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Salinity significantly limits leaf photosynthesis but the factors causing the limitation in salt‐stressed leaves remain unclear. In the present work, photosynthetic and biochemical traits were investigated in four rice genotypes under two NaCl concentration (0 and 150 mM) to assess the stomatal, mesophyll and biochemical contributions to reduced photosynthetic rate (A) in salt‐stressed leaves. Our results indicated that salinity led to a decrease in A, leaf osmotic potential, electron transport rate and CO2 concentrations in the chloroplasts (Cc) of rice leaves. Decreased A in salt‐stressed leaves was mainly attributable to low Cc, which was determined by stomatal and mesophyll conductance. The increased stomatal limitation was mainly related to the low leaf osmotic potential caused by soil salinity. However, the increased mesophyll limitation in salt‐stressed leaves was related to both osmotic stress and ion stress. These findings highlight the importance of considering mesophyll conductance when developing salinity‐tolerant rice cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) nanosheets were used as the modifier on the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The modified electrode (NG/GCE) was further applied to the sensitive detection of dopamine (DA) by voltammetric method. Due to the unique properties of NG such as large surface area and excellent electrocatalytic activity, electrochemical response of DA was greatly enhanced on NG/GCE with a pair of well-defined redox peaks appeared on cyclic voltammogram. Electrochemical behaviors of DA on NG/GCE were carefully investigated with the electrochemical parameters calculated. Under the selected conditions the oxidation peak currents of DA had a good linear relationship with its concentration in the range from 8.0 × 10-7 mol L-1 to 8.0 × 10-4 mol L-1 with a detection limit of 2.55 × 10-7 mol L-1 (3σ). The proposed method was further applied to the DA injection samples determination with satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In volume rendering, an important issue in acceleration is to reduce the calculations for occluded voxels. Although this issue has been addressed in the ray casting approach, it is difficult to apply the idea to the projection approach due to uncertain termination conditions. In this paper, we propose a new method to effectively address the exclusion problem in the projection approach, so the rendering process can be accelerated without impairing the rendered image quality. In the rendering process, this new method employs the dynamic screen technique to manage the pixels whose accumulated opacity has not reached 1.0. A ray-cast link at each pixel is set up to record the rendered voxels for the corresponding ray cast from the pixel to intersect. According to the rendered voxels covering the pixels whose accumulated opacity value is below 1.0, visible voxels are selected to render from front to back by the neighboring relationship between the rendered voxels and the voxels to be rendered. Thus, the occluded voxels are dynamically excluded from the loading and rendering processes accurately. Our proposed method can be in general applied to both parallel and perspective projections, using regular and irregular volume datasets. Our experimental results showed that the proposed method can significantly accelerate volume rendering if the data volume has a high percentage of occluded voxels. This method can also perform fairly efficiently for the expensive shading calculations if requested in volume rendering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blind image deblurring tries to restore a blurred image to a clear image without the blurring kernel known in advance, which is widely required in applications such as computer vision and medical image processing. With regard to this, the key issues here are to accurately estimate the blurring kernel for deconvolution of a blurred image, and avoid the ringing artifacts in the restored image, which are both related to high-quality detection of edge information in the blurred image. Though much endeavor has been made, it is still difficult to extract edge information well in blurred images and lacks investigation how edge information causes ringing artifacts. In this paper, we make a study on this and develop novel measures to optimize edge extraction and determine suitable width and weights for the extracted edges for reinforcing their use in deblurring, by which image deblurring can be improved with ringing artifacts considerably suppressed. Experimental results demonstrate our improvements over the existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is an environmental contaminant that could induce developmental cardiotoxicity in a chicken embryo, which may be alleviated by L-carnitine. To explore the roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in such changes and the potential effects of L-carnitine, fertile chicken eggs were exposed to PFOA via an air cell injection, with or without L-carnitine co-treatment. The ROS and NO levels in chicken embryo hearts were determined with electron spin resonance (ESR), and the protein levels of the nuclear factor κ-light chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) p65 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in chicken embryo hearts were assessed with western blotting. The results of ESR indicated that PFOA exposure induced an elevation in the ROS levels in ED19 chicken embryo hearts and hatchling chicken hearts, while L-carnitine could alleviate such changes. Meanwhile, increased NO levels were observed in ED19 embryo hearts and hatchling hearts following PFOA exposure, while L-carnitine co-treatment exerted modulatory effects. Western blotting revealed that p65 translocation in ED19 embryo hearts and hatchling hearts was enhanced by PFOA, while L-carnitine co-treatment alleviated such changes. iNOS expression levels in ED19 embryo hearts followed the same pattern as NO levels, while a suppression of expression was observed in hatchling hearts exposed to PFOA. ROS/NF-κB p65 and iNOS/NO seem to be involved in the late stage (ED19 and post hatch) of PFOA-induced developmental cardiotoxicity in a chicken embryo. L-carnitine could exert anti-oxidant and NO modulatory effects in the developing chicken embryo hearts, which likely contribute to its cardioprotective effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

