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Set in the context of four-year colleges and universities in the United States and Canada, this study examined how the level of thriving differs for international students and their domestic peers, how the level of thriving differs across various subgroups within international students, and how academic self-confidence is associated with the level of thriving for international students. Using data from the 2017 Thriving Quotient, this study found that international students were less likely to thrive during their college years than their domestic peers and that Asian international students were less likely to thrive than their international peers of other racial groups. Findings also suggested that academic self-confidence was significantly and positively related to international students’ thriving during their college years.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to understand the experiences of career exploration among nursing students during their clinical practice and to develop a theoretical framework for the career exploration process. Methods: From February 2 to 28, 2015, data were collected through focus group interviews from 24 participating fourth-year nursing students. The data were analyzed using grounded theory. Results: The central phenomenon of 'confusion between the ideal and the reality of nursing' occurred in contexts for various reasons of choosing one's major, nurses in the ideal, a vague fear of the field, arduous nursing assignments in the field, and severe adversity in the nursing field. Nursing students tried to deal with their confusion by using interaction strategies such as pursuing the intrinsic value of nursing, finding role models, trying to project oneself, and preparing for adapting to reality. The career exploration process in clinical practice was a voyage to discover the authentic nurse of the pre-registration nurse. Conclusion: This result shows that nursing students were to gain confidence in their career choices by finding the value of nursing and interacting with patients. Therefore, opportunities for learning experiences about interaction with patients and various positive experiences in clinical practice should be provided for nursing students.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors related to level of satisfaction among mothers of preschoolers. Methods: Participants were 359 mothers of firstborn healthy preschoolers. The questionnaires were collected from August 1 to November 21, 2012. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0. Results: The mean score for degree of mothers’ parenting satisfaction was 5.94 out of 7. There were significant differences in the level of parenting satisfaction according to mother’s job (t=2.48, p=.014), planned pregnancy (t=3.07, p=.002), number of children (t=2.22, p=.027), and parenting education (F=4.33, p=.005). The environmental variables of age of spouse (F=3.06, p=.048) and monthly income of the household (F=2.87, p=.036) also seemed to have an influence. Analysis of predictors such as the mother’s job, planned pregnancy, parenting education, overall health problems, parenting stress, perception of emotional status and behaviors in children, age of spouse, and spouse’s support explained 31.5% of the variance in mother’s parenting satisfaction. Conclusion: The results suggest a need to develop nursing intervention programs for parenting stress reduction, and health programs for fathers to support mothers’ child rearing.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify effects of EMLA (Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics) cream application on pain perception and pain response during insertion of implanted venous access port needle in children with cancer. Methods: From December 2010 to August 2011, at U university hospital, 20 patients scheduled for implanted venous access port needle insertion were recruited, and randomly assigned to receive either EMLA or a placebo cream 1 hour before the implanted venous access port needle insertion. While conducting needle insertion, changes in pulse and oxygen saturation on the pulse oxymeter monitor were measured and pain behavior reaction was also measured during needle insertion in the treatment room. After conducting needle insertion, self-reported pain reaction, and mothers’ perception of the children’s pain reaction were measured. Collected data were statistically processed using SPSS version 17.0 for Windows, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test. Results: Children’s self-reported degree of pain, degree of pain as perceived by mothers and pain behavior reaction decreased significantly in the EMLA application group compared with the placebo group. Conclusion: Findings indicate that application of EMLA cream is effective in relieving pain in these children during implanted venous access port needle insertion.

Purpose: This prospective study was conducted to determine the incidence and related characteristics of respiratory medical device-related pressure ulcers (MDRPU) in children admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods: The participants were 184 children who were admitted to the PICU of P University Hospital from April 2016 to January 2017. Data were collected on the occurrence of respiratory MDRPU and characteristics regarding the application of respiratory medical devices. Results: Respiratory MDRPU occurred in 11.9% of participants (58.3%: stage I ulcers, 37.5%: mucosal ulcers). The devices associated with respiratory MDRPU were endotracheal tubes (54.2%), high-flow nasal cannulas (37.5%), and oximetry probes (8.3%). Respiratory MDRPU associated with an endotracheal tube were significant differences according to the site and strength of fixation, the use of a bite block and adhesive tape, skin dryness, and edema. In high-flow nasal cannulas, significant differences were found according to the site of fixation, immobility after fixation, and skin dryness. Conclusion: The occurrence of respiratory MDRPU is significantly affected by the method and strength of fixation, as well as skin dryness and edema. Therefore, appropriate consideration of these factors in nursing care can help prevent respiratory MDRPU.

