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This research proposed and validated an LC-MSMS method for five reduction and hydroxylation metabolites of Mequindox (MEQ) as well as the precursor in holothurian samples. Specially, three hydroxylation metabolites (2-isoethanol-mequindox, M3, 2-isoethanol-1-desoxymequindox, M4 and 2-isoethanol-4-desoxymequindox, M5) are novel for analysis. Target compounds were extracted with methanol and ethyl acetate in turn without any complicated acidolysis, alkaline hydrolysis or enzymolysis steps. Samples were further purified with C18 solid-phase extraction cartridges for LC-MSMS analysis. Mean recoveries in spiked samples ranged from 81 to 107% with intra-day relative standard deviation (RSD) and inter-day RSD

Precise quantification of microcystins (MCs) in freshwater is crucial for environmental monitoring and human health. However, the preparation of traditional multi-sample external calibration curve (MSCC) is time consuming and prone to error. Here, a novel one-point calibration strategy including one sample multi-point calibration curve (OSCC) and in sample calibration curve (ISCC) is proposed for the quantitation of eight MCs in freshwater lakes using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The multiple isotopologue reaction monitoring (MIRM) of MCs and its

The genus Alternaria is widely distributed in the environment. Numerous species of the genus Alternaria can produce a variety of toxic secondary metabolites, called Alternaria mycotoxins. In this review, natural occurrence, toxicity, metabolism, and analytical methods are introduced. The contamination of these toxins in foodstuffs is ubiquitous, and most of these metabolites present genotoxic and cytotoxic effects. Moreover, Alternaria toxins are mainly hydroxylated to catechol metabolites and combined with sulfate and glucuronic acid in in vitro arrays. A more detailed summary of the metabolism of Alternaria toxins is presented in this work. To effectively detect and determine the mycotoxins in food, analytical methods with high sensitivity and good accuracy are also reviewed. This review will guide the formulation of maximum residue limit standards in the future, covering both toxicity and metabolic mechanism of Alternaria toxins.

Fruits and vegetables are susceptible to fungal infections during picking, transportation, storage and processing, which have a high potential to produce toxins. Fungi and toxins can cause acute or chronic poisoning after entering the body. In the field of fruit and vegetable preservation, technologies such as temperature control, modified atmosphere, irradiation, application of natural or chemical preservatives, and edible films are commonly used. In practical applications, according to the types, physiological differences and actual needs of fruits and vegetables, suitable preservation methods can be selected to achieve the effect of preservation and control of fungi and toxins. The starting point of fresh-keeping technology is to delay post-harvest senescence of fruits and vegetables, inhibit the respiratory intensity, and control the reproduction of microorganisms, which is important to control the reproduction of fungi and the production of toxins. From the three directions of physical, chemical and biological means, the article analyses and explores the effects of different external factors on the production of toxins and the effects of different preservation techniques on fungal growth and toxin production in fruits and vegetables, in order to provide new ideas for the preservation of fruits and vegetables and the control of harmful substances in food.

For temperature-dependent Alternaria mycotoxins production analysis, cherry samples were inoculated with Alternaria sp. and incubated at two different temperatures (4 °C and 25 °C). Six Alternaria mycotoxins, including altenuene (ALT), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), alternariol (AOH), altertoxin-I (ATX-I), tenuazonic acid (TeA), and tentoxin (TEN), in cherries were detected with integrated visible data-processing tools. Maximum concentration of these mycotoxins reached 71,862.2 μg/kg at 25 °C. Notably, considerable amount of TeA (290.4 μg/kg) was detected at 4 °C, which indicated that low temperature is not a safe storage condition for fruits. A total of 102 compounds were detected with a neutral loss of 162.0528 Da, and TeA-glucose was identified in this work. Based on MS/MS cosine similarity, products were verified and annotated with feature based molecular networking (FBMN) in global natural products social networking (GNPS). The results showed Alternaria mycotoxins in cherry samples were mainly demethylation, hydrogenation, and dehydration. This work revealed the production of Alternaria mycotoxins in cherries under different storage temperature, which will provide theoretical basis for the control of mycotoxin contamination in food commodities.

