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This article addresses the distributed model-free adaptive control (DMFAC) problem for learning nonlinear multiagent systems (MASs) subjected to denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. An improved dynamic linearization method is proposed to obtain an equivalent linear data model for learning systems. To alleviate the influence of DoS attacks, an attack compensation mechanism is developed. Based on the equivalent linear data model and the attack compensation mechanism, a novel learning-based DMFAC algorithm is developed to resist DoS attacks, which provides a unified framework to solve the leaderless consensus control, the leader-following consensus control, and the containment control problems. Finally, simulation examples are shown to illustrate the effectiveness of the developed DMFAC algorithm.

This article studies the observer-based event-triggered containment control problem for linear multiagent systems (MASs) under denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. In order to deal with situations where MASs states are unmeasurable, an improved separation method-based observer design method with less conservativeness is proposed to estimate MASs states. To save communication resources and achieve the containment control objective, a novel observer-based event-triggered containment controller design method based on observer states is proposed for MASs under the influence of DoS attacks, which can make the MASs resilient to DoS attacks. In addition, the Zeno behavior can be eliminated effectively by introducing a positive constant into the designed event-triggered mechanism. Finally, a practical example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the designed observer and the event-triggered containment controller.

The problem of the model-free adaptive resilient control (MFARC) for nonlinear cyber-physical systems (CPSs) suffered from aperiodic jamming attacks is investigated in this article. First, the MFARC framework subject to aperiodic jamming attacks is established, and an intermediate variable method is introduced to avoid using the unavailable time-varying parameter and further eliminate an extra assumption on the sign limit of it. Then, a MFARC scheme is devised to track the desired output, where the problem of the tracking control can be transformed into solving a feasibility problem, and the controller parameters can be obtained with the aid of the linear matrix inequality technique. What is more, a novel attack compensation mechanism is developed in the MFARC scheme to mitigate the impact of aperiodic jamming attacks. In the last, an example is provided to verify the effectiveness of the devised MFARC scheme.

During magnetron sputtering process, the common structure of cathode target is planar target and cylindrical rotating target. In this study, cylindrical rotating target is used and two kinds of cathode targets were investigated by COMSOL Multiphysics software (The official network of COMSOL Multiphysics software. https://uk.comsol.com/). We will elucidate the difference between the two types of cathode target and determine the type of cathode target used in the final experiment. We explore the plasma distribution in the radio frequency cavity, so the simulation process was divided into two steps: building RF cavity model and setting up plasma discharge parameters. The main part of the model included the radio frequency cavity substrate (divided into two tube parts and middle ellipsoid part), the cathode and the magnet. And the plasma discharge parameters are as follows: Ar gas was used with 1.5 Pa; magnetic field strength of iron core was set to 1000 Gs; the applied voltage of cathode was set to − 160 V; and anode was set to 0 V. For the long cathode target and the short cathode target, the main difference is the electric field distribution. Because the electric field lines are denser for the long cathode target, the electric field intensity is stronger, and then the initial energy obtained by electrons is higher. During the plasma discharge process, because of the high electron energy, the plasma density produced is more than the simulation of the short cathode target. And under the same simulation time, the residual energy of electrons is more for the long cathode target, which is the reason for the higher electron temperature. From the previous experimental experience, we know that the film quality formed by higher electron energy is better. The simulation in this work shows that the electron energy corresponding to the long cathode target is higher than that of the short cathode target, so we choose the long cathode target as the experimental target in the subsequent coating experiments.