10.5 μm thick Sn-doped silica films were prepared by the modified chemical vapor deposition followed by the solution-doping method. The films were exposed to 248 and 266 nm laser light, respectively. Positive refractive index change up to 2×10-4 at 1550 nm was observed by measuring the reflectivity based on Fresnel formulas. The data of UV absorption spectra suggest that the photosensitivity of the Sn-doped silica film under high energy density laser irradiation should be mainly due to the bond breaking of oxygen deficient defects, while under relatively low energy density laser irradiation, the refractive index change probably originates from photoconversion of optically active defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper nickel oxide (NiO) nanoflower was synthesized and used for the realization of direct electrochemistry of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). By using carbon ionic liquid electrode (CILE) as the substrate electrode, NiO-HRP composite was casted on the surface of CILE with chitosan (CTS) as the film forming material and the modified electrode was denoted as CTS/NiO-HRP/CILE. UV-Vis absorption and FT-IR spectra confirmed that HRP retained its native structure after mixed with NiO nanoflower. Direct electron transfer of HRP on the modified electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry with a pair of quasi-reversible redox waves appeared, indicating that the presence of NiO nanoflower on the electrode surface could accelerate the electron transfer rate between the electroactive center of HRP and the substrate electrode. Electrochemical behaviors of HRP on the modified electrode were carefully investigated. The HRP modified electrode showed excellent electrocatalytic activity to the reduction of trichloroacetic acid with wider linear range and lower detection limit. Therefore the presence of NiO nanoflower could provide a friendly biocompatible interface for immobilizing biomolecules and keeping their native structure. The fabricated electrochemical biosensor displayed the advantages such as high sensitivity, good reproducibility and long-term stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cyano and nitro groups were chosen as acceptor groups, and the substituent amino or ether groups as donor groups to the matrix. Polyurethane (PU) was modified by glycerol to increase the content of chromophore and to improve the stability of the nonlinearity. Tg and Tm were raised and solubility, film-forming ability and other physical properties were improved. The average functional groups of the reactant can be adjusted to ≥ 2 with polygroups and monogroups mixture. These poled polymers show high second-order optical nonlinearity and would have potential application in frequency-doubling or electro-optical controlling devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to determine whether combined treatments with soybean isoflavone dosage and moderate exercise would exhibit synergistically effects on bone metabolism following the onset of menopause. Fifty 12 wk-old female Wistar rats were assigned to five groups: 1) Sham operaled (Sham), 2) ovariectomized (OVX), 3) OVX received soybean isoflavone (OVX-IF), 4) OVX exercised (OVX-EXE) and 5) OVX treated with both soybean isoflavone and exercise [OVX-IF-EXE). All rats were fed a normal diet ad libitum. Daily soybean isoflavone dosage was 50 mg/kg body weight. The vehicle was given in Sham, OVX and OVX-EXE groups. The drugs were all oral administered using a stomach tube. Exercising rats were trained on an uphill treadmill al 20 m/min for 1h/day, 5days/week. The experimental duration consisted of the adaptation periods of 2 weeks and treatment periods of 8 weeks. The results showed that the uterus relative weights in OVX-EXE, OVX-IF and OVX-IF-EXE groups were all lower than those in Sham, they were higher than those in the OVX group. Serum alkaline phosphates (AKP) activitie of OVX was significantly increased as compared to that of Sham (p<0.01). OVX-IF and OVX-IF-EXE respectively decreased the Serum alkaline phosphates activities, as compared to that of OVX (p<0.01). The tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) value of OVX was significantly increased as compared to that of Sham (p<0.05l. OVX-IF decreased the TRAP as compared to that of OVX (p<0.05). These results suggest soybean isoflavone and resistance exercise both can restrain ovx-induced bone loss. But their mechanisms may be different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demonstrates the pyroelectricity of the optical nonlinear hemicyanine dye in organized molecular films by using the electric polarization and second harmonic generation measurements. Existence of the remnant polarization of hemicyanine molecules; Pyroelectric coefficient of hemicyanine.