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Ethylene plays essential roles in adaptive growth of rice (Oryza sativa). Understanding of the crosstalk between ethylene and auxin (Aux) is limited in rice. Here, from an analysis of the root-specific ethylene-insensitive rice mutant mao hu zi 10 (mhz10), we identified the tryptophan aminotransferase (TAR) MHZ10/OsTAR2, which catalyzes the key step in indole-3-pyruvic acid-dependent Aux biosynthesis. Genetically, OsTAR2 acts downstream of ethylene signaling in root ethylene responses. ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 like1 (OsEIL1) directly activated OsTAR2 expression. Surprisingly, ethylene induction of OsTAR2 expression still required the Aux pathway. We also show that Os indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)1/9 and OsIAA21/31 physically interact with OsEIL1 and show promotive and repressive effects on OsEIL1-activated OsTAR2 promoter activity, respectively. These effects likely depend on their EAR motif-mediated histone acetylation/deacetylation modification. The special promoting activity of OsIAA1/9 on OsEIL1 may require both the EAR motifs and the flanking sequences for recruitment of histone acetyltransferase. The repressors OsIAA21/31 exhibit earlier degradation upon ethylene treatment than the activators OsIAA1/9 in a TIR1/AFB-dependent manner, allowing OsEIL1 activation by activators OsIAA1/9 for OsTAR2 expression and signal amplification. This study reveals a positive feedback regulation of ethylene signaling by Aux biosynthesis and highlights the crosstalk between ethylene and Aux pathways at a previously underappreciated level for root growth regulation in rice., (© American Society of Plant Biologists 2022. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Gibberellins are a class of typical phytohormones, which regulate plant growth and development. The contents of gibberellins dramatically affect the morphology and biomass of plant. The encoding protein of copalyl diphosphate synthase gene (CPS) catalyzes the first-step in the biosynthetic pathway of gibberellins. The mutation in this gene may significantly affect the contents of gibberellins in plants. In this study, we found an EMS-triggered mutant, ga1-168, showing short roots, short hypocotyls, late flowering and dwarf. Map-based cloning revealed that the causal gene of ga1-168 was AtCPS-168, an allele of AtCPS gene. The encoding protein of AtCPS-168 was AtCPS V326M which was resulted from a single-point mutation (guanine to adenine at nucleotide 2768) of AtCPS gene. Protein domain analysis showed that V326 was located in the Terpene_synth domain. The allelism test demonstrated that AtCPS-168 was an allele of AtCPS gene. The transgenic complementation of ga1-168 indicated that AtCPS V326M led to the dwarf and bushy phenotype of ga1-168. The endogenous gibberellins contents analysis suggested that the gibberellins contents of ga1-168 were much lower than that of wild-type. The exogenous GA 3 application assay uncovered that application of GA 3 can complement the dwarf and bushy phenotype of ga1-168 caused by low endogenous gibberellins contents. Therefore, this study suggested that it is an elegant way to create the ideal plant architecture and height by site-directed mutating the gibberellin biosynthetic genes.

With the rise of domestic membrane anatomy and preliminary establishment of theoretical framework, the operation concepts supported by membrane anatomy are gaining popularity in surgery, especially in abdominal surgery. However, on account of a deep location and the complexity of organs and tissues around the pancreas and mesangial membrane, there is no unified understanding about the pancreas mesangial by experts and scholars. Meanwhile, few studies on it have been conducted. In addition, the location and extent of total mesangectomy based on the mesangial pancreatic theory are also controversial. The purpose of this article is to summarize the anatomy of pancreatic membrane and its application in surgery, in order to provide support for current studies on pancreatic mesangial anatomy.

Ethylene plays important roles in plant growth and development, but the regulation of ethylene signaling is largely unclear, especially in crops such as rice ( Oryza sativa ). Here, by analysis of the ethylene-insensitive mutant mao huzi 11 ( mhz11 ), we identified the GDSL lipase MHZ11, which modulates ethylene signaling in rice roots. MHZ11 localized to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and has acyl-hydrolyzing activity. This activity affects the homeostasis of sterols in rice roots and is required for root ethylene response. MHZ11 overexpression caused constitutive ethylene response in roots. Genetically, MHZ11 acts with the ethylene receptor ETHYLENE RESPONSE SENSOR2 ( OsERS2 ) upstream of CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE2 ( OsCTR2 ) and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2 ( OsEIN2 ). The mhz11 mutant maintains more OsCTR2 in the phosphorylated form whereas MHZ11 overexpression promotes ethylene-mediated inhibition of OsCTR2 phosphorylation. MHZ11 colocalized with the ethylene receptor OsERS2, and its effect on OsCTR2 phosphorylation requires ethylene perception and initiation of ethylene signaling. The mhz11 mutant overaccumulated sterols and blocking sterol biosynthesis partially rescued the mhz11 ethylene response, likely by reducing receptor-OsCTR2 interaction and OsCTR2 phosphorylation. We propose that MHZ11 reduces sterol levels to impair receptor-OsCTR2 interactions and OsCTR2 phosphorylation for triggering ethylene signaling. Our study reveals a mechanism by which MHZ11 participates in ethylene signaling for regulation of root growth in rice., (© 2020 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved.)

