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3. Impairments of social cognition significantly predict the progression of functional decline in Huntington's disease: A 6-year follow-up study.

Author

Hendel, Rebecca K., Hellem, Marie N. N., Larsen, Ida U., Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Hjermind, Lena E., Nielsen, Jørgen E., and Vogel, Asmus

Subjects
HUNTINGTON disease, SOCIAL perception, EXECUTIVE function, COGNITION, REFERENCE values
Abstract

This study sought to investigate if there was a significant difference between the Huntington's Disease gene expansion carriers who were impaired on the cognitive domains, social cognition and executive functions. Also, it was investigated which of the cognitive domains could predict the decrease in total functional capacity over a 6-year follow-up period. Premanifest and motor-manifest Huntington's Disease gene expansion carriers (N = 98), were examined with a neurological and neuropsychological examination at Time 1 (year 2012–2013). Regression-based normative data was used to classify impairments on the two cognitive domains. Follow-up participants (N = 80) had their functional capacity reexamined at Time 2 (year 2018–2020), to examine which cognitive domain could predict the decrease in functional capacity over the 6-year follow-up. More than 50% of the participants were impaired on the domain of social cognition. These participants were significantly different from the participants who were impaired on executive functions. The motor function and impairments on social cognition significantly predicted the decline in functional capacity. The Emotion Hexagon test was the only significant social cognitive task, that predicted the decline in functional capacity. Social cognition includes unique and separate functions in Huntington's Disease, unaffected by executive functions. This study emphasizes the importance of regular assessment of social cognition in Huntington's Disease and the clinical relevance of impaired social cognitive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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10. Clinical and genetic characteristics of late-onset Huntington's disease

Author

Oosterloo, Mayke, Bijlsma, Emilia K., van Kuijk, Sander MJ., Minkels, Floor, de Die-Smulders, Christine EM., Bachoud-Lévi, Anne-Catherine, Bentivoglio, Anna-Rita, Biunno, Ida, Bonelli, Raphael M., Bronzova, Juliana, Burgunder, Jean-Marc, Dunnett, Stephen B., Ferreira, Joaquim J., Frich, Jan, Giuliano, Joe, Handley, Olivia J., Heiberg, Arvid, Illarioshkin, Sergey, Illmann, Torsten, Klempir, Jiri, Landwehrmeyer, G. Bernhard, Levey, Jamie, Mclean, Tim, Nielsen, Jørgen E., Koivisto, Susana Pro, Päivärinta, Markku, Pålhagen, Sven, Quarrell, Oliver, Ramos-Arroyo, Maria, Roos, Raymund A. C., Saft, Carsten, Sebastián, Ana Rojo, Tabrizi, Sarah J., Vandenberghe, Wim, Verellen-Dumoulin, Christine, Uhrova, Tereza, Wahlström+, Jan, Zaremba, Jacek (formerly Rödig, Verena, Baake, Barth, Katrin, Garde, Monica Bascuñana, Becanovic, Kristina, Bernard, Tomáš, Betz, Sabrina, Bos, Reineke, Come, Adrien, Guedes, Leonor Correia, Callaghan, Jenny, Capodarca, Selene, Charpentier, Sébastien, Vieira da Silva, Wildson, Di Renzo, Martina, Ecker, Daniel, Finisterra, Ana Maria, Fullam, Ruth, Genoves, Camille, Gilling, Mette, Horta, Andrea, Hvalstedt, Carina, Held, Christine, Hussain, Hasina, Koppers, Kerstin, Lamanna, Claudia, Laurà, Matilde, Descals, Asunción Martínez, Martinez-Horta, Saul, Mestre, Tiago, Minster, Sara, Monza, Daniela, Münkel, Kristina, Mütze, Lisanne, Oehmen, Martin, Padieu, Helene, Paterski, Laurent, Peppa, Nadia, Rindal, Beate, Rogers, Dawn, Røren (formerly Heinonen), Niini, Salgueiro, Ana, Šašinková, Pavla, Seliverstov, Yury, Taylor, Catherine, Timewell, Erika, Townhill, Jenny, Cubillo, Patricia Trigo, van Walsem, Marleen R., Witjes-Ané, Marie-Noelle, Witkowski, Grzegorz, Wright, Abigail, Yudina, Elizaveta, Zielonka, Daniel, Zielonka, Eugeniusz, Zinzi, Paola, Hecht, Karen, Herranhof, Brigitte, Holl (formerly Hödl), Anna, Kapfhammer, Hans-Peter, Koppitz, Michael, Lilek, Sabine, Magnet, Markus, Müller, Nicole, Otti, Daniela, Painold, Annamaria, Reisinger, Karin, Scheibl, Monika, Schöggl, Helmut, Ullah, Jasmin, Braunwarth, Eva-Maria, Brugger, Florian, Buratti, Lisa, Hametner, Eva-Maria, Hepperger, Caroline, Holas, Christiane, Hotter, Anna, Hussl, Anna, Larcher, Barbara, Mahlknecht, Philipp, Müller, Christoph, Pinter, Bernadette, Poewe, Werner, Reiter, Eva-Magdalena, Seppi, Klaus, Sprenger, Fabienne, Wenning, Gregor, Ladurner, Gunther, Lilek, Stefan, Sinadinosa, Daniela, Staffen, Wolfgang, Walleczek, Anna Maria, Linder, Christoph, Pirker, Walter, Liessens, Dirk, Calmeyn, Godelinde, Somers, Nele, Delvaux, Isabelle, Boogaerts, Andrea, Flamez, Anja, de Raedt, Sylvie, Alaerts, Nick, Slama, Hichem, Supiot, Frédéric, Constant, Eric, Gillardin, Anne-Françoise, Léonard, Marie-Claude, van de Wyngaerde, Françoise, Dupuis, Michel, Minet, Cécile, Ribaï, Pascale, Van Paemel, Dominique, van Reijen, Dimphna, Weckx, Petra, Kaiserova, Michaela, Šenkárová, Zuzana, Bezdíček, Ondřej, Klempíř, Jiří, Klempířová, Olga, Majerová-Ibarburu, Veronika, Nikolai, Tomáš, Roth, Jan, Stárková, Irena, Madsen, Louise Hasselstrøm, Møller, Anette Torvin, Hjermind, Lena, Jacobsen, Oda, Larsen, Ida Unmack, Lindquist, Suzanne, Nielsen, Jørgen, Regeur, Lisbeth, Roos, Peter, Stockholm, Jette, Vangsted-Hansen, Christina, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Lolk, Annette, Lundsgaard, Marianne, Wermuth, Lene, Andersson, Christian, Nyberg, Clara, Sundblom, Jimmy, Peippo, Maarit, Sipponen, Marjatta, Bruun, Anu, Hartikainen, Paivi, Mäkipää, Seija, Ollokainen, Mari, Åman, Jaana, Kärppä, Mikko, Ignatius, Jaakko, Jääskeläinen, Outi, Kajula, Outi, Moilanen, Jukka, Mustonen, Aki, Santala, Maire, Eklund, Pia, Hiivola, Heli, Hyppönen, Hannele, Martikainen, Kirsti, Ojala, Marjut, Tähkäpää, Sirkku, Tuuha, Katri, Allain, Philippe, Bonneau, Dominique, Bost, Marie, Gohier, Bénédicte, Guérid, Marie-Anne, Olivier, Audrey, Prouzet, Julie, Prundean, Adriana, Scherer-Gagou, Clarisse, Verny, Christophe, Babiloni, Blandine, Bled, Déborah, Debruxelles, Sabrina, Duché, Charlotte, Fraisse, Sonia, Goizet, Cyril, Jameau, Laetitia, Lafoucrière, Danielle, Spampinato, Umberto, Couttier, Julien, Debilly, Bérengère, Delaigue, Christine, Derost, Philippe, Durif, Franck, Germain, Véronique, Legendre, Perrine, Loiseau, Sylvie, Marques, Ana, Ulla, Miguel, Vidal, Tiphaine, Badei, Farideh, Boissé, Marie-Françoise, Boudali, Lotfi, Cleret de Langavant, Laurent, Lemoine, Laurie, Morgado, Graca, Youssov, Katia, Annic, Agnès, Barthélémy, Recka, De Bruycker, Christelle, Cabaret, Maryline, Carette, Anne-Sophie, Carrière, Nicolas, Decorte, Eric, Defebvre, Luc, Delliaux, Marie, Delval, Arnaud, Depelchin, Alizé, Destee, Alain, Dewulf-Pasz, Nelly, Dondaine, Thibaut, Dugauquier, Florence, Dujardin, Kathy, Hopes, Lucie, Krystkowiak, Pierre, Lemaire, Marie-Hélène, Manouvrier, Sylvie, Mutez, Eugénie, Peter, Mireille, Plomhause, Lucie, Sablonnière, Bernard, Simonin, Clémence, Tard, Céline, Thibault-Tanchou, Stéphanie, Vuillaume, Isabelle, Bellonet, Marcellin, Blin, Stéphanie, Chen, Simone, Masmoudi, Kamel, Morin, Gilles, Roussel, Martine, Tir, Mélissa, Schüler, Béatrice, Wannepain, Sandrine, Zouitina, Yassine, Azulay, Jean-Philippe, Delfini, Marie, Eusebio, Alexandre, Fluchere, Frédérique, Guenam, Aicha, Mundler, Laura, Nguyen, Karine, Benaich, Sandra, Brice, Alexis, Boster, Sarah, Charles, Perrine, Durr, Alexandra, Ewenczyk, Claire, Francisque, Hélène, Jauffret, Céline, Justo, Damian, Kassar, Abdulrahman, Klebe, Stephan, Lesne, Fabien, Milani, Paolo, Monin, Marie-Lorraine, Monnier, Tiffany, Roze, Emmanuel, Tataru, Alina, Tchikviladzé, Maya, Bioux, Sandrine, Bliaux, Evangeline, Girard, Carole, 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Sigrun, Weber, Nathalia, Bachmeier, Michael, Dose, Matthias, Hofstetter, Nina, Marquard, Ralf, Mühlbäck, Alzbeta, Buck, Andrea, Connemann, Julia, Geitner, Carolin, Kesse, Andrea, Landwehrmeyer, Bernhard, Lezius, Franziska, Nepper, Solveig, Niess, Anke, Schneider, Ariane, Schwenk, Daniela, Süssmuth, Sigurd, Trautmann, Sonja, Vogel, Melanie, Weydt, Patrick, Musacchio, Thomas, Leypold, Christine, Nöth, Kerstin, Cormio, Claudia, Difruscolo, Olimpia, Franco, Giovanni, Nuzzi, Angela, Sciruicchio, Vittorio, Serpino, Claudia, de Tommaso, Marina, Calandra-Buonaura, Giovanna, Capellari, Sabina, Cortelli, Pietro, Gallassi, Roberto, Poda, Roberto, Scaglione, Cesa, Agosti, Chiara, Barlati, Sergio, Compostella, Silvia, Marchina, Eleonora, Padovani, Alessando, Figorilli, Michela, Marrosu, Francesco, Muroni, Antonella, Piras, Valeria, Vacca, Melisa, Bertini, Elisabetta, Bartoli, Caterina, Fortunato, Fernanda, Ghelli, Elena, Ginestroni, Andrea, Mechi, Claudia, Paganini, Marco, Piacentini, Silvia, Pradella, Silvia, Romoli, Anna Maria, Sorbi, Sandro, Abbruzzese, Giovanni, Bandettini di Poggio, Monica, Ferrandes, Giovanna, Mandich, Paola, Marchese, Roberta, Di Maria, Emilio, Tamburini, Tiziano, Albanese, Alberto, Castagliuolo, Simona, Castaldo, Anna, Di Donato, Stefano, Di Bella, Daniela, Gellera, Cinzia, Genitrini, Silvia, Mariotti, Caterina, Nanetti, Lorenzo, Panzeri, Marta, Paridi, Dominga, Soliveri, Paola, Spagnolo, Francesca, Taroni, Franco, Tomasello, Chiara, De Michele, Giuseppe, Di Maio, Luigi, Rinaldi, Carlo, Massarelli, Marco, Peluso, Silvio, Roca, Alessandro, Russo, Cinzia Valeria, Salvatore, Elena, Sorrentino, Pierpaolo, Tucci, Tecla, Cannella, Milena, Codella, Valentina, De Gregorio, Francesca, De Nicola, Annunziata, Elifani, Francesca, Esposito, Chiara, Martino, Tiziana, Mazzante, Irene, Petrollini, Martina, Simonelli, Maria, Vezza, Maurizio, Squitieri, Ferdinando, D'Alessio, Barbara, Lovo, Francesca, Bentivoglio, Anna Rita, Bove, Francesco, Catalli, Claudio, Di Giacopo, Raffaella, Fasano, Alfonso, Frontali, Marina, Guidubaldi, Arianna, Ialongo, Tamara, Jacopini, Gioia, Loria, Giovanna, Modoni, Anna, Petracca, Martina, Piano, Carla, Chiara, Piccininni, Quaranta, Davide, Romano, Silvia, Soleti, Francesco, Solito, Marcella, Spadaro, Maria, Torlizzi, Flavia, Coarelli, Giulia, Ferraldeschi, Michela, Ristori, Giovanni, van Hout, Monique S. E., van Vugt, Jeroen P. P., Marit de Weert, A., Verhoeven, Marloes, Dekker, Meike, Klooster, Jesper, Leenders, Nico, van Oostrom, Joost, Kremer, Berry, Baake, Verena, van den Bogaard, Simon J. A., Dumas, Eve M., t Hart, Ellen P., Hogenboom, Marye, Jacobs, Milou, Jurgens, Caroline, Kampstra, Anne, Schoonderbeek, Anne, Witjes-Ané, Marie-Noëlle, Duits, Annelien, Waber, Mirella, Verstappen, Carla, Blinkenberg, Ellen Økland, Hauge, Erik, Tyvoll, Hilde, Aaserud, Olaf, Aanonsen, Nils Olaf, Bjørgo, Kathrine, Borgerød, Nancy, Dramstad, Elisabeth, Fannemel, Madeleine, Frich, Jan C., Gørvell, Per F., Haggag, Kathrine, Johannessen, Cecilie Haggag, Retterstøl, Lars, Røsby, Oddveig, Rummel, Jutta, Sikiric, Alma, Stokke, Bodil, van Walsem, Marleen, Wehus, Ragnhild, Arntsen, Vibeke, Bjørnevoll, Inga, Sando, Sigrid Botne, Haug, Marte Gjøl, Størseth, Hanna Haugan, Østern, Rune, Paulsen, Julie, Dziadkiewicz, Artur, Konkel, Agnieszka, Narożańska, Ewa, Nowak, Malgorzata, Robowski, Piotr, Sitek, Emilia, Slawek, Jaroslaw, Soltan, Witold, Szinwelski, Michal, Arkuszewski, Michał, Błaszczyk, Magdalena, Boczarska-Jedynak, Magdalena, Ciach-Wysocka, Ewelina, Gorzkowska, Agnieszka, Jasińska-Myga, 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Díaz-Zorita, Juan Pablo, Catena, Judit López, Ferrer, Pilar Quiléz, Carruesco, Gemma Tome, Robert, Misericordia Floriach, Viladrich, Cèlia Mareca, Roca, Elvira, Ruiz Idiago, Jesús Miguel, Riballo, Antonio Villa, Campolongo, Antonia, Fernandez de Bobadilla, Ramon, Bojarsky, Jaime Kulisevsky, Pagonabarraga, Javier, Perez, Jesus Perez, Ribosa, Roser, Villa, Carolina, Acera Gil, Maria Angeles, Corrales, Koldo Berganzo, Gomez Esteban, Juan Carlos, González, Amaia, Merino, Beatriz Tijero, Cubo, Esther, Polo, Cecilia Gil, Mariscal, Natividad, Sánchez, Jesús, Romero, Sandra Gutierrez, Arbelo, José Matías, Malo de Molina, Rocío, Martín, Idaira, Periañez, Juan Manuel, Udaeta, Beatriz, Alonso-Frech, Fernando, Loarte, María del Valle, Barrero, Francisco, Morales, Blas, Frades, Belén, Villanueva, Marina Ávila, Zea Sevilla, Maria Ascension, Fenollar, María del Mar, García-Ramos García, Rocío, Villanueva, Clara, Bascuñana, Mónica, Ventura, Marta Fatás, Caldentey, Juan García, Ribas, Guillermo García, García de Yébenes, Justo, López-Sendón Moreno, José Luis, Barral, Verónica Mañanes, Feliz, Cici, García Ruíz, Pedro José, García, Ana, López, Rosa Guerrero, Bárcenas, Antonio Herranz, Martínez-Descals, Asunción, Pueyo, Angel Martínez, Martin, Veronica Puertas, Martínez, Noelia Rodríguez, Montojo, Teresa, Sainz Artiga, María José, Sánchez, Vicenta, Alarcón, María Dolores, Almagro, Carmen Antúnez, Diéguez, Esther, Fortuna, Lorenza, Legaz, Agustina, Manzanares, Salvadora, Muñoz, Juan Marín, Antequera Torres, María Martirio, Perea, Fuensanta Noguera, Vivancos, Laura, González, Sonia, Guisasola, Luis Menéndez, Prieto, Marta Para, Ribacoba, René, Salvador, Carlos, Lozano, Pablo Sánchez, Ramirez, Inés Legarda, Benito, Dolors Moragues, Arques, Penelope Navas, Lopera, Monica Rodriguez, Pastor, Barbara Vives, Gaston, Itziar, Garcia-Amigot, Fermin, Martinez-Jaurrieta, Maria Dolores, Ramos-Arroyo, Maria Antonia, Adarmes, Astrid, Bernal-Escudero, Maravilla, Carrillo, Fátima, Jesús, Silvia, Mir, Pablo, Vargas-González, Laura, Hermoso, Fátima Damas, García Moreno, José Manuel, Jaramillo, Javier Abril, Lucena, Carolina Mendez, Pacheco Cortegana, Eva María, Peña, José Chacón, Redondo, Luis, Sánchez, Violeta Sánchez, Fernandez, Cristina Melgar, Romero Lemos, María Dolores, Mata, Maite Paredes, Casado, Rocío Villagrán, Bosca, Maria, Burguera, Juan Andres, Brugada, Francisco Castera, Millán Salvador, Jose Maria, Vilaplana, Carmen Peiró, Solís, Pilar, Figuerola, Begoña Jeweinat, Palanca, Paloma Millan, Diago, Elena Bellosta, López del Val, Javier, Martinez, Laura Martinez, López, Elena, Høsterey-Ugander, Ulrika, Fredlund, Gunnel, Constantinescu, Radu, Lewin, Kajsa, Neleborn-Lingefjärd, Liselotte, Berglund, Maria, Berglund, Peter, Linnsand, Petra, Petersén, Åsa, Reimer, Jan, Widner, Håkan, Esmaeilzadeh, Mouna, Tedroff, Joakim, Winnberg, Elisabeth, Benaminov, Stanislav, Björnsson, Elisabeth, Merrick, Daniel, Paucar, Martin, Svenningsson, Per, Wallden, Tina, Berglund, Måns, Loutfi, Ghada, Olofsson, Carina, Stattin, Eva-Lena, Westman, Laila, Wikström, Birgitta, Ekwall, Camilla, Göller, Marie-Lousie, Johansson, Anders, Niemelä, Valter, Nyholm, Dag, Wiklund, Leif, Koehli, Jessica, Stebler, Yanik, Kaelin, Alain, Romero, Irene, Schüpbach, Michael, Zaugg, Sabine Weber, Esposito, Federica, Good, Jean-Marc, Paus, Karin, Vingerhoets, Francois, Wider+, Christian, Jung, Hans H., Petersen, Jens A., Ligon-Auer, Maria, Mihaylova, Violeta, Downie, Lorna, Jack, Roisin, Matheson, Kirsty, Miedzybrodzka, Zosia, Rae, Daniela, Simpson, Sheila A., Summers, Fiona, Ure, Alexandra, Vaughan, Vivien, Harrower, Timothy, Vernon, Nathan, Akhtar, Shahbana, Crooks, Jenny, Curtis, Adrienne, de Souza (Keylock), Jenny, Piedad, John, Rickards, Hugh, Wright, Jan, Haig-Brown, Diane, Craven, Janet, Pallett, Andrew, Simpson, Steve, Weekes, Rebecca, Coulthard, Elizabeth, Gethin, Louise, Hayward, Beverley, Sieradzan, Kasia, Barker, Roger A., O'Keefe, Deidre, Gerrtiz (nee Di Pietro), Anna, Fisher, Kate, Goodman, Anna, Hill, Susan, Mason, Sarah, Swain, Rachel, Guzman, Natalie Valle, Busse, Monica, Butcher, Cynthia, Dunnett, Stephen, Clenaghan, Catherine, Hunt, Sarah, Jones, Lesley, Jones, Una, Khalil, Hanan, Owen, Michael, Price, Kathleen, Rosser, Anne, Goudie, David, Buchanan, Lindsay, Mcfadyen, Paula, Tonner, Alison, Taylor, Anne-Marie, Edwards, Maureen, Carrie, Ho, Mcgill, Marie, Porteous, Mary, Pearson, Pauline, Irvine, Sarah, Brockie, Peter, Foster, Jillian, Johns, Nicola, Mckenzie, Sue, Rothery, Jean, Thomas, Gareth, Yates, Shona, Neumann, Christian, Patterson, Kirsten, Thomson, David, Deith, Catherine, Ireland, Jane, Ritchie, Stuart, Brown, Pauline, Burrows, Liz, Fletcher, Amy, Harding, Alison, Harrison, Kaye, Laver, Fiona, Silva, Mark, Thomson, Aileen, Chu, Carol, Evans, Carole, Gallentree, Deena, Hamer, Stephanie, Kraus, Alison, Markova, Ivana, Raman, Ashok, Rowett, Liz, Andrew, Alyson, Frost, Julie, Noad, Rupert, Cosgrove, Jeremy, Gallantree, Deena, Hobson, Emma, Jamieson, Stuart, Longthorpe, Mandy, Musgrave, Hannah, Peacy, Caroline, Toscano, Jean, Wild, Sue, Yardumian, Pam, Clayton, Carole, Dipple, Heather, Freire-Patino, Dawn, Hallam, Caroline, Middleton, Julia, Alusi, Sundus, Davies, Rhys, Foy, Kevin, Gerrans, Emily, Pate, Louise, Anjum, Uruj, Coebergh, Jan, Eddy, Charlotte, Lahiri, Nayana, Mcentagart, Meriel, Patton, Michael, Peterson, Maria, Rose, Sarah, Andrews, Thomasin, Dougherty, Andrew, Golding, Charlotte, Kavalier, Fred, Laing, Hana, Lashwood, Alison, Robertson, Dene, Ruddy, Deborah, Santhouse, Alastair, Whaite, Anna, Gosling (nee Brown), Stefanie, Bruno, Stefania, Chu, Elvina, Doherty, Karen, Haider, Salman, Hensman, Davina, Lewis, Monica, Novak, Marianne, Patel, Aakta, Robertson, Nicola, Rosser, Elisabeth, Tabrizi, Sarah, Taylor, Rachel, Warner, Thomas, Wild, Edward, Ackermann, Oda, Duport, Sophie, Scott, Adrienne, Stoy, Nicholas, Vaughn, Jenny, Arran, Natalie, Bek, Judith, Craufurd, David, Hare, Marianne, Howard, Liz, Huson, Susan, Johnson, Liz, Jones, Mary, Krishnamoorthy, Ashok, Murphy, Helen, Oughton, Emma, Partington-Jones, Lucy, Sollom, Andrea, Snowden, Julie, Stopford, Cheryl, Thompson, Jennifer, Trender-Gerhard, Iris, Verstraelen (formerly Ritchie), Nichola, Westmoreland, Leann, Cass, Ginette, Davidson, Lynn, Davison, Jill, Fullerton, Neil, Holmes, Katrina, Komati, Suresh, Mcdonnell, Sharon, Mohammed, Zeid, Morgan, Karen, Savage, Lois, Singh, Baldev, Wood, Josh, Knight, Caroline, O'Neill, Mari, Purkayastha, Debasish Das, Nemeth, Andrea H., Siuda, Gill, Valentine, Ruth, Dixon, Kathryn, Armstrong, Richard, Harrison, David, Hughes, Max, Large, Sandra, Donovan, John O., Palmer, Amy, Parkinson, Andrew, Soltysiak, Beverley, Timings, Leanne, Williams, Josh, Burn, John, Bailey, Wendy, Coleman, Caroline, Majeed, Tahir, Verstraelen (Ritchie), Nicola, Barrett, Wendy, Aileen, Ho, Bandmann, Oliver, Bradbury, Alyson, Fairtlough, Helen, Fillingham, Kay, Foustanos, Isabella, Gill, Paul, Kazoka, Mbombe, O'Donovan, Kirsty, Nevitt, Louise, Taylor, Cat, Tidswell, Katherine, Kipps, Christopher, Mackinnon, Lesley, Agarwal, Veena, Hayward, Elaine, Gunner, Kerry, Harris, Kayla, Anderson, Mary, Heywood, Melanie, Keys, Liane, Smalley, Sarah, El-Nimr, George, Duffell, Allison, Wood, Sue, Kennedy (nee Smith), Karen, Gowers, Lesley, Powell, Kingsley, Bethwaite, Pamela, Edwards, Rachel, Fuller, Kathleen, Phillips, Michelle, Tan, Louis, Lau, Puay Ngoh, Pica, Emmanuel, Roos, Raymund AC., Klinische Neurowetenschappen, MUMC+: MA Med Staf Spec Neurologie (9), MUMC+: KIO Kemta (9), Epidemiologie, RS: CAPHRI - R2 - Creating Value-Based Health Care, Klinische Genetica, MUMC+: DA KG Polikliniek (9), and RS: GROW - R4 - Reproductive and Perinatal Medicine