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors predicting smartphone addiction among high school student in Y city. Data were collected by structured questionnaires from July 1 to July 2

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the effect of a cultural competency promotion program for nurses in obstetrics-gynecology and pediatrics. Methods: The cultural competency promotion program was developed through the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) steps. In this quasi-experimental study, 30 nurses in obstetrics-gynecology and pediatrics were assigned to the experimental group and 34 nurses were assigned to the control group. The experimental group received this program once a week for four weeks and each class lasted one hour. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, X2-test and Fisher’s exact test with the IBM SPSS Statistics version 21.0 program. Results: After attending the program, cultural competency (t = 8.30, p

[Purpose] This study investigated the status of women's sexual function and relevant factors given the fact that women's health is crucial to the national health, and in particular that women's sexual health has a significant impact on their overall health. [Subjects and Methods] This study surveyed 353 women living in South Korea's P and K metropolitan regions from July 2012 to August 10, 2013. The Female Sexual Functional Index (FSFI), the Sexual Attitude Scale (SAS), sexual knowledge and questionnaires were used. [Results] Two groups based on FSFI scores above and below a cutoff value of 25 were compared with each other, and significant differences were found in age, male friends, menstrual status, sex status, and frequency of sex, experience of forced sex, personal health, husband's health and sexual knowledge. Male friends, sex status, experience of forced sex, husband's healths and sexual knowledge explained women's sexual function. [Conclusion] The finding that women's sexual function is associated with multiple factors suggests an intervention program for improving women's sexual function should be developed to reflect the factors influencing the target groups' sexual function.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine risk for dysphagia in community-dwelling elders and to identify the level of risk and factors influencing nutritional status. Methods: During March and April, 2013, face-to-face interviews or self-reports were conducted with 292 elders. The research tools were the Dysphagia Risk Assessment Scale and Full MNA(Mini Nutritional Assessment). Results: The risk for dysphagia had a mean score of 9.23 points and 63.7% of the participants were in the risk group. The mean score for nutritional status was 22.28. Over half of the participants (56.2%) were regarded as being in the risk group for malnutrition, whereas 8.2% were regarded as being in the malnutrition group. In terms of the factors influencing nutritional status, the most significant factor was risk for dysphagia, followed by educational level and calf circumference. Conclusion: The findings indicate that more than half of the community-dwelling elders were at risk for dysphagia or in a state of malnutrition risk. The risk for dysphagia was a major factor influencing nutritional status. Therefore, dysphagia should be considered as a major health problem in older adults and should be assessed and managed early enough to avoid malnutrition.

본 연구의 목적은 2개의 도시에 있는 초등학교 고학년 학생들을 대상으로 인터넷 게임 중독 정도를 파악하고 이에 영향을 주는 요인들을 파악하여 남여를 비교하기 위함이다. 연구대상자는 300명의 4, 5, 6학년 초등학생이었다. 구조화된 설문지를 통해 2013년 4월 1일부터 6월 15일까지 자료를 수집하였고, 수집된 자료는 SPSS WIN 14.0을 이용해 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과 인터넷 게임 중독의 정도는 남학생 28.82점, 여학생 24.61점으로 나타났고, 학교생활 적응도는 남학생의 인터넷 게임 중독을 14% 설명하였고, 학교생활 만족과 학교생활 적응도는 여학생의 경우 인터넷 게임 중독을 15% 설명하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 초등학교 고학년 남여 학생들의 인터넷 게임 중독에 영향을 주는 요인들에 효과가 높은 중재 기법을 프로그램 개발에 적용할 필요가 있을 것으로 생각된다. 【This study examined the factors predicting internet game addiction in higher grade elementary school students according to gender in two cities. The participants were 300 elementary school students who were in the $4^{th}$ , $5^{th}$ and $6^{th}$ grades. Data was collected by structured questionnaires from April 1 to June 15 2013, and analyzed using SPSS WIN 14.0. The scores of internet game addiction for elementary school students were 28.82 and 24.61 for boys and girls, respectively. The adjustment to school life predicted internet game addiction in 14% of boys. The adjustment to school life and satisfaction with school life predicted internet game addiction in 15% of girls. The factors affecting highly effective intervention techniques need to be applied to the development of programs to prevent Internet game addiction in elementary school students in the $4^{th}$ , $5^{th}$ and $6^{th}$ grades.】

