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ABSTRACT: Objectives: Recently, blaCTX-Ms have become the dominant ESBLs for E. coli strains worldwide. We aim to provide a systematic study on the relationships between sequence types (STs), clinical origins, and the blaCTX-Ms genotypes of E. coli strains. Methods: Totally, 1005 complete sequences of clinical E. coli were collected from NCBI. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and antibiotic resistance genes screening were performed. Results: Faeces (26.27%), urine (16.02%), and blood (8.26%) were shown to be the main sources of clinical E. coli isolates. The isolates belong to 153 STs and 26 clonal complexes (CCs). The most prevalent STs were ST2 (11.3%), ST43 (8.6%), and ST8 (5.7%). The positive rate for blaCTX-Ms was 34.7%. Different samples showed significantly different blaCTX-Ms positive rates (P

IntroductionKluyvera is a Gram-negative, flagellated, motile bacillus within the Enterobacteriaceae. The case reports of clinical infections shed light on the importance of this organism as an emerging opportunistic pathogen. The genus Phytobacter, which often be misidentified with Kluyvera, is also an important clinically relevant member of the Enterobacteriaceae. However, the identification of Kluyvera and Phytobacter is problematic, and their phylogenetic relationship remains unclear.MethodsHere, 81 strains of Kluyvera and 16 strains of Phytobacter were collected. A series of comparative genomics approaches were applied to the phylogenetic relationship reconstruction, virulence related genes profiles description, and antibiotic resistance genes prediction.ResultsUsing average nucleotide identity (ANI) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (isDDH), we offered reliable species designations of 97 strains, in which 40 (41.24%) strains were incorrectly labeled. A new Phytobacter genomospecies-1 were defined. Phytobacter and Kluyvera show great genome plasticity and inclusiveness, which may be related to their diverse ecological niches. An intergenomic distances threshold of 0.15875 was used for taxonomy reassignments at the phylogenomic-group level. Further principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) revealed 11 core genes of Kluyvera (pelX, mdtL, bglC, pcak-1, uhpB, ddpA-2, pdxY, oppD-1, cptA, yidZ, csbX) that could be served as potential identification targets. Meanwhile, the Phytobacter specific virulence genes clbS, csgA-C, fliS, hsiB1_vipA and hsiC1_vipB, were found to differentiate from Kluyvera. We concluded that the evolution rate of Kluyvera was 5.25E-6, approximately three times higher than that of Phytobacter. Additionally, the co-existence of ESBLs and carbapenem resistance genes were present in approximately 40% strains, suggesting the potential development of extensively drug-resistant or even fully drug-resistant strains.DiscussionThis work provided a better understanding of the differences between closely related species Kluyvera and Phytobacter. Their genomes exhibited great genome plasticity and inclusiveness. They not only possess a potential pathogenicity threat, but also a risk of multi-drug resistance. The emerging pathogens Kluyvera and Phytobacter warrant close attention.

IntroductionShewanella is an important opportunistic pathogen distributed in marine environments that has caused an increasing number of clinical infections. However, there are few reports on the distribution and characteristics of Shewanella in the diarrheal pathogen spectrum. In this study, we have systematically described the prevalence of Shewanella infections in diarrhea patients in Beijing, China 2017–2019, and genome characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility of Shewanella isolates.MethodsStool samples were collected from diarrhea patients in a surveillance project from 2017 to 2019. Shewanella strains were isolated, and identified using VITEKR 2 COMPACT and MALDI-TOF MS. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), phylogenetic analysis, virulence-associated genes and antimicrobial resistance genes analysis were used for genome characteristics description. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed with microbroth dilution method.Results1104 fecal samples were collected, and the Shewanella detection rate was 2.36% (26/1104). The main manifestations of infection caused by Shewanella spp. were diarrhea (100%, 26/26), abdominal pain (65.38%, 17/26), and vomiting (38.46%, 10/26). The 26 isolates were classified into 3 species (S. algae (n = 18), S. indica (n = 5), and S. chilikensis (n = 3)) and 22 sequence types. Core genome single nucleotide polymorphism-based evolutionary tree identified three clone groups corresponding to three infection events in the same months in 2017 and 2019. The putative virulence-associated gene pool consisted of 56 potential virulence genes, including 19 virulence gene factors. The resistance rates of the 26 isolates to 17 antibiotics from high to low were as follows: polymyxin E (76.92%), cefotaxime (57.69%), ampicillin (50%), ampicillin-sulbactam (34.62%), nalidixic acid (15.38%), ciprofloxacin (11.54%), selectrin (3.846%,1/26), and tetracycline (3.846%, 1/26). The rate of multidrug resistance was 38.46% (10/26).DiscussionMonitoring for Shewanella spp. should be added to the routine surveillance of infectious diarrhea during the epidemic season.

