the polymer particles, is reported. Using rhodamine B and benzophenone as bimolecular initiation system in type II photoinitiated precipitation polymerization, the method enables the preparation of fluorescent microspheres in one step, at room temperature and without the need for a stabilizer or surfactant of any type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenols, parabens (PBs), and benzophenones (BPs) are widely used environmental chemicals that have been linked to several adverse health effects due to their endocrine disrupting properties. However, the cellular pathways through which these chemicals lead to adverse outcomes in humans are still unclear, suggesting some evidence that inflammation might play a key role. Thus, the aim of this study was to summarize the current evidence on the relationship between human exposure to these chemicals and levels of inflammatory biomarkers. A systematic review of peer-reviewed original research studies published up to February 2023 was conducted using the MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. A total of 20 articles met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Most of the reviewed studies reported significant associations between any of the selected chemicals (mainly bisphenol A) and some pro-inflammatory biomarkers (including C-reactive protein and interleukin 6, among others). Taken together, this systematic review has identified consistent positive associations between human exposure to some chemicals and levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers, with very few studies exploring the associations between PBs and/or BPs and inflammation. Therefore, a larger number of studies are required to get a better understanding on the mechanisms of action underlying bisphenols, PBs, and BPs and the critical role that inflammation could play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six benzophenone derivatives, carneusones A-F (1–6), along with seven known compounds (7–13) were isolated from a strain of sponge-derived marine fungus Aspergillus carneus GXIMD00543. Their chemical structures were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic data and quantum chemical calculations. Compounds 5, 6, and 8 exhibited moderate anti-inflammatory activity on NO secretion using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells with EC50 values of 34.6 ± 0.9, 20.2 ± 1.8, and 26.8 ± 1.7 μM, while 11 showed potent effect with an EC50 value of 2.9 ± 0.1 μM.

In this study, sequencing batch reactor (SBR) using anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic process was coupled to a solar photocatalytic reactor (SPCR) for greywater treatment. The greywater effluent from SBR (operated at the optimal condition: 6.8 h hydraulic retention time (HRT), 0.7 Volumetric exchange ratio (VER) and 7.94 d solids retention time (SRT) with optimal corn cob adsorbent dosage (0.5 g/L)) was fed to the SPCR (operated at optimal conditions: pH – 3, H2O2 dosage – 1 g/L, catalyst dosage – 5 g/L). Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 92.8±0.5% and ∼100% were achieved in SBR and SBR-SPCR, respectively. Similarly, total organic carbon (TOC) removal of 91±0.9% and ∼100% were observed in SBR and SBR-SPCR, respectively. After SBR treatment, average total nitrogen (TN) removal of 84% was found and this TN removal increased to 93% after combined SBR-SPCR treatment. The maximum PO43−_P reduction of 80±1.5% % was achieved with SBR-adsorption system. In addition, a maximum of 87±0.9% of net PO43−_P removal was reached after SBR-SPCR treatment. 58.9±2.3% BP (benzophenone-3) removal was obtained in the SBR while the integration of SBR and SPCR treatment was resulted in 100% BP removal. An effective anionic surfactant (AS) removal rate (80.1±2.2%) was observed in the SBR phase, which further improved to 94.9±1% at the end of 4 h SPCR treatment. HIGHLIGHTS Biological – photochemical system successfully treated greywater.; The coupled system efficiently mineralizes COD, TOC and BP.; Significant removal of TN (93%), PO43−_P (87%) and AS (94.9%) was achieved.; Solar photocatalysis was able to remove emerging contaminants.; Treated SBR-SPCR greywater could meet reuse standards (toilet flushing and others).;

Seven new polyketides, including four indenone derivatives, cytoindenones A–C (1, 3–4), 3′-methoxycytoindenone A (2), a benzophenone derivative, cytorhizophin J (6), and a pair of tetralone enantiomers, (±)-4,6-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-α-tetralone (7), together with a known compound (5) were obtained from the endophytic fungus Cytospora heveae NSHSJ-2 isolated from the fresh stem of the mangrove plant Sonneratia caseolaris. Compound 3 represented the first natural indenone monomer substituted by two benzene moieties at C-2 and C-3. Their structures were determined by the analysis of 1D and 2D NMR, as well as mass spectroscopic data, and the absolute configurations of (±)-7 were determined on the basis of the observed specific rotation value compared with those of the tetralone derivatives previously reported. In bioactivity assays, compounds 1, 4–6 showed potent DPPH· scavenging activities, with EC50 values ranging from 9.5 to 16.6 µM, better than the positive control ascorbic acid (21.9 µM); compounds 2–3 also exhibited DPPH· scavenging activities comparable to ascorbic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoaffinity labeling (PAL) is one of the few biochemical techniques that can give direct evidence of biomolecular interactions in cells. Several photoactivatable functional groups have been adapted for use in PAL since its first implementation. The diversity of these chemistries has expanded the scope and fidelity of PAL experiments, but also increased the considerations during PAL probe design. In this review, we describe the major chemistries used in PAL experiments and their relative benefits and disadvantages. We additionally discuss recent examples of PAL experiments and provide recommendations on how to design a PAL probe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]