Summary Purpose The purpose of this study was to test a predictive model that could predict and explain work effectiveness among staff nurses at local hospitals. Methods Between April 1 and May 15, 2009, 340 nurses were recruited from two hospitals (one in Ulsan and one in Yangsan). Data were collected via self-administered questionnaires and analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results A modified model was retained, as the final path model showed a very good fit with the data. Job characteristics and compensation justice were found to have direct and positive effects on empowerment. Job characteristics, transformational leadership, and empowerment were found to directly and positively affect work effectiveness. In addition, job characteristics were found to have a greater effect on empowerment and work effectiveness than other factors do. Conclusion This structural equation model was used to test the relationships between these factors and work effectiveness. Empowerment mediated the relationship between job characteristics, transformational leadership, and work effectiveness. Findings from this study can be used to design the strategies for increasing work effectiveness in Korean nurses.

In this paper is a secondary analysis using raw data from the 2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The study confirmed that Quality of Life in Korean Elderly Females with Osteoarthritis has correlations with age, subjective health condition, joint integration, limited activity of daily living, depression continuing for over 2 weeks and obesity. The above mentioned dependent factors were explicable causes of 39.6% of Quality of Life according to the regression model. Therefore, it is necessary to set up a specific system for managing the elderly with osteoarthritis in order to improve their quality of life together with patient education programs on arthritis management, joint strengthening exercises and continuous self-help joint management.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of emergency contraceptive pill on adolescent sexuality and contraceptive behaviors through a meta - analysis of intervention studies on advance provision of emergency contraceptives. This study aimed to provide objective data on the transition of general medicines to be discussed in relation to the reclassification of emergency contraceptive pills. Methods: Using electronic database, 1,820 studies written in Korean or English without limitation of the year were reviewed and for analysis, 5 studies were selected, in which emergency contraceptives were provided to adolescents. Results: The advance provision of emergency contraceptives has increased their use and shortened the time it takes to take contraceptive pills after unprotected sex. There was no change in the frequency of engaging in sexual intercourse and unprotected sex or in existing contraceptive behavior, pregnancy rates decreased, but there was no increase in sexually transmitted infection. Conclusion: The results of this study provide objective grounds for the reclassification of emergency contraceptive pills and propose effective interventional programs on contraceptive education, such as on efficacy and side effects of the contraceptive drug and its proper use among the youth who engage in sexual activity, to improve their reproductive health.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To test the effectiveness of a community-based intervention to increase mammography screening for Korean American women. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental, pre-/post-test, three-group design. SETTING: Urban Korean American communities in Southern California. SAMPLE: 141 Korean American women, aged 40-75, who had not had a mammogram in the previous 12 months. METHOD: Two Korean churches were selected randomly to be study sites that would provide health screening programs. The study included an experimental group that would have access to a peer-group educational program and low-cost mammography, a group that would have access to low-cost mammography alone, and a control group. Participant-focused strategies were used to involve Korean American women from the community. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Mammography use, breast cancer screening attitudes, and knowledge. FINDINGS: Women in the experimental program had significantly improved attitudes and knowledge about breast cancer screening. Mammography use in the experimental group (87%) was not significantly different from that in the mammography-access-only group (72%). Both interventions proved to be more effective than no intervention at all (control group = 47%). CONCLUSIONS: An educational program that includes participant-focused research strategies and access to low-cost mammograms resulted in higher levels of screening. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Community-focused interventions can increase rates of cancer screening among Korean American women.