Aim Coregonus peled fillets were used as a model to evaluate the dominant bacterial growth of chilled fish during storage after shipping and interactions of selected bacterial strains. Methods and Results Coregonus peled fillets were transported by air and land in ice boxes about 48 h from aquatic products company in Xinjiang, China, to the laboratory located in Dalian, China. Both culture-dependent (plate counts on nonselective media) based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and culture-independent (Illumina-MiSeq high-throughput sequencing) methods were used. To detect interactions among bacterial populations from chilled fish, the influence of 18 test strains on the growth of 12 indicator isolates was measured by a drop assay and in liquid culture medium broth. The results showed that bacterial counts exceeded 7.0 log CFU/g following storage for 4 days at 4 °C. When the bacterial counts exceeded 8.5 log CFU/g after 12 days, the predominant micro-organisms were Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Carnobacterium, Psychrobacter and Shewanella, as measured by the culture-independent method. All test strains showed inhibiting effects on the growth of other strains in liquid culture. Pseudomonas isolates showed antibacterial activity for approximately 60% of the indicator strains on nutritional agar plates. The majority of test isolates enhancing indicator strain growth were the strains isolated on day 0. Conclusions High-throughput sequencing approach gives whole picture of bacterial communities in chilled C. peled fillets during storage, while growth interferences between selected bacterial strains illustrate the complexity of microbial interactions. Significance and Impact of the Study We determined the bacterial communities and growth interferences in chilled Coregonus peled after shipping and these are the first data concerning microbiota in C. peled using a culture-independent analysis. The present study will be useful for manufacture and preservation of C. peled products by providing with valuable information regarding microbiological spoilage of C. peled.

Background: Multimodal postoperative analgesia with intravenous ibuprofen can reduce the consumption of opioids and reduce the postoperative pain intensity. Recommended dose in the USA and Europe is 800 mg every 6 hours for the management of moderate to severe postoperative pain. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether 800 mg is needed in the Chinese population.Methods: This is a multicenter, randomized, controlled multi-center trial. Adult patients (18-65 years of age) scheduled for abdominal or orthopedic surgery under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation were eligible. Subjects were randomized at a ratio of 1:1:1 to receive ibuprofen at 400 or 800 mg or saline every 6 hours for 48 hours after the operation. All subjects received morphine access through patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) device, which was set as background infusion rate 0.5 mg/h, bolus 1 mg, 5-minute lock interval and 20-mg 4-hour limit. The primary endpoint was morphine consumption within the first 24 hours after surgery. Results: A total of 396 patients were enrolled (180 men, 216 women; 46±12.4 years of age; 106 patients receiving abdominal surgery, and 290 patients receiving orthopedic surgery). The number of patients was 131 in the placebo group, 132 in the 400-mg group, and 133 in the 800-mg group. The 3 groups did not differ in age, sex, BMI and the type of surgery. Median 24-hour morphine consumption was 39.1 mg (IQR: 29.7, 61.7) mg in the placebo control, 29.8 mg (IQR: 24.3, 43.7) mg in the 400-mg group, and 28.0 mg (IQR: 24.1, 35.9) in the 800-mg group (PConclusions: Intravenous ibuprofen at either 400 or 800 mg every 6 hours could reduce postoperative morphine consumption, with apparently equal efficacy in Chinese population.

This paper investigates the state estimation problem for the DC microgrids with constant power loads in the case of denial-of-service attacks. By using the centralized control schemes, the DC microgrids could send measurements to the control center through a transmission network. In addition, according to the nonlinear and cyber attacks nature of the DC microgrids with multiple constant power loads, a Cubature Kalman filter is designed to estimate the DC microgrids state and be adapted to the packet losses caused by cyber attacks. Finally, simulation studies are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the designed filter.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) is a common metabolic bone disease in postmenopausal women in the Worldwide, and seriously affects the quality of life of middle-aged and elderly women. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover a highly effective drug for PMOP treatment. In this study, ultra-high performance liquid tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) was used to analyze the urine metabolic profiling and potential biomarkers, the relevant metabolic network of PMOP rats, and further to evaluate the intervention effect of Eleutheroside E (EE) against PMOP. Using multivariate statistical analysis combined with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS, a total of 27 biomarkers were identified, which related with 16 metabolic pathways, mainly involving steroidogenesis, beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids, glutathione metabolism, carnitine synthesis, estrone metabolism, oxidation of branched chain fatty acids, etc. After treatment of EE, these biomarkers were markedly regulated, mainly involving steroid hormone biosynthesis, arachidonic acid metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis, indicating that EE had the therapeutic effect on PMOP. This study identified the potential urine metabolic markers and related metabolic pathways of the PMOP, explained the metabolic effect and pharmacological mechanisms of EE against PMOP, and provided a basis for the pharmacological study of EE.