Fungal natural products are routinely analyzed using target detection protocols by comparing to commercial standards. However, discovery of new products suffers from a lack of high-throughput analytical techniques. Post-data process techniques have become popular tools for natural product confirmations and mycotoxin family analysis. In this work, a visible post-data process procedure with MZmine, GNPS, and Xcalibur was used for efficient analysis of high-resolution mass spectrometry. Conjugated products were screened with an optimized diagnostic fragmentation filtering module in MZmine and further confirmed with Xcalibur by comparing to unconjugated commercial standards. MS/MS spectral data were processed and used to establish a feature based on a molecular networking map in GNPS (Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking; https://gnps.ucsd.edu), for visualization of fungal natural product families. The results demonstrate the potential of combining MZmine-, GNPS-, and Xcalibur-based methods for visible analysis of fungal natural products.

In this work, broad-specific monoclonal antibody based immunoaffinity columns (IACs) coupled to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for purification and determination of T-2 and HT-2 toxin in maize and cherry samples. Based on broad-specific anti-T-2 monoclonal antibody, the prepared IACs could be used for both T-2 and HT-2 purification with cross reactivity values at 100% for T-2 and 108% for HT-2. Column capacity was 3.14 μg mL−1 gel for T-2 toxin, and 3.20 μg mL−1 gel for HT-2 toxin. After 10 cycles of usage at intervals of 2 days, column capacity decreased to 0.85 μg mL−1 gel for T-2 and 1.22 μg mL−1 gel for HT-2 toxin. The developed method exhibited high sensitive results with limit of detection (LOD) lower than 0.35 μg kg−1 and 1.42 μg kg−1.

Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in the oceans, freshwater, and soil environment and have become major pollutants. MPs are generally referred to as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They consist of primary microplastics synthesized in microscopic size manufactured production and secondary microplastics generated by physical and environmental degradation. Plastic particles are long-lived pollutants that are highly resistant to environmental degradation. In this review, the distribution and possible sources of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments are described. Moreover, the adverse effects of MPs on natural creatures due to ingestion have been discussed. We also have summarized identification methods based on MPs particle size and chemical bond. To control the pollution of MPs, the biodegradation of MPs under the action of different microbes has also been reviewed in this work. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs pollution in the environment, as well as their identification, toxicity, and biodegradation in the ocean, freshwater, and soil, and the assessment and control of microplastics exposure.

Marangoni instabilities can emerge when a liquid interface is subjected to a concentration or temperature gradient. It is generally believed that for these instabilities bulk effects like buoyancy are negligible as compared to interfacial forces, especially on small scales. Consequently, the effect of a stable stratification on the Marangoni instability has hitherto been ignored. Here we report, for an immiscible drop immersed in a stably stratified ethanol-water mixture, a new type of oscillatory solutal Marangoni instability which is triggered once the stratification has reached a critical value. We experimentally explore the parameter space spanned by the stratification strength and the drop size and theoretically explain the observed crossover from levitating to bouncing by balancing the advection and diffusion around the drop. Finally, the effect of the stable stratification on the Marangoni instability is surprisingly amplified in confined geometries, leading to an earlier onset., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures

Micro and nanodroplets have many important applications such as in drug delivery, liquid-liquid extraction, nanomaterial synthesis and cosmetics. A commonly used method to generate a large number of micro or nanodroplets in one simple step is solvent exchange (also called nanoprecipitation), in which a good solvent of the droplet phase is displaced by a poor one, generating an oversaturation pulse that leads to droplet nucleation. Despite its crucial importance, the droplet growth resulting from the oversaturation pulse in this ternary system is still poorly understood. We experimentally and theoretically study this growth in Hele-Shaw like channels by measuring the total volume of the oil droplets that nucleates out of it. In order to prevent the oversaturated oil from exiting the channel, we decorated some of the channels with a porous region in the middle. Solvent exchange is performed with various solution compositions, flow rates and channel geometries, and the measured droplets volume is found to increase with the P\'eclet number $Pe$ with an approximate effective power law $V\propto Pe^{0.50}$. A theoretical model is developed to account for this finding. With this model we can indeed explain the $V\propto Pe^{1/2}$ scaling, including the prefactor, which can collapse all data of the "porous" channels onto one universal curve, irrespective of channel geometry and composition of the mixtures. Our work provides a macroscopic approach to this bottom-up method of droplet generation and may guide further studies on oversaturation and nucleation in ternary systems., Comment: Published in Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 16 pages, 6 figures