We have used PET chemosensors in the determination of N-carbamoylglycine. When N-carbam-oylglycine reacts with complex already made by the fluorophore and metal ion, the luminescence intensity can be changed and this phenomenon can be utilized in quantification. We used three metal ions, , , and in order to investigate selectivity an acetic acid was used. ion showed change in the eT mechanism by the anions. ion showed the ability to distinguish N-carbamoylglycine from an acetic acid and it is noteworthy that ion can change luminescence sensitively according to concentration.

The infrared (3500–40 cm −1 ) and Raman (3500–20 cm −1 ) spectra of gaseous and solid methylvinyldichlorosilane, CH 2 CHSiCl 2 CH 3 , have been recorded. Additionally, the Raman spectrum of the liquid has been recorded and qualitative depolarization values obtained. Both the cis and gauche conformers have been identified in the fluid phases but only the cis conformer remains in the solid. Variable temperature (−60 to −100°C) studies of the infrared spectra of the sample dissolved in liquid xenon have been carried out. From these data, the enthalpy difference has been determined to be 77 ± 8 cm −1 (220 ± 23 cal mol −1 ), with the cis conformer being the more stable rotamer. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed for the cis conformer based on infrared band contours, relative intensities, depolarization values and group frequencies. Several of the fundamentals for the gauche conformer have also been identified. The vibrational assignments are supported by normal coordinate calculations. Complete equilibrium geometries have been determined for both rotamers by ab initio calculations employing the 3–21G∗ and 6–31G∗ basis sets at the levels of restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) and Moller-Plesset (MP) to second order. The frequencies for the normal modes and the potential energy terms for the conformer interconversion have been obtained from the RHF 6–31 G ∗ calculation. The results are discussed and compared to those obtained for some similar molecules.

The FT-Raman spectra (2000-30 cm −1 ) of liquid and solid nitryl chloride, ClNO 2 , along with the infrared spectra (2000-80 cm −1 ) of the gas and solid have been recorded. All six fundamentals are confidently identified and the potential energy distributions determined from the force fields obtained from ab initio calculations. Several different basis sets have been utilized to determine the harmonic frequencies and force constants which are compared to the previously reported valence force constants. Structural parameters have been calculated with these basis sets including electron correlation with MP2, MP3 and MP4 perturbation. The calculated equilibrium structural parameters are compared to the experimental r 0 structural parameters. The spectra of the solid indicate that there are at least two molecules per primitive cell. All of these results are compared to the corresponding quantities for some similar molecules.

The conformational stability, barriers to internal rotation and vibrational frequencies of trivinylborane have been determined from the vibrational spectra and ab initio calculations. The ab initio calculations have been carried out utilizing the RHF/3-21G, RHF/6-31G*, and MP2/6-31G* basis sets and support the vibrational data that there are two stable conformations in the fluid phases separated by a relatively small energy difference. One of the conformations is a near-planar form which has the three vinyl groups twisted out of the BC3 plane and belongs to the C3 point group. The other conformer has a non-planar structure and belongs to the C1 point group. These and other calculated results are compared to the corresponding quantities obtained from the experiment.

The infrared spectra (4000–50 cm −1 ) of gaseous and solid divinylmethoxyborane, (CH 2 =CH) 2 BOCH 3 , as well as the Raman spectra (3500–20 cm −1 ) of the liquid and solid have been recorded. Qualitative depolarization values have been obtained from the Raman spectrum of the liquid. All normal modes, except the torsions, have been assigned based on infrared band contours, depolarization values, group frequencies, and normal coordinate calculations. From a comparison of the spectra in the fluid and solid states, it is concluded that the molecule exists predominantly in a single conformation in all physical states. Frequencies and potential energy distributions for the normal modes have been calculated with the 3–21G basis set. A comparison of these calculated frequencies to the observed spectra is consistent with the predominant form having a “planar” heavy atom skeleton with C s , symmetry. From the variable low temperature 13 C NMR data, a barrier to rotation about the B-O bond of 10.1 ± 0.1 kcal mol −1 has been determined, which is in excellent agreement with a barrier of 8.5 kcal mol"1 obtained from ab initio calculations. Structural parameters, conformational stability, and barriers to internal rotation have been obtained from ab initio Hartree-Fock gradient calculations employing both the 3–21G and 6–31G * basis sets. The results are compared to the corresponding data for some similar organoboranes.