Objective To study the influence of over-expression of three functional genes involved in GC biosynthetic pathway, GuHMGR , GuSQS 1, and GuBAS on GC production. Methods Three plant expression vectors were constructed and transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105, which were used to infect Glycyrrhiza uralensis hypocotyls explants. After induction, selection, differentiation, culture, and transplantation, 12, 15, and 5 regenerated plants over-expressing GuHMGR , GuSQS 1, and GuBAS , were obtained, respectively. Results RT-PCR analysis showed these transgenic regenerated G. uralensis plants had 2–6 copies of GuHMGR , GuSQS 1, or GuBAS. HPLC analysis showed the contents of 18 α - and 18 β -GC in all transgenic regenerated samples were both higher than that in the blank control. With the increase of copy numbers of GuHMGR , GuSQS 1, and GuBAS , the contents of 18 α - and 18 β -GC were both increased in most samples. The highest 18 α - and 18 β -GC contents in transgenic regenerated plants were about 3.05 times and 2.80 times higher than that in the blank control, respectively. Conclusion Over-expression of the GuHMGR , GuSQS 1, and GuBAS genes enhance the accumulation of 18 α - and 18 β -GC in the roots and rhizomes of G. uralensis . We hope this work can lay a foundation for the molecular breeding research of G. uralensis and improving the quality of the roots and rhizomes of G. uralensis cultivars.

Context: Increasing incidence and impact of inflammatory diseases have encouraged the search of new pharmacological strategies to face them. Licorice has been used to treat inflammatory diseases since ancient times in China. Objective: To summarize the current knowledge on anti-inflammatory properties and mechanisms of compounds isolated from licorice, to introduce the traditional use, modern clinical trials and officially approved drugs, to evaluate the safety and to obtain new insights for further research of licorice. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct and ResearchGate were information sources for the search terms ‘licorice’, ‘licorice metabolites’, ‘anti-inflammatory’, ‘triterpenoids’, ‘flavonoids’ and their combinations, mainly from year 2010 to 2016 without language restriction. Studies were selected from Science Citation Index journals, in vitro studies with Jadad score less than 2 points and in vivo and clinical studies with experimental flaws were excluded. Results: Two hundred and ninety-five papers were searched and 93 papers were reviewed. Licorice extract, 3 triterpenes and 13 flavonoids exhibit evident anti-inflammatory properties mainly by decreasing TNF, MMPs, PGE2 and free radicals, which also explained its traditional applications in stimulating digestive system functions, eliminating phlegm, relieving coughing, nourishing qi and alleviating pain in TCM. Five hundred and fifty-four drugs containing licorice have been approved by CFDA. The side effect may due to the cortical hormone like action. Conclusion: Licorice and its natural compounds have demonstrated anti-inflammatory activities. More pharmacokinetic studies using different models with different dosages should be carried out, and the maximum tolerated dose is also critical for clinical use of licorice extract and purified compounds.

Licorice is one of the most common herbs in traditional Chinese medicine, and classified as top grade in Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing. There are three different original plants of licorice stipulated in Chinese Pharmacopeia, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., and Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. However, previous investigation showed that the pharmacodynamic effects of the three licorices were quite different. It is very difficult to identify them by the classical identification methods. In order to establish a fast and effective identification method, we collected 240 licorice plants from 21 populations of 7 provinces, and amplified their ITS and psbA-trnH sequences. ITS sequences with a full length of 616 bp and psbA-trnH sequences with a full length of 389 bp were obtained separately. Using DNAMAN to analyze these sequences, 4 variable sites were found in ITS sequences and 2 ITS haplotypes were determined, and 3 variable sites were found in psbA-trnH sequences and 4 psbA-trnH haplotypes were determined. With the combination analysis of ITS and psbA-trnH sequences, the molecular identification method of original licorice was established. Using this method, 40 samples of licorice slices collected from 4 main herbal material markets in China were identified successfully. Furthermore, the contents of 2 triterpenes, 18α-glycyrrhizic acid and 18β-glycyrrhizic acid, and 4 flavonoids, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, and isoliquiritigenin in these licorice pieces were examined by HPLC and the results were analyzed using SPSS 21.0. This study provides a new method in identification of licorice, which may serve as a guideline for quality control of licorice slices.

