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Abstract: The development of cost-effective and safe CO2 transport solution is important issue for fully integrated CCS projects. Recently there have been studies on CO2 marine transport, some of which sought to improve general understanding of CO2 marine transport and some tried to provide better solution for a specific project. This paper assesses CO2 compression and transport considering geological condition of South Korea and assumed scenarios for Korea CCS projects. For flexible operation and stable CO2 injection, CO2 import terminal near injection site is introduced. Based on the results of comparison study, CO2 shipping is recommendable for individual fully integrated demonstration projects and CO2 shipping can be cost-effective for transporting large amount of CO2 in CO2 network connecting multi-sources and/or multi-storages. This paper suggests one of a solutions for CO2 marine transport in South Korea and some of suggestions in this study and the study results can be adopted for other projects in different environmental conditions as well. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: So far CO2 shipping has only been introduced as a secondary option for long distances and small amounts because of the prevailing idea that CO2 shipping is more expensive than CO2 pipeline for transporting large amount CO2. This paper shows that CO2 terminal and large CO2 carrier can play a role of collecting CO2 from several sources and transporting CO2 in large volume so transport cost per tonnage of CO2 can be reduce in commercialized CCS market. Multi-stage CO2 liquefaction processes are developed to reduce total cost of CO2 compression and transport. For high pressure CO2 inlet stream, newly developed multi-stage liquefaction process with serial flash tanks enables power consumption reduced to 44% compared to single stage liquefaction process. By adopting new design concept of very large CO2 Carrier more than 40,000m3, optimal size of CO2 carrier can be provided for each voyage route and total cost of CO2 compression and transport is reduced. The results of economic assessment of CO2 transport show that CO2 shipping is economically competitive to CO2 pipeline even in the distance of 200–300km for large amount of CO2 transport such as 10Mt CO2/year or 20Mt CO2/year. CO2 transport by ship should be seriously re-considered as an effective transport method for commercialized CCS projects as well as early demonstration projects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: For most CCS projects, captured CO2 is transported by pipeline, in contrast to shipping it, which has only been introduced as a secondary option for long distances and small amounts. This paper provides some possible alternatives to reduce the total cost of CCS through CO2 shipping. The benefits of HP pump in power consumption is considered and a new total CCS chain is suggested, which can be divided into capture, liquefaction (or compression to supercritical fluid), transport by ship, compression by HP pump, and storage. With a highly efficient liquefaction process, CO2 shipping costs can be reduced under a new total CCS chain. The results of our study show that an optimal size needs to be adopted for each CCS project, enabling CO2 shipping to be more cost efficient. DSME has developed a concept design for a large CO2 carrier that has the potential to be more cost-effective than conventional transport. Therefore, CO2 transport by ship should now be seriously re-considered as an effective transport method on a project-by-project basis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]