The Raman spectra (3500–20 cm−1) of gaseous, liquid and solid and the infrared spectra (4000–50 cm−1) of gaseous and solid trimethoxyborane, B(OCH)3, were recorded. Qualitative depolarization values were obtained from the Raman spectrum of the liquid. All normal modes, except the torsions, were assigned based on infrared band contours, depolarization values, group frequencies and normal coordinate calculations. From a comparison of the spectra in the fluid states with that from the solid, it is concluded that the molecule exists predominantly in a single conformation in all physical states. Frequencies and potential energy distributions for the normal modes were calculated with the force constants obtained from ab initio calculations with the 3–21G basis set. A comparison of these calculated frequencies with the observed spectra is consistent with the predominant form having a ‘planar’ heavy atom skeleton with C3h symmetry. In was not possible to determine an experimental barrier to rotation about the BO bond. No change was observed in the 13C NMR spectrum over the temperature range of 22 to −90°C. Structural parameters, conformational stability and barriers to internal rotation were obtained from ab initio Hartree–Fock gradient calculations employing both the 3–21G and 6–31G* basis sets. The results are compared with the corresponding data for some similar organoboranes.

The infrared (4000-50 cm−1) and Raman spectra (3500-10 cm−1) have been recorded for dimethylmethoxyborane, (CH3)2BOCH3, in both the gaseous and solid states. Additionally, the Raman spectrum of the liquid has been recorded and qualitative depolarization values obtained. Only one conformation has been found in all three physical states and, on the basis of the polarized nature of the Raman band assigned as the BC2 antisymmetric stretch, this conformer is identified as being the “planar” form with Cs molecular symmetry. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed based on the depolarization data, infrared gas phase band contours, and group frequencies. Additionally, variable temperature 13C NMR studies have been carried out and the barrier to rotation about the BO bond has been determined as 8.9 kcal mol−1. Structural parameters have been obtained from ab initio Hartree—Fock gradient calculations employing 3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets. The results are compared with the rα values obtained earlier from an electron-diffraction study. Potential-surface calculations have been carried out to determine the conformational stability and barriers to internal rotation. Frequencies and potential-energy distributions for the normal modes have been calculated utilizing the 3-21G basis set. All results are compared to the corresponding data for some other organoboranes.

Iodosobenzene in the presence of catalytic amount of benzeneseleninic acid oxidized various sulfides to sulfoxides through ligand coupling on the iodine atom in excellent yields in acetonitrile under mild conditions.

The far-infrared spectra of ON 35 Cl and ON 37 Cl were recorded from 20 to 100 cm −1 at a resolution of 0.004 cm −1 . Thirteen pure rotational Q branches were assigned for each molecule in the ground vibrational state from which the rotational constants A and the distortion constants φ K and φ K were obtained utilizing previously reported values of the constants B and C from microwave studies. Rotational Q branches were also observed for both molecules in two vibrationally excited states. Ab initio calculations up to those using fourth-order perturbation (MP4) with configuration interaction utilizing the 6-31G* basis set were carried out. Optimized geometries obtained at this level are compared with those obtained with smaller basis sets without configuration interaction and with the experimentally determined values. Force constants were calculated which are compared with the values previously reported. The potential energy distributions and quartic distortion constants were obtained at all levels of ab initio calculations up to MP2/6-31G*.

Iodosobenzene in the presence of catalytic amount of benzeneseleninic acid oxidized various sulfides to sulfoxides through ligand coupling on the iodine atom in excellent yields in acetonitrile under mild conditions.