Bupleuri Radix is one of the most frequently used herbal medicines in China with a 2 000-year medicinal history. However, the use of Bupleuri Radix is very confused. Twenty-five species and eight varieties of Bupleurum have been used as Bupleuri Radix in different regions of China. It is very difficult to identify these Bupleurum species using traditional morphological method. In order to establish a fast and effective method to identify these Bupleurum species, we collected 168 Bupleurum medicinal plants from 14 populations of 9 provinces, and amplified their ITS sequences. 168 ITS sequences with a full length of 600-606 bp were obtained. DNAMAN analyzing results showed that 86 variable sites were present in these sequences and 19 haplotypes (TH1-TH19) were determined. After calculating K2P distance and analyzing an NJ tree, we established a molecular identification method based on ITS sequence. Using this method, 52 samples of Bupleuri Radix were identified successfully. Furthermore, we tested saikosaponin a, c, d content in these Bupleuri Radix by HPLC and analyzed the results by ANOVA and LSD T test to evaluate the quality of Bupleuri Radix. This method is significant for effective identification of Bupleurum medicinal plants, and quality control of Bupleuri Radix in the market.

Glycyrrhiza uralensis is frequently used in traditional Chinese medicine. This plant contains a large amount of effective constituents, including triterpenoids and flavonoids. Among them, glycyrrhizin is believed to be the marker compound to evaluate the quality of G. uralensis based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Many studies showed that glycyrrhizin possesses various pharmacological activities, such as antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and immune-stimulating activities. In this paper, we summarized the cloning, characterization, expression, and polymorphism analysis of several functional genes involved in glycyrrhizin biosynthesis in G. uralensis.

Context: Radix Bupleuri has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over 2000 years with functions of relieving exterior syndrome, clearing heat, regulating liver-qi, and lifting yang-qi. More natural active compounds, especially saikosaponins, have been isolated from Radix Bupleuri, which possess various valuable pharmacological activities. Objective: To summarize the current knowledge on pharmacological activities, mechanisms and applications of extracts and saikosaponins isolated from Radix Bupleuri, and obtain new insights for further research and development of Radix Bupleuri. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Research Gate, Academic Journals and Google Scholar were used as information sources through the inclusion of the search terms ‘Radix Bupleuri’, ‘Bupleurum’, ‘saikosaponins’, ‘Radix Bupleuri preparation’, and their combinations, mainly from the year 2008 to 2016 without language restriction. Clinical preparations containing Radix Bupleuri were collected from official website of China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA). Results and conclusion: 296 papers were searched and 128 papers were reviewed. A broad spectrum of in vitro and in vivo research has proved that Radix Bupleuri extracts, saikosaponin a, saikosaponin d, saikosaponin c, and saikosaponin b2, exhibit evident anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, anti-allergic, immunoregulation, and neuroregulation activities mainly through NF-κB, MAPK or other pathways. 15 clinical preparations approved by CFDA remarkably broaden the application of Radix Bupleuri. The main side effect of Radix Bupleuri is liver damage when the dosage is excess, which indicates that the maximum tolerated dose is critical for clinical use of Radix Bupleuri extract and purified compounds.