IntroductionStenotrophomonas maltophilia complex (Smc) comprises opportunistic Gram-negative bacilli responsible for various nosocomial infections. Limited data exists concerning its evolutionary lineage, global prevalence and pathogenicity.MethodsWe conducted an extensive genomic analysis on 734 Smc genomes, of which 90 were newly sequenced and isolated from different patients. The species composition and evolutionary relationships of Smc were examined using core protein sequence analysis. Pathogenicity evaluation was used by assays for swimming motility, biofilm formation and identification of virulence factors. The broth microdilution method was used to evaluate the drug resistance spectrum of clinical isolates.ResultsPhylogenetic analyses delineated 24 species-level clades, dominated by S. maltophilia (42.8%), S. sepilia (13.6%) and S. geniculata (9.9%). Geographically, strains were primarily distributed in Europe (34.2%), Asia (33.7%) and North America (24.0%), with intricate global distribution patterns. Meanwhile, 154 virulence-associated genes and 46 antimicrobial resistance genes within Smc were identified. These genes encoded span various functions, including motility, adherence, toxin, RND antibiotic efflux pumps, beta-lactamases and aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. Moreover, significant variations were indicated in swimming motility and biofilm-forming capability across the different species, with S. sepilia exhibiting superior levels of both traits. Additionally, no statistically significant discrepancy was detected among Smc species to other antibiotics, despite the fact that all S. geniculata isolates were resistant to Ceftazidime and much higher than other species.ConclusionOur findings indicate the need to pay increased attention to other mainstream species of Smc besides S. maltophilia in order to better manage Smc-related infections and tailor effective treatment strategies.

Vibrio metschnikovii is an emergent pathogen that causes human infections which may be fatal. However, the phylogenetic characteristics and pathogenicity determinants of V. metschnikovii are poorly understood. Here, the whole-genome features of 103 V. metschnikovii strains isolated from different sources are described. On phylogenetic analysis V. metschnikovii populations could be divided into two major lineages, defined as lineage 1 (L1) and 2 (L2), of which L1 was more likely to be associated with human activity. Meanwhile, we defined 29 V. metschnikovii O-genotypes (VMOg, named VMOg1–VMOg29) by analysis of the O-antigen biosynthesis gene clusters (O-AGCs). Most VMOgs (VMOg1 to VMOg28) were assembled by the Wzx/Wzy pathway, while only VMOg29 used the ABC transporter pathway. Based on the sequence variation of the wzx and wzt genes, an in silico O-genotyping system for V. metschnikovii was developed. Furthermore, nineteen virulence-associated factors involving 161 genes were identified within the V. metschnikovii genomes, including genes encoding motility, adherence, toxins, and secretion systems. In particular, V. metschnikovii was found to promote a high level of cytotoxicity through the synergistic action of the lateral flagella and T6SS. The lateral flagellar-associated flhA gene played an important role in the adhesion and colonization of V. metschnikovii during the early stages of infection. Overall, this study provides an enhanced understanding of the genomic evolution, O-AGCs diversity, and potential pathogenic features of V. metschnikovii.