A homotritopic pillar[5]arene (H3) containing adenine units was synthesized and employed to interact with a uracil derivative (6-(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)hexanenitrile, G) to form a hyperbranched supramolecular polymer. The hyperbranched supramolecular polymer showed a dual stimulus response both to heat and acid/base. The cooperative host-guest binding and hydrogen-bond interactions play a key role in the supramolecular polymerization.

Background: Paddy soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) represents a major hotspot for soil biogeochemistry, yet we know little about its chemodiversity let alone the microbial community that shapes it. Here, we leveraged ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry, amplicon, and metagenomic sequencing to characterize the molecular distribution of DOM and the taxonomic and functional microbial diversity in paddy soils across China. We hypothesized that variances in microbial community significantly associate with changes in soil DOM molecular composition., Results: We report that both microbial and DOM profiles revealed geographic patterns that were associated with variation in mean monthly precipitation, mean annual temperature, and pH. DOM molecular diversity was significantly correlated with microbial taxonomic diversity. An increase in DOM molecules categorized as peptides, carbohydrates, and unsaturated aliphatics, and a decrease in those belonging to polyphenolics and polycyclic aromatics, significantly correlated with proportional changes in some of the microbial taxa, such as Syntrophobacterales, Thermoleophilia, Geobacter, Spirochaeta, Gaiella, and Defluviicoccus. DOM composition was also associated with the relative abundances of the microbial metabolic pathways, such as anaerobic carbon fixation, glycolysis, lignolysis, fermentation, and methanogenesis., Conclusions: Our study demonstrates the continental-scale distribution of DOM is significantly correlated with the taxonomic profile and metabolic potential of the rice paddy microbiome. Abiotic factors that have a distinct effect on community structure can also influence the chemodiversity of DOM and vice versa. Deciphering these associations and the underlying mechanisms can precipitate understanding of the complex ecology of paddy soils, as well as help assess the effects of human activities on biogeochemistry and greenhouse gas emissions in paddy soils.

Premise of the Study: The first set of expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers were developed and characterized for Speranskia tuberculata (Euphorbiaceae), a traditional medicinal plant endemic to northern China, to explore the effects of recent habitat fragmentation on the genetic diversity and structure of this species., Methods and Results: In this study, a total of 18 novel polymorphic microsatellite (EST-SSR) markers were developed for S. tuberculata using high-throughput transcriptome sequencing. Analysis of 24 individuals of S. tuberculata from four natural populations revealed their robust polymorphic reliability. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 11, while the expected and observed heterozygosity per marker varied from 0.187 to 0.827 and 0.042 to 0.917, respectively. Of these markers, 13 showed good amplification results in the closely related species S. cantonensis ., Conclusions: These newly generated SSR markers are expected to provide novel tools for genetic studies of S. tuberculata , which will contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of the species' wild genetic resources.

A mono-adenine-functionalized pillar[5]arene and a guest including uracil were prepared. They formed a novel four-unit [c2]daisy chain both in the solid state and in a chloroform solution. As far as we know, this [c2]daisy chain is the first one without a covalently bound linear thread. This unique assembly behavior is mainly induced by hydrogen-bond interactions between A and U in the A-U base pairs.

Premise of the Study: Bombax ceiba (Malvaceae), commonly known as silk cotton tree, is a multipurpose tree species of tropical forests. Novel expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers were developed and characterized for the species using transcriptome analysis., Methods and Results: A total of 33 new EST-SSR markers were developed for B. ceiba, of which 13 showed polymorphisms across the 24 individuals from four distant populations tested in the study. The results showed that the number of alleles per polymorphic locus ranged from two to four, and the expected heterozygosity and observed heterozygosity per locus varied from 0.043 to 0.654 and from 0 to 0.609, respectively., Conclusions: These newly developed EST-SSR markers can be used in phylogeographic and population genetic studies to investigate the origin of B. ceiba populations. Furthermore, these EST-SSR markers could also greatly promote the development of molecular breeding studies pertaining to silk cotton tree.