Simulation analysis was made with the factors of the base paper and the structure of honeycomb paperboard by means of ANSYS after abstract and simplify honeycomb paperboard model. The results show thatfactors of quantification of surface paper, cell length, paperboard thickness and aperture ratio all have a great effect on the mechanics performance of honeycomb paperboard. With the increase of quantification of surface paper, longitudinal and transverse platform stress both rise gradually. With the increase of cell length and paperboard thickness, the platform stress and peak stress under different compression direction of honeycomb paperboard all decrease, providing a reference for the study of numerical simulation and mechanical property tests.

Soybean polypeptide mixture was decolorized by adopting activated carbon adsorption decolourization process. Anion/cation exchange process was used in the desalination processing of soybean polypeptide. It was showed that excellent decolorizing and desalting effect to soybean peptide solution was gained in the decolourization and desalination process adopted in this experiment. Optimal dosage of activated carbon was 1.2% solution amount (w/w). After decolorizing soybean polypeptide solution color was yellow. Proportion of anion resin and cation resin of ion exchange resin was 2:3(V/V). The volume of solution processed was 5 times as the volume of anion exchange resin. After desalination processing, ash content of soybean peptide solution reduced to 2.11% (dry basis), salinity decreased by 86%, on the other hand taste of soybean polypeptide was lite.

Soybean protein Alcalase hydrolysate was further hydrolyzed by adopting Flavourzyme. From this further hydrolysis reaction, bitter of soybean polypeptide mixture was reduced distinctly. The optimal hydrolysis conditions of Flavourzyme was determined as that pH was 7.0 at temperature 50°C and E/S(ratio of enzyme and substrate) was 20LAPU/g. Bitter taste value was reduced to 2 after Flavourzyme hydrolysis reaction for 2 hours in optimal hydrolysis conditions. The change of molecular weight distribution range from Alcalase hydrolysate to Flavourzyme hydrolysate was not obvious. DH (Degree of hydrolysis) of soybean protein hydrolysate was increased to 24.2% which was improved 3.5% than Alcalase hydrolysate. Protein recovery proportion was increased to 73.2% which was improved 0.8% than Alcalase hydrolysate.

Emulsion copolymerization of acrylamide (AM) and cationic monomer DMC (methyl acrylacyl oxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) was studied. A series of cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) emulsion were synthesized using Water in water emulsion polymerization. Influence of polymerization conditions such as cationic monomer (DMC) ratio, reaction time, the initiator dosage on synthetic product strengthening effect to paper pulp was studied. It was showed that the CPAM emulsion optimal synthetic conditions was that AM monomer second adding amount was 60% AM total amount, ammonium persulfate initiator and sodium hydrogen sulfite initiator dosage was 0.138g and 0.03g respectively, mass ratio of DMC and AM was 15:85, reaction time was 7 hours. When the dosage of CPAM emulsion was 1.0% to absolute dry bleached wheat straw pulp, distinct strengthening effect was acquired, tensile index and tearing index of handsheet was increased by 27.2% and 26.8% respectively.

Application in paper pulp as dry strengthening agent of homemade water in water cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) emulsion was studied. Good collaborative effect was achieved when Homemade CPAM was used in bleached wheat straw pulp with strengthening agent E and with cationic additives L as paper pulp strengthening agent. It was also showed that distinct strengthening effect was obtained when homemade CPAM emulsion was applied in mixture of wood pulp which was needle bleached kraft pulp (NBKP) and straw pulp, breaking length and tearing index of hand sheet made of mix pulp was respectively increased by 22.2% and17.0% when the dosage of CPAM was 0.8% of dry fiber. Through analysis of handsheet section scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photos, strengthening mechanism of CPAM emulsion to paper pulp was preliminary studied.

Folding carton glued in flat state can save transportation space and storage space, and can also be produced with high speed by automatic pasting box machines. According to the characteristics of folding cartons glued in flat state and geometry relationship between the structures of carton, this paper simplified the verification process of necessary conditions of discretional four prism folding carton glued in flat state using methods of proof from assumption and case law. In addition, this paper showed two simple methods of drawing discretional four prism folding cartons glued in flat state.

