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We describe a six generation Saudi kindred, with a recessive hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN). Four individuals were affected including two children (a boy and a girl) and a 23-year-old man. The fourth (a female) died at the age of 14 years. Onset of the disease was early (< 2 years) and the clinical and neurophysiological features were, generally, quite similar to those of an Italian family linked to chromosome 11q23. The peculiar pathologic pattern was irregular and redundant loops associated with folding of the myelin sheaths. The genetic study confirmed linkage to chromosome 11q23 and refined the location of the gene between D11S1311 and D11S917, a 3.3 cM region. These findings support the existence of a homogeneous and distinct entity within the form of HMSN associated with focally folded myelin sheaths.

We report on two brothers (the product of first-degree consanguineous marriage; aged 15 and 12 years) who presented with severe hypotonia at birth, proximal muscle weakness associated with delayed motor milestones but normal cognitive function. Investigations (at 4 years of age) revealed mildly elevated serum creatine kinase (CK) levels (300 and 824 IU/l; N < or = 210). Muscle biopsies showed minimal change myopathy, no neurogenic atrophy but remarkable type-1 fibre predominance (up to 85.5%) without fibre-type disproportion. Clinical examination at 12 and 9 years, respectively, showed mild facial weakness and high-arched palate in both patients. The younger sibling also had ptosis but otherwise normal external ocular muscles. They showed symmetric proximal muscle weakness and wasting associated with calf-muscle hypertrophy. They could walk independently. A repeat muscle biopsy showed advanced dystrophic changes in the younger patient at the age of 10 years. Virtually all the remaining fibres were type 1. Immunohistochemistry revealed normal expression of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), including dystrophin, beta-dystroglycan, alpha-(adhalin), beta-, gamma-, and delta-sarcoglycan, laminin-alpha2 chain (merosin) and syntrophin. Mild dystrophic features and type-1 fibre predominance (92.5%) were seen in the biopsy of the older patient, whereas immunohistochemistry showed normal expression of the DGC. Both cases also showed clear expression of integrin alpha7 at the muscle fibre surface and in the blood vessels. Three years later, they could still walk, but with difficulty, and the older brother showed enlargement of the tongue and echocardiographic features of left ventricular dilated cardiomyopathy.

Congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) is a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders inherited in an autosomal recessive mode. The alpha2-chain of laminin-2 (previously called merosin) has been shown by immunohistochemical and genetic analyses to be implicated in the pathogenesis of the 'classic' form of CMD. In the 'merosin-deficient' subgroup, which represents about half of the cases, more definite evidence of the involvement of the laminin alpha2-chain has recently been reported with the identification of mutations in the gene encoding the alpha2-chain of laminin 2 (LAMA2) in CMD patients. Here we report on two siblings from a consanguineous family expressing an internally deleted laminin alpha2-chain as a result of a splice site mutation in the LAMA2 gene which causes the splicing of exon 25. The predicted protein lacks 63 amino acids in domain IVa which forms a globular structure on the short arm of the alpha2-chain. Interestingly, these patients appear mildly affected compared to others who completely lack this protein. This situation presents a striking analogy with Becker muscular dystrophy, where in-frame deletions in the dystrophin gene result in the expression of a semi-functional protein and lead to a mild phenotype.

beta-Dystroglycan, a 43-kd transmembrane dystrophin-associated glycoprotein, plays an important role in linking dystrophin to the laminin-binding alpha-dystroglycan. alpha-/beta-Dystroglycan is encoded by a single gene on chromosome 3p21 and ubiquitously expressed in muscle and nonmuscle tissues. No known human diseases have been mapped to this locus. Here, we describe the selective deficiency of beta-dystroglycan in a 4-year-old Saudi boy with muscular dystrophy. The patient had a borderline elevation of serum creatine kinase level and early-onset proximal symmetrical muscle weakness and wasting without calf hypertrophy. The milder phenotype may suggest a secondary deficiency of beta-dystroglycan; however, the unique immunofluorescence labeling suggests that the patient may present a novel form of muscular dystrophy.

During the past 24 months, 177 cerebral palsied Saudi patients were provided with specialized seating systems. The majority (73%) were children, ranging from 1 to 9 years of age, and 22% were aged from 10 to 18 years. Only six were adults more than 18 years of age; 67% of the patients were male and 33% female. The majority had spastic quadriplegia (57%), and diplegia (20%). Various seating systems were prescribed including the Bead Seat, the Snug Seat, the Pin-Dot modular system, and the Canadian Posture Seating Centre (CPSC) modular and Foam-in-Place seating systems. For 34% of the cases the Bead Seat was prescribed, because it was found to have several advantages over its competitors, particularly with respect to in-house fitting and manufacturing. The Snug Seat (31%) was found to be unsatisfactory for children who had poor head control. The Pin-Dot modular system was found to be suitable mostly for domestic and institutional use. Certain problems were also identified with other systems. It has been found that adaptive seating services are in great demand in Saudi Arabia, and are essential as a complement to other rehabilitative efforts undertaken within the local cultural framework and environment.

This paper reports the results of a survey carried out to evaluate existing prosthetic and orthotic facilities and programmes of education, training, and research and development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. One hundred and twenty hospitals and medical rehabilitation centres were each circularised with a questionnaire requesting information that mainly concerned (i) types of prostheses/orthoses, (ii) area of facility, (iii) personnel number and qualifications, and (iv) problems encountered and suggested solutions. The completed questionnaires revealed that in the final analysis of data there were only ten prosthetic/orthotic facilities. The survey provided useful data on the personnel, equipment, and facilities available in each hospital or medical rehabilitation centre, together with details of the services to prospective referring clinicians. Two centres were found to provide high quality services by qualified personnel. There were no formal prosthetic/orthotic training programmes and there was only one prosthetic/orthotic research and development centre. The respondents generally felt that there were three major problems: (i) lack of qualified personnel, (ii) lack of materials and components, and (iii) lack of continuing education and training programmes. It is hoped that presentation of these results will provide facts for both health-care providers and educators which may be used as a basis for development in this important area of healthcare.