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Background: Diagnosis of childhood pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is often based on clinical features in combination with radiologic findings because of paucibacillary nature of the disease in children. It may be difficult to make a clinical diagnosis because of the overlapping clinical features of pulmonary TB and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). On computed tomography (CT) scanning, the presence of typical LAP can suggest TB as a possible cause. Objectives: To compare the features of mediastinal LAPs between two patient groups based on contrast-enhanced chest CT. Methods: A total of 45 pulmonary patients with TB and 38 patients with CAP (aged ≤ 18 years) were enrolled in this retrospective study. The presence and CT features of lymph node involvement and the incidence of associating parenchymal/pleural findings were analyzed in two groups. Results: All patients with TB and 36 of the 38 patients with CAP had at least one mediastinal LAP. There was no significant difference between the two groups according to the incidence of lymph node and multiple site involvement and also involved lymph node stations (P > 0.05). However, lymph node size was larger in the TB group (P = 0.04). Twenty-two percent of patients with TB had mediastinal LAP without parenchymal/pleural involvement. Conclusions: Although the lymph node size was larger in TB group than in CAP group, CT features of mediastinal lymph node involvement overlapped between two groups. Nevertheless, mediastinal LAP without parenchymal/pleural involvement on CT is seen in a significant number of TB patients.

Aim: To determine the frequency of sinopulmonary infections, detect changes in the respiratory system, and measure functional capacity of the lungs in our patients with humoral immunodeficiency. Material and Methods: Fifty-six patients with humoral immunodeficiency were enrolled in this study. The clinical, laboratory, and radiologic data, and pulmonary function tests of the subjects were evaluated from their file records, retrospectively. Results: The distribution of our patients was as follows: 25 patients had common variable immune deficiency, three patients had X-linked agammaglobulinemia, five patients had hyper immunoglobulin M syndrome, 19 patients had deficiency of immunoglobulin G subset, and four patients had selective immunoglobulin A deficiency. The most common symptom of the patients was chronic cough (n=47, 83.9%). The most common pathologies on high-resolution computed tomography of the chest were atelectasis and bronchiectasis (27.7%). The most common pathology in pulmonary function tests was the presence of moderate obstructive patterns along with restrictive patterns (n=6,12.5%). The FEV 1, FVC, and FEF 25-75 values were significantly lower in patients with common variable immunodeficiency compared with the patients who had IgG subset deficiencies (p=0.001, p=0.01, p=0.01). Among the patients who were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin, the age at the diagnosis of immunodeficiency was higher in patients with bronchiectasis (14.2 +/- 8.4 years) compared with those without bronchiectasis (10.1 +/- 11.4 years) (p=0.04). Conclusion: Clinical findings are not sufficient to monitor the structural and functional changes in the respiratory system, and patients should be evaluated using high-resolution computed tomography of the chest and pulmonary function tests. Amaç: Humoral immün yetmezlik tanılı olgularımızda, sinopulmoner enfeksiyonların sıklığı ve bunların sonucunda solunum sisteminde meydana gelen değişikliklerin saptanması ve fonksiyonel akciğer kapasitelerinin ölçülmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya humoral immün yetmezlik tanılı 56 olgu alındı. Olguların dosya kayıtlarından klinik, laboratuvar, radyolojik görüntüleme bulguları ve solunum fonksiyon testi verileri geriye dönük olarak incelendi. Bulgular: Olguların tanılara göre dağılımı; yaygın değişken immün yetmezlik tanılı 25 olgu, X’e bağlı agamaglobulinemi tanılı üç olgu, Hiper immunoglobulin M sendromu tanılı beş olgu, İgG alt grup eksikliği tanılı 19 olgu ve selektif immunoglobulin A eksikliği tanılı dört olgu şeklindedir. Olguların 37’si (%66,1) erkek 19’u (%33,9) kadın, yaş ortalaması 14,1±10,6 yıldı. Olguların en sık yakınması kronik öksürük idi (n=47, %83,9). Akciğerlerin yüksek çözünürlüklü bilgisayarlı tomografilerinde en sık görülen patoloji atelektazi ve bronşiektaziydi (%27,7). Solunum fonksiyon testlerinde en sık görülen anormallik orta obstrüktif ve orta restriktif patern birlikteliğiydi (n=6,%12,5). Solunum fonksiyon testi bulguları ile radyolojik bulguların her zaman tutarlı olmadığı görüldü. İntravenöz immünglobulin alan olgular arasında yaygın değişken immün yetmezlik tanılı olgularda, immünglobulin G alt grup eksikliği olan olgulara göre solunum fonksiyon testlerinde; FEV 1, FVC ve FEF 25–75 değerlerinin anlamlı düşük olduğu saptandı (p=0,001, p=0,01, p=0,01). İntravenöz immünglobulin tedavisi alan olgularda; bronşiektazisi olanların immün yetmezlik tanı yaşı (14,2±8,4 yıl), olmayanlara (10,1±11,4 yıl) göre anlamlı olarak büyüktü (p=0,04). Çıkarımlar: Klinik bulgular solunum sistemindeki yapısal ve fonksiyonel değişiklikleri izlemek için yeterli değildir ve olgular gereğinde akciğer yüksek çözünürlüklü bilgisayarlı tomografi ve solunum fonksiyon testleri ile değerlendirilmelidir.