The genus Shewanella consists of Gram-negative proteobacteria that are ubiquitously distributed in environment. As the members of this genus have rapidly increased within the past decade, several species have become emerging pathogens worldwide, attracting the attention of the medical community. These species are also associated with severe community- and hospital-acquired infections. Patients infected with Shewanella spp. had experiences of occupational or recreational exposure; meanwhile, the process of infection is complex and the pathogenicity is influenced by a variety of factors. Here, an exhaustive internet-based literature search was carried out in PUBMED using terms “Achromobacter putrefaciens,” “Pseudomonas putrefaciens,” “Alteromonas putrefaciens” and “Shewanella” to search literatures published between 1978 and June 2022. We provided a comprehensive review on the epidemiology, clinical features and pathogenicity of Shewanella, which will contribute a better understanding of its clinical aetiology, and facilitate the timely diagnosis and effective treatment of Shewanella infection for clinicians and public health professionals.

Long-term and stable preservation of bacteriophages is of crucial importance. Although many efforts have been made in the past decades to explore the influence of external factors on bacteriophage preservation, there is still little understanding, and a systematic description is lacking. In this study, we explored the influence of different factors on the preservation of lytic bacteriophage VP3, one of the typing bacteriophages of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor, and attempted to optimize its preservation. We examined external factors, including temperature, solution, and cryoprotectant, in stable cooling/freezing conditions or alternate cooling/freezing and thawing. We found that whether in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium or SM buffer, in terms of 20-week stable cooling or freezing, −20 °C was the most damaging while 4 °C, −80 °C, and −196 °C were protective. Thirteen cycles of alternate cooling/freezing and thawing caused a loss in the survival rates of bacteriophages. The addition of cryoprotectant, glycerol (30%, w/v) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 10%, w/v) significantly improved the survival rates of bacteriophages preserved at −20 °C. However, at 4 °C, −80 °C, and −196 °C, the cryoprotectant effect was only slightly positive or even harmful. In summary, for bacteriophage VP3, the best preservation method is to directly preserve the bacteriophage stocks in LB medium at −80 °C or −196 °C instead of storing them in SM buffer or adding cryoprotectant. Our results provided insights into the external influencing factors on bacteriophage VP3 during preservation at low temperature and can be applied to the optimization of bacteriophage preservation in the future.

A rising incidence of clinical infections has been caused by Kluyvera, a significant opportunistic pathogen. Meanwhile, Kluyvera acts as an important reservoir of blaCTX-Ms, which are the dominant genes of class A extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). In this work, 60 strains of Kluyvera were subjected to phylogenetic relationship reconstruction, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and antibiotic resistance genes prediction. All mature blaCTX-Ms were gathered to perform subgroup reclassification. The findings demonstrate that Kluyvera has a large gene pool with significant genetic flexibility. Notably, 25% of strains showed simultaneous detection of ESBLs and carbapenem resistance genes. The genotypes of fourteen novel blaCTX-Ms were identified. A new subgroup classification approach for blaCTX-Ms was defined by using 20 amino acid site variants, which could split blaCTX-Ms into 10 subgroups. The results of the subgroup division were consistent with the phylogenetic clustering. More significantly, we proposed a novel blaCTX-M subgroup, KLUS, that is chromosomally encoded in K. sichuanensis and the new species put forward in this study, showing amino acid differences from the currently known sequences. Cloning and transformation tests demonstrated that the recipient bacteria had a robust phenotype of cefotaxime resistance. Closely related Kluyvera species had blaCTX-Ms in the same subgroup. Our research lays the groundwork for a deeper comprehension of Kluyvera and emphasizes how important a blaCTX-M reservoir it is. We provide an update on blaCTX-M subgroups reclassification from the aspects of phylogenetic relationship, amino acid differences, and the new subgroup KLUS, which needs to be strengthen monitored due to its strong resistance phenotype to cefotaxime.