Preparation of calibration curves is a critical step for large-scale quantification. However, this procedure is time-consuming, labor intensive. Herein, a novel isotopologue multipoint calibration (IMC) strategy, was proposed and demonstrated for the simultaneous quantitation of 120 pesticides and 83 veterinary drugs in surface water samples using Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS). In this strategy, the natural isotopic distribution was used to generate external calibration curves, eliminating the need of analyst's adjustment and many sets of chemical standard solutions required in external calibration curves. Additionally, this strategy was comprehensively validated, and the results indicated this strategy had better performance in both accuracy and precision, fully meeting the requirements for the quantitative analysis. Interestingly, for the samples with high concentration beyond the upper limit of quantitation, the IMC strategy could avoid samples dilution by monitoring the less abundant isotopic channels. Furthermore, the IMC method was successfully applied in the surface water samples collected from Anhui province, China. Among which, sulfamethoxazole and imidacoprid were the main contributors. In conclusion, we present a promising LC-HRMS strategy for the accurate quantitation of small molecules, which has a potential application in food and environmental analysis.

Data mining was one of the most important challenges in natural product analysis and biomarker discovery. In this work, we proposed an integrated data analysis protocol for natural products annotation and identification in data–dependent acquisition. Firstly, natural products and structure–related compounds could be identified by comparing mass spectrum behavior with commercial standard. Secondly, diagnostic fragmentation filtering (DFF) function in MZmine (http://mzmine.github.io/) was investigated for screening specific conjugation compounds with the same neutral loss. Thirdly, we present feature–based molecular networking (FBMN) in GNPS (https://gnps.ucsd.edu/) as a chromatographic feature detection and alignment tool. In addition, FBMN could enable natural products analysis based on molecular networks. This proposed integrated protocol should facilitate metabolomic data mining and biomarker discovery.

Thousands of hazardous compounds that contaminate foods and feeds pose potential risks for human and animal health. However, it remains a challenge to perform a fast monitoring for safety surveillance. Herein we report a novel approach, integrated data-dependent and data-independent acquisition (DDIA) method, to efficiently screen for hundreds of chemicals in a single run using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap). This method was successfully applied to analyze 180 veterinary drugs in milk, 220 pesticides in tomato and 50 mycotoxins in maize, respectively. Compared with the widely used approaches of data-dependent acquisition (DDA) or data-independent acquisition (DIA), the obtained results indicate that DDIA-based method combines the advantages of both DDA and DIA, since it achieves higher reproducibility of identification, lower false results for targeted compounds. Notably, the advantage of DDIA approach is that it enables better date retroactivity for untargeted compounds, such as metabolites and decomposition products. With the improvement in high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) as well as data-mining techniques, we believe that DDIA data acquisition approach based on LC-HRMS will be widely applied in various fields in the near future, especially in compound screening and omics field, such as metabolomics and proteomics.

Zearalenone-14-glucoside (ZEN-14G), the modified mycotoxin of zearalenone (ZEN), has attracted considerable attention due to its high potential to be hydrolyzed into ZEN, which would exert toxicity. It has been confirmed that the microflora could metabolize ZEN-14G to ZEN. However, the metabolic profile of ZEN-14G and whether it could be deglucosidated in the liver are unknown. To thoroughly investigate the metabolism of ZEN-14G, in vitro metabolism including phase I and phase II metabolism was studied using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Additionally, in vivo metabolism of ZEN-14G was conducted in model animals, rats, by oral administration. As a result, 29 phase I metabolites and 6 phase II metabolites were identified and significant inter-species metabolic differences were observed as well. What is more, ZEN-14G could be considerably deglucosidated into its free form of ZEN after the incubation with animals and human liver microsomes in the absence of NADPH, which was mainly metabolized by human carboxylesterase CES-I and II. Furthermore, results showed that the major metabolic pathways of ZEN-14G were deglucosylation, hydroxylation, hydrogenation and glucuronidation. Although interspecies differences in the biotransformation of ZEN-14G were observed, ZEN, α-ZEL-14G, β-ZEL-14G, α-ZEL, ZEN-14G-16GlcA and ZEN-14GlcA were the major metabolites of ZEN-14G. Additionally, a larger yield of 6-OH-ZEN-14G and 8-OH-ZEN-14G was also observed in human liver microsomes. The obtained data would be of great importance for the safety assessment of modified mycotoxin, ZEN-14G, and provide another perspective for risk assessment of mycotoxin.