Portable X-rays remain one of the most frequently used diagnostic procedures in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). Premature infants are more sensitive to radiation-induced harmful effects. Dangers from diagnostic radiation can occur with stochastic effects. We aimed to determine the radiation exposure in premature infants and staff and determine the scattering during X-ray examinations in the NICU. In this prospective study, dosimeters were placed on premature infants who were ≤1,250 g at birth and ≤30 weeks of gestational age who stayed in the NICU for at least 4 weeks. The doses were measured at each X-ray examination during their stay. The measurements of the nurses and the doctors in the NICU were also performed with dosimeters over the 1-month period. Other dosimeters were placed in certain areas outside the incubator and the results were obtained after 1 month. The mean radiation exposure of the 10 premature infants, monitored with dosimeters, was 3.65 ± 2.44 mGy. The mean skin dose of the six staff was 0.087 ± 0.0998 mSV. The mean scattered dose was 67.9 ± 26.5 µGy. Relatively high exposures were observed in 90% of the patients and two staff. The radiation exposure levels of premature infants and staff may need to be monitored continuously.· The premature infants are exposed to radiation due to the bedside X-rays.. · The radiation exposure levels of premature infants and staff may need to be monitored continuously.. · Measures and alternative methods to reduce radiation exposure should be encouraged..

Surgery is the first treatment option for patients with metopic craniosynostosis. Fronto-orbital advancement is the preferred method for correction of isolated trigonocephaly, but it is hard to understand whether surgery has been successful mainly in an early period. We aim to investigate the shape differences in the head shapes of trigonocephaly patients compared between preoperative and postoperative term. Cranial shape data were collected from the two-dimensional digital images. The Generalized Procrustes analysis was used to obtain mean shapes of the preoperative and postoperative term. The shape deformation of the frontal calvarium from preoperative to the postoperative term was evaluated using the thin-plate spline (TPS) method. There was significant cranial shape difference between preoperative and postoperative term. The high-level deformations for preoperative to postoperative term determined seen in TPS graphic. Highest deformation was observed at the bifrontal dimension especially at nasion and posterior edge of the forehead. In this study, we showed that the shape difference and structural deformation of the calvarium were correlated with the metopic craniosynostosis. The present study also shows that preoperative and postoperative head shapes of patients with trigonocephaly can be compared using the landmark-based geometrical morphometric method by taking into consideration the topographic distribution.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic utility of superb microvascular imaging (SMI) in assessment of synovitis/tenosynovitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis in comparison to power Doppler ultrasound. Thirty juvenile idiopathic arthritis cases with active clinical findings and ultrasound features of effusion and/or tenosynovitis were further imaged with power Doppler and SMI. For classification of synovial inflammation, a semiquantitative scale (4 points) adopted by Outcome Measures in Rheumatology was used.A total of 35 knee, 2 hip, 2 ankle, 2 wrist, 2 elbow joints, and 6 flexor hallucis longus/tibialis posterior tenosynovitis were assessed. In knee joint, power Doppler and SMI scales were the same for 23 (65.7%) joints, SMI upgraded scale from 0 to 2 in single joint (2.9%); 1 to 2 (14.3%) in 5 joints; and 2 to 3 (17.1%) in 6 joints. For other joints, power Doppler and SMI scales were the same for 5 (62.5%) joints. Superb microvascular imaging upgraded scale from 1 to 2 (25%) in 2 joints and 1 to 3 (12.5%) in a single joint. For flexor hallucis longus/tibialis posterior tenosynovitis, power Doppler and SMI scales were the same for two cases (33.3%). Superb microvascular imaging upgraded scale from 0 to 2 in two cases (33.3%); and 2 to 3 (33.3%) in 2 cases. There was no case of SMI scale downgraded compared with power Doppler scale.Superb microvascular imaging is a feasible technique in the assessment of synovial inflammation and tenosynovitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Superb microvascular imaging has higher sensitivity compared with power Doppler ultrasound in depiction of increased vascularity.

A 16-year-old male presented with a three year history of right proptosis. All other ocular findings were normal. Imaging demonstrated a large, calcified, contrast-enhancing mass in the apical orbit. The tumour had high gallium-68-DOTATATE uptake and low 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake. An incisional biopsy revealed a diagnosis of psammomatous optic nerve sheath meningioma (ONSM). One year later stereotactic radiotherapy was performed due to tumour growth. Tumour size and visual acuity remained stable in the six months after treatment. This case differs from previously reported paediatric ONSMs by its histo-clinical characteristics (exophytic-calcified mass, visual preservation, psammomatous histology).

BackgroundAnhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (AED) is a rare, mostly X-linked recessive genodermatosis, characterized by congenital defects of ectodermal derivative structures as the central nervous system (CNS) is primarily ectodermal in origin.PurposeTo evaluate CNS variations and abnormalities in AED.Material and MethodsA retrospective analysis was made of the neurological and neuroimaging findings of 17 children (12 boys, 5 girls; median age = 8 years; age range = 2–14 years) diagnosed with AED in our pediatric clinics during 2008–2016. The pattern of CNS variation and abnormalities were evaluated by comparing of these findings with an age- and gender-matched healthy control group with no family history.ResultsOf the 17 AED cases identified on the basis of neuroimaging findings, 6 (35.3%) were seen to be normal. Associated CNS variation and abnormalities including cavum septum pellucidum (35.3%), callosal dysgenesis (11.8%), prominent Virchow–Robin spaces (64.7%), cortical sulcal dilation (41.1%), mega cisterna magna (35.3%), focal cortical dysplasia (11.8%), and delayed myelination (58.8%) were observed in 11 (64.7%) children with AED.ConclusionAED suggests a spectrum of CNS variation and abnormalities, presenting with neurological and neuroimaging findings, demonstrated in the embryonic surface- and neuro-ectoderm derived structures. The results of this study suggest that CNS variation and abnormalities might be associated with AED.

Clavicle duplication is a rare entity with limited number of cases reported. Congenital origin and trauma related mechanisms are the main hypotheses to explain this anatomical variation. In skeletally immature patient, trauma may cause physeal-metaphyseal injury in the distal clavicle rather than acromioclavicular strain. The distal epiphysis remains in continuity with acromion and has an intact periosteal sleeve. The periosteal sleeve is extremely osteogenic, and may lead to new bone formation between epiphysis and displaced metaphysis. This remodeling potential and the intact acromioclavicular joint allow the children to be followed by closed reduction. However, there can be new bone formation between epiphysis and displaced metaphysis, resulting in clavicle duplication. Herein, we present the radiographic and computed tomography findings of a post-traumatic duplication of the clavicle in a 5-year-old boy.

Amiloidoma, amilodin değişik dokularda özellikle ekstrasellüler alanda lokalize bir kitle oluşturacak şekilde birikimi ile meydana gelen tümöral bir oluşumdur. En sık lokalizasyon mediasten ve retroperiton olup kemik tutulumu oldukça nadirdir. Amiloidoma tanısı histopatolo-jik, immünohistokimyasal ve histokimyasal değerlendirmeye dayanmaktadır. Olgu sunumumuzda patolojik femur kırığı ile başvuran ve kemikte yoğun amiloid birikimi saptanan 70 yaşındaki erkek hasta literatür bilgisi eşliğinde sunulmuştur.

Objective Diabetes is one of the primary diagnoses for admission to home health care units. Although there are many studies about elderly diabetic patients, there are not many studies on home care patients with diabetes. The present study aims to analyze the current status of diabetic home care patients with their biochemical data and medications. Methods This was a retrospective study, including 256 diabetic patients who were following up by the Home Health Unit of Istanbul Provincial Health Directorate Public Hospitals Services-2. In this study, we analyzed the current biochemical data of the patients with their medications. Results In this study, 185 female (72.3%) and 71 male (27.7%) patients were recruited with the mean HbA1c of 8.25±1.77. Among these patients, 65% of them were using oral antidiabetic (OAD), and 58% were using insulin. There were 21 (8.2%) patients who were not receiving any treatment. While patients who were using only oral antidiabetic have better A1c levels (A1c: 7.73±1.45), patients who were insulin using had HbA1c levels as high as the patients who were not using any medication. This may be due to the progression of diabetes, fear of hypoglycemia or insufficient insulin use. While metformin was the most commonly used OAD, with a 38% usage rate. When compared to HbA1c levels, there was no difference between the types of insulin used (p=0.167). Conclusion As a result, it is important to plan regular visits and personalized treatment by keeping in mind the benefits to risk ratios in home-care diabetic patients.

Aim To investigate the differences in the head shapes of scaphocephaly patients during the pre- and postoperative phases. Material and methods Cranium shape data were collected from the two-dimensional digital images. The generalised Procrustes analysis was used to obtain mean shapes in the pre- and postoperative phases. The shape deformation of the cranium from the pre- to postoperative phases was evaluated using the thin plate spline method. Results There was no significant cranial shape difference in the pre and postoperative phases. The high-level deformations from the pre- to postoperative phase were seen in thin plate spline graphs. The highest deformation was observed at the biparietal dimension. Conclusion In this study, we showed that the structural deformation of the cranium was correlated with sagittal craniosynostosis. The present study also shows that pre- and postoperative head shapes of patients with scaphocephaly can be compared using head shape with the landmark-based geometric morphometric method by taking into consideration the topographic distribution.

AIM To present cross-sectional imaging, surgical findings, and follow-up results of diaphragmatic mesothelial cysts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Radiological findings for location, size, shape, and internal structure of cysts were reviewed retrospectively. For patients that underwent surgery, surgical reports and laparoscopy images were reviewed. In conservatively managed patients, changes in size and imaging findings of the cyst were assessed during follow-up visits. RESULTS A total of 13 paediatric cases with an imaging and/or pathological diagnosis of diaphragmatic mesothelial cyst were identified. In all cases, the cystic lesions were located between the diaphragm and the posterolateral aspect of the right lobe of the liver. Eleven lesions (84.6%) had a bi-lobulate shape. Eight of these cases underwent laparoscopic cyst aspiration/unroofing. The postoperative course was uneventful and there were no cases of recurrence. The remaining five cases were managed conservatively with follow-up available in four cases. In three cases (75%), there was reduction in the size of the cysts with a mean volume reduction of 55%. CONCLUSION Diaphragmatic mesothelial cysts are congenital cystic lesions that are usually detected incidentally. A common pitfall is incorrect interpretation of the lesion as a hepatic cyst. Conservative management with imaging follow-up can be adopted in asymptomatic cases with typical imaging findings.