Purpose: It has been attempted to support mother of premature infants by providing information of premature infant care using e-learning because premature infants need continuous care from birth to after discharge. Method: The e-Learning Program for mother of premature was developed with Xpert, Namo web editor, Adobe Photoshop, and PowerPoint and applied for 4 weeks from 4 to 30 September 2006. Result: 1) We found that the contents of information which premature infants’need when being in the hospital and after discharge were the definition of a premature infant, orientation of NICU, care of premature infants, care of premature infants’common diseases, the connection of healthcare resources, exchange of information, and the management of rearing stress. 2) The program content consisted of cause of premature birth, comparison to full-term baby, physiology character, orientation of NICU, common health problems, follow up care, infection control, feeding, normal development physically and mentally, weaning method, and vaccination. Conclusion: Considering the results, this program for mother of premature is a useful means to provide premature-care information to mothers. This information can be readily accessible and can be varied and complex enough to be able to help mothers to the information and assistance they require.

The infrared (4000-50 cm−1) and Raman spectra (3500-10 cm−1) have been recorded for dimethylmethoxyborane, (CH3)2BOCH3, in both the gaseous and solid states. Additionally, the Raman spectrum of the liquid has been recorded and qualitative depolarization values obtained. Only one conformation has been found in all three physical states and, on the basis of the polarized nature of the Raman band assigned as the BC2 antisymmetric stretch, this conformer is identified as being the “planar” form with Cs molecular symmetry. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed based on the depolarization data, infrared gas phase band contours, and group frequencies. Additionally, variable temperature 13C NMR studies have been carried out and the barrier to rotation about the BO bond has been determined as 8.9 kcal mol−1. Structural parameters have been obtained from ab initio Hartree—Fock gradient calculations employing 3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets. The results are compared with the rα values obtained earlier from an electron-diffraction study. Potential-surface calculations have been carried out to determine the conformational stability and barriers to internal rotation. Frequencies and potential-energy distributions for the normal modes have been calculated utilizing the 3-21G basis set. All results are compared to the corresponding data for some other organoboranes.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to describe the essence of the experiences of patients in an ICU, and to understand them from the patients' point of view. METHODS Participants in this study were six patients in P hospital. Data collection consisted of in-depth interviews and an observation method done from January to April in 2005. The method was analysis using the phenomenological method proposed by Colaizzi(1978). RESULTS The themes were classified into eight theme clusters. The eight theme clusters were finally grouped into four categories, 'shock', 'pain', 'gratefulness' and 'pleasure of revival'. CONCLUSION The ICU patients had negative experiences in physical.mental critical situations, but also positive experiences in consolation and nurses and families' encouragement. Therefore, ICU nurses must support patients and their families to minimize the negative experiences and maximize the positive experiences.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the degrees of cellular phone usage among middle school students and to identify discriminating factors of addictive use of cellular phones among sociodemographic and psychological variables. Met hods: From 123 middle schools in Busan, potential participants were identified through stratified random sampling and 747 middle school students participated in the study. The data was collected from December 1, 2004 to December 30, 2004. Descriptive and discriminant analyses were used. Results: Fifty seven percent of the participants were male and 89.7% used cellular phones at school. The participants were grouped into three groups depending on the levels of the cellular phone usage: addicted (n=117), dependent (n=418), non-addicted (n=212). Within the three groups, two functions were produced and only one function was significant, discriminating the addiction group from non-addiction group. Additional discriminant analysis with only two groups produced one function that classified 81.2% of the participants correctly into the two groups. Impulsiveness, anxiety, and stress were significant discriminating factors. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, developing intervention programs focusing on impulsiveness, anxiety and stress to reduce the possible addictive use of cellular phones is suggested.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of mental health hospital workers. METHODS Participants in the study were a total of 8 mental health hospital workers who consisted of nurses, social welfare workers and health managers. To prevent them from being omitted, the interviews were all recorded under the participants prior agreement. The method was analysis using the phenomenological method proposed by Colaizzi(1978). RESULTS The experiences of the participants of this study were classified into 15 significant areas, from which 10 subjects hard work, conflicts, heavy feeling, irritability, getting familiar, changes of recognition, aptitude determination, feeling of achievement and sense of pride were drawn out. These subjects were then grouped into 5 themes. These five themes were finally grouped into 5 categories, negative emotion, depressive emotion, changes of thinking, delight and value discovery. CONCLUSIONS The study tried to analyze the experiences of key informants like nurses, social welfare workers and health managers all of whom were serving at mental health hospitals, contribute to social recognition about the special medical establishment, promote qualitative mental health nursing and further provide educational information necessary for understanding mental health hospital workers.