A variety of uniform and well-dispersed one-dimensional Zn2GeO4:Mn2+ phosphors have been synthesized via a facile solvothermal process with H2O/EG as solvent. During the synthesis process, the component of solvent and the addition of PEG surfactant play an important role in determining the structure, particle size, and morphology of the final product. Under ultraviolet light excitation, the pure Zn2GeO4 sample shows bluish-white emission which is attributed to the native defects present in the Zn2GeO4 host. When Zn2+ ions are partially substituted by Mn2+, the as-synthesized Zn2GeO4:Mn2+ samples exhibit intense green emission that corresponds to the d-d transition (4T1→6A1) of Mn2+ ions. The luminescence mechanisms of the Zn2GeO4:Mn2+ samples were investigated in detail by using the CASTEP code based on density functional theory (DFT). It is expected that the as-synthesized Zn2GeO4:Mn2+ phosphors can be potentially applied in lighting, optical displays, and optoelectronic devices.

Europium (Eu3+) and horse radish peroxidase (HRP) are highly promising biosensors due to its excellent physical and chemical properties. The two biosensors are widely applied in time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) and chemiluminescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. In this work, the two technologies were integrated with parallel input and parallel output (PI–PO) characters. Eu3+ was adopted as probe I in TRFIA for deoxynivalenol and de-epoxyldexoylnivalenol with a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.74 and 4.56 ng/mL, while HRP was performed as probe II in CL-ELISA for FB1 with an LOD of 0.088 ng/mL. Compared to the traditional individual assay, this method exhibited fast and broad detection characteristics by integrating two immunoassays into one.

Alternaria mycotoxins are food-related compounds that are mainly produced by Alternaria fungi species. However, it's difficult for Alternaria mycotoxins analysis, especially for conjugated metabolites in food safety surveillance. In this work, a novel data-dependent acquisition (DDA) full mass scan and products scan protocol was proposed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of five target mycotoxins in tomato samples using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap). In total, 24 sulfated metabolites were detected with post-data analysis techniques, and two sulfated metabolites (AME-sulfated and AOH-sulfated) were identified in Alternaria fungi -inoculated tomatoes. In addition, a custom database was established, and it was successfully applied for Alternaria mycotoxins and sulfated metabolites screening in tomatoes. With the improvement in high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) as well as post-data analysis techniques, DDA based HRMS method could be widely applied for compound analysis, identification, and screening in quantitative field.

Mesoporous and magnetic nanomaterials have attracted great attention owing to their unique characteristics and promising applications in drug delivery. In this context, a novel method has been developed to engineer a nanostructure of unique walnut kernel-like SiO 2 /γ-Fe 2 O 3 nanocomposite by incorporating magnetic γ-Fe 2 O 3 crystallites into mesoporous SiO 2 nanospheres to exert their synergistic properties. The as-obtained SiO 2 /γ-Fe 2 O 3 nanospheres may be applied as a promising drug carrier due to suitable their advantages such as suitable particle size, mesoporous structure, large specific surface area, high biocompatibility, good loading capacity, and long efficiency time of the drug release behavior. In particular, the composite exhibits intense magnetic property, which may lead to the development of nanocomposite with great potential for applications in drug targeting and magnetic hyperthermia therapy.

Saussurea involucrata is an endangered plant that is used in traditional Chinese medicine. Through the use of plant cell culture techniques, preparations of Saussurea involucrata (S. involucrata) cell cultures have been developed and used to generate medicinal preparations. There have been few evidence-based analyses of the toxicological effects of S. involucrata culture conducted to date. Here, we conducted the experiments designed to assess the acute, subchronic, and genotoxic toxicological effects of S. involucrata culture. The genotoxic study was assessed through Ames, marrow micronucleus, and sperm malformation assays. The acute toxicity was assessed by orally administering in rats and mice at dose of 7500 mg/kg. Subchronic toxicity studies were then conducted by administering rats at doses of 500, 1000, or 1500 mg/kg for 90 days. No genotoxicity was observed at any tested dose levels, nor was any evidence of acute toxicity detected in treated mice or rats. Similarly, subchronic study of S. involucrata culture administration was not associated with any changes in rat food intake, weight, hematological parameters, organ weight, or organ histology. Then, we determined that the no observed adverse effect level of S. involucrata culture was greater than 1500 mg/kg in our 90-day toxicity study.