Subjects
Male, HD, 0301 basic medicine, Pediatrics, Neurology, Huntingtin Protein/genetics, FEATURES, Disease, Neuropsychological Tests, 0302 clinical medicine, Cognitive Dysfunction/psychology, Medicine, Family history, Postural Balance, Huntington Disease/genetics, Huntingtin Protein, education.field_of_study, Chorea/physiopathology, Huntington's disease, Sensation Disorders/physiopathology, Middle Aged, Dystonia, Settore MED/26 - NEUROLOGIA, Huntington Disease, neurodegenerative disorders, Sensation Disorders, Disease Progression, Female, medicine.symptom, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Population, Age of onset, Late-onset Huntington's disease, Geriatrics and Gerontology, Neurology (clinical), 03 medical and health sciences, AGE, Chorea, Humans, Cognitive Dysfunction, education, Dystonia/physiopathology, Gait Disorders, Neurologic/physiopathology, Gait Disorders, Neurologic, business.industry, medicine.disease, Gait, 030104 developmental biology, Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Balance problems
Abstract

Background: The frequency of late-onset Huntington's disease (>59 years) is assumed to be low and the clinical course milder. However, previous literature on late-onset disease is scarce and inconclusive. Objective: Our aim is to study clinical characteristics of late-onset compared to common-onset HD patients in a large cohort of HD patients from the Registry database. Methods: Participants with late- and common-onset (30–50 years)were compared for first clinical symptoms, disease progression, CAG repeat size and family history. Participants with a missing CAG repeat size, a repeat size of ≤35 or a UHDRS motor score of ≤5 were excluded. Results: Of 6007 eligible participants, 687 had late-onset (11.4%) and 3216 (53.5%) common-onset HD. Late-onset (n = 577) had significantly more gait and balance problems as first symptom compared to common-onset (n = 2408) (P

Published
2019

13. Endophenotypical drift in Huntington’s disease:a 5-year follow-up study

Author

Hellem, Marie N.N., Hendel, Rebecca K., Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Larsen, Ida U., Nielsen, Troels T., Hjermind, Lena E., Budtz-Jørgensen, Esben, Vogel, Asmus, Nielsen, Jørgen E., Hellem, Marie N.N., Hendel, Rebecca K., Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Larsen, Ida U., Nielsen, Troels T., Hjermind, Lena E., Budtz-Jørgensen, Esben, Vogel, Asmus, and Nielsen, Jørgen E.

Abstract

Background: Huntington’s disease (HD) is clinically characterized by progressing motor, cognitive and psychiatric symptoms presenting as varying phenotypes within these three major symptom domains. The disease is caused by an expanded CAG repeat tract in the huntingtin gene and the pathomechanism leading to these endophenotypes is assumed to be neurodegenerative. In 2012/2013 we recruited 107 HD gene expansion carriers (HDGECs) and examined the frequency of the three cardinal symptoms and in 2017/2018 we followed up 74 HDGECs from the same cohort to describe the symptom trajectories and individual drift between the endophenotypes as well as potential predictors of progression and remission. Results: We found higher age to reduce the probability of improving on psychiatric symptoms; increasing disease burden score ((CAG-35.5) * age) to increase the risk of developing cognitive impairment; increasing disease burden score and shorter education to increase the risk of motor onset while lower disease burden score and higher Mini Mental State Examination increased the probability of remaining asymptomatic. We found 23.5% (N = 8) to improve from their psychiatric symptoms. Conclusions: There is no clear pattern in the development of or drift between endophenotypes. In contrast to motor and cognitive symptoms we find that psychiatric symptoms may resolve and thereby not entirely be caused by neurodegeneration. The probability of improving from psychiatric symptoms is higher in younger age and advocates for a potential importance of early treatment.

Published
2021

14. Hybrid 2-[18F] FDG PET/MRI in premanifest Huntington's disease gene-expansion carriers:The significance of partial volume correction

Author

Hellem, Marie N. N., Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Anderberg, Lasse, Budtz-Jorgensen, Esben, Hjermind, Lena E., Larsen, Vibeke Andree, Nielsen, Jorgen E., Law, Ian, Hellem, Marie N. N., Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Anderberg, Lasse, Budtz-Jorgensen, Esben, Hjermind, Lena E., Larsen, Vibeke Andree, Nielsen, Jorgen E., and Law, Ian

Abstract

Background Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited, progressive neurodegenerative disease that has no cure. Striatal atrophy and hypometabolism has been described in HD as far as 15 years before clinical onset and therefore structural and functional imaging biomarkers are the most applied biomarker modalities which call for these to be exact; however, most studies are not considering the partial volume effect and thereby tend to overestimate metabolic reductions, which may bias imaging outcome measures of interventions.Objective Evaluation of partial volume effects in a cohort of premanifest HD gene-expansion carriers (HDGECs).Methods 21 HDGECs and 17 controls had a hybrid 2-[F-18]FDG PET/MRI scan performed. Volume measurements and striatal metabolism, both corrected and uncorrected for partial volume effect were correlated to an estimate of disease burden, the CAG age product scaled (CAP(S)).Results We found significantly reduced striatal metabolism in HDGECs, but not in striatal volume. There was a negative correlation between the CAP(S) and striatal metabolism, both corrected and uncorrected for the partial volume effect. The partial volume effect was largest in the smallest structures and increased the difference in metabolism between the HDGEC with high and low CAP(S) scores. Statistical parametric mapping confirmed the results.Conclusions A hybrid 2-[F-18]FDG PET/MRI scan provides simultaneous information on structure and metabolism. Using this approach for the first time on HDGECs, we highlight the importance of partial volume effect correction in order not to underestimate the standardized uptake value and thereby the risk of overestimating the metabolic effect on the striatal structures, which potentially could bias studies determining imaging outcome measures of interventions in HDGECs and probably also symptomatic HD.

Published
2021

15. Cognitive Screening Tests in Huntington Gene Mutation Carriers:Examining the Validity of the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment

Author

Ringkobing, Signe Pertou, Larsen, Ida Unmack, Jorgensen, Kasper, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Vogel, Asmus, Ringkobing, Signe Pertou, Larsen, Ida Unmack, Jorgensen, Kasper, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, and Vogel, Asmus

Abstract

Background: Due to high prevalence of cognitive impairment in Huntington's disease (HD) gene mutation carriers, even before onset of motor symptoms, cognitive screening is important for the optimal management of patients. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) are widely used, but the validity for HD has only been evaluated in few studies with important limitations.Objective: To evaluate the discriminative validity of the MMSE and the MoCA for the assessment of cognitive dysfunction in HD gene mutation carriers, independently of motor manifestation and furthermore, to report estimated probabilities for cognitive impairment with different score ranges on the MMSE and the MoCA.Methods: 106 pre-motor-manifest and motor-manifest HD gene mutation carriers and 40 non-HD gene mutation carriers were administered the MMSE, the MoCA, and an extensive neuropsychological battery with operationalized criteria for cognitive impairment. The same physician and the same neuropsychologist performed all examinations; blinded to one another.Results: The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.70 for the MMSE and 0.82 for the MoCA. The latter correctly diagnosed 82% of the cognitively impaired and not-impaired HD gene mutation carriers and non-HD gene mutation carriers, whereas the MMSE only diagnosed 73% correctly.Conclusions: The MMSE and the MoCA can both be used as cognitive screening tests in HD gene mutation carriers, but both have important limitations. Our results indicate that the MoCA is a better cognitive screening test for HD than the MMSE. In addition, our study provides estimated probabilities for cognitive impairment with different score ranges, which may be used as clinical guidelines in the interpretation of results from the two tests.