Objective: Fibrous dysplasia is a slowly progressing bone lesion resulting from displacement of the normal medullary bone with abnormal fibroosseous tissue. The aim of this study was to assess the similarities and differences of our cases in relation to published reports. Material and Method: In this study, the archives of the Uludag University Medical Faculty Department of Pathology were screened for fibrous dysplasia cases between 2004 and 2016. Results: Within the mentioned period, there were 36 cases diagnosed as fibrous dysplasia. There were 21 male, and 15 female cases with an average age of 27.8±14.8 years (range 7-79 years). The most frequently affected sites were femur, costae, and craniofacial bones. There was one case localized to metacarpal bone, a very rare affection site. There were 4 polyostotic cases including 2 cases of McCune-Albright syndrome. Pelvic bone was affected in the polyostotic type, similar to published reports. Unlike former reports, however, long tubular bones were affected in male patients in our series. In our series, 32 cases had classical fibrous dysplasia, 3 cases had fibrocartilaginous, and one case had fibroosseous variants. Four cases localized to costae were accompanied by aneurysmal bone cyst. The presenting symptom was pathological fractures in a total of 4 cases, 3 localized to the femur, and 1 to the costa. Recurrence occurred in 5 cases treated with curettage. Two of the monostotic fibrous dysplasia cases developed malignant transformation into osteosarcoma. Conclusion: We conclude that our series of fibrous dysplasia cases have slight differences and mainly similar characteristics with the series reported earlier, when all features are taken into consideration.

Ya z›fl ma Ad re si/Ad dress for Cor res pon den ce Dr. Ipek Guney Varal, Uludag Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, Cocuk Sagligi ve Hastaliklari Anabilim Dali, Neonatoloji Bilim Dali, Bursa, Turkiye Tel.: +90 532 341 33 89 E-posta: ibettyg@yahoo.com Ge lis ta ri hi/Re cei ved: 07.01.2014 Ka bul ta ri hi/ Ac cep ted: 22.03.2014 1Uludag Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, Cocuk Sagligi ve Hastaliklari Anabilim Dali, Neonatoloji Bilim Dali, Bursa, Turkiye 2Uludag Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, Cocuk Sagligi ve Hastaliklari Anabilim Dali, Pediatrik Kardiyoloji Bilim Dali, Bursa, Turkiye 3Uludag Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, Radyoloji Anabilim Dali, Pediatrik Radyoloji Bilim Dali, Bursa, Turkiye Ipek Guney Varal1, Nilgun Koksal1, Hilal Ozkan1, Ozlem Bostan2, Onur Bagci1, Fahrettin Uysal2, Zeynep Yazici3, Pelin Dogan1

Horseshoe lung is a rare congenital anomaly and mostly accompanied by scimitar syndrome. Most aspects of this complex anomaly can be demonstrated via multidetector CT (MDCT). We present two baby girls who had horseshoe lung associated with right lung hypoplasia and scimitar vein. The chest roentgenograms showed displacement of the heart and mediastinum to the right with smaller right lung. Echocardiography revealed dextroposition, secundum atrial septal defect and bilateral slight peripheral pulmonary stenosis in the first case and dextroposition, severe pulmonary hypertension, secundum atrial septal defect and tricuspid regurgitation in the other one. On thoracic MDCT, the right lung and pulmonary artery were hypoplastic with cardiomediastinal shift to the right. There was an abnormal right pulmonary vein draining into the inferior vena cava on the lower zone of the right lung (scimitar vein). The posterobasal portions of the both lungs were fused through a midline isthmus behind the heart.

Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor is an extremely rare soft tissue tumor with a low malignancy potential. The patient is usually a child or a young adolescent and the tumor is usually localized in the upper extremities. We report on a case of a 21-year old male with a plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor in the left fibula admitted to our hospital due to a swelling and pain in the left lower extremity. Radiologically a lytic lesion in the distal end of left fibula consistent with a non-aggressive lesion with low biological activity was found. Treated with curettage, the specimen revealed plexiform proliferation of mononuclear histiocyte-like cells, multinucleated osteoclast-like cells, and spindle fibroblast-like cells in variable proportions histopathologically. Immunohistochemical stains were positive for CD68 in scattered fashion in histiocytes and giant cells, and spindle like cells showed positivity for smooth muscle actin. Under electron microscopy, rough endoplasmic reticulum and collagen bundles in the spindle cells suggested fibroblastic differentiation. Also multiple large electron-dense lysosomal granules in histiocytoid cells were found. Multinucleated giant cells exhibited osteoclast-like appearance. All these findings suggested plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor. Interestingly, the tumor was localized in bone. During the follow up for 27 months after the resection, there was no recurrence or metastasis.