The prescription “Huang's SiYu Pill” (HSYP) was founded by professor Huang Haibo, a famous traditional Chinese medicine in Inner Mongolia, based on long-term clinical experience. In this study we observed the effects of HYSP on sperm quality, hormone level and the expression level of reproductive related genes and proteins in testicular stromal cells of rats with kidney-yin deficiency to explore the therapeutic mechanism of HSYP in the treatment of infertility with kidney-yin deficiency, Liuwei Dihuang Pill group (LDP) and Tamoxifen Citrate Tablets combined with Pancreatic Kallidinogenase Enteric Coated Tablets were used to be the positive control drug. After 25 days of medicine administration, the animals were anesthetized and killed, the serum and testicular tissues were retained for further experiments. The ELISA results showed that HSYP had a better effect on increasing serum FSH level than the conventional Chinese medicine or western medicine, while there was no remarkable difference in the regulation of serum LH in each administration group. The results of RT-qPCR showed that the transcription levels of Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, Lhcgr and Star genes in the medium and high dose groups of HSYP were significantly upregulated compared with the model group of kidney-yin deficiency, while the expression of Nr5a1 gene was not significantly affected. The results of HE and immunohistochemistry showed that HSYP significantly improved the development level of testicular stromal cells and promoted the expression levels of CYP11A1 and HSD11B1 in testicular stromal cells, compared with the model group of kidney-yin deficiency. Together, our results showed that Huang's SiYu Pills can significantly improve the development and function of Leydig cells in SD rats with kidney-yin deficiency model, which provided a good research basis for deep research on relevant pharmacological mechanisms of the medicine.

Oxidative stress (OS) arises as a consequence of an imbalance between the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the capacity of antioxidant defense mechanisms to neutralize them. Excessive ROS production can lead to the damage of critical biomolecules, such as lipids, proteins, and DNA, ultimately contributing to the onset and progression of a multitude of diseases, including atherosclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and cancer. Cylindromatosis (CYLD), initially identified as a gene linked to familial cylindromatosis, has a well-established and increasingly well-characterized function in tumor inhibition and anti-inflammatory processes. Nevertheless, burgeoning evidence suggests that CYLD, as a conserved deubiquitination enzyme, also plays a pivotal role in various key signaling pathways and is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases driven by oxidative stress. In this review, we systematically examine the current research on the function and pathogenesis of CYLD in diseases instigated by oxidative stress. Therapeutic interventions targeting CYLD may hold significant promise for the treatment and management of oxidative stress-induced human diseases.

ABSTRACT The genus Brevundimonas consists of Gram-negative bacteria widely distributed in environment and can cause human infections. However, the genomic characteristics and pathogenicity of Brevundimonas remain poorly studied. Here, the whole-genome features of 24 Brevundimonas type strains were described. Brevundimonas spp. had relatively small genomes (3.13 ± 0.29 Mb) within the family Caulobacteraceae but high G+C contents (67.01 ± 2.19 mol%). Two-dimensional hierarchical clustering divided those genomes into 5 major clades, in which clades II and V contained nine and five species, respectively. Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis showed a one-to-one match between core and accessory genomes, which suggested coevolution of species within the genus Brevundimonas. The unique genes were annotated to biological functions like catalytic activity, signaling and cellular processes, multisubstance metabolism, etc. The majority of Brevundimonas spp. harbored virulence-associated genes icl, tufA, kdsA, htpB, and acpXL, which encoded isocitrate lyase, elongation factor, 2-dehydro-3-deoxyphosphooctonate aldolase, heat shock protein, and acyl carrier protein, respectively. In addition, genomic islands (GIs) and phages/prophages were identified within the Brevundimonas genus. Importantly, a novel Brevundimonas species was identified from the feces of a patient (suffering from diarrhea) by the analyses of biochemical characteristics, phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene, multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) sequences, and genomic data. The name Brevundimonas pishanensis sp. nov. was proposed, with type strain CHPC 1.3453 (= GDMCC 1.2503T = KCTC 82824T). Brevundimonas spp. also showed obvious slow growth compared with that of Escherichia coli. Our study reveals insights into genomic characteristics and potential virulence-associated genes of Brevundimonas spp., and provides a basis for further intensive study of the pathogenicity of Brevundimonas. IMPORTANCE Brevundimonas spp., a group of bacteria from the family Caulobacteraceae, is associated with nosocomial infections, deserve widespread attention. Our study elucidated genes potentially associated with the pathogenicity of the Brevundimonas genus. We also described some new characteristics of Brevundimonas spp., such as small chromosome size, high G+C content, and slow-growth phenotypes, which made the Brevundimonas genus a good model organism for in-depth studies of growth rate traits. Apart from the comparative analysis of the genomic features of the Brevundimonas genus, we also reported a novel Brevundimonas species, Brevundimonas pishanensis, from the feces of a patient with diarrhea. Our study promotes the understanding of the pathogenicity characteristics of Brevundimonas species bacteria.