Published
2020

16. Early Intrathecal T Helper 17.1 Cell Activity in Huntington Disease

Author

Essen, Marina R., Hellem, Marie N. N., Vinther‐jensen, Tua, Ammitzbøll, Cecilie, Hansen, Rikke H., Hjermind, Lena E., Nielsen, Troels T., Nielsen, Jørgen E., Sellebjerg, Finn, Essen, Marina R., Hellem, Marie N. N., Vinther‐jensen, Tua, Ammitzbøll, Cecilie, Hansen, Rikke H., Hjermind, Lena E., Nielsen, Troels T., Nielsen, Jørgen E., and Sellebjerg, Finn

Published
2020

17. Reduced Cancer Incidence in Huntington's Disease: Analysis in the Registry Study

Author

Mcnulty, Paul, Pilcher, Richard, Ramesh, Raviram, Necuiniate, Renata, Hughes, Alis, Farewell, Daniel, Holmans, Peter, Jones, Lesley, Bonelli, Raphael M., Hecht, Karen, Herranhof, Brigitte, Holl, Anna, Kapfhammer, Hans-Peter, Koppitz, Michael, Lilek, Sabine, Magnet, Markus, Müller, Nicole, Otti, Daniela, Painold, Annamaria, Reisinger, Karin, Scheibl, Monika, Schöggl, Helmut, Ullah, Jasmin, Braunwarth, Eva-Maria, Brugger, Florian, Buratti, Lisa, Hametner, Eva-Maria, Hepperger, Caroline, Holas, Christiane, Hotter, Anna, Hussl, Anna, Larcher, Barbara, Mahlknecht, Philipp, Müller, Christoph, Pinter, Bernadette, Poewe, Werner, Reiter, Eva-Magdalena, Seppi, Klaus, Sprenger, Fabienne, Wenning, Gregor, Ladurner, Gunther, Lilek, Stefan, Sinadinosa, Daniela, Staffen, Wolfgang, Walleczek, Anna Maria, Constant, Eric, Gillardin, Anne-Françoise, Léonard, Marie-Claude, Verellen-Dumoulin, Christine, Van De Wyngaerde, Françoise, Dupuis, Michel, Minet, Cécile, Ribaï, Pascale, Van Paemel, Dominique, Boogaerts, Andrea, Vandenberghe, Wim, Van Reijen, Dimphna, Kaiserova, Michaela, Šenkárová, Zuzana, Klempíř, Jiří, Majerová, Veronika, Roth, Jan, Madsen, Louise Hasselstrøm, Møller, Anette Torvin, Hjermind, Lena, Jacobsen, Oda, Lindquist, Suzanne, Nielsen, Jørgen, Regeur, Lisbeth, Stockholm, Jette, Larsen, Ida Unmack, Vangsted-Hansen, Christina, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Lolk, Annette, Lundsgaard, Marianne, Wermuth, Lene, Andersson, Christian, Nyberg, Clara, Sundblom, Jimmy, Peippo, Maarit, Sipponen, Marjett, Hartikainen, Paivi, Ollokainen, Mari, Åman, Jaana, Ignatius, Jaakko, Kärppä, Mikko, Mustonen, Aki, Kajula, Outi, Jääskalainen, Outi, Moilanen, Jukka, Santala, Maire, Eklund, Pia, Hiivola, Heli, Hyppönen, Hannele, Martikainen, Kirsti, Tuuha, Katri, Allain, Philippe, Bonneau, Dominique, Bost, Marie, Gohier, Bénédicte, Guérid, Marie-Anne, Olivier, Audrey, Prouzet, Julie, Prundean, Adriana, Scherer-Gagou, Clarisse, Verny, Christophe, Babiloni, Blandine, Debruxelles, Sabrina, Duché, Charlotte, Goizet, Cyril, Jameau, Laetitia, Lafoucrière, Danielle, Spampinato, Umberto, Couttier, Julien, Debilly, Bérengère, Delaigue, Christine, Durif, Franck, Legendre, Perrine, Loiseau, Sylvie, Ulla, Miguel, Vidal, Tiphaine, Bachoud-Lévi, Anne-Catherine, Badei, Farideh, Boissé, Marie-Françoise, Boudali, Lotfi, De Langavant, Laurent Cleret, Lemoine, Laurie, Morgado, Graca, Youssov, Katia, Annic, Agnès, Barthélémy, Recka, De Bruycker, Christelle, Cabaret, Maryline, Carette, Anne-Sophie, Carrière, Nicolas, Decorte, Eric, Defebvre, Luc, Delliaux, Marie, Delval, Arnaud, Depelchin, Alizé, Destee, Alain, Dewulf-Pasz, Nelly, Dondaine, Thibaut, Dugauquier, Florence, Dujardin, Kathy, Hopes, Lucie, Krystkowiak, Pierre, Lemaire, Marie-Hélène, Manouvrier, Sylvie, Mutez, Eugénie, Peter, Mireille, Plomhause, Lucie, Sablonnière, Bernard, Simonin, Clémence, Tard, Céline, Thibault-Tanchou, Stéphanie, Vuillaume, Isabelle, Bellonet, Marcellin, Benoit, Alexandra, Berrisoul, Hassan, Blin, Stéphanie, Courtin, Françoise, Duru, Cécile, Fasquel, Véronique, Flament, Mélanie, Godefroy, Olivier, Mantaux, Béatrice, Playe, Alicia, Roussel, Martine, Tir, Mélissa, Schüler, Béatrice, Wannepain, Sandrine, Azulay, Jean-Philippe, Chabot, Christelle, Delfini, Marie, Eusebio, Alexandre, Fluchere, Frédérique, Grosjean, Hélène, Mundler, Laura, Nowak, Marielle, Raseta, Rolland, Benaich, Sandra, Brice, Alexis, Charles, Perrine, Durr, Alexandra, Ewenczyk, Claire, Francisque, Hélène, Jauffret, Céline, Justo, Damian, Kassar, Abdulrahman, Klebe, Stephan, Lesne, Fabien, Milani, Paolo, Monin, Marie-Lorraine, Roze, Emmanuel, Tataru, Alina, Tchikviladzé, Maya, Bioux, Sandrine, Bliaux, Evangeline, Girard, Carole, Guyant-Maréchal, Lucie, Hannequin, Didier, Hannier, Véronique, Jourdain, Séverine, Maltête, David, Pouliquen, Dorothée, Lagha-Boukbiza, Ouhaid, Longato, Nadine, Marcel, Christophe, Phillipps, Clélie, Rudolf, Gabrielle, Steinmetz, Giséle, Tranchant, Christine, Wagner, Caroline, Zimmermann, Marie-Agathe, Blondeau, Leily, Calvas, Fabienne, Cheriet, Samia, Delabaere, Helène, Demonet, Jean-François, Pariente, Jérémie, Pierre, Michèle, Rolland, Sandrine, Kosinski, Christoph Michael, Milkereit, Eva, Probst, Daniela, Reetz, Kathrin, Sass, Christian, Schiefer, Johannes, Schlangen, Christiane, Werner, Cornelius J., Beuth, Markus, Gelderblom, Harald, Priller, Josef, Prüß, Harald, Spruth, Eike, Thiel, Silvia, Andrich, Jürgen, Ellrichmann, Gisa, Herrmann, Lennard, Hoffmann, Rainer, Kaminski, Barbara, Kraus, Peter, Saft, Carsten, Stamm, Christiane, Lange, Herwig, Maiwald, Robert, Bosredon, Cecile, Hunger, Ulrike, Löhle, Matthias, Maass, Antonia, Ossig, Christiana, Schmidt, Simone, Storch, Alexander, Wolz, Annett, Wolz, Martin, Kohl, Zacharias, Kozay, Christina, Winkler, Jürgen, Bergmann, Ulrike, Böringer, Regina, Capetian, Philipp, Kammel, Gerit, Lambeck, Johann, Mächtel, Miriam, Meier, Simone, Rijntjes, Michel, Zucker, Birgit, Boelmans, Kai, Ganos, Christos, Goerendt, Ines, Heinicke, Walburgis, Hidding, Ute, Lewerenz, Jan, Münchau, Alexander, Orth, Michael, Schmalfeld, Jenny, Stubbe, Lars, Zittel, Simone, Diercks, Gabriele, Dressler, Dirk, Francis, Flverly, Gayde-Stephan, Sabine, Gorzolla, Heike, Kramer, Bianca, Minschke, Rebecca, Schrader, Christoph, Tacik, Pawel, Ribbat, Michael, Longinus, Bernhard, Lüsebrink, Antje, Mühlau, Mark, Peinemann, Alexander, Städtler, Michael, Weindl, Adolf, Winkelmann, Juliane, Ziegler, Cornelia, Bechtel, Natalie, Beckmann, Heike, Bohlen, Stefan, Göpfert, Nicole, Hölzner, Eva, Reilmann, Ralf, Rohm, Stefanie, Rumpf, Silke, Schepers, Sigrun, Weber, Nathalia, Bachmeier, Michael, Dose, Matthias, Hofstetter, Nina, Marquard, Ralf, Mühlbäck, Alzbeta, Barth, Katrin, Buck, Andrea, Connemann, Julia, Ecker, Daniel, Geitner, Carolin, Held, Christine, Kesse, Andrea, Landwehrmeyer, Bernhard, Lezius, Franziska, Nepper, Solveig, Niess, Anke, Schneider, Ariane, Schwenk, Daniela, Süssmuth, Sigurd, Trautmann, Sonja, Vogel, Melanie, Weydt, Patrick, Musacchio, Thomas, Leypold, Christine, Nöth, Kerstin, Cormio, Claudia, Difruscolo, Olimpia, Franco, Giovanni, Sciruicchio, Vittorio, Serpino, Claudia, De Tommaso, Marina, Calandra-Buonaura, Giovanna, Capellari, Sabina, Cortelli, Pietro, Gallassi, Roberto, Poda, Roberto, Scaglione, Cesa, Bertini, Elisabetta, Ghelli, Elena, Ginestroni, Andrea, Mechi, Claudia, Paganini, Marco, Piacentini, Silvia, Pradella, Silvia, Romoli, Anna Maria, Sorbi, Sandro, Abbruzzese, Giovanni, DI Poggio, Monica Bandettini, Ferrandes, Giovanna, Mandich, Paola, Marchese, Roberta, DI Maria, Emilio, Albanese, Alberto, Castagliuolo, Simona, Castaldo, Anna, DI Donato, Stefano, DI Bella, Daniela, Gellera, Cinzia, Genitrini, Silvia, Mariotti, Caterina, Monza, Daniela, Nanetti, Lorenzo, Panzeri, Marta, Paridi, Dominga, Soliveri, Paola, Spagnolo, Francesca, Taroni, Franco, Tomasello, Chiara, De Michele, Giuseppe, DI Maio, Luigi, Rinaldi, Carlo, Massarelli, Marco, Peluso, Silvio, Roca, Alessandro, Russo, Cinzia Valeria, Salvatore, Elena, Sorrentino, Pierpaolo, Tucci, Tecla, Cannella, Milena, Codella, Valentina, De Gregorio, Francesca, De Nicola, Annunziata, Elifani, Francesca, Martino, Tiziana, Mazzante, Irene, Petrollini, Martina, Simonelli, Maria, Vezza, Maurizio, Squitieri, Ferdinando, Lovo, Francesca, Bentivoglio, Anna Rita, Bove, Francesco, Catalli, Claudio, DI Giacopo, Raffaella, Fasano, Alfonso, Frontali, Marina, Guidubaldi, Arianna, Ialongo, Tamara, Jacopini, Gioia, Loria, Giovanna, Modoni, Anna, Petracca, Martina, Piano, Carla, Piccininni, Chiara, Quaranta, Davide, Romano, Silvia, Soleti, Francesco, Solito, Marcella, Spadaro, Maria, Torlizzi, Flavia, Zinzi, Paola, Coarelli, Giulia, Ferraldeschi, Michela, Ristori, Giovanni, Van Hout, Monique S. E., Van Vugt, Jeroen P. P., De Weert, A. Marit, Verhoeven, Marloes, Dekker, Meike, Leenders, Nico, Van Oostrom, Joost, Klooster, Jesper, Kremer, Berry, Baake, Verena, Van Den Bogaard, Simon J. A., Bos, Reineke, Dumas, Eve M., Hart'T, Ellen P., Kampstra, Anne, Roos, Raymund A. C., Schoonderbeek, Anne, Duits, Annelien, Oosterloo, Mayke, Waber, Mirella, Verstappen, Carla, Blinkenberg, Ellen Økland, Hauge, Erik, Tyvoll, Hilde, Aaserud, Olaf, Bjørgo, Kathrine, Borgeød, Nancy, Dramstad, Elisabeth, Fannemel, Madeleine, Frich, Jan C., Gørvell, Per F., Heiberg, Arvid, Retterstøl, Lars, Røsby, Oddveig, Sikiric, Alma, Stokke, Bodil, Van Walsem, Marleen, Wehus, Ragnhild, Bjørnevoll, Inga, Sando, Sigrid Botne, Haug, Marte Gjøl, Størseth, Hanna Haugan, Arntsen, Vibeke, Dziadkiewicz, Artur, Nowak, Malgorzata, Robowski, Piotr, Sitek, Emilia, Slawek, Jaroslaw, Soltan, Witold, Szinwelski, Michal, Arkuszewski, Michal, Blaszczyk, Magdalena, Boczarska-Jedynak, Magdalena, Ciach-Wysocka, Ewelina, Gorzkowska, Agnieszka, Jasińska-Myga, Barbara, Kaczmarczyk, Aleksandra, Klodowska-Duda, Gabriela, Opala, Grzegorz, Stompel, Daniel, Banaszkiewicz, Krzysztof, Boćwińska, Dorota, Bojakowska-Jaremek, Kamila, Dec, Malgorzata, Grabska, Natalia, Krawczyk, Malgorzata, Kubowicz, Ewelina, Malec-Litwinowicz, Michalina, Rudzińska, Monika, Stenwak, Agata, Szczudlik, Andrzej, Szczygiel, Elzbieta, Wójcik, Magdalena, Wasielewska, Anna, Aniola, Jacek, Bryl, Anna, Ciesielska, Anna, Klimberg, Aneta, Marcinkowski, Jerzy, Samara, Husam, Sempolowicz, Justyna, Wiśniewski, Bartlomiej, Zielonka, Daniel, Gogol, Anna, Janik, Piotr, Jamrozik, Zygmunt, Kaminska, Anna, Kwiecinski, Hubert, Antczak, Jakub, Jachinska, Katarzyna, Krysa, Wioletta, Rakowicz, Maryla, Richter, Przemyslaw, Rola, Rafal, Ryglewicz, Danuta, Sienkiewicz-Jarosz, Halina, Stȩpniak, Iwona, Sulek, Anna, Witkowski, Grzegorz, Zaremba, Jacek, Zdzienicka, Elzbieta, Ziora-Jakutowicz, Karolina, Januário, Cristina, Júlio, Filipa, Almeida, Manuel, Calado, Ana, Dias, Margarida, Morgado, Joana, Semedo, Cristina, Guedes, Leonor Correia, Coelho, Miguel, Ferreira, Joaquim J, Mestre, Tiago, Mendes, Tiago, Valadas, Anabela, Costa, Cristina, Cardoso, Helena, Andrade, Carlos, Costa, Andreia, Garrett, Carolina, Gago, Miguel, Guimarães, Joana, Massano, João, Meireles, Joana, Monteiro, Ana, Herrera, Carmen Durán, Moreno, Patrocinio Garcia, Bas, Jordi, Busquets, Núria, Calopa, Matilde, Classen, Serge Jaumá, Dedichá, Nadia Rodríguez, Buongiorno, María Teresa, De La Cerda Santa María, Andrés, Muñoz, Esteban, Santacruz, Pilar, Barbera, Miquel Aguilar, Sebastián, Ana Rojo, Pardo, Sonia Arribas, Guia, Dolors Badenes, Calzado, Noemi, Hernanz, Laura Casas, DÍaz-Zorita, Juan Pablo Tartari, Catena, Judit López, Ferrer, Pilar Quiléz, Carruesco, Gemma Tome, Robert, Misericordia Floriach, Viladrich, Cèlia Mareca, Roca, Elvira, Idiago, Jesús Miguel Ruiz, Villa Riballo, Antonio, Campolongo, Antonia, De Bobadilla, Ramon Fernandez, Bojarsky, Jaime Kulisevsky, Martinez-Horta, Saul, Pagonabarraga, Javier, Perez, Jesus Perez, Ribosa, Roser, Villa, Carolina, Angeles, Maria, Gil, Acera, Corrales, Koldo Berganzo, Esteban, Juan Carlos Gomez, González, Amaia, Merino, Beatriz Tijero, Cubo, Esther, Polo, Cecilia Gil, Mariscal, Natividad, Romero, Sandra Gutierrez, Arbelo, José Matías, De Molina, Rocío Malo, Martín, Idaira, Periañez, Juan Manuel, Udaeta, Beatriz, Alonso-Frech, Fernando, Del Valle Loarte, María, Barrero, Francisco, Morales, Blas, Frades, Belén, Villanueva, Marina Ávila, Sevilla, Maria Ascension Zea, Frech, Fernando Alonso, Del Mar Fenollar, María, García, Rocío García-Ramos, Villanueva, Clara, Garde, Mónica Bascuñana, Ventura, Marta Fatás, Caldentey, Juan García, Ribas, Guillermo García, De Yébenes, Justo García, Moreno, José Luis López-Sendón, Barral, Verónica Mañanes, Cubillo, Patricia Trigo, Ruíz, Pedro José García, García, Ana, López, Rosa Guerrero, Bárcenas, Antonio Herranz, Martínez-Descals, Asunción, Martin, Veronica Puertas, Martínez, Noelia Rodríguez, Artiga, María José Sainz, Sánchez, Vicenta, Pueyo, Angel Martínez, Alarcón, Moreau María Dolores, Almagro, Carmen Antúnez, Diéguez, Esther, Fortuna, Lorenza, Manzanares, Salvadora, Muñoz, Juan Marín, Torres, María Martirio Antequera, Perea, Fuensanta Noguera, Vivancos, Laura, González, Sonia, Guisasola, Luis Menéndez, Prieto, Marta Para, Ribacoba, René, Salvador, Carlos, Lozano, Pablo Sánchez, Ramirez, Inés Legarda, Arques, Penelope Navas, Lopera, Monica Rodriguez, Pastor, Barbara Vives, Gaston, Itziar, Garcia-Amigot, Fermin, Martinez-Jaurrieta, Maria Dolores, Ramos-Arroyo, Maria Antonia, Carrillo, Fátima, Redondo, María Teresa Cáceres, Mir, Pablo, González, Laura Vargas, Hermoso, Fátima Damas, Moreno, Jose Manuel García, Lucena, Carolina Mendez, Cortegana, Eva María Pacheco, Peña, José Chacón, Redondo, Luis, Sánchez, Violeta Sánchez, Fernandez, Cristina Melgar, Lemos, María Dolores Romero, Mata, Maite Paredes, Casado, Rocío Villagrán, Bosca, Maria, Burguera, Juan Andres, Brugada, Francisco Castera, Vilaplana, Carmen Peiró, Solís, Pilar, Figuerola, Begoña Jeweinat, Palanca, Paloma Millan, Wahlström, Jan, Høsterey-Ugander, Ulrika, Fredlund, Gunnel, Constantinescu, Radu, Neleborn-Lingefjärd, Liselotte, Berglund, Maria, Berglund, 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Peiró, Solís, Pilar, Figuerola, Begoña Jeweinat, Palanca, Paloma Millan, Wahlström, Jan, Høsterey-Ugander, Ulrika, Fredlund, Gunnel, Constantinescu, Radu, Neleborn-Lingefjärd, Liselotte, Berglund, Maria, Berglund, Peter, Linnsand, Petra, Björnsson, Elisabeth, Paucar, Martin, Pålhagen, Sven, Svenningsson, Per, Wallden, Tina, Loutfi, Ghada, Olofsson, Carina, Stattin, Eva-Lena, Westman, Laila, Wikström, Birgitta, Ekwall, Camilla, Göller, Marie-Lousie, Burgunder, Jean-Marc, Stebler, Yanik, Kaelin, Alain, Romero, Irene, Schüpbach, Michael, Zaugg, Sabine Weber, Esposito, Federica, Good, Jean-Marc, Paus, Karin, Vingerhoets, Francoi, Wider, Christian, Jung, Hans H., Petersen, Jens A., Ligon-Auer, Maria, Mihaylova, Violeta, Downie, Lorna, Jack, Roisin, Matheson, Kirsty, Miedzybrodzka, Zosia, Rae, Daniela, Simpson, Sheila A, Summers, Fiona, Ure, Alexandra, Vaughan, Vivien, Harrower, Timothy, Vernon, Nathan, Akhtar, Shahbana, Crooks, Jenny, Curtis, Adrienne, De Souza Keylock, Jenny, Rickards, Hugh, Wright, Jan, Coulthard, Elizabeth, Hayward, Beverley, Sieradzan, Kasia, Wright, Abigail, Barker, Roger A., O'Keefe, Deidre, DI Pietro, Anna Gerrtiz, Fisher, Kate, Goodman, Anna, Hill, Susan, Mason, Sarah, Swain, Rachel, Guzman, Natalie Valle, Busse, Monica, Butcher, Cynthia, Dunnett, Stephen, Clenaghan, Catherine, Fullam, Ruth, Hunt, Sarah, Jones, Una, Khalil, Hanan, Minster, Sara, Owen, Michael, Price, Kathleen, Townhill, Jenny, Rosser, Anne, Goudie, David, Buchanan, Lindsay, McFadyen, Paula, Tonner, Alison, Taylor, Anne-Marie, Edwards, Maureen, Ho, Carrie, McGill, Marie, Porteous, Mary, Pearson, Pauline, Irvine, Sarah, Brockie, Peter, Foster, Jillian, Johns, Nicola, McKenzie, Sue, Rothery, Jean, Thomas, Gareth, Yates, Shona, Deith, Catherine, Ireland, Jane, Ritchie, Stuart, Burrows, Liz, Fletcher, Amy, Harding, Alison, Laver, Fiona, Silva, Mark, Thomson, Aileen, Chu, Carol, Evans, Carole, Gallentree, Deena, Hamer, Stephanie, Kraus, Alison, Markova, Ivana, Raman, Ashok, Andrew, Alyson, Frost, Julie, Noad, Rupert, Hobson, Emma, Jamieson, Stuart, Longthorpe, Mandy, Musgrave, Hannah, Peacy, Caroline, Rowett, Liz, Toscano, Jean, Wild, Sue, Yardumian, Pam, Clayton, Carole, DIpple, Heather, Freire-Patino, Dawn, Hallam, Caroline, Middleton, Julia, Alusi, Sundu, Davies, Rhy, Foy, Kevin, Gerrans, Emily, Pate, Louise, Anjum, Uruj, Coebergh, Jan, Eddy, Charlotte, Lahiri, Nayana, McEntagart, Meriel, Patton, Michael, Peterson, Maria, Rose, Sarah, Andrews, Thomasin, Dougherty, Andrew, Golding, Charlotte, Kavalier, Fred, Laing, Hana, Lashwood, Alison, Robertson, Dene, Ruddy, Deborah, Santhouse, Alastair, Whaite, Anna, Bruno, Stefania, Chu, Elvina, Doherty, Karen, Haider, Salman, Hensman, Davina, Lewis, Monica, Novak, Marianne, Patel, Aakta, Robertson, Nicola, Rosser, Elisabeth, Tabrizi, Sarah, Taylor, Rachel, Warner, Thoma, Wild, Edward, Arran, Natalie, Bek, Judith, Callaghan, Jenny, Craufurd, David, Hare, Marianne, Howard, Liz, Huson, Susan, Johnson, Liz, Jones, Mary, Krishnamoorthy, Ashok, Murphy, Helen, Oughton, Emma, Partington-Jones, Lucy, Rogers, Dawn, Sollom, Andrea, Snowden, Julie, Stopford, Cheryl, Thompson, Jennifer, Trender-Gerhard, Iri, Verstraelen, Nicola, Westmoreland, Leann, Cass, Ginette, Davidson, Lynn, Davison, Jill, Komati, Suresh, McDonnell, Sharon, Mohammed, Zeid, Morgan, Karen, Savage, Loi, Singh, Baldev, Wood, Josh, Knight, Caroline, O'Neill, Mari, Das Purkayastha, Debasish, Nemeth, Andrea H, Siuda, Gill, Valentine, Ruth, Armstrong, Richard, Harrison, David, Hughes, Max, Large, Sandra, Donovan, John O, Palmer, Amy, Parkinson, Andrew, Soltysiak, Beverley, Timings, Leanne, Williams, Josh, Burn, John, Weekes, Rebecca, Craven, Janet, Bailey, Wendy, Coleman, Caroline, Haig-Brown, DIane, Simpson, Steve, Majeed, Tahir, Bandmann, Oliver, Bradbury, Alyson, Fairtlough, Helen, Fillingham, Kay, Foustanos, Isabella, Gill, Paul, Kazoka, Mbombe, O'Donovan, Kirsty, Nevitt, Louise, Peppa, Nadia, Quarrell, Oliver, Taylor, Cat, Tidswell, Katherine, Agarwal, Veena, Anderson, Mary, Gunner, Kerry, Harris, Kayla, Hayward, Elaine, Heywood, Melanie, Keys, Liane, MacKinnon, Lesley, Kipps, Christopher, Smalley, Sarah, Bethwaite, Pamela, Edwards, Rachel, Fuller, Kathleen, Gowers, Lesley, Phillips, Michelle, Powell, Kingsley, Biunno, Ida, Bronzova, Juliana, Giuliano, Joe, Handley, Olivia J., Illarioshkin, Sergey, Illmann, Torsten, Levey, Jamie, McLean, Tim, Koivisto, Susana Pro, Päivärinta, Markku, Uhrova, Tereza, Betz, Sabrina, Come, Adrien, Capodarca, Selene, Charpentier, Sébastien, Da Silva, Wildson Vieira, DI Renzo, Martina, Finisterra, Ana Maria, Genoves, Camille, Gilling, Mette, Hvalstedt, Carina, Koppers, Kerstin, Lamanna, Claudia, Laurá, Matilde, Münkel, Kristina, Mütze, Lisanne, Oehmen, Martin, Padieu, Helene, Paterski, Laurent, Rindal, Beate, Røren, Niini, Šašinková, Pavla, Seliverstov, Yury, Timewell, Erika, Witjes-Ané, Marie-Noelle, Yudina, Elizaveta, Zielonka, Eugeniusz, Mcnulty, Paul, Hannequin, Didier, Diercks, Gabriele, Dressler, Dirk, Difruscolo, Olimpia, Van Hout, Monique S. E., Van Vugt, Jeroen P. P., Van Den Bogaard, Simon J. A., Hart'T, Ellen P., Roos, Raymund A. C., Dias, Margarida, Diéguez, Esther, Mcfadyen, Paula, Mcgill, Marie, Mckenzie, Sue, Dipple, Heather, Mcentagart, Meriel, Mcdonnell, Sharon, Haig-Brown, Diane, Mackinnon, Lesley, and Mclean, Tim