The cationic polymethyl acrylate (CPMA) emulsion which was prepared with no soap emulsion polymerization was used with petroleum resin sizing agent in bleached wheat straw pulp and wood pulp as papermaking sizing agent. It was showed that by the experimental results that when the dosage of composite sizing agent composed of CPMA emulsion and anionic petroleum resin sizing agent was 0.2% absolute dry pulp, sizing degree and white degree of handsheet made of bleached wheat straw pulp were improved 33% and 5.2%ISO respectively. It was also showed that when the dosage of composite sizing agent was 0.2% absolute dry pulp, sizing degree and white degree of handsheet made of wood pulp were improved 37% and 4.2%ISO respectively.

Emulsion copolymerization of methyl acrylate, styrene, acrylamide, acrylonitrile and homemade cationic monomer was studied. A series of clean cationic polymethyl acrylate emulsion were synthesized using no soap emulsion polymerization. Influence of polymerization conditions such as cationic monomer ratio, electrolyte addition amount, the dosage of initiator on synthetic latex performance and the strengthening effect to paper pulp was studied. It was showed by experimental results that sample No.3 which particle size and zeta potential was 0.142 μm and +29.2 mv respectively was the optimal sample latex. When the dosage of latex No.3 was 1.0% to absolute dry pulp, tensile index and ring crush index of paper was increased by 14.6% and 17.8% respectively.

Cationic polymethyl acrylate emulsion which was prepared with no soap emulsion polymerization was used in bleached wheat straw pulp as papermaking retention agent. The main influence factors on retention effect, such as dosage of polymethyl acrylate emulsion, pH value of the bleached wheat straw pulp, reaction time after adding the polymethyl acrylate emulsion and stir velocity were discussed in detail. Experimental results showed that optimal application conditions were that first step was adding cationic emulsion which dosage was 0.64% relative to dry fiber, stir velocity was 1400r/min, 90s for reaction, second step was adding anion components which dosage was 0.16% relative to dry fiber, stir velocity was 750r/min, 60s for reaction, pH value was 4.5~5.0. The cationic organic particles system has good retention aid effect which one pass retention was 96.4%.

Soybean concentration proteins were extracted from defatted soybean meals with ethanol agent method. Crude soybean oligosaccharides were gained after recovery the alcohol by concentration with the soybean whey water as row material. Then a series of purification process such as precipitating proteins, desalting with ion exchange and decolorizing carbon were used to obtain soybean oligosaccharides end product. The soybean oligosaccharides refining process technique and parameters were presented in this paper and could be applied to large-scale industrial production. Physical chemical quality index of soybean oligosaccharides after refining was that concentration was 70%, total sugar purity was no less than 85%, protein content was 1.3% (dry base content), ash content was 0.73% (dry base content).

Graft copolymerization of chitosan and vinyl monomer (such as acryamide and acrylic acid) and application study of the copolymer used as papermaking additive were paid more and more attention in papermaking chemical industry. Chitosan and acrylamide(AM) monomer were graft copolymerizing in inverse emulsion. Several factors such as oil-water proportion, mass ratio of chitosan and AM, emulsifier types and ratio, and initiator concentration that affect the stability of inverse emulsion were elementarily studied. Stable latex can be gained when reaction condition was that the volume ratio of oil phase and water phase was 1:1, the weight ratio of chitosan and AM was 1:8, the initiator concentration was 0.8mmol/L, the dosage of emulsification agent was 8% of the oil phase weight and the weight ratio of 1227 and OP-10 was 1:1.

Preservative was very necessary used in coated paper coating. Preservative was typical paper additive which was low dosage and high yield. Preservative classification, function mechanism and application technology of coated paper coating was introduced and summarized by the numbers in this paper. Finally the development direction and prospect of preservative used in coated paper coating was prospected.

Organosilicon compound are widely used in pulping and papermaking industry. The quality and capability of paper sheet are distinctly affected by the use of organosilicon. The application of organosilicon used as softening agent, defoamer agent, strengthening agent were introduced one by one in this paper.