The nonstandard use of disinfectants can lead to the disinfectant resistance of bacteria and even increase antibiotic resistance. However, compared with the study of antibiotic resistance, studies of bacterial resistance to disinfectants are relatively few in number. In this study, we explored the standard strain screening procedure for the evaluation of disinfection efficacy. Staphylococcus aureus strains with different sources and substrates were selected from the National Pathogen Resource Center of China and screened the standard strains that could evaluate the long-term bacteriostatic effect of the chlorine-containing disinfectants through the determination of the physical properties, genome-based safety evaluation, and disinfection test evaluation. In this process, one S. aureus strain was more resistant to the long-term bacteriostasis of chlorine-containing disinfectants than the other strains. This strain and the standard strain ATCC 6538 were cultured in the medium containing a low concentration of chlorine-containing disinfectant synchronously. Then, comparative transcriptome analysis was carried out to investigate the potential mechanism of a high tolerance to chlorine-containing disinfectants. The pathway of significant differential expression is related to the oxocarboxylic acid metabolic mechanism, amino acid metabolic mechanism, and pyrimidine mechanism, which may be the molecular mechanism of S. aureus evolution to adapt to chlorine-containing disinfectants. Our study established a technical process for screening and evaluating standard strains for disinfection, which also provided a reference for studying the bacterial evolution mechanism toward chlorine tolerance.

Rhodococcus equi is a zoonotic pathogen that can cause fatal disease in patients who are immunocompromised. At present, the epidemiology and pathogenic mechanisms of R. equi infection are not clear. This study characterized the genomes of 53 R. equi strains from different sources. Pan-genome analysis showed that all R. equi strains contained 11481 pan genes, including 3690 core genes and 602 ~ 1079 accessory genes. Functional annotation of pan genome focused on the genes related to basic lifestyle, such as the storage and expression of metabolic and genetic information. Phylogenetic analysis based on pan-genome showed that the R. equi strains were clustered into six clades, which was not directly related to the isolation location and host source. Also, a total of 84 virulence genes were predicted in 53 R. equi strains. These virulence factors can be divided into 20 categories related to substance metabolism, secreted protein and immune escape. Meanwhile, six antibiotic resistance genes (RbpA, tetA (33), erm (46), sul1, qacEdelta 1 and aadA9) were detected, and all strains carried RbpA related to rifamycin resistance. In addition, 28 plasmids were found in the 53 R. equi strains, belonging to Type-A (n = 14), Type-B (n = 8) and Type-N (n = 6), respectively. The genetic structures of the same type of plasmid were highly similar. In conclusion, R. equi strains show different genomic characteristics, virulence-related genes, potential drug resistance and virulence plasmid structures, which may be conducive to the evolution of its pathogenesis.