Subjects
Adult, Male, Adolescent, Huntington's disease, cancer, neurodegeneration, trinucleotide repeat, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Young Adult, Neoplasms, Trinucleotide repeat, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Prospective Studies, Registries, Age of Onset, Neurodegeneration, Child, Aged, Cancer, Aged, 80 and over, Huntingtin Protein, Incidence, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Middle Aged, Europe, Settore MED/26 - NEUROLOGIA, Huntington Disease, Huntington’s disease, Child, Preschool, Female, Neurology (clinical), Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion
Abstract

Background: People with Huntington's disease (HD) have been observed to have lower rates of cancers. Objective: To investigate the relationship between age of onset of HD, CAG repeat length, and cancer diagnosis. Methods: Data were obtained from the European Huntington's disease network REGISTRY study for 6540 subjects. Population cancer incidence was ascertained from the GLOBOCAN database to obtain standardised incidence ratios of cancers in the REGISTRY subjects. Results: 173/6528 HD REGISTRY subjects had had a cancer diagnosis. The age-standardised incidence rate of all cancers in the REGISTRY HD population was 0.26 (CI 0.22-0.30). Individual cancers showed a lower age-standardised incidence rate compared with the control population with prostate and colorectal cancers showing the lowest rates. There was no effect of CAG length on the likelihood of cancer, but a cancer diagnosis within the last year was associated with a greatly increased rate of HD onset (Hazard Ratio 18.94, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Cancer is less common than expected in the HD population, confirming previous reports. However, this does not appear to be related to CAG length in HTT. A recent diagnosis of cancer increases the risk of HD onset at any age, likely due to increased investigation following a cancer diagnosis.

Published
2018

18. Hybrid 2-[18F] FDG PET/MRI in premanifest Huntington's disease gene-expansion carriers: The significance of partial volume correction.

Author

Hellem, Marie N. N., Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Anderberg, Lasse, Budtz-Jørgensen, Esben, Hjermind, Lena E., Larsen, Vibeke Andrée, Nielsen, Jørgen E., and Law, Ian

Subjects
*HUNTINGTON disease, *DISEASE vectors, *MAGNETIC resonance imaging, *NEURODEGENERATION, *VOLUME measurements, *POSITRON emission tomography
Abstract

Background: Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited, progressive neurodegenerative disease that has no cure. Striatal atrophy and hypometabolism has been described in HD as far as 15 years before clinical onset and therefore structural and functional imaging biomarkers are the most applied biomarker modalities which call for these to be exact; however, most studies are not considering the partial volume effect and thereby tend to overestimate metabolic reductions, which may bias imaging outcome measures of interventions. Objective: Evaluation of partial volume effects in a cohort of premanifest HD gene-expansion carriers (HDGECs). Methods: 21 HDGECs and 17 controls had a hybrid 2-[18F]FDG PET/MRI scan performed. Volume measurements and striatal metabolism, both corrected and uncorrected for partial volume effect were correlated to an estimate of disease burden, the CAG age product scaled (CAPS). Results: We found significantly reduced striatal metabolism in HDGECs, but not in striatal volume. There was a negative correlation between the CAPS and striatal metabolism, both corrected and uncorrected for the partial volume effect. The partial volume effect was largest in the smallest structures and increased the difference in metabolism between the HDGEC with high and low CAPS scores. Statistical parametric mapping confirmed the results. Conclusions: A hybrid 2-[18F]FDG PET/MRI scan provides simultaneous information on structure and metabolism. Using this approach for the first time on HDGECs, we highlight the importance of partial volume effect correction in order not to underestimate the standardized uptake value and thereby the risk of overestimating the metabolic effect on the striatal structures, which potentially could bias studies determining imaging outcome measures of interventions in HDGECs and probably also symptomatic HD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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20. Cognitive Screening Tests in Huntington Gene Mutation Carriers: Examining the Validity of the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment.

Author

Ringkøbing, Signe Pertou, Larsen, Ida Unmack, Jørgensen, Kasper, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, and Vogel, Asmus

Subjects
MONTREAL Cognitive Assessment, COGNITIVE testing, HUNTINGTON disease, MINI-Mental State Examination, COGNITION disorders, RECEIVER operating characteristic curves
Abstract

Background: Due to high prevalence of cognitive impairment in Huntington's disease (HD) gene mutation carriers, even before onset of motor symptoms, cognitive screening is important for the optimal management of patients. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) are widely used, but the validity for HD has only been evaluated in few studies with important limitations. Objective: To evaluate the discriminative validity of the MMSE and the MoCA for the assessment of cognitive dysfunction in HD gene mutation carriers, independently of motor manifestation and furthermore, to report estimated probabilities for cognitive impairment with different score ranges on the MMSE and the MoCA. Methods: 106 pre-motor-manifest and motor-manifest HD gene mutation carriers and 40 non-HD gene mutation carriers were administered the MMSE, the MoCA, and an extensive neuropsychological battery with operationalized criteria for cognitive impairment. The same physician and the same neuropsychologist performed all examinations; blinded to one another. Results: The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.70 for the MMSE and 0.82 for the MoCA. The latter correctly diagnosed 82% of the cognitively impaired and not-impaired HD gene mutation carriers and non-HD gene mutation carriers, whereas the MMSE only diagnosed 73% correctly. Conclusions: The MMSE and the MoCA can both be used as cognitive screening tests in HD gene mutation carriers, but both have important limitations. Our results indicate that the MoCA is a better cognitive screening test for HD than the MMSE. In addition, our study provides estimated probabilities for cognitive impairment with different score ranges, which may be used as clinical guidelines in the interpretation of results from the two tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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22. Defining active progressive multiple sclerosis

Author

Sellebjerg, Finn, Börnsen, Lars, Ammitzbøll, Cecilie, Nielsen, Jørgen Erik, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Hjermind, Lena Elisabeth, von Essen, Marina, Ratzer, Rikke Lenhard, Soelberg Sørensen, Per, Romme Christensen, Jeppe, Sellebjerg, Finn, Börnsen, Lars, Ammitzbøll, Cecilie, Nielsen, Jørgen Erik, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Hjermind, Lena Elisabeth, von Essen, Marina, Ratzer, Rikke Lenhard, Soelberg Sørensen, Per, and Romme Christensen, Jeppe

Abstract

BACKGROUND: It is unknown whether disease activity according to consensus criteria (magnetic resonance imaging activity or clinical relapses) associate with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) changes in progressive multiple sclerosis (MS).OBJECTIVE: To compare CSF biomarkers in active and inactive progressive MS according to consensus criteria.METHODS: Neurofilament light chain (NFL), myelin basic protein (MBP), IgG-index, chitinase-3-like-1 (CHI3L1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), chemokine CXCL13, terminal complement complex, leukocyte counts and nitric oxide metabolites were measured in primary ( n = 26) and secondary progressive MS ( n = 26) and healthy controls ( n = 24).RESULTS: Progressive MS patients had higher CSF cell counts, IgG-index, CHI3L1, MMP-9, CXCL13, NFL and MBP concentrations. Active patients were younger and had higher NFL, CXCL13 and MMP-9 concentrations than inactive patients. Patients with active disease according to consensus criteria or detectable CXCL13 or MMP-9 in CSF were defined as having combined active progressive MS. These patients had increased CSF cell counts, IgG-index and MBP, NFL and CHI3L1 concentrations. Combined inactive patients only had increased IgG-index and MBP concentrations.CONCLUSION: Patients with combined active progressive MS show evidence of inflammation, demyelination and neuronal/axonal damage, whereas the remaining patients mainly show evidence of active demyelination. This challenges the idea that neurodegeneration independent of inflammation is crucial in disease progression.

Published
2017

23. SCA28:Novel Mutation in the AFG3L2 Proteolytic Domain Causes a Mild Cerebellar Syndrome with Selective Type-1 Muscle Fiber Atrophy

Author

Svenstrup, Kirsten, Nielsen, Troels Tolstrup, Aidt, Frederik, Rostgaard, Nina, Duno, Morten, Wibrand, Flemming, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Law, Ian, Vissing, John, Roos, Peter, Hjermind, Lena Elisabeth, Nielsen, Jørgen Erik, Svenstrup, Kirsten, Nielsen, Troels Tolstrup, Aidt, Frederik, Rostgaard, Nina, Duno, Morten, Wibrand, Flemming, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Law, Ian, Vissing, John, Roos, Peter, Hjermind, Lena Elisabeth, and Nielsen, Jørgen Erik

Abstract

The spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) are a group of rare inherited neurodegenerative diseases characterized by slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia, resulting in unsteady gait, clumsiness, and dysarthria. The disorders are predominantly inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Mutations in the gene AFG3L2 that encodes a subunit of the mitochondrial m-AAA protease have previously been shown to cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 28 (SCA28). Here, we present the clinical phenotypes of three patients from a family with autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia and show by molecular genetics and in silico modelling that this is caused by a novel missense mutation in the AFG3L2 gene. Furthermore, we show, for the first time, fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scans of the brain and selective type I fiber atrophy of skeletal muscle of SCA28 patients indicating non-nervous-system involvement in SCA28 as well.