The unique structure of a vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) array makes it behave most similarly to a blackbody. It is reported that the optical absorptivity of an extremely black VACNT array is about 0.98-0.99 over a large spectral range of 200 nm-200 μm, inspiring us to explore the performance of VACNT arrays in solar energy harvesting. In this work, we report the highly efficient steam generation simply by laminating a layer of VACNT array on the surface of water to harvest solar energy. It is found that under solar illumination the temperature of upper water can significantly increase with obvious water steam generated, indicating the efficient solar energy harvesting and local temperature rise by the thin layer of VACNTs. We found that the evaporation rate of water assisted by VACNT arrays is 10 times that of bare water, which is the highest ratio for solar-thermal-steam generation ever reported. Remarkably, the solar thermal conversion efficiency reached 90%. The excellent performance could be ascribed to the strong optical absorption and local temperature rise induced by the VACNT layer, as well as the ultrafast water transport through the VACNT layer due to the frictionless wall of CNTs. Based on the above, we further demonstrated the application of VACNT arrays in solar-driven desalination.

After being incubated with animal and human liver microsomes, metabolites of phase I and II were investigated. A comparison was performed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight coupled to mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/TOF). Consequently, a total of four phase I metabolites and three glucuronide binding metabolites of T-2 toxin were discovered. Although a significant metabolic difference was observed among six species, HT-2 toxin was the major product in all species. In addition, the in vivo metabolism of T-2 toxin after oral administration was also investigated in chickens, In total, 18 metabolites were detected, of which 13 were novel, to our knowledge, and reported for the first time. To elucidate the structures of these metabolites, besides accurate mass data from their MS and MS2 spectra, online hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange technique was also carried out. These new metabolites were regarded as 3′-hydroxy-T-2 3-sulfate, 3′-hydroxy-HT-2 3-sulfate, 4′-hydroxy-HT-2, 3′,...

In this study, Beagle dogs were administered xylooligosaccharide (XOS, CAS # 87099-0) at doses of 0, 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg/day by oral gavage for 26 weeks. A 4-week recovery period was added to observe delayed or reversible toxicity. Measurements included body weight, food consumption, clinical observations, temperature, electrocardiogram (ECG), urinalysis, blood chemistry, hematology, organ weight, gross necropsy, and histopathological examination. Except for transient diarrhea or vomiting, no treatment-related adverse effects were noted. In the mid-dose groups, transitional diarrhea was observed in the initial 1-2 weeks. In the high-dose groups, diarrhea and/or vomiting were observed episodically over the duration of treatment. However, they disappeared after XOS was withdrawn in the recovery period. Although there was a tendency toward less weight gain in the high-dose group animal group, this is typical in animals and humans fed non-digestible carbohydrates. This chronic toxicity study demonstrated that the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of XOS is 2500 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day. Based on body surface area (conversion factor of 0.54 for dogs to human), this corresponds to daily doses of 1350 mg/kg BW or 81-108 g XOS in human adults weighing 60-80 kg.

As part of a safety evaluation, we evaluated the potential genotoxicity of sodium formononetin-3′-sulphonate (Sul-F) using bacterial reverse mutation assay, chromosomal aberrations detection, and mouse micronucleus test. In bacterial reverse mutation assay using five strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA1535), Sul-F (250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 μg/plate) did not increase the number of revertant colonies in any tester strain with or without S9 mix. In a chromosomal assay using Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (CHL) cells, there were no increases in either kind of aberration at any dose of Sul-F (400, 800, and 1600 μ g/mL) treatment groups with or without S9 metabolic activation. In an in vivo bone marrow micronucleus test in ICR mice, Sul-F at up to 2000 mg/kg (intravenous injection) showed no significant increases in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, and the proportion of immature erythrocytes to total erythrocytes. The results demonstrated that Sul-F does not show mutagenic or genotoxic potential under these test conditions.