Abstract Background Members of the genus Proteus are mostly opportunistic pathogens that cause a variety of infections in humans. The molecular evolutionary characteristics and genetic relationships among Proteus species have not been elucidated to date. In this study, we developed a multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) approach based on five housekeeping genes (HKGs) to delineate phylogenetic relationships of species within the genus Proteus. Results Of all 223 Proteus strains collected in the current study, the phylogenetic tree of five concatenated HKGs (dnaJ, mdh, pyrC, recA and rpoD) divided 223 strains into eleven clusters, which were representative of 11 species of Proteus. Meanwhile, the phylogenetic trees of the five individual HKGs also corresponded to that of the concatenated tree, except for recA, which clustered four strains at an independent cluster. The evaluation of inter- and intraspecies distances of HKG concatenation indicated that all interspecies distances were significantly different from intraspecies distances, which revealed that these HKG concatenations can be used as gene markers to distinguish different Proteus species. Further web-based DNA-DNA hybridization estimated by genome of type strains confirmed the validity of the MLSA, and each of eleven clusters was congruent with the most abundant Proteus species. In addition, we used the established MLSA method to identify the randomly collected Proteus and found that P. mirabilis is the most abundant species. However, the second most abundant species is P. terrae but not P. vulgaris. Combined with the genetic, genomic and phenotypic characteristics, these findings indicate that three species, P. terrae, P. cibarius and Proteus genospecies 5, should be regarded as heterotypic synonyms, and the species should be renamed P. terrae, while Proteus genospecies 5 has not been named to date. Conclusions This study suggested that MLSA is a powerful method for the discrimination and classification of Proteus at the species level. The MLSA scheme provides a rapid and inexpensive means of identifying Proteus strains. The identification of Proteus species determined by the MLSA approach plays an important role in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of Proteus infection.

To understand the characteristics of Vibrio isolates in aquatic environments in China and their public health significance, this study investigated water samples in six cities in China in 2020. A total of 88 sampling locations were included and Vibrio isolates were identified in 81 of them. A total of 143 Vibrio isolates belonging to 16 species were selected for characterization. The population structure of Vibrio species showed great differences among the six cities, indicating regional specificity. The presence of virulence genes was examined for the isolates (n = 78) of five pathogenic Vibrio species. All isolates except one (n = 77) contained at least one virulence gene and isolates belonging to the same species showed very similar virulence gene profiles. Then, 26 isolates from 12 species were examined by multilocus sequence typing and were assigned to 25 STs, of which 24 STs were new. Also, the presence of antibiotic-resistant genes was investigated for all 143 isolates and only three isolates were found to contain genes from aminoglycosides, phenicols, beta-lactams or the tetracycline family. Our results provide valuable insights into the Vibrio community in Chinese aquatic environments and can be applied as guidance for the environmental surveillance of the risk of Vibrio isolates.

Staphylococcus spp., especially Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), is an important pathogen in hospital-acquired infection and food poisoning. Here, we developed a multienzyme isothermal rapid amplification combined with duplex quantitative PCR (duplex MIRA-qPCR) method, which can simultaneously detect the S. aureus species-specific conserved gene FMN-bgsfp and the Staphylococcus genus-specific conserved gene tuf. This assay enabled the amplification of DNA within 20 min at a constant temperature of 39 °C. Specificity analysis indicated that all nine common Staphylococcus species were positive and non-Staphylococcus spp. were negative for tuf gene, whereas S. aureus was positive, non-aureus Staphylococci species and non-Staphylococcus spp. were negative for FMN-bgsfp gene, suggesting that duplex MIRA-qPCR exhibited high specificity. Meanwhile, the sensitivity was tested and the limit of detection (LoD) was 3 × 102 CFU/mL. The coefficient variation values ranged from 0.13% to 2.09%, indicating that the assay had good repeatability. Furthermore, all the nine common Staphylococcus species (including S. aureus) could be detected from four kinds of simulated samples and the LoD of S. aureus was 8.56 × 103 CFU/mL. In conclusion, the duplex MIRA-qPCR has advantages of stronger specificity, lower detection threshold, shorter detection time, and simpler operation, which is an effective tool to detect S. aureus and non-aureus Staphylococci spp. infections rapidly.

