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Against a background of rising adult mortality and morbidity in the context of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa, this paper provides both quantitative and qualitative evidence for the existence of a largely neglected group of young people with increased responsibility for caregiving. Using questionnaire surveys, focus groups, storyboards and in-depth interviews in three studies across Southern and Eastern Africa some young people in Lesotho, Tanzania and Zimbabwe are found to devote considerable time and energy to caring for sick members of their households. Examination of the tasks carried out by these youngsters finds them to be burdened beyond usual familial and societal expectations of children's 'normal' contributions to the reproduction of households via domestic chores and suchlike. It is concluded that these young people can be described as 'young carers'. The three studies are presented to illuminate different sociospatial aspects of caregiving by young people. First, using qualitative data from Lesotho the range of caring tasks young caregivers; perform for care recipients - usually a grandmother, parent, or sibling - is identified. Second, the impact caregiving responsibilities have on children's primary school attendance is examined using survey data from Tanzania. Third, the wider negative and positive impacts of caregiving including loss of friends and gaining of emotional maturity for young carers and their households is explored with in-depth individual interviews from Zimbabwe. Finally, suggestions are made for further research to deepen understanding of the geographies of caring within the context of the population geographies of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa and beyond. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Geographical studies of the African HIV/AIDS epidemic must consider not only familiar biological and epidemiological parameters but also the development contexts in which the epidemic is raging. HIV/AIDS is exceptional in its geographical spread and socio-economic and demographic impacts: very different from more familiar African diseases such as malaria. Vulnerability to the disease needs to consider not only exposure but also each societys capacity to cope with it at the same time as the heavy burdens of poverty prior infection and fragile governance and also each societys potentiality to intervene to mitigate its potentially devastating effects whether through facilitating behavioural change or in more effective health provision. The importance of the development dimensions in Africa is illustrated through discussion of the wide range of scenarios offered by UNAIDS for the patterns and levels of the epidemic for 2025. (authors)

Formal population policies are now common in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly to directly facilitate fertility decline. They tend to be underpinned more by ideology that by systematic data collection and analysis. A case study of policies to promote fertility decline in Kenya, where fertility has fallen substantially in recent years, illustrates how population data, particularly from the 1989 and 1993 Demographic and Health Surveys, have been used by government and international agencies to validate rather than to inform official policies.

"As part of a current concern among geographers to identify the local specificity of labour markets...and the regional impacts of international migration from [the United Kingdom], this paper considers one case of regional specificity--the Port of Liverpool--and how the traditional skills of the port and associated activities, on and off-shore, have provided important linkages with international demand for skills in these occupations, and have spontaneously maintained international but non-permanent flows of skilled workers from Merseyside." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

This volume is a product of a symposium held in January 1993 at the Institute of British Geographers Annual Conference in London England. The focus was on the impact of the end of the Cold War and the Gulf War on global migration trends. "The symposium sought to review the ways that these and other broad political and economic changes of the previous few years associated with what was being fashionably described as the new world order were affecting population movements and also how these movements were themselves active factors in the shaping of the changing world order." The 16 papers are divided into sections on migration within the developed world migration to the developed world and migration within the developing world. (EXCERPT)

[A]ttention should be directed towards agriculturally-oriented or ruraloriented school activity and curriculum content as a means of stemming rural-urban migration as well as increasing agricultural activity in the long run. 1 This is one of the latest additions to a stream of policy advice to the Kenyan authorities that stretches back to the earliest phase of colonial control at the beginning of the 20th century, and has parallels almost everywhere in Africa.2 However, experience of rural education experiments throughout the Third World has generally been disappointing,3 and particularly with respect to the objective of providing an education that would be directly valuable to those living and working in rural areas, and thus reduce the necessity for migration out of rural areas in order to benefit from whatever skills are acquired in school. While the nature and causes of the problems of establishing rural education in Africa have been widely discussed in general terms, the longer term impacts of specific training and schooling policies in particular localities remain obscured by the range of local contexts in which rural education initiatives have been applied. In particular in Kenya, a contrast may be made between areas with a relatively dynamic rural economy, such as the settler areas of the White Highlands in the colonial economy and Central Province or parts of Rift Valley Province since independence, and the more depressed regions, the 'reserves' in the colonial period, Nyanza and Western

A bibliographic review of the literature on international labor migration in Africa South of the Sahara is presented. A separate section is included on problems of data collection. The focus is on the international migration of skilled labor. Consideration is also given to specific occupational groups including bureaucrats and managers; students teachers and academics; medical personnel; and other professions. (summary in FRE SPA) (ANNOTATION)

Development in Kenya in the 1970s: Issues and Some TrendsThe early years of the 1970s saw two important milestones for the political economy and historiography of Kenya. The ILO report of 1972 was a major critique of Kenya's development efforts since independence that identified growing problems of poverty and inequality which were the result of policies that in many other respects achieved desirable objectives (International Labour Office, 1972). The ILO diagnosis and proposals had some direct influence on government policies, notably in the Third and Fourth Development Plans, for 1974–78 and 1979–83 respectively, and several but by no means all or even the majority of the proposals were acted upon, e.g. in policies towards agriculture (Clayton, 1978). Equally important, however, was its indirect effect on creating a climate of opinion that emphasized a ‘basic needs’ approach (Ghaiet al., 1979) and ‘redistribution through growth’ (Cheneryet al., 1974) and brought the attention of the public, the government and of scholars to the problems of rural and urban poverty in Kenya at a time when they seemed to be growing alarmingly.