Objectives: Pott puffy tumor (PPT) is defined as soft tissue swelling of the forehead due to subperiosteal edema, accumulation of pus, or granulation tissue. It is associated with osteomyelitis of frontal bone secondary to frontal sinusitis. Pott puffy tumor can be complicated by preseptal and orbital cellulitis and intracranial infection. Methods: Six patients diagnosed with and treated for PPT in Pediatric Clinic of Uludag University Faculty of Medicine from 2010 to 2015 were reviewed retrospectively. Age, sex, presenting symptoms and signs, laboratory and radiological findings, as well as intracranial complications and treatment modalities of all patients were evaluated. Results: The authors present 6 pediatric patients of PPT, 5 males and 1 female with a mean age of 11 years (age range, 7-18 years). All patients presented with headache, fever, and tender frontal swelling. Two of the patients had epidural abscess and 1 had preseptal orbital cellulitis in addition to PPT. All of them had computed tomography scan and/or magnetic resonance imaging. Endoscopic sinus surgery was performed in 4 patients and 2 patients underwent neurosurgical intervention with antibiotherapy. Conclusions: Pott puffy tumor may be associated with potentially dangerous intracranial complications. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to reduce morbidity and mortality. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis of the disease and the detection of its complications.

Congenital short oesophagus and with intrathoracic development of the stomach is a rare developmental anomaly of the gastrointestinal system. Knowledge regarding its aetiology and management is limited. We report a case in which, in addition to short oesophagus and intrathoracic stomach, an encephalocele was identified during the antenatal period. After the postpartum examination, encephalocele, split notochord malformation, midline localized liver and congenital short oesophagus were confirmed. The report of this case adds to the body of knowledge on this rare condition.

Rickets is a complication of infantile osteopetrosis and pre-treatment recognition of this complication is important. To describe four children with infantile osteopetrosis complicated by rickets (osteopetrorickets) and review the relevant literature. Retrospective chart analysis of four infants with osteopetrorickets and a systematic review of the relevant literature. We saw five children with infantile osteopetrosis, of whom four had superimposed rickets, for a period of 12 years. The review of the literature (including the current four children), yielded 20 children with infantile osteopetrorickets. The children ranged in age from 2 months to 12 months. In all children, hepatosplenomegaly was found. Sixteen (80%) children had visual impairments and eight (40%) children had hearing impairments. Serum calcium-phosphorus product was less than 30 in 18 children (90%). Twelve children (60%) were hypocalcemic and 18 (90%) were hypophosphatemic. In all children, the radiological examination demonstrated diffuse bony sclerosis and metaphyseal splaying and fraying of long bones. Five children (25%) had pathological fracture of extremities and 15 (75%) had rachitic rosary. Rickets as a complication to infantile osteopetrosis is not uncommon. Skeletal roentgenograms are of critical importance in the diagnosis of both osteopetrosis and superimposed rickets.

Osteofibrous dysplasia is a rare and benign disease that originates from the tibia or fibula. The symptoms of osteofibrous dysplasia include painless enlargement and bowing of the tibia and pain occurring in the presence of pathological fracture. Herein a male infant who was admitted with redness and swelling on the right leg and diagnosed as pathological tibia fracture due to left tibia osteofibrous dysplasia on the third day of life was presented. To our knowledge, this is the earliest presentation of osteofibrous dysplasia with a pathological fracture in a neonate. Therefore, it must be suspected in neonatal bone fractures.

Most of the orbital osteomas arise from the adjacent paranasal sinuses. Some of them may contain osteoblastoma-like areas and may be misdiagnosed as osteoblastoma, both radiologically as well as histopathologically. Sino-orbital osteomas with osteoblastoma-like features show a typical radiological appearance. They have a distinct zonal pattern, in which less dense osteoblastoma-like areas are located at the base of the lesion and dense mature bone is located at the periphery. These broad-based bone lesions also have a tendency for extracavitary polypoid growths from the paranasal sinus into the adjacent orbit. We report here the CT and MR imaging findings of three cases with sino-orbital osteoma with osteoblastoma-like features.

A 1-day-old female newborn presenting with a severe left proptosis was found, on imaging, to have a cranial mass extending in both orbits and ethmoid sinuses. Tumor debulking and biopsy were performed through a lateral orbitotomy. Based on histologic findings, a diagnosis of infantile myofibroma was made. No involvement was found in other areas of the body. The patient died because of respiratory arrest after intracranial surgery that was performed 45 days after the orbital surgery. To the authors' knowledge, only one similar case of cranio-orbital myofibroma has been reported previously. This tumor should be considered in the differential diagnosis of congenital proptosis and cranio-orbital tumor. In such cases, tumor debulking can be performed through orbitotomy.