Published
2017

24. Identification of genetic variants associated with Huntington's disease progression: a genome-wide association study

Author

Moss, Davina J Hensman, Tabrizi, Sarah J, Mead, Simon, Lo, Kitty, Pardiñas, Antonio F, Holmans, Peter, Jones, Lesley, Langbehn, Dougla, Coleman, A., Santos, R Dar, Decolongon, J., Sturrock, A., Bardinet, E., Ret, C Jauff, Justo, D., Lehericy, S., Marelli, C., Nigaud, K., Valabrègue, R., van den Bogaard, S. J. A., Dumas, E. M., van der Grond, J., T'Hart, E. P., Jurgens, C., Witjes-Ane, M. -N., Arran, N., Callaghan, J., Stopford, C., Frost, C., Jones, R., Hobbs, N., Lahiri, N., Ordidge, R., Owen, G., Pepple, T., Read, J., Say, M., Wild, E., Patel, A., Fox, N. C., Gibbard, C., Malone, I., Crawford, H., Whitehead, D., Keenan, S., Cash, D. M., Berna, C., Bechtel, N., Bohlen, S., Man, A Hoff, Kraus, P., Axelson, E., Wang, C., Acharya, T., Lee, S., Monaco, W., Campbell, C., Queller, S., Whitlock, K., Campbell, M., Frajman, E., Milchman, C., O'Regan, A., Labuschagne, I., Stout, J., Landwehrmeyer, B., Craufurd, D., Scahill, R., Hicks, S., Kennard, C., Johnson, H., Tobin, A., Rosas, H. D., Reilmann, R., Borowsky, B., Pourchot, C., Andrews, S. C., Bachoud-Lévi, Anne-Catherine, Bentivoglio, Anna Rita, Biunno, Ida, Bonelli, Raphael, Burgunder, Jean-Marc, Dunnett, Stephen, Ferreira, Joaquim, Handley, Olivia, Heiberg, Arvid, Illmann, Torsten, Landwehrmeyer, G. Bernhard, Levey, Jamie, Ramos-Arroyo, Maria A., Nielsen, Jørgen, Koivisto, Susana Pro, Päivärinta, Markku, Roos, Raymund A. C., Sebastián, A Rojo, Tabrizi, Sarah, Vandenberghe, Wim, Verellen-Dumoulin, Christine, Uhrova, Tereza, Wahlström, Jan, Zaremba, Jacek, Baake, Verena, Barth, Katrin, Garde, Monica Bascuñana, Betz, Sabrina, Bos, Reineke, Callaghan, Jenny, Come, Adrien, Guedes, Leonor Correia, Ecker, Daniel, Finisterra, Ana Maria, Fullam, Ruth, Gilling, Mette, Gustafsson, Lena, Handley, Olivia J, Hvalstedt, Carina, Held, Christine, Koppers, Kerstin, Lamanna, Claudia, Laurà, Matilde, Descals, Asunción Martínez, Martinez-Horta, Saül, Mestre, Tiago, Minster, Sara, Monza, Daniela, Mütze, Lisanne, Oehmen, Martin, Orth, Michael, Padieu, Hélène, Paterski, Laurent, Peppa, Nadia, Di Renzo, Martina, Rialland, Amandine, Røren, Niini, Šašinková, Pavla, Timewell, Erika, Townhill, Jenny, Cubillo, Patricia Trigo, da Silva, Wildson Vieira, van Walsem, Marleen R, Whalstedt, Carina, Witjes-Ané, Marie-Noelle, Witkowski, Grzegorz, Wright, Abigail, Zielonka, Daniel, Zielonka, Eugeniusz, Zinzi, Paola, Bonelli, Raphael M., Lilek, Sabine, Hecht, Karen, Herranhof, Brigitte, Holl, Anna, Kapfhammer, Hans-Peter, Koppitz, Michael, Magnet, Marku, Müller, Nicole, Otti, Daniela, Painold, Annamaria, Reisinger, Karin, Scheibl, Monika, Schöggl, Helmut, Ullah, Jasmin, Braunwarth, Eva-Maria, Brugger, Florian, Buratti, Lisa, Hametner, Eva-Maria, Hepperger, Caroline, Holas, Christiane, Hotter, Anna, Hussl, Anna, Müller, Christoph, Poewe, Werner, Seppi, Klau, Sprenger, Fabienne, Wenning, Gregor, Boogaerts, Andrea, Calmeyn, Godelinde, Delvaux, Isabelle, Liessens, Dirk, Somers, Nele, Dupuit, Michel, Minet, Cécile, van Paemel, Dominique, Ribaï, Pascale, van Reijen, Dimphna, Klempír, Jirí, Majerová, Veronika, Roth, Jan, Stárková, Irena, Hjermind, Lena E., Jacobsen, Oda, Nielsen, Jørgen E., Larsen, Ida Unmack, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Hiivola, Heli, Hyppönen, Hannele, Martikainen, Kirsti, Tuuha, Katri, Allain, Philippe, Bonneau, Dominique, Bost, Marie, Gohier, Bénédicte, Guérid, Marie-Anne, Olivier, Audrey, Prundean, Adriana, Scherer-Gagou, Clarisse, Verny, Christophe, Babiloni, Blandine, Debruxelles, Sabrina, Duché, Charlotte, Goizet, Cyril, Jameau, Laetitia, Lafoucrière, Danielle, Spampinato, Umberto, Barthélémy, Rekha, De Bruycker, Christelle, Carette, Maryline Cabaret Anne-Sophie, Defebvre, Eric Decorte Luc, Delliaux, Marie, Delval, Arnaud, Destee, Alain, Dujardin, Kathy, Lemaire, Marie-Hélène, Manouvrier, Sylvie, Peter, Mireille, Plomhouse, Lucie, Sablonnière, Bernard, Simonin, Clémence, Thibault-Tanchou, Stéphanie, Vuillaume, Isabelle, Bellonet, Marcellin, Berrissoul, Hassan, Blin, Stéphanie, Courtin, Françoise, Duru, Cécile, Fasquel, Véronique, Godefroy, Olivier, Krystkowiak, Pierre, Mantaux, Béatrice, Roussel, Martine, Wannepain, Sandrine, Azulay, Jean-Philippe, Delfini, Marie, Eusebio, Alexandre, Fluchere, Frédérique, Mundler, Laura, Anheim, Mathieu, Julié, Celine, Boukbiza, Ouhaid Lagha, Longato, Nadine, Rudolf, Gabrielle, Tranchant, Christine, Zimmermann, Marie-Agathe, Kosinski, Christoph Michael, Milkereit, Eva, Probst, Daniela, Reetz, Kathrin, Sass, Christian, Schiefer, Johanne, Schlangen, Christiane, Werner, Cornelius J., Gelderblom, Harald, Priller, Josef, Prüß, Harald, Spruth, Eike Jakob, Ellrichmann, Gisa, Herrmann, Lennard, Hoffmann, Rainer, Kaminski, Barbara, Kotz, Peter, Prehn, Christian, Saft, Carsten, Lange, Herwig, Maiwald, Robert, Löhle, Matthia, Maass, Antonia, Schmidt, Simone, Bosredon, Cecile, Storch, Alexander, Wolz, Annett, Wolz, Martin, Capetian, Philipp, Lambeck, Johann, Zucker, Birgit, Boelmans, Kai, Ganos, Christo, Heinicke, Walburgi, Hidding, Ute, Lewerenz, Jan, Münchau, Alexander, Schmalfeld, Jenny, Stubbe, Lar, Zittel, Simone, Diercks, Gabriele, Dressler, Dirk, Gorzolla, Heike, Schrader, Christoph, Tacik, Pawel, Ribbat, Michael, Longinus, Bernhard, Bürk, Katrin, Möller, Jens Carsten, Rissling, Ida, Mühlau, Mark, Peinemann, Alexander, Städtler, Michael, Weindl, Adolf, Winkelmann, Juliane, Ziegler, Cornelia, Bechtel, Natalie, Beckmann, Heike, Bohlen, Stefan, Hölzner, Eva, Reilmann, Ralf, Rohm, Stefanie, Rumpf, Silke, Schepers, Sigrun, Weber, Natalia, Dose, Matthia, Leythäuser, Gabriele, Marquard, Ralf, Raab, Tina, Wiedemann, Alexandra, Buck, Andrea, Connemann, Julia, Geitner, Carolin, Kesse, Andrea, Landwehrmeyer, Bernhard, Lang, Christina, Lezius, Franziska, Nepper, Solveig, Niess, Anke, Schneider, Ariane, Schwenk, Daniela, Süßmuth, Sigurd, Trautmann, Sonja, Weydt, Patrick, Cormio, Claudia, Sciruicchio, Vittorio, Serpino, Claudia, de Tommaso, Marina, Capellari, Sabina, Cortelli, Pietro, Galassi, Roberto, Rizzo, Giovanni, Poda, Roberto, Scaglione, Cesa, Bertini, Elisabetta, Ghelli, Elena, Ginestroni, Andrea, Massaro, Francesca, Mechi, Claudia, Paganini, Marco, Piacentini, Silvia, Pradella, Silvia, Romoli, Anna Maria, Sorbi, Sandro, Abbruzzese, Giovanni, di Poggio, Monica Bandettini, Ferrandes, Giovanna, Mandich, Paola, Marchese, Roberta, Albanese, Alberto, Di Bella, Daniela, Castaldo, Anna, Di Donato, Stefano, Gellera, Cinzia, Genitrini, Silvia, Mariotti, Caterina, Nanetti, Lorenzo, Paridi, Dominga, Soliveri, Paola, Tomasello, Chiara, De Michele, Giuseppe, Di Maio, Luigi, Massarelli, Marco, Peluso, Silvio, Roca, Alessandro, Russo, Cinzia Valeria, Salvatore, Elena, Sorrentino, Pierpaolo, Amico, Enrico, Favellato, Mariagrazia, Griguoli, Annamaria, Mazzante, Irene, Petrollini, Martina, Squitieri, Ferdinando, D'Alessio, Barbara, Esposito, Chiara, Bentivoglio, Rita, Frontali, Marina, Guidubaldi, Arianna, Ialongo, Tamara, Jacopini, Gioia, Piano, Carla, Romano, Silvia, Soleti, Francesco, Spadaro, Maria, van Hout, Monique S. E., Verhoeven, Marloes E., van Vugt, Jeroen P. P., de Weert, A. Marit, Bolwijn, J. J. W., Dekker, M., Kremer, B., Leenders, K. L., van Oostrom, J. C. H., van den Bogaard, Simon J. A., Dumas, Eve M., ’t Hart, Ellen P., Kremer, Berry, Verstappen, C. C. P., Aaserud, Olaf, Jan Frich, C., Wehus, Ragnhild, Bjørgo, Kathrine, Fannemel, Madeleine, Gørvell, Per F., Lorentzen, Eirin, Retterstøl, Lar, Stokke, Bodil, Bjørnevoll, Inga, Sando, Sigrid Botne, Dziadkiewicz, Artur, Nowak, Malgorzata, Robowski, Piotr, Sitek, Emilia, Slawek, Jaroslaw, Soltan, Witold, Szinwelski, Michal, Blaszcyk, Magdalena, Boczarska-Jedynak, Magdalena, Ciach-Wysocka, Ewelina, Gorzkowska, Agnieszka, Jasinska-Myga, Barbara, Klodowska-Duda, Gabriela, Opala, Gregorz, Stompel, Daniel, Banaszkiewicz, Krzysztof, Bocwinska, Dorota, Bojakowska-Jaremek, Kamila, Dec, Malgorzata, Krawczyk, Malgorzata, Rudzinska, Monika, Szczygiel, Elzbieta, Szczudlik, Andrzej, Wasielewska, Anna, Wójcik, Magdalena, Bryl, Anna, Ciesielska, Anna, Klimberg, Aneta, Marcinkowski, Jerzy, Samara, Husam, Sempolowicz, Justyna, Gogol, Anna, Janik, Piotr, Kwiecinski, Hubert, Jamrozik, Zygmunt, Antczak, Jakub, Jachinska, Katarzyna, Krysa, Wioletta, Rakowicz, Maryla, Richter, Przemyslaw, Rola, Rafal, Ryglewicz, Danuta, Sienkiewicz-Jarosz, Halina, Stepniak, Iwona, Sulek, Anna, Zdzienicka, Elzbieta, Zieora-Jakutowicz, Karolina, Ferreira, Joaquim J, Coelho, Miguel, Mendes, Tiago, Valadas, Anabela, Andrade, Carlo, Gago, Miguel, Garrett, Carolina, Guerra, Maria Rosália, Herrera, Carmen Durán, Garcia, Patrocinio Moreno, Barbera, Miquel Aguilar, Guia, Dolors Badene, Hernanz, Laura Casa, Catena, Judit López, Ferrer, Pilar Quiléz, Sebastián, Ana Rojo, Carruesco, Gemma Tome, Bas, Jordi, Busquets, Núria, Calopa, Matilde, Robert, Misericordia Floriach, Viladrich, Celia Mareca, Idiago, Jesús Miguel Ruiz, Riballo, Antonio Villa, Cubo, Esther, Polo, Cecilia Gil, Mariscal, Natividad, Rivadeneyra, Perez Jessica, Barrero, Francisco, Morales, Bla, Fenollar, María, García, Rocío García-Ramo, Ortega, Paloma, Villanueva, Clara, Alegre, Javier, Bascuñana, Mónica, Caldentey, Juan Garcia, Ventura, Marta Fatá, Ribas, Guillermo García, de Yébenes, Justo García, Moreno, José Luis López-Sendón, Frech, Fernando Alonso, Ruíz, Pedro J García, Martínez-Descals, Asunción, Guerrero, Rosa, Artiga, María José Saiz, Sánchez, Vicenta, Perea, María Fuensanta Noguera, Fortuna, Lorenza, Manzanares, Salvadora, Reinante, Gema, Torres, María Martirio Antequera, Moreau, Laura Vivanco, González González, Sonia, Guisasola, Luis Menéndez, Salvador, Carlo, Martín, Esther Suaréz San, Ramirez, Inés Legarda, Gorospe, Aranzazú, Lopera, Mónica Rodriguez, Arques, Penelope Nava, Rodríguez, María José Torre, Pastor, Barbara Vive, Gaston, Itziar, Martinez-Jaurrieta, Maria Dolore, Moreno, Jose Manuel Garcia, Lucena, Carolina Mendez, Damas, Fatima, Cortegana, Hermoso Eva Pacheco, Peña, José Chacón, Redondo, Lui, Carrillo, Fátima, Teresa Cáceres, María, Mir, Pablo, Suarez, María José Lama, Vargas-González, Laura, Bosca, Maria E., Brugada, Francisco Castera, Burguera, Juan Andre, Campos, Anabel, Vilaplana, Garcia Carmen Peiró, Berglund, Peter, Constantinescu, Radu, Fredlund, Gunnel, Høsterey-Ugander, Ulrika, Linnsand, Petra, Neleborn-Lingefjärd, Liselotte, Wentzel, Magnu, Loutfi, Ghada, Olofsson, Carina, Stattin, Eva-Lena, Westman, Laila, Wikström, Birgitta, Stebler, Yanik, Kaelin, Alain, Romero, Irene, Schüpbach, Michael, Weber Zaugg, Sabine, Hauer, Maria, Gonzenbach, Roman, Jung, Hans H., Mihaylova, Violeta, Petersen, Jen, Jack, Roisin, Matheson, Kirsty, Miedzybrodzka, Zosia, Rae, Daniela, Simpson, Sheila A, Summers, Fiona, Ure, Alexandra, Vaughan, Vivien, Akhtar, Shahbana, Crooks, Jenny, Curtis, Adrienne, de Souza, Jenny, Piedad, John, Rickards, Hugh, Wright, Jan, Coulthard, Elizabeth, Gethin, Louise, Hayward, Beverley, Sieradzan, Kasia, Armstrong, Matthew, Barker, Roger A., O'Keefe, Deidre, Di Pietro, Anna, Fisher, Kate, Goodman, Anna, Hill, Susan, Kershaw, Ann, Mason, Sarah, Paterson, Nicole, Raymond, Lucy, Swain, Rachel, Guzman, Natalie Valle, Busse, Monica, Butcher, Cynthia, Clenaghan, Catherine, Hunt, Sarah, Jones, Una, Khalil, Hanan, Owen, Michael, Price, Kathleen, Rosser, Anne, Edwards, Maureen, Ho, Carrie, Hughes, Teresa, Mcgill, Marie, Pearson, Pauline, Porteous, Mary, Smith, Paul, Brockie, Peter, Foster, Jillian, Johns, Nicola, Mckenzie, Sue, Rothery, Jean, Thomas, Gareth, Yates, Shona, Burrows, Liz, Chu, Carol, Fletcher, Amy, Gallantrae, Deena, Hamer, Stephanie, Harding, Alison, Klöppel, Stefan, Kraus, Alison, Laver, Fiona, Lewis, Monica, Longthorpe, Mandy, Markova, Ivana, Raman, Ashok, Robertson, Nicola, Silva, Mark, Thomson, Aileen, Wild, Sue, Yardumian, Pam, Evans, Carole, Gallentrae, Deena, Hobson, Emma, Jamieson, Stuart, Musgrave, Hannah, Rowett, Liz, Toscano, Jean, Bourne, Colin, Clapton, Jackie, Clayton, Carole, Dipple, Heather, Freire-Patino, Dawn, Grant, Janet, Gross, Diana, Hallam, Caroline, Middleton, Julia, Murch, Ann, Thompson, Catherine, Alusi, Sundu, Davies, Rhy, Foy, Kevin, Gerrans, Emily, Pate, Louise, Andrews, Thomasin, Dougherty, Andrew, Golding, Charlotte, Kavalier, Fred, Laing, Hana, Lashwood, Alison, Robertson, Dene, Ruddy, Deborah, Santhouse, Alastair, Whaite, Anna, Bruno, Stefania, Doherty, Karen, Haider, Salman, Hensman, Davina, Lahiri, Nayana, Novak, Marianne, Patel, Aakta, Rosser, Elisabeth, Taylor, Rachel, Warner, Thoma, Wild, Edward, Arran, Natalie, Bek, Judith, Craufurd, David, Hare, Marianne, Howard, Liz, Huson, Susan, Johnson, Liz, Jones, Mary, Murphy, Helen, Oughton, Emma, Partington-Jones, Lucy, Rogers, Dawn, Sollom, Andrea, Snowden, Julie, Stopford, Cheryl, Thompson, Jennifer, Trender-Gerhard, Iri, Verstraelen, Nichola, Westmoreland, Leann, Armstrong, Richard, Dixon, Kathryn, Nemeth, Andrea H, Siuda, Gill, Valentine, Ruth, Harrison, David, Hughes, Max, Parkinson, Andrew, Soltysiak, Beverley, Bandmann, Oliver, Bradbury, Alyson, Gill, Paul, Fairtlough, Helen, Fillingham, Kay, Foustanos, Isabella, Kazoka, Mbombe, O'Donovan, Kirsty, Taylor, Cat, Tidswell, Katherine, Quarrell, Oliver, Lau, Puay Ngoh, Pica, Emmanul, Tan, Louis, Bentivoglio, Anna Rita (ORCID:0000-0002-9663-095X), Albanese, Alberto 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Bernhard, Levey, Jamie, Ramos-Arroyo, Maria A., Nielsen, Jørgen, Koivisto, Susana Pro, Päivärinta, Markku, Roos, Raymund A. 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Scherer-Gagou, Clarisse, Verny, Christophe, Babiloni, Blandine, Debruxelles, Sabrina, Duché, Charlotte, Goizet, Cyril, Jameau, Laetitia, Lafoucrière, Danielle, Spampinato, Umberto, Barthélémy, Rekha, De Bruycker, Christelle, Carette, Maryline Cabaret Anne-Sophie, Defebvre, Eric Decorte Luc, Delliaux, Marie, Delval, Arnaud, Destee, Alain, Dujardin, Kathy, Lemaire, Marie-Hélène, Manouvrier, Sylvie, Peter, Mireille, Plomhouse, Lucie, Sablonnière, Bernard, Simonin, Clémence, Thibault-Tanchou, Stéphanie, Vuillaume, Isabelle, Bellonet, Marcellin, Berrissoul, Hassan, Blin, Stéphanie, Courtin, Françoise, Duru, Cécile, Fasquel, Véronique, Godefroy, Olivier, Krystkowiak, Pierre, Mantaux, Béatrice, Roussel, Martine, Wannepain, Sandrine, Azulay, Jean-Philippe, Delfini, Marie, Eusebio, Alexandre, Fluchere, Frédérique, Mundler, Laura, Anheim, Mathieu, Julié, Celine, Boukbiza, Ouhaid Lagha, Longato, Nadine, Rudolf, Gabrielle, Tranchant, Christine, Zimmermann, Marie-Agathe, Kosinski, Christoph Michael, Milkereit, Eva, Probst, Daniela, Reetz, Kathrin, Sass, Christian, Schiefer, Johanne, Schlangen, Christiane, Werner, Cornelius J., Gelderblom, Harald, Priller, Josef, Prüß, Harald, Spruth, Eike Jakob, Ellrichmann, Gisa, Herrmann, Lennard, Hoffmann, Rainer, Kaminski, Barbara, Kotz, Peter, Prehn, Christian, Saft, Carsten, Lange, Herwig, Maiwald, Robert, Löhle, Matthia, Maass, Antonia, Schmidt, Simone, Bosredon, Cecile, Storch, Alexander, Wolz, Annett, Wolz, Martin, Capetian, Philipp, Lambeck, Johann, Zucker, Birgit, Boelmans, Kai, Ganos, Christo, Heinicke, Walburgi, Hidding, Ute, Lewerenz, Jan, Münchau, Alexander, Schmalfeld, Jenny, Stubbe, Lar, Zittel, Simone, Diercks, Gabriele, Dressler, Dirk, Gorzolla, Heike, Schrader, Christoph, Tacik, Pawel, Ribbat, Michael, Longinus, Bernhard, Bürk, Katrin, Möller, Jens Carsten, Rissling, Ida, Mühlau, Mark, Peinemann, Alexander, Städtler, Michael, Weindl, Adolf, Winkelmann, Juliane, Ziegler, Cornelia, Bechtel, Natalie, Beckmann, Heike, Bohlen, Stefan, Hölzner, Eva, Reilmann, Ralf, Rohm, Stefanie, Rumpf, Silke, Schepers, Sigrun, Weber, Natalia, Dose, Matthia, Leythäuser, Gabriele, Marquard, Ralf, Raab, Tina, Wiedemann, Alexandra, Buck, Andrea, Connemann, Julia, Geitner, Carolin, Kesse, Andrea, Landwehrmeyer, Bernhard, Lang, Christina, Lezius, Franziska, Nepper, Solveig, Niess, Anke, Schneider, Ariane, Schwenk, Daniela, Süßmuth, Sigurd, Trautmann, Sonja, Weydt, Patrick, Cormio, Claudia, Sciruicchio, Vittorio, Serpino, Claudia, de Tommaso, Marina, Capellari, Sabina, Cortelli, Pietro, Galassi, Roberto, Rizzo, Giovanni, Poda, Roberto, Scaglione, Cesa, Bertini, Elisabetta, Ghelli, Elena, Ginestroni, Andrea, Massaro, Francesca, Mechi, Claudia, Paganini, Marco, Piacentini, Silvia, Pradella, Silvia, Romoli, Anna Maria, Sorbi, Sandro, Abbruzzese, Giovanni, di Poggio, Monica Bandettini, Ferrandes, Giovanna, Mandich, Paola, Marchese, Roberta, Albanese, Alberto, Di Bella, Daniela, Castaldo, Anna, Di Donato, Stefano, Gellera, Cinzia, Genitrini, Silvia, Mariotti, Caterina, Nanetti, Lorenzo, Paridi, Dominga, Soliveri, Paola, Tomasello, Chiara, De Michele, Giuseppe, Di Maio, Luigi, Massarelli, Marco, Peluso, Silvio, Roca, Alessandro, Russo, Cinzia Valeria, Salvatore, Elena, Sorrentino, Pierpaolo, Amico, Enrico, Favellato, Mariagrazia, Griguoli, Annamaria, Mazzante, Irene, Petrollini, Martina, Squitieri, Ferdinando, D'Alessio, Barbara, Esposito, Chiara, Bentivoglio, Rita, Frontali, Marina, Guidubaldi, Arianna, Ialongo, Tamara, Jacopini, Gioia, Piano, Carla, Romano, Silvia, Soleti, Francesco, Spadaro, Maria, van Hout, Monique S. E., Verhoeven, Marloes E., van Vugt, Jeroen P. P., de Weert, A. Marit, Bolwijn, J. J. W., Dekker, M., Kremer, B., Leenders, K. L., van Oostrom, J. C. H., van den Bogaard, Simon J. A., Dumas, Eve M., ’t Hart, Ellen P., Kremer, Berry, Verstappen, C. C. P., Aaserud, Olaf, Jan Frich, C., Wehus, Ragnhild, Bjørgo, Kathrine, Fannemel, Madeleine, Gørvell, Per F., Lorentzen, Eirin, Retterstøl, Lar, Stokke, Bodil, Bjørnevoll, Inga, Sando, Sigrid Botne, Dziadkiewicz, Artur, Nowak, Malgorzata, Robowski, Piotr, Sitek, Emilia, Slawek, Jaroslaw, Soltan, Witold, Szinwelski, Michal, Blaszcyk, Magdalena, Boczarska-Jedynak, Magdalena, Ciach-Wysocka, Ewelina, Gorzkowska, Agnieszka, Jasinska-Myga, Barbara, Klodowska-Duda, Gabriela, Opala, Gregorz, Stompel, Daniel, Banaszkiewicz, Krzysztof, Bocwinska, Dorota, Bojakowska-Jaremek, Kamila, Dec, Malgorzata, Krawczyk, Malgorzata, Rudzinska, Monika, Szczygiel, Elzbieta, Szczudlik, Andrzej, Wasielewska, Anna, Wójcik, Magdalena, Bryl, Anna, Ciesielska, Anna, Klimberg, Aneta, Marcinkowski, Jerzy, Samara, Husam, Sempolowicz, Justyna, Gogol, Anna, Janik, Piotr, Kwiecinski, Hubert, Jamrozik, Zygmunt, Antczak, Jakub, Jachinska, Katarzyna, Krysa, Wioletta, Rakowicz, Maryla, Richter, Przemyslaw, Rola, Rafal, Ryglewicz, Danuta, Sienkiewicz-Jarosz, Halina, Stepniak, Iwona, Sulek, Anna, Zdzienicka, Elzbieta, Zieora-Jakutowicz, Karolina, Ferreira, Joaquim J, Coelho, Miguel, Mendes, Tiago, Valadas, Anabela, Andrade, Carlo, Gago, Miguel, Garrett, Carolina, Guerra, Maria Rosália, Herrera, Carmen Durán, Garcia, Patrocinio Moreno, Barbera, Miquel Aguilar, Guia, Dolors Badene, Hernanz, Laura Casa, Catena, Judit López, Ferrer, Pilar Quiléz, Sebastián, Ana Rojo, Carruesco, Gemma Tome, Bas, Jordi, Busquets, Núria, Calopa, Matilde, Robert, Misericordia Floriach, Viladrich, Celia Mareca, Idiago, Jesús Miguel Ruiz, Riballo, Antonio Villa, Cubo, Esther, Polo, Cecilia Gil, Mariscal, Natividad, Rivadeneyra, Perez Jessica, Barrero, Francisco, Morales, Bla, Fenollar, María, García, Rocío García-Ramo, Ortega, Paloma, Villanueva, Clara, Alegre, Javier, Bascuñana, Mónica, Caldentey, Juan Garcia, Ventura, Marta Fatá, Ribas, Guillermo García, de Yébenes, Justo García, Moreno, José Luis López-Sendón, Frech, Fernando Alonso, Ruíz, Pedro J García, Martínez-Descals, Asunción, Guerrero, Rosa, Artiga, María José Saiz, Sánchez, Vicenta, Perea, María Fuensanta Noguera, Fortuna, Lorenza, Manzanares, Salvadora, Reinante, Gema, Torres, María Martirio Antequera, Moreau, Laura Vivanco, González González, Sonia, Guisasola, Luis Menéndez, Salvador, Carlo, Martín, Esther Suaréz San, Ramirez, Inés Legarda, Gorospe, Aranzazú, Lopera, Mónica Rodriguez, Arques, Penelope Nava, Rodríguez, María José Torre, Pastor, Barbara Vive, Gaston, Itziar, Martinez-Jaurrieta, Maria Dolore, Moreno, Jose Manuel Garcia, Lucena, Carolina Mendez, Damas, Fatima, Cortegana, Hermoso Eva Pacheco, Peña, José Chacón, Redondo, Lui, Carrillo, Fátima, Teresa Cáceres, María, Mir, Pablo, Suarez, María José Lama, Vargas-González, Laura, Bosca, Maria E., Brugada, Francisco Castera, Burguera, Juan Andre, Campos, Anabel, Vilaplana, Garcia Carmen Peiró, Berglund, Peter, Constantinescu, Radu, Fredlund, Gunnel, Høsterey-Ugander, Ulrika, Linnsand, Petra, Neleborn-Lingefjärd, Liselotte, Wentzel, Magnu, Loutfi, Ghada, Olofsson, Carina, Stattin, Eva-Lena, Westman, Laila, Wikström, Birgitta, Stebler, Yanik, Kaelin, Alain, Romero, Irene, Schüpbach, Michael, Weber Zaugg, Sabine, Hauer, Maria, Gonzenbach, Roman, Jung, Hans H., Mihaylova, Violeta, Petersen, Jen, Jack, Roisin, Matheson, Kirsty, Miedzybrodzka, Zosia, Rae, Daniela, Simpson, Sheila A, Summers, Fiona, Ure, Alexandra, Vaughan, Vivien, Akhtar, Shahbana, Crooks, Jenny, Curtis, Adrienne, de Souza, Jenny, Piedad, John, Rickards, Hugh, Wright, Jan, Coulthard, Elizabeth, Gethin, Louise, Hayward, Beverley, Sieradzan, Kasia, Armstrong, Matthew, Barker, Roger A., O'Keefe, Deidre, Di Pietro, Anna, Fisher, Kate, Goodman, Anna, Hill, Susan, Kershaw, Ann, Mason, Sarah, Paterson, Nicole, Raymond, Lucy, Swain, Rachel, Guzman, Natalie Valle, Busse, Monica, Butcher, Cynthia, Clenaghan, Catherine, Hunt, Sarah, Jones, Una, Khalil, Hanan, Owen, Michael, Price, Kathleen, Rosser, Anne, Edwards, Maureen, Ho, Carrie, Hughes, Teresa, Mcgill, Marie, Pearson, Pauline, Porteous, Mary, Smith, Paul, Brockie, Peter, Foster, Jillian, Johns, Nicola, Mckenzie, Sue, Rothery, Jean, Thomas, Gareth, Yates, Shona, Burrows, Liz, Chu, Carol, Fletcher, Amy, Gallantrae, Deena, Hamer, Stephanie, Harding, Alison, Klöppel, Stefan, Kraus, Alison, Laver, Fiona, Lewis, Monica, Longthorpe, Mandy, Markova, Ivana, Raman, Ashok, Robertson, Nicola, Silva, Mark, Thomson, Aileen, Wild, Sue, Yardumian, Pam, Evans, Carole, Gallentrae, Deena, Hobson, Emma, Jamieson, Stuart, Musgrave, Hannah, Rowett, Liz, Toscano, Jean, Bourne, Colin, Clapton, Jackie, Clayton, Carole, Dipple, Heather, Freire-Patino, Dawn, Grant, Janet, Gross, Diana, Hallam, Caroline, Middleton, Julia, Murch, Ann, Thompson, Catherine, Alusi, Sundu, Davies, Rhy, Foy, Kevin, Gerrans, Emily, Pate, Louise, Andrews, Thomasin, Dougherty, Andrew, Golding, Charlotte, Kavalier, Fred, Laing, Hana, Lashwood, Alison, Robertson, Dene, Ruddy, Deborah, Santhouse, Alastair, Whaite, Anna, Bruno, Stefania, Doherty, Karen, Haider, Salman, Hensman, Davina, Lahiri, Nayana, Novak, Marianne, Patel, Aakta, Rosser, Elisabeth, Taylor, Rachel, Warner, Thoma, Wild, Edward, Arran, Natalie, Bek, Judith, Craufurd, David, Hare, Marianne, Howard, Liz, Huson, Susan, Johnson, Liz, Jones, Mary, Murphy, Helen, Oughton, Emma, Partington-Jones, Lucy, Rogers, Dawn, Sollom, Andrea, Snowden, Julie, Stopford, Cheryl, Thompson, Jennifer, Trender-Gerhard, Iri, Verstraelen, Nichola, Westmoreland, Leann, Armstrong, Richard, Dixon, Kathryn, Nemeth, Andrea H, Siuda, Gill, Valentine, Ruth, Harrison, David, Hughes, Max, Parkinson, Andrew, Soltysiak, Beverley, Bandmann, Oliver, Bradbury, Alyson, Gill, Paul, Fairtlough, Helen, Fillingham, Kay, Foustanos, Isabella, Kazoka, Mbombe, O'Donovan, Kirsty, Taylor, Cat, Tidswell, Katherine, Quarrell, Oliver, Lau, Puay Ngoh, Pica, Emmanul, Tan, Louis, Bentivoglio, Anna Rita (ORCID:0000-0002-9663-095X), and Albanese, Alberto (ORCID:0000-0002-5864-0006)