It is usually reported that chitosan is used as paper strengthening agent. However, it is sorry that the study choosing chitosan which DD (degree of de-acetyl )and viscosity is filtered by experiments is blank. Many chitosan samples of wide viscosity range and wide DD range were tested by their strengthening effect on bleched wheat straw pulp. Then a few sample of chitosan is selected because of their obvious strengthening effect on pulp. This study could be as the foundation of further research of chitosan used as paper strengthening agent.

Recycling of waste paper is demanded because of the shortage of forest resources, the pollution of environment and the scarcity of papermaking materials. It is important to raise the proportion of waste paper in the fiber materials in papermaking industry. Floating/washing method was used here with imported Old Newspaper (ONP) as elementary material. This article studied the deinking performances of many kinds of surfactants primarily. Among them several surfactants were picked out as deinking agent of Old Newspaper (ONP) because of their better deinking effect.

The application of water in water cationic polyacylamide emulsion (CPAM) was studied used in bleached soda reed pulp. The main effects, such as adding amount of CPAM, the dosage of sulfate aluminium, pH value of the bleached soda reed pulp, reaction time after adding the CPAM and the concentration of the electrolyte were discussed here in detailed. The optimal application conditions of CPAM in bleached soda reed pulp were finally gained-CPAM 0.04% relative to dry fiber, 2 minutes for reaction, whip velocity 200r/min, sulfate aluminium 3%relative to dry fiber, pH value 4.0 and sodium chloride 0 relative to dry fiber.

Recycling of waste paper is one of pop topics of pulping and papermaking industry. Deinking technology is the key of recycling of waste paper. It is briefly introduced that methods of waste paper deinking and mechanism of deinking and constitute of deinking agent.

Inverse emulsion graft copolymerization of chitosan and acrylamide monomer under microwave radiation was studied. It was shown that when the microwave radiation power was 300W, the microwave radiation time was 150S, the volume ratio of oil phase and water phase was 1:1, the weight ratio of chitosan and AM was 1:7, the initiator concentration was 0.67mmol/L, the dosage of emulsification agent was 7% of the weight of oil phase and the weight ratio of Span-80 and OP-10 was 6:4, stable inverse latex could be gained. A good dry strengthening effect had been obtained by applying the above mentioned latex in wheat straw pulp as the strengthening agent. The breaking length and tearing index of paper was respectively increased by 23.5% and 15.1% when the dosage of the graft copolymer latex was 0.6%.

Graft copolymerization of acrylamide (AM) and methyl acrylacyl oxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) onto gelatin under microwave radiation was studied. The resultant ternary graft copolymer was used as wood pulp dry-strengthening agent. The application results showed that the optimum synthesis conditions was that microwave radiation power was 500W, microwave radiation time was 120S, the concentration of CAN(initiator) was 3mmol/L, m(CS): m(AM): m(DMC) =1:6:2. The breaking length and broken index of hand sheet made of wood pulp was respectively increased by 24.5% and 22.3% when the dosage of the graft copolymer was 0.8% of dry fiber weight.

Graft copolymerization of acrylamide (AM) and diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DMDAAC) onto chitosan in inverse emulsion was studied. The effect on Zeta potential and average granularity of synthetic inverse latex of the main reaction conditions such as the proportion of cationic monomer in total monomers, concentration of potassium persulfate (KPS) used as initiating agent were investigated in detail. It was shown that when the weight ratio of chitosan, AM and DMDAAC was 1:6:2, KPS concentration was 4.0mmol/L, NaHSO3 concentration was 2.0mmol/L, stable inverse latex which had optimal performance could be gained. Good retention effect was obtained when a novel organic microparticle retention system composed of the above-mentioned chitosan-AM-DMDAAC inverse latex and anicnic polyacryamide (APAM) was applied to the deink pulp. First Pass Retention retention percentage of deink pulp was improved from 83.2% to 95.0% with the organic microparticle retention system when the dosage of inverse latex was from 0 to 0.4% of absolute dry pulp.