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in demonstrating erosive alterations during the early period of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Patients and methods: Twenty-one wrists of 14 patients (11 females, 3 males; mean age 54 years; range 37 to 64 years) diagnosed with RA by clinical data and laboratory results were examined with MRI. The disease activity was determined by C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rates. Wrist radiographies of all the patients were either normal or had suspicious signs. The presence of bone erosion was evaluated in 15 different regions (8 carpal bones, 5 metacarpal heads, 1 distal radius, and 1 distal ulna). Coronal and axial T1-weighted spin echo (SE) images with and without fat suppression, coronal T2-weighted turbo SE images with fat suppression, and coronal T1-weighted SE images with fat suppression following administration of intravenous gadopenteate dimeglumine were obtained. Results: In all cases, the wrist radiographs were either normal or exhibited suspicious findings. Bone erosion was found in 73 (81.1%) different sites in carpal bones, four different sites in distal radius (4.4%), four (4.4%) different sites in distal ulna, and nine (10%) different sites in proximal metacarpal heads. While capitatum (27.3%) and triquetrum (24.6%) were the most commonly affected sites, pisiforme (1.6) was found be the least affected site. Among the 21 wrist MRIs showing erosion, nine (42.8%) had synovitis, three (14.2%) had tenosynovitis, two (9.5%) had bursitis, and seven (33.3%) had bone marrow edema. Conclusion: Magnetic resonance imaging may be an effective diagnostic method for the determination of early period joint involvement in RA cases. Amaç: Bu çalışmada, romatoid artritin (RA) erken dönem eroziv değişikliklerinin ortaya konmasında, manyetik resonans görüntülemenin (MRG) etkinliği değerlendirildi. Hastalar ve yöntemler: Klinik veriler ve laboratuvar sonuçlarıyla RA tanısı konulan 14 hastada (11 kadın, 3 erkek; ort yaş 54 yıl; dağılım 37-64 yıl) 21 el bileği MRG ile incelendi. Hastalık aktivitesi C-reaktif protein ve eritrosit sedimantasyon oranı ile belirlendi. Hastaların hepsinde el bileği grafisi normaldi ya da şüpheli bulgular vardı. Kemik erozyonlarının varlığı 15 farklı bölgede (8 karpal kemik, 5 metakarp başı, 1 distal radius ve 1 distal ulna) değerlendirildi. Yağ baskılamalı ve yağ baskılamasız koronal ve aksiyal T1-ağırlıklı spin eko (SE) görüntüleri, yağ baskılamalı T2-ağırlıklı koronal turbo SE görüntüleri ve intravenöz gadopentetat dimeglumin verilmesinden sonra yağ baskılamalı T1-ağırlıklı koronal SE görüntüleri elde edildi. Bulgular: Olguların hepsinde el bileği grafisi ya normaldi ya da şüpheli bulgular vardı. Karpal kemiklerde 73 (%81.1) farklı bölgede, distal radiusta dört (%4.4) farklı bölgede, distal ulnada dört (%4.4) farklı bölgede, proximal metakarp başlarında dokuz (%10) farklı bölgede kemik erozyonu tespit edildi. Kapitatum (%27.3) ve triquetrum (%24.6) en çok ekilenen bölge iken, pisiforme en az etkilenen bölge (%1.6) olarak tespit edildi. Erozyon saptanan 21 elbileği MRG’sinin dokuzunda (%42.8) sinovit, üçünde tenosinovit (%14.2), ikisinde bursit (%9.5) ve yedisinde kemik iliği ödemi (%33.3) vardı. Sonuç: Manyetik resonans görüntüleme RA'lı olgularda erken dönem eklem tutulumunu saptamada etkin bir tanı yöntemi olabilir.

Purpose: Evaluation of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) findings in cases clinically diagnosed as adhesive capsulitis (AC). Methods: CE-MRI images of 12 cases diagnosed as AC (13 shoulder joints) and nine control cases were retrospectively evaluated. AC diagnosis was established based on the history and clinical symptoms. MR signal intensity changes in the axillary pouch, rotator interval, biceps anchor and anterior–posterior capsules were analysed with regard to the presence of abnormal soft tissue and contrast enhancement. Capsular and synovial thickening were measured in the axillary recess and rotator interval on coronal oblique CE T1-weighted images. Patient and control groups were compared by Fisher's exact and McNemar tests in terms of signal intensity changes and contrast enhancement in the described areas. Results: Comparison of the group with AC and the control group regarding intensity changes showed a statistically significant difference in the axillary pouch (P 0.05). Comparison of AC and control groups in terms of contrast enhancement revealed statistically significant differences in the axillary pouch, rotator interval, biceps anchor and anterior–posterior capsules (P

OZET Multilocular cystic nephroma (MCN) is a rare tumor at the most benign end of the spectrum of the multilocular cystic neplasms of kidney. Nephrectomy is curative for MCN. In this case-report, we present a 16-month-old girl with a 10x15 cm multilocular cystic renal tumor extending into the renal pelvis and proximal ureter on the right side demonstrated on magnetic resonance imaging. Nephrectomy was performed. The pathology was completely consistent with MCN.