Abstract

Background Huntington's disease is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, HTT. Age at onset has been used as a quantitative phenotype in genetic analysis looking for Huntington's disease modifiers, but is hard to define and not always available. Therefore, we aimed to generate a novel measure of disease progression and to identify genetic markers associated with this progression measure. Methods We generated a progression score on the basis of principal component analysis of prospectively acquired longitudinal changes in motor, cognitive, and imaging measures in the 218 indivduals in the TRACK-HD cohort of Huntington's disease gene mutation carriers (data collected 2008–11). We generated a parallel progression score using data from 1773 previously genotyped participants from the European Huntington's Disease Network REGISTRY study of Huntington's disease mutation carriers (data collected 2003–13). We did a genome-wide association analyses in terms of progression for 216 TRACK-HD participants and 1773 REGISTRY participants, then a meta-analysis of these results was undertaken. Findings Longitudinal motor, cognitive, and imaging scores were correlated with each other in TRACK-HD participants, justifying use of a single, cross-domain measure of disease progression in both studies. The TRACK-HD and REGISTRY progression measures were correlated with each other (r=0·674), and with age at onset (TRACK-HD, r=0·315; REGISTRY, r=0·234). The meta-analysis of progression in TRACK-HD and REGISTRY gave a genome-wide significant signal (p=1·12 × 10−10) on chromosome 5 spanning three genes: MSH3, DHFR, and MTRNR2L2. The genes in this locus were associated with progression in TRACK-HD (MSH3 p=2·94 × 10−8DHFR p=8·37 × 10−7MTRNR2L2 p=2·15 × 10−9) and to a lesser extent in REGISTRY (MSH3 p=9·36 × 10−4DHFR p=8·45 × 10−4MTRNR2L2 p=1·20 × 10−3). The lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TRACK-HD (rs55787