3Purpose. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an error reporting promoting program(ERPP) to systematically reduce the incidence rate of nursing errors in operating room. Methods. A non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design was used. Twenty-six operating room nurses who were in one university hospital in Busan participated in this study. They were stratified into four groups according to their operating room experience and were allocated to the experimental and control groups using a matching method. Mann-Whitney U Test was used to analyze the differences pre and post incidence rates of nursing errors between the two groups. Results. The incidence rate of nursing errors decreased significantly in the experimental group compared to the pre-test score from 28.4% to 15.7%. The incidence rate by domains, it decreased significantly in the 3 domains -“compliance of aseptic technique”, “management of document”, “environmental management” in the experimental group while it decreased in the control group which was applied ordinary error-reporting method. Conclusion : Error-reporting system can make possible to hold the errors in common and to learn from them. ERPP was effective to reduce the errors of recognition-related nursing activities. For the wake of more effective error-prevention, we will be better to apply effort of risk management along the whole health care system with this program.

PURPOSE: The study attempted to find family perception differences between abused children and normal children by Kinetic Family Drawing. METHOD: The subjects of the study consisted of two groups, 143 abused who were in the upper 25th percentile, and 150 normal who were in the lower 25th percentile. Collected Kinetic Family Drawings were divided into five dimensions such as actions, human figure characteristics, dynamics, styles and symbols, and they was analyzed with SPSS/WIN 10.0. RESULTS: In the perception about their family in action dimension, their family in figure characteristics dimension, their family in dynamics dimensions, and their family in symbols dimension, there is a sharp contrast between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Putting these results together, abused children feel lower self-esteem and feel more sense of alienation in their family than normal children do. In addition, abused children perceive their parents as negative and aggressive people. Language: ko

We report a stabilization scheme of a FM mode-locked erbium fiber ring laser in anomalous dispersion or normal dispersion. Fast gain saturation characteristic of a SOA enabled supermode noise suppression up to 70 dB at both dispersion medium. (2 pages)

To examine the effects of body position and time after feeding on gastric residuals in low birth weight infants(LBW).A repeated measures design was conducted. Twenty LBW infants being fed via indwelling nasogastric tubes were randomly assigned to one of 5 different position orderings. In each position, gastric residuals were measured at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes after feeding.In comparisons of gastric residuals with position and time, the main effects of position and time were statistically significant (F = 5.038, p = 0.001; F = 429.763, p0.001, respectively), but the interaction between position and time was found not to be significant. In pairwise comparisons, the gastric residuals were more reduced in the right anterior oblique and prone positions compared with the left lateral position (p0.05) and the differences across time periods were significant (p0.001).The body position after feeding has a significant affect on gastric residuals over time in LBW infants. The right anterior oblique or prone position is recommended rather than left lateral position after feeding. Knowledge of the proper position and the pattern of gastric emptying over time after feeding may lead to the development of evidence-based nursing care.

PURPOSE: This study was to develop a substantive theory on the conquering experience of group-bullies among teenagers, and thereafter suggest a model for solving the problems. METHOD: Data collection and analysis was proceeded by a method of Grounded Theory. Data was collected by interviewing the participants. Five teenagers participated in this study who had already overcome the situation. RESULT: In the analysis 31 concepts, 6 categories, and 14 subcategories are extracted from the raw data, and all are constituted on the paradigm model. The causal condition is a painstaking of participants. The context is affirmative reconsidering and the phenomenon is conquering difficulties. The intervening condition is a positive intervention of a supporting system and the strategy for action/interaction is building a relationship. The consequences of this analysis is harmonizing. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest adequate ways of conquering group-bullies. These are positive attitudes towards solving problems and the full use of support systems surrounding them. Language: ko