Shewanella species are widely distributed in the aquatic environment and aquatic organisms. They are opportunistic human pathogens with increasing clinical infections reported in recent years. However, there is a lack of a rapid and accurate method to identify Shewanella species. We evaluated here matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for rapid identification of Shewanella. A peptide mass reference spectra (PMRS) database was constructed for the type strains of 36 Shewanella species. The main spectrum projection (MSP) cluster dendrogram showed that the type strains of Shewanella species can be effectively distinguished according to the different MS fingerprinting. The PMRS database was validated using 125 Shewanella test strains isolated from various sources and periods; 92.8% (n = 116) of the strains were correctly identified at the species level, compared with the results of multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), which was previously shown to be a method for identifying Shewanella at the species level. The misidentified strains (n = 9) by MALDI-TOF MS involved five species of two groups, i.e., Shewanella algae–Shewanella chilikensis–Shewanella indica and Shewanella seohaensis–Shewanella xiamenensis. We then identified and defined species-specific biomarker peaks of the 36 species using the type strains and validated these selected biomarkers using 125 test strains. Our study demonstrated that MALDI-TOF MS was a reliable and powerful tool for the rapid identification of Shewanella strains at the species level.

The increasing prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) caused nosocomial infections generate significant comorbidity and can cause death among patients. Current treatment options are limited. These infections pose great difficulties for infection control and clinical treatment. To identify the antimicrobial resistance, carbapenemases and genetic relatedness of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood, a total of 50 nonrepetitive CSF isolates and 44 blood isolates were collected. The resistance phenotypes were determined, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to examine the mechanisms of carbapenem resistance. Finally, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was conducted to determine the genetic relatedness of these isolates. It was observed that 88 of the 94 collected isolates were resistant to imipenem or meropenem. Among them, the blaOXA-23 gene was the most prevalent carbapenemase gene, with an observed detection rate of 91.5% (86/94), followed by the blaOXA-24 gene with a 2.1% detection rate (2/94). Among all carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) observations, isolates with the blaOXA-23 gene were resistant to both imipenem and meropenem. Interestingly, isolates positive for the blaOXA-24 gene but negative for the blaOXA-23 gene showed an imipenem-sensitive but meropenem-resistant phenotype. The MLST analysis identified 21 different sequence types (STs), with ST195, ST540 and ST208 most frequently detected (25.5%, 12.8% and 11.7%, respectively). 80 of the 94 isolates (85.1%) were clustered into CC92 which showed a carbapenem resistance phenotype (except AB13). Five novel STs were detected, and most of them belong to CRAB. In conclusion, these findings provide additional observations and epidemiological data of CSF and blood A. baumannii strains, which may improve future infection-control measures and aid in potential clinical treatments in hospitals and other clinical settings.

The genus Vibrio is ubiquitous in marine environments and uses numerous evolutionary characteristics and survival strategies in order to occupy its niche. Here, a newly identified species, Vibrio fujianensis, was deeply explored to reveal a unique environmental adaptability. V. fujianensis type strain FJ201301T shared 817 core genes with the Vibrio species in the population genomic analysis, but possessed unique genes of its own. In addition, V. fujianensis FJ201301T was predicated to carry 106 virulence-related factors, several of which were mostly found in other pathogenic Vibrio species. Moreover, a comparative transcriptome analysis between the low-salt (1% NaCl) and high-salt (8% NaCl) condition was conducted to identify the genes involved in salt tolerance. A total of 913 unigenes were found to be differentially expressed. In a high-salt condition, 577 genes were significantly upregulated, whereas 336 unigenes were significantly downregulated. Notably, differentially expressed genes have a significant association with ribosome structural component and ribosome metabolism, which may play a role in salt tolerance. Transcriptional changes in ribosome genes indicate that V. fujianensis may have gained a predominant advantage in order to adapt to the changing environment. In conclusion, to survive in adversity, V. fujianensis has enhanced its environmental adaptability and developed various strategies to fill its niche.