Superrepellency is an extreme situation where liquids stay at the tops of rough surfaces, in the so-called Cassie state. Owing to the dramatic reduction of solid/liquid contact, such states lead to many applications, such as antifouling, droplet manipulation, hydrodynamic slip, and self-cleaning. However, superrepellency is often destroyed by impalement transitions triggered by environmental disturbances whereas inverse transitions are not observed without energy input. Here we show through controlled experiments the existence of a "monostable" region in the phase space of surface chemistry and roughness, where transitions from Cassie to (impaled) Wenzel states become spontaneously reversible. We establish the condition for observing monostability, which might guide further design and engineering of robust superrepellent materials.

Response surface methodology was used to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions for aflatoxin B1 in peanuts. Box–Behnken center composite optimization was performed with factors including the ratio of sample to extractant, sonication time, and sonication temperature. Response surface methodology was used with three factors and three levels to determine the prime factors on the extraction of aflatoxin B1. High-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector was used for the determination of aflatoxin B1. The optimum conditions were 1 g peanuts to 86 mL extractant, a sonication time of 7 min, and a temperature of 73°C. The mean recoveries in fortified peanuts were between 87.6 and 93.5% with an interday and intraday relative standard deviations below 10.6 and 9.8%, respectively. The developed method was accurate and precise for the determination of aflatoxin B1.

Monodisperse PbWO4 hierarchical microspheres have been fabricated through a hydrothermal method by using trisodium citrate and SDBS as surfactants. The as-obtained PbWO4 spheres are well-dispersed with narrow size distribution and are assembled by many closely packed nanoparticles. During the synthesis process, the trisodium citrate and SDBS additives play a crucial role in controlling the particle size and morphology of the product. The as-obtained PbWO4:Ln3+ (Ln = Tb, Eu, Dy, and Sm) hierarchical microspheres exhibit intense light emissions with different colors coming from different Ln3+ ions under ultraviolet excitation, which might find potential applications in fields of optical displays, optoelectronic devices, and light emitting diodes.

Mesoporous calcium silicate has emerged as appealing hosts for the exploitation of novel nanocarriers featuring “on demand” drug delivery. The uniform and well-dispersed Eu3+-doped calcium silicate nanospheres have been prepared with monodisperse mesoporous silica nanospheres as template. The as-obtained spherical composite may be potentially applied as a drug carrier due to their advantages such as high biocompatibility, proper particle size (100 nm), large specific surface area, nanosized channels for drug loading and release, superior drug loading capacity and longer efficiency time of the drug release behavior. In particular, the composite exhibits intense red emission at 612 nm. After loading the model drug, the emission intensity decreases evidently. The luminescence intensity change may be potentially applied to monitor or track the drug release process. The mesoporous, biocompatible, and luminescent drug delivery system may find potential applications in fields of controlled drug delivery, cell imaging, and disease diagnosis.

Here, a novel chemiluminescence (CL) immunoassay was fabricated for sensitive determination of tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether (TBBPA-DHEE), one of typical tetrabromobisphenol A derivatives. At the indirectly competitive method, the synthesized PS@hemin@Co

Deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin are major trichothecenes contaminated in cereals, which might bring harmful effects to humans. In this research, mixed anti-DON and anti-T-2 mAb were used for multiple immunoaffinity columns (mIACs) preparation. Under the optimal conditions, column capacities were tested at 1280 ng/mL for DON and 1160 ng/mL for T-2 toxin. Regeneration investigation showed mIACs capacities were over 510 ng/mL for DON and 440 ng/mL for T-2 toxin in 10 recycle usages. Good performances were obtained when applying mIACs purification coupled UHPLC-MS/MS for spiked samples with limit of detection at 3–13 μg/kg and mean recoveries at 79.0–97.6%. Applying to estimate the exposure of DON and T-2 toxin in commercial samples, maize samples were 100% DON positive and rice samples were 40% DON positive while T-2 toxin was negative in all tested samples. The proposed method is reliable and suitable for monitoring DON and T-2 toxin in cereal samples.