Based on 418 geothermal gradient and 418 heat flow values from South China, both the geothermal gradient map and the heat flow map of South China have been constructed. The present-day distributions of geothermal gradient and heat flow have been analyzed. The characteristics of the geothermal gradients distribution show that the geothermal gradients in South China range from 7.82 to 162.5°C/km with a mean of 24.1°C/km. The southeast coastal regions and southwestern Yunnan are characterized by relatively higher temperature gradients than that of Yangtze block. The geothermal gradients are controlled by tectonothermal settings and significantly affected by subsurface hydrothermal activities and thermal conductivities of the rocks. Heat flows in South China vary from 22 to 220mW/m2 with an average value of 64.2mW/m2. The heat flows in the east and southwest of South China are higher than that in the central areas of Yangtze block and almost all of the significant anomalies of high heat flow values distribute along deep faults or plate boundaries (sutures). The heat flow values are related to tectonic activities, the epoch of the last thermal event, the extension of lithosphere, the thickness of crust and the burial depth and/or thickness of high conduction layers in the crust.

Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF/FGF2) is thought to play a decisive role in malignant progression. Aberrant expression of bFGF causes constitutive autocrine activation of its cognate receptor and autonomous growth of human melanoma cells or bFGF transformed fibroblasts in culture. It remains to be determined, however, whether the endogenous bFGF confers growth advantage to tumors and what are the downstream targets of the activated FGF receptor critical for its transforming capacity. We therefore transfected metastatic melanoma cells and bFGF transformed mouse fibroblasts with a dominant-negative mutant of the murine FGF receptor 1 (fgfr1/flg), comprising the extracellular and transmembrane domains but lacking the intracellular kinase domain (dnflg). Reverse transcriptase-PCR, 125I-bFGF binding and affinity labeling analyses show that the truncated receptor is targeted to the membrane and is expressed at much higher levels than the endogenous receptor in all of the selected clones. Expression of the dnflg dramatically reduces the basal as well as bFGF induced growth of these cells in vitro and also suppresses their tumorigenic potential in nude mice. The expression of the dnflg does not significantly alter the general level of tyrosyl-phosphorylated proteins in the trunsduced melanoma cells. Rather, a major downstream affected target is a Src-family kinase, whose activity, determined by an in vitro immune kinase assay, is stimulated in normal melanocytes by exogenous bFGF, and is markedly reduced in the dnflg-expressing melanoma cells. The present study demonstrates that direct interference with the activity of FGF receptors has a deleterious effect on cell proliferation and survival in vitro and in vivo leading to the suppression of melanoma tumor progression possibly through the inactivation of a Src-family kinase.

In the title compound, C19H15N3O3, the phthalimide group, dihydro­pyrazole ring and phenyl ring are all essentially planar. The dihedral angles between the phthalimide group and dihydro­pyrazole ring, and the phthalimide group and phenyl ring are 57.0 (2) and 46.3 (3)°, respectively.

Recent studies have demonstrated the existence of a soluble fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor type 1 (FGFR1) extracellular domain in the circulation and in vascular basement membranes. However, the process of FGFR1 ectodomain release from the plasma membrane is not known. Here we report that the 72-kDa gelatinase A (matrix metalloproteinase type 2, MMP2) can hydrolyze the Val368-Met369 peptide bond of the FGFR1 ectodomain, eight amino acids upstream of the transmembrane domain, thus releasing the entire extracellular domain. Similar results were obtained regardless of whether FGF was first bound to the receptor or not. The action of MMP2 abolished binding of FGF to an immobilized recombinant FGFR1 ectodomain fusion protein and to Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing FGFR1 The released recombinant FGFR1 ectodomain was able to bind FGF after MMP2 cleavage, suggesting that the cleaved soluble receptor maintained its FGF binding capacity. The activity of MMP2 could not be reproduced by the 92-kDa gelatinase B (MMP9) and was inhibited by tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase type 2. These studies demonstrate that FGFR1 may be a specific target for MMP2 on the cell surface, yielding a soluble FGF receptor that may modulate the mitogenic and angiogenic activities of FGF.