A novel protocol for nickel-catalyzed direct sp(2) C-H bond alkylation of N-aromatic heterocycles has been developed. This new reaction proceeded efficiently at room temperature using a Grignard reagent as the coupling partner. This approach provides new access to a variety of alkylated N-aromatic heterocycles which are potentially of great importance in medicinal chemistry.

A novel protocol for nickel-catalyzed direct sp(2) C-H bond arylation of purines has been developed. This new reaction proceeded efficiently at room temperature using Grignard reagent as the coupling partner within 5 hours in good to high yields. This approach provides a new access to a variety of C8-arylpurines which are potentially of great importance in medicinal chemistry.

The zonal characteristics and cultivated types difference of functional components in brown rice of 907 accessions for primary core collection for rice landrace from 16 prefectures of five rice regions in Yunnan Province were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry of DU640 type from BECKMAN. The analytical results showed that the contents mg x (100 g)(-1) of total flavone in brown rice is 306.98 +/- 192.75, the content of upland (341.74 +/- 185.11) is the most significantly higher than that of lowland (290.41 +/- 193.72), that of the glutinous (315.54 +/- 197.64) is significantly higher than non-glutinous (171.68 +/- 11.76), that of early-mid (318.25 +/- 197.93) is the most significantly higher than late (282.12 +/- 178.11), that of red rice (379.22 +/- 197.70) and purple rice (365.61 +/- 195.44) are the most significantly higher than white rice (216.96 +/- 142.11), and that of nuda (332.68 +/- 196.22) is significantly higher than non-nuda (300. 48 +/- 191.14). Among five rice regions, in turn III (327.13) > LL (324.23) > IV (273.11) > V (270.16) > I (258.26), namely it is the most significantly highest (p < 0.01) for contents of total flavone from South Yunnan (II, III) than that of middle Yunnan; It is the most significantly highest from Simao prefecture than that of 8 prefectures, but it is the most significantly low from Baoshan prefecture than that of 7 prefectures. The contents mg x (100 g)(-1) of g-amino butyric acid (GABA) in brown rice is 7.43 +/- 2.53, the content of lowland (7.59 +/- 2. 56) is the most significantly higher than that of upland (7.09 +/- 2.45), that of non-glutinous (8.55 +/- 2.88) is the most significantly higher than glutinous (7.10 +/- 2.32), that of late (7.88 +/- 2.64) is the most significantly higher than early-mid (7.23 +/- 2.45), that of white rice (8.38 +/- 2.66) is the most significantly higher than red rice (6.63 +/- 2.14) and purple rice (7.34 +/- 2.18); Among five rice regions in turn II (7.69) > I (7.40) > IV (7.39) > III (7.33) > V (6.64), viz. the content of GABA from South Yunnan single/double cropping rice region is clearly higher than that of Northwest Yunnan cold highland japonica rice region; It is significant difference of GABA content in brown rice for that Simao prefecture South Yunnan and Yuxi as well as Baoshan prefecture, at least than that of 5 prefectures. The contents (%) of resistant starch in brown rice is 0.75 +/- 0.29, the contents of indica (0.78 +/- 0.35) is significantly higher than japonica (0.74 +/- 0.24), that of glutinous (0.78 +/- 0.31) is the most significantly higher than non-glutinous (0. 67 +/- 0.22), that of late (0.77 +/- 0. 35) is the most significantly higher than early-mid (0.75 +/- 0.26), that of red rice (0.81 +/- 0.30) and purple rice (0.70 +/- 0.30) is the most significantly higher than white rice (0.69 +/- 0.27); Among five rice regions in turn I (0.83) > II (0.79) > III (0.76) > V (0. 55) > IV (0.50), namely it is the highest (p < 0.01) for contents of resistant starch from the middle and South Yunnan province (I, II, III) than that of northern rice regions (V, IV), and the lowest for contents of resistant starch of Lijiang prefecture of northwestern and Zaotong of northeastern in this province compared to that of 13 prefectures except Diqing prefectures. These results not only reveal the most significant difference between lowland versus upland, glutinous versus nonglutinous, early/mid rice and red/purple versus white rice based on the contents of total flavone and resistant starch as well as g-amino butyric acid (GABA) in brown rice (p < 0.01), and no significant difference between indica and japonica, awn and no-awn, and common rice and aromatic/soft rice, but also elucidate obvious zonal characteristics of three functional components in brown rice of Yunnan rice. The above results provided theory bases for the genetic breeding and production of functional rice and solve the problems of chronic for human being.