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Kathryn M Luly,1,2 Huilin Yang,2,3 Stephen J Lee,2,3 Wentao Wang,1,2 Seth D Ludwig,2,3 Haley E Tarbox,4 David R Wilson,1,2,5 Jordan J Green,1– 3,5– 10 Jamie B Spangler1– 3,6,8 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; 2Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; 3Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; 4Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; 5Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; 6Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; 7Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; 8Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; 9Departments of Neurosurgery and Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; 10Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USACorrespondence: Jamie B Spangler, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 400 N Broadway, Smith 5011, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA, Tel +1 443 287-1708, Email jamie.spangler@jhu.edu Jordan J Green, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N Broadway, Smith 5017, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA, Tel +1 410 614-9113, Email green@jhu.eduPurpose: Transient transfection is an essential tool for recombinant protein production, as it allows rapid screening for expression without stable integration of genetic material into a target cell genome. Poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) is the current gold standard for transient gene transfer, but transfection efficiency and the resulting protein yield are limited by the polymer’s toxicity. This study investigated the use of a class of cationic polymers, poly(beta-amino ester)s (PBAEs), as reagents for transient transfection in comparison to linear 25 kDa PEI, a commonly used transfection reagent.Methods: Transfection efficiency and protein production were assessed in human embryonic kidney 293F (HEK) and Chinese hamster ovary-S (CHO) cell suspensions using PBAE-based nanoparticles in comparison to linear 25 kDa PEI. Production of both a cytosolic reporter and secreted antibodies was investigated.Results: In both HEK and CHO cells, several PBAEs demonstrated superior transfection efficiency and enhanced production of a cytosolic reporter compared to linear 25 kDa PEI. This result extended to secreted proteins, as a model PBAE increased the production of 3 different secreted antibodies compared to linear 25 kDa PEI at culture scales ranging from 20 to 2000 mL. In particular, non-viral gene transfer using the lead PBAE/plasmid DNA nanoparticle formulation led to robust transfection of mammalian cells across different constructs, doses, volumes, and cell types.Conclusion: These results show that PBAEs enhance transfection efficiency and increase protein yield compared to a widespread commercially available reagent, making them attractive candidates as reagents for use in recombinant protein production.Keywords: non-viral gene transfer, transient transfection, mammalian cell expression systems, DNA delivery

Introduction: Human papillomavirus virus (HPV) is highest among young adults 15–24 years old. High-risk strains are responsible for the development of cancers including cervical, vaginal, vulvar, anal, oropharyngeal and penile. Despite HPV school-based vaccination programmes in the UK, HPV vaccination uptake rates continue to fluctuate due to misinformation and vaccine hesitancy post COVID-19. The aim of this study is to explore perceptions of post-primary school teachers and nurses regarding the current HPV education provision and the need to provide HPV education to students 15–17 years old when they are most likely to be becoming sexually active. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted using online semi-structured interviews between February-August 2022 with post-primary teachers and nurses in Northern Ireland, UK. Stratified random sampling was used to contact schools to recruit participants. Recruitment continued until data saturation was reached. Braun & Clarke's six-phase framework for reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Results: Twelve teachers and six nurses participated in the study. Four themes arose based on the analysis including 1) the importance of HPV education 2) self-consent to the HPV vaccine 3) design of the HPV education and 4) delivery of the HPV education. Identified barriers to implementation of HPV education included lack of parental education, religion and the conservative culture of Northern Ireland. Discussion: Participants perceived HPV education to be poor or non-existent in their schools but placed high importance on this education. They indicated that a non-judgemental health professional would be the ideal person to deliver interactive HPV education as part of a mandated spiral curriculum. Conclusion: HPV education at 15–17 years old provides students with an opportunity to learn about their HPV risk, their HPV vaccination status and an opportunity to self-consent to the HPV vaccine. The Education Authority and Department of Health should support health professionals to deliver consistent robust HPV health information to students of this age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine whether shoe style has any effect on perceptions of a female physician's personal characteristics when viewed alongside a transcript of a short outpatient consultation. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty postgraduate students of management or computer science. Twenty-five questionnaires were actually completed. DESIGN: Respondents were randomly assigned to one of three groups, balanced for gender. Each group saw one stimulus combination: consultation transcript only; transcript combined with photograph of 'physician' wearing "conservative" black boots; transcript combined with photograph of 'physician' wearing "trendy" multicoloured boots. All participants completed the same questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Perceptions of the physician's approachability, professional image, ability to empathize with the patient, and amount of specialist experience, measured using five-point scales. RESULTS: When viewed with the consultation transcript, perceptions of the physician wearing "trendy" multicoloured boots showed no significant difference from those of her wearing "conservative" black boots. There was a near-significant effect for approachability, with the physician in black boots being more approachable than the physician in multicoloured boots (p=0.0630). When viewed with the consultation transcript, perceptions of the physician wearing either "trendy" multicoloured boots or "conservative" black boots showed no significant difference from perceptions based on the the consultation transcript alone. CONCLUSIONS: Shoe style does not appear to influence perceptions of female physicians when combined with verbal cues. However, the research requires replication with a larger sample. The incorporation of qualitative response and/or multimodal videotaped stimuli may improve study designs in this area.

I Purpose or Learning Objective: i To determine the accuracy of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) vertebral fracture analysis. This method permitted exclusion of the machine allowances for abnormalities not due to a fracture, for example a congenital abnormality or Schmorl's node, producing the final AI-assisted fracture classification. [Extracted from the article]

The article describes the Triple Tray technique for taking dental impressions from Premier Dental Products Co. A trial placement of the unloaded tray is rehearsed in the mouth of the patient while awaiting the onset of anesthesia. The use of an impression adhesive on the tray is optional. An initial impression is taken of the quadrant containing the unprepared tooth, if the impression is to be taken on the same day as the preparation of the tooth. Then the tooth is prepared and gingival retraction is obtained. The methods that include the usage of electrosurgery or a polyether impression material are discussed. The final impression is held in position for 10 minutes for enabling the thin material in the sulcus area to gain strength sufficient to resist tearing upon removal from the mouth.