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) sufferers number approximately 200 million people around the world. In Korea, there is no accurate statistical information, but 1–2% of the total population have been estimated to be suffering from RA. Current research studies related to RA have been limited to quantitative approaches. In qualitative studies, most research has been focused on one aspect of the experience of patients with RA, such as pain or fatigue. In order to address the problems of patients with chronic disease, like RA, a comprehensive approach should be demanded concerning various aspects of the patient's life in terms of perspectives of the patients with RA. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the illness experience of women with RA in Korea using a phenomenological methodology. Participants were five women who were diagnosed with RA. The transcripts were analyzed using Colaizzi's (In: Vails, R.S., King, M. (Eds.), Existential Phenomenological Alternatives for Psychology. Oxford University Press, New York, 1978) method. The results of this study identified 8 major theme clusters, which were ‘severe pain', ‘self-esteem', ‘negative feelings', ‘reflect the past life', ‘concentrate on recovery from disease', ‘a comfortable mind in pain', ‘support of family and others', and ‘new life'. These results may provide important information to establish effective interventions for women with RA, their families, and health providers through understanding various aspects of the lived experience of women with RA. The implications for nursing practice in this area of chronic illness such as RA, should be how patients can be empowered to believe they can take control of their disease and their lives.

Purpose: Cancer is a leading cause of death among Korean Americans (KAs), one of the most rapidly growing ethnic minority communities in the United States. An understanding about cancer screening practices among Koreans (Ks) living in Korea can be useful in designing culturally sensitive health promotion programs in the United States. The purpose of this study was to describe the cancer screening knowledge and behaviors of a sample of KAs in Los Angeles, California, compared with a similar sample of Ks in Korea. Description of study: This descriptive survey used a convenience sample of 140 KAs age 40 and older, living in Los Angeles, California, in 1998. A random sample of 149 Ks from Pusan, Korea, in 1995 to 1996 was used as a comparison group. KAs had lived in the United States for an average of 15 years. A Korean and English language 58-item self-administered questionnaire assessed knowledge of cancer screening tests and personal cancer screening practices. Results: The findings demonstrate that both KAs and Ks had low participation in cancer screening. Breast cancer screening was significantly more likely among KA women than among Ks; screening rates for cervical cancer and gastrointestinal malignancies were not significantly different between the two groups. Clinical implications: These data can be used to assist healthcare professionals in the development of educational tools and strategies for promoting cancer screening programs for KAs. The unique contribution of this study was the opportunity to compare findings from an immigrant Korean population with a similar population in the country of origin.

Purpose: This study was done to construct and test a structural model to explain health risk behavior of late adolescents. Methods: Data for this study were secondary data from the 2010 Korea Adolescent Health Survey based and 3,675 high school students who participated. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 19.0 programs. Results: After 7 lines were removed, fitness statistics for the hypothetical model were appropriate ( χ²=559.13, p

Narratives, Visual and Verbal, In Search of Atemporality (about a Painting by An Kyun) The complex history of the 1447 multi-media Dream of a Visit to the Country of the Peach-Trees, itself hinges on interplay between temporality and atemporality as enacted by the relations between orality, calligraphy, and painting. (332), Young-Hae Kim. Récits, visuel et verbal, en quête d'atemporalité . In: Littérature, n°106, 1997. pp. 89-106.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to generate a grounded substantive theory for the practice adaptation process of hemodialysis unit nurses. Methods: Participants in this study were 10 nurses working in one of two hemodialysis units. Data were collected through tape recorded in-depth interviews done between December, 2011 and February, 2012. Data were analyzed using grounded theory methodology. Results: From the participants' statements, 43 concepts, 18 subcategories and 10 categories were extracted through the open cording process. The 10 categories were: “Burden”, “Role conflict”, “Fearful”, “Conflict of emotion”, “Lack systematic job training ”, “Lack support system”, “Compassion”, “Rapport created”, “Sense of duty”, and “Growth.” The core category was discovered to be ‘recognized growth’. Phenomenon was identified as ‘burnout’ and this series of processes was categorized as having three stages: ‘conflict’, ‘acceptance’, ‘growth’. Conclusion: The results of this study provide useful information about the needs of Hemodialysis Unit Nurses during the practice adaptation process based on their stages and types of practice adaptation. Finally, this study contributes data for the development of intervention programs that support the Hemodialysis Unit Nurses’ practice adaptation.