Orbital cavitary rhabdomyosarcoma has been previously reported in 2 cases. The case presented here was a 15-year-old boy who had proptosis, pain, periorbital hyperemia, and visual loss in his OD, which progressed in 6 weeks. Radiologic studies demonstrated a well-demarcated, multilobulated, large mass with cavities, extending from the anterior orbit to the apex, suggesting a diagnosis of venolymphatic malformation with an intrinsic hemorrhage. On surgery, a multilobular, hemorrhagic cystic mass was almost completely excised. Histologic examination revealed a diagnosis of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. After postoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the tumor did not recur during a follow-up period of 45 months. This case, together with the previous ones, suggests that cavitary orbital rhabdomyosarcomas may have some distinct clinical, radiologic, and surgical characteristics.

Background: The reference ranges of thyroid volumes in neonates vary according to the iodine status of a specific region. In different studies, it ranged between 0.47 and 1.62 ml. It has been previously shown that Bursa city was a moderately iodine-deficient area. We therefore aimed at determining normal reference ranges of neonatal thyroid volumes in our moderately iodine-deficient area. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, thyroid volumes of 100 healthy full-term neonates (51 boys and 49 girls; mean gestational age 38.9±1.1 weeks; and mean birth-weight 3370±446 g) were measured during the first week of life using thyroid ultrasonography. These data were compared with the gestational age, birth weight, gender, and TSH values of neonates as well as with maternal factors such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, smoking, medication use, and heart disease. Results: All blood samples for TSH were taken during the first 5 days (mean 1.09±0.9 days). The mean TSH levels in all male and female neonates were 3.77±3.71, 4.57±3.61, and 2.93±3.66 mIU/l, respectively. This difference was statistically significant (p=0.006). Mean thyroid volumes for all male and female neonates were calculated as 0.82±0.18 (range 0.51-2.04), 0.84±0.21 (range 0.51–2.04), and 0.80±0.14 ml (range 0.58–1.30), respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in thyroid volumes with respect to gestational age, birth weight, gender, TSH values of neonates and maternal factors. Conclusion: Normal thyroid volumes in neonates vary between different regions. Local reference values should be used in thyroid volume assessment. Our results are in concordance with the literature and can be used as reference values for our region.

Introduction: Differential radiologic diagnosis of cystic malformations of the posterior fossa is often difficult with conventional imaging techniques because of overlapping features of these entities. Posterior fossa cystic malformations occupy the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces. They may create secondary dynamic effects on the movements of CSF. The aim of this study was to investigate CSF flow alterations in posterior fossa cystic malformations with CSF flow MR imaging. Methods: The study included 40 patients with cystic malformations of the posterior fossa. The patients underwent cardiac-gated phase-contrast cine MR imaging. CSF flow was qualitatively evaluated using an in-plane phase-contrast sequence in the midsagittal plane. The MR images were displayed in a closed-loop cine format. Results: Twelve of the patients had communicating arachnoid cyst, seven had non-communicating arachnoid cyst, ten had mega cisterna magna, six had Dandy-Walker malformation, two had Dandy-Walker variant, and three had Blake's pouch cyst. CSF flow MR imaging indicated the regions of no, slow or higher flow, direction of flow, and abnormal cystic fluid motion. Each malformation displayed a distinct CSF flow pattern. Conclusion: Phase-contrast cine MR imaging for CSF flow evaluation may be a useful adjunct to routine MR imaging in the evaluation of the cystic malformations of the posterior fossa because it can improve the specificity in differentiating such malformations.

Cebocephaly is a very rare congenital anomaly combining a severe midline facial malformation and holoprosencephaly. Here we report on first case of cebocephaly with semilobar holoprosencephaly, hypotelorism, and a single nostril due to intrauterine TORCH infection (Toxoplasmosis, other [syphilis, varicella-zoster, parvovirus B19], Rubella, Cytomegalovirus [CMV], and Herpes infections) in the English language literature. Chromosomal analysis showed normal karyotyping.

Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) is a well-described clinical condition, although its origin remains controversial. Mechanical, growth or traumatic factors are suggested as causes of this lesion. Thirty-five patients were included in this study. Twenty of them had OSD (study group) and the remaining 15 adolescents constituted the control group. Magnetic resonance imaging of the knees was performed in all patients. The distance between the distal pole of the patella and the proximal margin of patellar tendon attachment to the tibial apophysis (A), the distance between the distal pole of the patella and the tibial tubercle epiphysis (B), the distance between the proximal margin of the patellar tendon attachment to the tibia and the tibial tubercle epiphysis (C) and the distance between the knee joint level and the tibial tubercle epiphysis (D) were measured. The ratio of the distance between the distal pole of the patella and the proximal margin of the patellar tendon attachment to the tibia to the distance between the distal pole of the patella and the tibial tubercle epiphysis (A : B) was lower in the study group. The ratio of the distance between the proximal margin of the patellar tendon attachment point to the tibia and the tibial tubercle epiphysis to the distance between the knee joint level and the tibial tubercle epiphysis (C : D) was higher in the control group. We conclude that if the patellar tendon attaches more proximally and in a broader area to the tibia, this might probably cause OSD.