Published
2017

25. Identification of genetic variants associated with Huntington's disease progression: a genome-wide association study

Author

Moss, Davina J Hensman, primary, Pardiñas, Antonio F, additional, Langbehn, Douglas, additional, Lo, Kitty, additional, Leavitt, Blair R, additional, Roos, Raymund, additional, Durr, Alexandra, additional, Mead, Simon, additional, Holmans, Peter, additional, Jones, Lesley, additional, Tabrizi, Sarah J, additional, Coleman, A, additional, Santos, R Dar, additional, Decolongon, J, additional, Sturrock, A, additional, Bardinet, E, additional, Ret, C Jauff, additional, Justo, D, additional, Lehericy, S, additional, Marelli, C, additional, Nigaud, K, additional, Valabrègue, R, additional, van den Bogaard, SJA, additional, Dumas, E M, additional, van der Grond, J, additional, t'Hart, EP, additional, Jurgens, C, additional, Witjes-Ane, M-N, additional, Arran, N, additional, Callaghan, J, additional, Stopford, C, additional, Frost, C, additional, Jones, R, additional, Hobbs, N, additional, Lahiri, N, additional, Ordidge, R, additional, Owen, G, additional, Pepple, T, additional, Read, J, additional, Say, M, additional, Wild, E, additional, Patel, A, additional, Fox, N C, additional, Gibbard, C, additional, Malone, I, additional, Crawford, H, additional, Whitehead, D, additional, Keenan, S, additional, Cash, D M, additional, Berna, C, additional, Bechtel, N, additional, Bohlen, S, additional, Man, A Hoff, additional, Kraus, P, additional, Axelson, E, additional, Wang, C, additional, Acharya, T, additional, Lee, S, additional, Monaco, W, additional, Campbell, C, additional, Queller, S, additional, Whitlock, K, additional, Campbell, M, additional, Frajman, E, additional, Milchman, C, additional, O'Regan, A, additional, Labuschagne, I, additional, Stout, J, additional, Landwehrmeyer, B, additional, Craufurd, D, additional, Scahill, R, additional, Hicks, S, additional, Kennard, C, additional, Johnson, H, additional, Tobin, A, additional, Rosas, HD, additional, Reilmann, R, additional, Borowsky, B, additional, Pourchot, C, additional, Andrews, S C, additional, Bachoud-Lévi, Anne-Catherine, additional, Bentivoglio, Anna Rita, additional, Biunno, Ida, additional, Bonelli, Raphael, additional, Burgunder, Jean-Marc, additional, Dunnett, Stephen, additional, Ferreira, Joaquim, additional, Handley, Olivia, additional, Heiberg, Arvid, additional, Illmann, Torsten, additional, Landwehrmeyer, G. Bernhard, additional, Levey, Jamie, additional, Ramos-Arroyo, Maria A., additional, Nielsen, Jørgen, additional, Koivisto, Susana Pro, additional, Päivärinta, Markku, additional, Roos, Raymund A.C., additional, Sebastián, A Rojo, additional, Tabrizi, Sarah, additional, Vandenberghe, Wim, additional, Verellen-Dumoulin, Christine, additional, Uhrova, Tereza, additional, Wahlström, Jan, additional, Zaremba, Jacek, additional, Baake, Verena, additional, Barth, Katrin, additional, Garde, Monica Bascuñana, additional, Betz, Sabrina, additional, Bos, Reineke, additional, Callaghan, Jenny, additional, Come, Adrien, additional, Guedes, Leonor Correia, additional, Ecker, Daniel, additional, Finisterra, Ana Maria, additional, Fullam, Ruth, additional, Gilling, Mette, additional, Gustafsson, Lena, additional, Handley, Olivia J, additional, Hvalstedt, Carina, additional, Held, Christine, additional, Koppers, Kerstin, additional, Lamanna, Claudia, additional, Laurà, Matilde, additional, Descals, Asunción Martínez, additional, Martinez-Horta, Saül, additional, Mestre, Tiago, additional, Minster, Sara, additional, Monza, Daniela, additional, Mütze, Lisanne, additional, Oehmen, Martin, additional, Orth, Michael, additional, Padieu, Hélène, additional, Paterski, Laurent, additional, Peppa, Nadia, additional, Di Renzo, Martina, additional, Rialland, Amandine, additional, Røren, Niini, additional, Šašinková, Pavla, additional, Timewell, Erika, additional, Townhill, Jenny, additional, Cubillo, Patricia Trigo, additional, da Silva, Wildson Vieira, additional, van Walsem, Marleen R, additional, Whalstedt, Carina, additional, Witjes-Ané, Marie-Noelle, additional, Witkowski, Grzegorz, additional, Wright, Abigail, additional, Zielonka, Daniel, additional, Zielonka, Eugeniusz, additional, Zinzi, Paola, additional, Bonelli, Raphael M., additional, Lilek, Sabine, additional, Hecht, Karen, additional, Herranhof, Brigitte, additional, Holl, Anna, additional, Kapfhammer, Hans-Peter, additional, Koppitz, Michael, additional, Magnet, Markus, additional, Müller, Nicole, additional, Otti, Daniela, additional, Painold, Annamaria, additional, Reisinger, Karin, additional, Scheibl, Monika, additional, Schöggl, Helmut, additional, Ullah, Jasmin, additional, Braunwarth, Eva-Maria, additional, Brugger, Florian, additional, Buratti, Lisa, additional, Hametner, Eva-Maria, additional, Hepperger, Caroline, additional, Holas, Christiane, additional, Hotter, Anna, additional, Hussl, Anna, additional, Müller, Christoph, additional, Poewe, Werner, additional, Seppi, Klaus, additional, Sprenger, Fabienne, additional, Wenning, Gregor, additional, Boogaerts, Andrea, additional, Calmeyn, Godelinde, additional, Delvaux, Isabelle, additional, Liessens, Dirk, additional, Somers, Nele, additional, Dupuit, Michel, additional, Minet, Cécile, additional, van Paemel, Dominique, additional, Ribaï, Pascale, additional, van Reijen, Dimphna, additional, Klempír, Jirí, additional, Majerová, Veronika, additional, Roth, Jan, additional, Stárková, Irena, additional, Hjermind, Lena E., additional, Jacobsen, Oda, additional, Nielsen, Jørgen E., additional, Larsen, Ida Unmack, additional, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, additional, Hiivola, Heli, additional, Hyppönen, Hannele, additional, Martikainen, Kirsti, additional, Tuuha, Katri, additional, Allain, Philippe, additional, Bonneau, Dominique, additional, Bost, Marie, additional, Gohier, Bénédicte, additional, Guérid, Marie-Anne, additional, Olivier, Audrey, additional, Prundean, Adriana, additional, Scherer-Gagou, Clarisse, additional, Verny, Christophe, additional, Babiloni, Blandine, additional, Debruxelles, Sabrina, additional, Duché, Charlotte, additional, Goizet, Cyril, additional, Jameau, Laetitia, additional, Lafoucrière, Danielle, additional, Spampinato, Umberto, additional, Barthélémy, Rekha, additional, De Bruycker, Christelle, additional, Carette, Maryline Cabaret Anne-Sophie, additional, Defebvre, Eric Decorte Luc, additional, Delliaux, Marie, additional, Delval, Arnaud, additional, Destee, Alain, additional, Dujardin, Kathy, additional, Lemaire, Marie-Hélène, additional, Manouvrier, Sylvie, additional, Peter, Mireille, additional, Plomhouse, Lucie, additional, Sablonnière, Bernard, additional, Simonin, Clémence, additional, Thibault-Tanchou, Stéphanie, additional, Vuillaume, Isabelle, additional, Bellonet, Marcellin, additional, Berrissoul, Hassan, additional, Blin, Stéphanie, additional, Courtin, Françoise, additional, Duru, Cécile, additional, Fasquel, Véronique, additional, Godefroy, Olivier, additional, Krystkowiak, Pierre, additional, Mantaux, Béatrice, additional, Roussel, Martine, additional, Wannepain, Sandrine, additional, Azulay, Jean-Philippe, additional, Delfini, Marie, additional, Eusebio, Alexandre, additional, Fluchere, Frédérique, additional, Mundler, Laura, additional, Anheim, Mathieu, additional, Julié, Celine, additional, Boukbiza, Ouhaid Lagha, additional, Longato, Nadine, additional, Rudolf, Gabrielle, additional, Tranchant, Christine, additional, Zimmermann, Marie-Agathe, additional, Kosinski, Christoph Michael, additional, Milkereit, Eva, additional, Probst, Daniela, additional, Reetz, Kathrin, additional, Sass, Christian, additional, Schiefer, Johannes, additional, Schlangen, Christiane, additional, Werner, Cornelius J., additional, Gelderblom, Harald, additional, Priller, Josef, additional, Prüß, Harald, additional, Spruth, Eike Jakob, additional, Ellrichmann, Gisa, additional, Herrmann, Lennard, additional, Hoffmann, Rainer, additional, Kaminski, Barbara, additional, Kotz, Peter, additional, Prehn, Christian, additional, Saft, Carsten, additional, Lange, Herwig, additional, Maiwald, Robert, additional, Löhle, Matthias, additional, Maass, Antonia, additional, Schmidt, Simone, additional, Bosredon, Cecile, additional, Storch, Alexander, additional, Wolz, Annett, additional, Wolz, Martin, additional, Capetian, Philipp, additional, Lambeck, Johann, additional, Zucker, Birgit, additional, Boelmans, Kai, additional, Ganos, Christos, additional, Heinicke, Walburgis, additional, Hidding, Ute, additional, Lewerenz, Jan, additional, Münchau, Alexander, additional, Schmalfeld, Jenny, additional, Stubbe, Lars, additional, Zittel, Simone, additional, Diercks, Gabriele, additional, Dressler, Dirk, additional, Gorzolla, Heike, additional, Schrader, Christoph, additional, Tacik, Pawel, additional, Ribbat, Michael, additional, Longinus, Bernhard, additional, Bürk, Katrin, additional, Möller, Jens Carsten, additional, Rissling, Ida, additional, Mühlau, Mark, additional, Peinemann, Alexander, additional, Städtler, Michael, additional, Weindl, Adolf, additional, Winkelmann, Juliane, additional, Ziegler, Cornelia, additional, Bechtel, Natalie, additional, Beckmann, Heike, additional, Bohlen, Stefan, additional, Hölzner, Eva, additional, Reilmann, Ralf, additional, Rohm, Stefanie, additional, Rumpf, Silke, additional, Schepers, Sigrun, additional, Weber, Natalia, additional, Dose, Matthias, additional, Leythäuser, Gabriele, additional, Marquard, Ralf, additional, Raab, Tina, additional, Wiedemann, Alexandra, additional, Buck, Andrea, additional, Connemann, Julia, additional, Geitner, Carolin, additional, Kesse, Andrea, additional, Landwehrmeyer, Bernhard, additional, Lang, Christina, additional, Lezius, Franziska, additional, Nepper, Solveig, additional, Niess, Anke, additional, Schneider, Ariane, additional, Schwenk, Daniela, additional, Süßmuth, Sigurd, additional, Trautmann, Sonja, additional, Weydt, Patrick, additional, Cormio, Claudia, additional, Sciruicchio, Vittorio, additional, Serpino, Claudia, additional, de Tommaso, Marina, additional, Capellari, Sabina, additional, Cortelli, Pietro, additional, Galassi, Roberto, additional, Rizzo, Giovanni, additional, Poda, Roberto, additional, Scaglione, Cesa, additional, Bertini, Elisabetta, additional, Ghelli, Elena, additional, Ginestroni, Andrea, additional, Massaro, Francesca, additional, Mechi, Claudia, additional, Paganini, Marco, additional, Piacentini, Silvia, additional, Pradella, Silvia, additional, Romoli, Anna Maria, additional, Sorbi, Sandro, additional, Abbruzzese, Giovanni, additional, di Poggio, Monica Bandettini, additional, Ferrandes, Giovanna, additional, Mandich, Paola, additional, Marchese, Roberta, additional, Albanese, Alberto, additional, Di Bella, Daniela, additional, Castaldo, Anna, additional, Di Donato, Stefano, additional, Gellera, Cinzia, additional, Genitrini, Silvia, additional, Mariotti, Caterina, additional, Nanetti, Lorenzo, additional, Paridi, Dominga, additional, Soliveri, Paola, additional, Tomasello, Chiara, additional, De Michele, Giuseppe, additional, Di Maio, Luigi, additional, Massarelli, Marco, additional, Peluso, Silvio, additional, Roca, Alessandro, additional, Russo, Cinzia Valeria, additional, Salvatore, Elena, additional, Sorrentino, Pierpaolo, additional, Amico, Enrico, additional, Favellato, Mariagrazia, additional, Griguoli, Annamaria, additional, Mazzante, Irene, additional, Petrollini, Martina, additional, Squitieri, Ferdinando, additional, D'Alessio, Barbara, additional, Esposito, Chiara, additional, Bentivoglio, Rita, additional, Frontali, Marina, additional, Guidubaldi, Arianna, additional, Ialongo, Tamara, additional, Jacopini, Gioia, additional, Piano, Carla, additional, Romano, Silvia, additional, Soleti, Francesco, additional, Spadaro, Maria, additional, van Hout, Monique S.E., additional, Verhoeven, Marloes E., additional, van Vugt, Jeroen P.P., additional, de Weert, A. Marit, additional, Bolwijn, J.J.W., additional, Dekker, M., additional, Kremer, B., additional, Leenders, K.L., additional, van Oostrom, J.C.H., additional, van den Bogaard, Simon J.A., additional, Dumas, Eve M., additional, 't Hart, Ellen P., additional, Kremer, Berry, additional, Verstappen, C.C.P., additional, Aaserud, Olaf, additional, C, Jan Frich, additional, Wehus, Ragnhild, additional, Bjørgo, Kathrine, additional, Fannemel, Madeleine, additional, Gørvell, Per F., additional, Lorentzen, Eirin, additional, Retterstøl, Lars, additional, Stokke, Bodil, additional, Bjørnevoll, Inga, additional, Sando, Sigrid Botne, additional, Dziadkiewicz, Artur, additional, Nowak, Malgorzata, additional, Robowski, Piotr, additional, Sitek, Emilia, additional, Slawek, Jaroslaw, additional, Soltan, Witold, additional, Szinwelski, Michal, additional, Blaszcyk, Magdalena, additional, Boczarska-Jedynak, Magdalena, additional, Ciach-Wysocka, Ewelina, additional, Gorzkowska, Agnieszka, additional, Jasinska-Myga, Barbara, additional, Klodowska-Duda, Gabriela, additional, Opala, Gregorz, additional, Stompel, Daniel, additional, Banaszkiewicz, Krzysztof, additional, Bocwinska, Dorota, additional, Bojakowska-Jaremek, Kamila, additional, Dec, Malgorzata, additional, Krawczyk, Malgorzata, additional, Rudzinska, Monika, additional, Szczygiel, Elzbieta, additional, Szczudlik, Andrzej, additional, Wasielewska, Anna, additional, Wójcik, Magdalena, additional, Bryl, Anna, additional, Ciesielska, Anna, additional, Klimberg, Aneta, additional, Marcinkowski, Jerzy, additional, Samara, Husam, additional, Sempolowicz, Justyna, additional, Gogol, Anna, additional, Janik, Piotr, additional, Kwiecinski, Hubert, additional, Jamrozik, Zygmunt, additional, Antczak, Jakub, additional, Jachinska, Katarzyna, additional, Krysa, Wioletta, additional, Rakowicz, Maryla, additional, Richter, Przemyslaw, additional, Rola, Rafal, additional, Ryglewicz, Danuta, additional, Sienkiewicz-Jarosz, Halina, additional, Stepniak, Iwona, additional, Sulek, Anna, additional, Zdzienicka, Elzbieta, additional, Zieora-Jakutowicz, Karolina, additional, Ferreira, Joaquim J, additional, Coelho, Miguel, additional, Mendes, Tiago, additional, Valadas, Anabela, additional, Andrade, Carlos, additional, Gago, Miguel, additional, Garrett, Carolina, additional, Guerra, Maria Rosália, additional, Herrera, Carmen Durán, additional, Garcia, Patrocinio Moreno, additional, Barbera, Miquel Aguilar, additional, Guia, Dolors Badenes, additional, Hernanz, Laura Casas, additional, Catena, Judit López, additional, Ferrer, Pilar Quiléz, additional, Sebastián, Ana Rojo, additional, Carruesco, Gemma Tome, additional, Bas, Jordi, additional, Busquets, Núria, additional, Calopa, Matilde, additional, Robert, Misericordia Floriach, additional, Viladrich, Celia Mareca, additional, Idiago, Jesús Miguel Ruiz, additional, Riballo, Antonio Villa, additional, Cubo, Esther, additional, Polo, Cecilia Gil, additional, Mariscal, Natividad, additional, Rivadeneyra, Perez Jessica, additional, Barrero, Francisco, additional, Morales, Blas, additional, Fenollar, María, additional, García, Rocío García-Ramos, additional, Ortega, Paloma, additional, Villanueva, Clara, additional, Alegre, Javier, additional, Bascuñana, Mónica, additional, Caldentey, Juan Garcia, additional, Ventura, Marta Fatás, additional, Ribas, Guillermo García, additional, de Yébenes, Justo García, additional, Moreno, José Luis López-Sendón, additional, Frech, Fernando Alonso, additional, Ruíz, Pedro J García, additional, Martínez-Descals, Asunción, additional, Guerrero, Rosa, additional, Artiga, María José Saiz, additional, Sánchez, Vicenta, additional, Perea, María Fuensanta Noguera, additional, Fortuna, Lorenza, additional, Manzanares, Salvadora, additional, Reinante, Gema, additional, Torres, María Martirio Antequera, additional, Moreau, Laura Vivancos, additional, González González, Sonia, additional, Guisasola, Luis Menéndez, additional, Salvador, Carlos, additional, Martín, Esther Suaréz San, additional, Ramirez, Inés Legarda, additional, Gorospe, Aranzazú, additional, Lopera, Mónica Rodriguez, additional, Arques, Penelope Navas, additional, Rodríguez, María José Torres, additional, Pastor, Barbara Vives, additional, Gaston, Itziar, additional, Martinez-Jaurrieta, Maria Dolores, additional, Moreno, Jose Manuel Garcia, additional, Lucena, Carolina Mendez, additional, Damas, Fatima, additional, Cortegana, Hermoso Eva Pacheco, additional, Peña, José Chacón, additional, Redondo, Luis, additional, Carrillo, Fátima, additional, Teresa Cáceres, María, additional, Mir, Pablo, additional, Suarez, María José Lama, additional, Vargas-González, Laura, additional, Bosca, Maria E., additional, Brugada, Francisco Castera, additional, Burguera, Juan Andres, additional, Campos, Anabel, additional, Vilaplana, Garcia Carmen Peiró, additional, Berglund, Peter, additional, Constantinescu, Radu, additional, Fredlund, Gunnel, additional, Høsterey-Ugander, Ulrika, additional, Linnsand, Petra, additional, Neleborn-Lingefjärd, Liselotte, additional, Wentzel, Magnus, additional, Loutfi, Ghada, additional, Olofsson, Carina, additional, Stattin, Eva-Lena, additional, Westman, Laila, additional, Wikström, Birgitta, additional, Stebler, Yanik, additional, Kaelin, Alain, additional, Romero, Irene, additional, Schüpbach, Michael, additional, Weber Zaugg, Sabine, additional, Hauer, Maria, additional, Gonzenbach, Roman, additional, Jung, Hans H., additional, Mihaylova, Violeta, additional, Petersen, Jens, additional, Jack, Roisin, additional, Matheson, Kirsty, additional, Miedzybrodzka, Zosia, additional, Rae, Daniela, additional, Simpson, Sheila A, additional, Summers, Fiona, additional, Ure, Alexandra, additional, Vaughan, Vivien, additional, Akhtar, Shahbana, additional, Crooks, Jenny, additional, Curtis, Adrienne, additional, de Souza, Jenny, additional, Piedad, John, additional, Rickards, Hugh, additional, Wright, Jan, additional, Coulthard, Elizabeth, additional, Gethin, Louise, additional, Hayward, Beverley, additional, Sieradzan, Kasia, additional, Armstrong, Matthew, additional, Barker, Roger A., additional, O'Keefe, Deidre, additional, Di Pietro, Anna, additional, Fisher, Kate, additional, Goodman, Anna, additional, Hill, Susan, additional, Kershaw, Ann, additional, Mason, Sarah, additional, Paterson, Nicole, additional, Raymond, Lucy, additional, Swain, Rachel, additional, Guzman, Natalie Valle, additional, Busse, Monica, additional, Butcher, Cynthia, additional, Clenaghan, Catherine, additional, Hunt, Sarah, additional, Jones, Una, additional, Khalil, Hanan, additional, Owen, Michael, additional, Price, Kathleen, additional, Rosser, Anne, additional, Edwards, Maureen, additional, Ho, Carrie, additional, Hughes, Teresa, additional, McGill, Marie, additional, Pearson, Pauline, additional, Porteous, Mary, additional, Smith, Paul, additional, Brockie, Peter, additional, Foster, Jillian, additional, Johns, Nicola, additional, McKenzie, Sue, additional, Rothery, Jean, additional, Thomas, Gareth, additional, Yates, Shona, additional, Burrows, Liz, additional, Chu, Carol, additional, Fletcher, Amy, additional, Gallantrae, Deena, additional, Hamer, Stephanie, additional, Harding, Alison, additional, Klöppel, Stefan, additional, Kraus, Alison, additional, Laver, Fiona, additional, Lewis, Monica, additional, Longthorpe, Mandy, additional, Markova, Ivana, additional, Raman, Ashok, additional, Robertson, Nicola, additional, Silva, Mark, additional, Thomson, Aileen, additional, Wild, Sue, additional, Yardumian, Pam, additional, Evans, Carole, additional, Gallentrae, Deena, additional, Hobson, Emma, additional, Jamieson, Stuart, additional, Musgrave, Hannah, additional, Rowett, Liz, additional, Toscano, Jean, additional, Bourne, Colin, additional, Clapton, Jackie, additional, Clayton, Carole, additional, Dipple, Heather, additional, Freire-Patino, Dawn, additional, Grant, Janet, additional, Gross, Diana, additional, Hallam, Caroline, additional, Middleton, Julia, additional, Murch, Ann, additional, Thompson, Catherine, additional, Alusi, Sundus, additional, Davies, Rhys, additional, Foy, Kevin, additional, Gerrans, Emily, additional, Pate, Louise, additional, Andrews, Thomasin, additional, Dougherty, Andrew, additional, Golding, Charlotte, additional, Kavalier, Fred, additional, Laing, Hana, additional, Lashwood, Alison, additional, Robertson, Dene, additional, Ruddy, Deborah, additional, Santhouse, Alastair, additional, Whaite, Anna, additional, Bruno, Stefania, additional, Doherty, Karen, additional, Haider, Salman, additional, Hensman, Davina, additional, Lahiri, Nayana, additional, Novak, Marianne, additional, Patel, Aakta, additional, Rosser, Elisabeth, additional, Taylor, Rachel, additional, Warner, Thomas, additional, Wild, Edward, additional, Arran, Natalie, additional, Bek, Judith, additional, Craufurd, David, additional, Hare, Marianne, additional, Howard, Liz, additional, Huson, Susan, additional, Johnson, Liz, additional, Jones, Mary, additional, Murphy, Helen, additional, Oughton, Emma, additional, Partington-Jones, Lucy, additional, Rogers, Dawn, additional, Sollom, Andrea, additional, Snowden, Julie, additional, Stopford, Cheryl, additional, Thompson, Jennifer, additional, Trender-Gerhard, Iris, additional, Verstraelen, Nichola, additional, Westmoreland, Leann, additional, Armstrong, Richard, additional, Dixon, Kathryn, additional, Nemeth, Andrea H, additional, Siuda, Gill, additional, Valentine, Ruth, additional, Harrison, David, additional, Hughes, Max, additional, Parkinson, Andrew, additional, Soltysiak, Beverley, additional, Bandmann, Oliver, additional, Bradbury, Alyson, additional, Gill, Paul, additional, Fairtlough, Helen, additional, Fillingham, Kay, additional, Foustanos, Isabella, additional, Kazoka, Mbombe, additional, O'Donovan, Kirsty, additional, Taylor, Cat, additional, Tidswell, Katherine, additional, Quarrell, Oliver, additional, Lau, Puay Ngoh, additional, Pica, Emmanul, additional, and Tan, Louis, additional