We present a case with a histologically and radiologically proven surface venous hemangioma of distal thigh showing advanced periosteal reaction in distal femur. Surface hemangiomas presenting with periosteal reaction are not often encountered. When a patient complains about a soft tissue mass of an extremity, hemangioma should be included in the differential diagnosis. Optimal management includes precise clinical judgement and surgical planning, safe surgical technique and wide excision to prevent local recurrence.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term efficacy of polyurethane stent placement in adults with nasolacrimal duct obstruction. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Polyurethane stents were placed under fluoroscopic guidance in 52 eyes of 49 patients (mean age, 43 years) with severe epiphora due to idiopathic nasolacrimal duct obstruction. The obstruction was complete in 44 eyes and partial in eight. Clinical success was defined as complete resolution of or great improvement in the symptoms of epiphora and the patency of the lacrimal system to irrigation. Mean follow-up was 23 months (range, 14-44 months). RESULTS. Stent placement was technically successful in 50 eyes (96%). The mean fluoroscopy screening time was 2.2 min (range, 0.2-5.8 min). Two patients were lost to follow-up. Clinical success was obtained in 33 (69%) of 48 eyes. Lacrimal symptoms developed in 23 (70%) of these 33 eyes at least once during the follow-up, but these patients responded well to topical drug treatment and lacrimal irrigation. External dacryocystorhinostomy was performed in 13 eyes after failure of the stents. At surgery, lacrimal sacs were shrunken, hyperemic, and fragile in all eyes, making it difficult to anastomose with nasal mucosa. Histologic examination showed granulation tissue and chronic inflammation of the sac epithelium. CONCLUSION. The success rate of the nasolacrimal stent decreases as follow-up lengthens. After stent treatment, lacrimal symptoms frequently develop, even if the stent remains patent, and require multiple office visits and therapy. The polyurethane stent may induce a chronic inflammatory response in the lacrimal sac, which can interfere with subsequent dacryocystorhinostomy.

Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor is an extremely rare soft tissue tumor with a low malignancy potential. The patient is usually a child or a young adolescent and the tumor is usually localized in the upper extremities. We report on a case of a 21-year old male with a plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor in the left fibula admitted to our hospital due to a swelling and pain in the left lower extremity. Radiologically a lytic lesion in the distal end of left fibula consistent with a non-aggressive lesion with low biological activity was found. Treated with curettage, the specimen revealed plexiform proliferation of mononuclear histiocyte-like cells, multinucleated osteoclast-like cells, and spindle fibroblast-like cells in variable proportions histopathologically. Immunohistochemical stains were positive for CD68 in scattered fashion in histiocytes and giant cells, and spindle like cells showed positivity for smooth muscle actin. Under electron microscopy, rough endoplasmic reticulum and collagen bundles in the spindle cells suggested fibroblastic differentiation. Also multiple large electron-dense lysosomal granules in histiocytoid cells were found. Multinucleated giant cells exhibited osteoclast-like appearance. All these findings suggested plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor. Interestingly, the tumor was localized in bone. During the follow up for 27 months after the resection, there was no recurrence or metastasis.

We describe a case of neonatal osteofibrous dysplasia that was diagnosed 3 days after birth. Osteofibrous dysplasia is a fibro-osseous lesion rarely seen in long bones. It is also known as congenital osteitis fibrosa or ossifying fibroma of bones. Although it occurs in children under 10 years of age, it is extremely rare in newborn babies. It must be differentiated from adamantinoma due to their radiological appearance, predilection for tibia and fibula, clinical picture, and certain histological similarities.

Ultrasonographic (US) differential diagnosis of enlarged loops in the foetal abdomen may be inconclusive in some cases. We report a case of foetal intestinal atresia that was diagnosed with MRI. In a 32 weeks old fetus, US revealed enlarged loops filling the entire foetal abdomen which did not allow further evaluation. On MRI, the anteriorly located distended loops were hyperintense on HASTE images and hypointense on 2D FLASH images suggesting small bowel atresia. Fetus died in utero and pathology confirmed the diagnosis. MR can be used as complementary diagnostic tool in cases of enlarged loops in foetal abdomen.

Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of using additional oblique coronal 1 mm proton density-weighted (PDW) MR imaging of the knee for detection and grading anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), anteromedial bundle (AMB) and posterolateral bundle (PLB) injuries. Materials and methods: We prospectively assessed preoperative MR images of 50 patients (36 men, 14 women; age range, 18-62 years). First, we compared the diagnostic performance of routine sagittal (3 mm) and additional oblique coronal images (1 mm) for ACL tears. Then, we compared the tear types (AMB or PLB) and grade presumed from oblique coronal MR imaging with arthroscopy. Results: Arthroscopy revealed ACL tear in 24 (48%) patients. There was significant difference between sagittal images and arthroscopy results for ACL tear recognition (p < 0.001). No significant difference was detected for oblique coronal images when compared with arthroscopy results (p = 0.180). Sensitivity and specificity values for ACL tear diagnosis were 37.04% and 95.65% for sagittal images; 74.07% and 91.30% for oblique coronal images. There was no significant difference between arthroscopy and oblique coronal MR images in grading AMB and PLB injuries (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Addition of thin slice oblique coronal images to conventional sequences could better contribute to better verifying the presence of ACL tear and in determining its grade.

Hypercalcemia may be seen in children with malignancy. We report a 4 year old child with rhabdomyosarcoma that initially presented with signs of hypercalcemia and bone involvement.