Published
2017
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26. Defining active progressive multiple sclerosis

Author

Sellebjerg, Finn, primary, Börnsen, Lars, additional, Ammitzbøll, Cecilie, additional, Nielsen, Jørgen Erik, additional, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, additional, Hjermind, Lena Elisabeth, additional, von Essen, Marina, additional, Ratzer, Rikke Lenhard, additional, Soelberg Sørensen, Per, additional, and Romme Christensen, Jeppe, additional

Published
2017
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29. Social Cognition, Executive Functions and Self-Report of Psychological Distress in Huntington's Disease

Author

Larsen, Ida Unmack, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Nielsen, Jørgen Erik, Gade, Anders, Vogel, Asmus, Larsen, Ida Unmack, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Nielsen, Jørgen Erik, Gade, Anders, and Vogel, Asmus

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Huntington's disease (HD) is characterized by motor symptoms, psychiatric symptoms and cognitive impairment in, inter alia, executive functions and social cognition. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between subjective feeling of psychological distress using a self-report questionnaire and performances on tests of executive functions and social cognition in a large consecutive cohort of HD patients.METHOD: 50 manifest HD patients were tested in social cognition and executive functions and each answered a self-report questionnaire about current status of perceived psychological distress (the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R)). Correlation analyses of test performance and SCL-90-R scores were made as well as stepwise linear regression analyses with the SCL-90-R GSI score and test performances as dependent variables.RESULTS: We found that less psychological distress was significantly associated with worse performances on social cognitive tests (mean absolute correlation .34) and that there were no significant correlations between perceived psychological distress and performance on tests of executive functions. The correlations between perceived psychological distress and performance on social cognitive tests remained significant after controlling for age, Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale-99 total motor score and performance on tests of executive functions.CONCLUSIONS: Based on previous findings that insight and apathy are closely connected and may be mediated by overlapping neuroanatomical networks involving the prefrontal cortex and frontostriatal circuits, we speculate that apathy/and or impaired insight may offer an explanation for the correlation between self-report of psychological distress and performance on social cognitive tests in this study.

Published
2016

30. Selected CSF biomarkers indicate no evidence of early neuroinflammation in Huntington disease

Author

Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Börnsen, Lars Svend, Budtz-Jorgensen, Esben, Ammitzboll, Cecilie, Larsen, Ida U., Hjermind, Lena E., Sellebjerg, Finn, Nielsen, Jorgen E., Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Börnsen, Lars Svend, Budtz-Jorgensen, Esben, Ammitzboll, Cecilie, Larsen, Ida U., Hjermind, Lena E., Sellebjerg, Finn, and Nielsen, Jorgen E.

Abstract

Objective: To investigate CSF biomarkers of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in Huntington disease (HD) gene-expansion carriers compared to controls and to investigate these biomarkers in association with clinical HD rating scales and disease burden score. Methods: We collected CSF from 32 premanifest and 48 manifest HD gene-expansion carriers and 24 gene-expansion negative at-risk controls. We examined biomarkers of neuroinflammation (matrix metalloproteinase 9, C-X-C motif chemokine 13, terminal complement complex, chitinase-3-like-protein 1 [CHI3L1], and osteopontin [OPN]) and neurodegeneration (microtubule-associated protein tau, neurofilament light polypeptide [NFL], and myelin basic protein [MBP]). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Capital Region of Denmark (H2-2011-085) and written informed consent was obtained from each participant before enrollment. Results: NFL was the only biomarker that increased in premanifest stages and no evidence of early involvement of neuroinflammation in HD was found. However, we found that the biomarkers for neurodegeneration, MBP and tau, increased during the disease course in manifest HD gene-expansion carriers and were associated with an increase of the neuroinflammation biomarkers CHI3L1 and OPN. Tau was also increased in all gene-expansion carriers with psychiatric symptoms compared to gene-expansion carriers without psychiatric symptoms. Conclusions: Neuroinflammation, which seems not to be an early event in our cohort, may be secondary to neurodegeneration in late HD. NFL is a possible disease burden correlate in HD, reflecting neuronal loss even before motor symptom onset, and may be useful as a dynamic biomarker in intervention studies.

Published
2016

31. Personality Traits in Huntington's Disease:An Exploratory Study of Gene Expansion Carriers and Non-Carriers

Author

Larsen, Ida Unmack, Mortensen, Erik Lykke, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Nielsen, Jørgen Erik, Knudsen, Gitte Moos, Vogel, Asmus, Larsen, Ida Unmack, Mortensen, Erik Lykke, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Nielsen, Jørgen Erik, Knudsen, Gitte Moos, and Vogel, Asmus

Abstract

Huntington's disease (HD) is associated with risk for developing psychiatric symptoms. Vulnerability or resilience to psychiatric symptoms may be associated with personality traits. This exploratory study, aimed to investigate personality traits in a large cohort of HD carriers and at risk gene-expansion negative individuals (HD non-carriers), exploring whether carrying the HD gene or growing up in an HD family influences personality traits. Forty-seven HD carriers, Thirty-nine HD non-carriers, and 121 healthy controls answered the Danish version of the revised NEO personality inventory. Comparisons between HD carriers and HD non-carriers were mostly non-significant but the combined group of HD carriers and non-carriers showed significantly higher scores on the facets: “hostility,” “assertiveness,” and “activity” and on the trait “Conscientiousness” relative to controls, “Conscientiousness” have been associated with resilience to psychiatric symptoms. Twelve HD carriers and non-carriers were classified as depressed and showed significantly lower scores on “Extraversion” and “Conscientiousness” and significantly higher scores on “Neuroticism,” which are associated with vulnerability to psychiatric symptoms. Our findings suggest that, there is no direct effect of the HD gene on personality traits, but that personality assessment may be relevant to use when identifying individuals from HD families who are vulnerable to develop psychiatric symptoms., Huntington's disease (HD) is associated with risk for developing psychiatric symptoms. Vulnerability or resilience to psychiatric symptoms may be associated with personality traits. This exploratory study, aimed to investigate personality traits in a large cohort of HD carriers and at risk gene-expansion negative individuals (HD non-carriers), exploring whether carrying the HD gene or growing up in an HD family influences personality traits. Forty-seven HD carriers, Thirty-nine HD non-carriers, and 121 healthy controls answered the Danish version of the revised NEO personality inventory. Comparisons between HD carriers and HD non-carriers were mostly non-significant but the combined group of HD carriers and non-carriers showed significantly higher scores on the facets: “hostility,” “assertiveness,” and “activity” and on the trait “Conscientiousness” relative to controls, “Conscientiousness” have been associated with resilience to psychiatric symptoms. Twelve HD carriers and non-carriers were classified as depressed and showed significantly lower scores on “Extraversion” and “Conscientiousness” and significantly higher scores on “Neuroticism,” which are associated with vulnerability to psychiatric symptoms. Our findings suggest that, there is no direct effect of the HD gene on personality traits, but that personality assessment may be relevant to use when identifying individuals from HD families who are vulnerable to develop psychiatric symptoms.

Published
2016

32. Liver function in Huntington's disease assessed by blood biochemical analyses in a clinical setting

Author

Nielsen, Signe Marie Borch, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Nielsen, Jørgen E., Nørremølle, Anne, Hasholt, Lis, Hjermind, Lena E., Josefsen, Knud, Nielsen, Signe Marie Borch, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Nielsen, Jørgen E., Nørremølle, Anne, Hasholt, Lis, Hjermind, Lena E., and Josefsen, Knud

Abstract

Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited, progressive neurological disorder caused by a CAG repeat elongation in the huntingtin gene. In addition to motor-, psychiatric- A nd cognitive dysfunction, peripheral disease manifestations in the form of metabolic changes and cellular dysfunction are seen. Blood levels of a wide range of hormones, metabolites and proteins have been analyzed in HD patients, identifying several changes associated with the disease. However, a comprehensive panel of liver function tests (LFT) has not been performed. We investigated a cohort of manifest and premanifest HD gene-expansion carriers and controls, using a clinically applied panel of LFTs. Here, we demonstrate that the level of alkaline phosphatase is increased in manifest HD gene-expansion carriers compared to premanifest HD gene-expansion carriers and correlate with increased disease severity indicated by the Unified Huntington's disease rating scale-Total Functional Capacity Score (UHDRS-TFC). For gamma-glutamyl transferase, elevated levels were more frequent in the manifest groups than in both the HD gene-expansion negative controls and premanifest HD gene-expansion carriers. Finally, the manifest HD gene-expansion carriers displayed moderate increases in total cholesterol and blood glucose relative to the premanifest HD gene-expansion carriers, as well as increased C-reactive protein relative to HD gene-expansion negative controls. Our results show that LFT values are elevated more frequently in manifest compared to premanifest HD gene-expansion carriers and controls. The majority of the manifest HD gene-expansion carriers receive medication, and it is possible that this can influence the liver function tests performed in this study.

Published
2016

33. Do I misconstrue?:Sarcasm detection, emotion recognition, and Theory of Mind in Huntington disease

Author

Larsen, Ida Unmack, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Gade, Anders, Nielsen, Jørgen Erik, Vogel, Asmus Mejling, Larsen, Ida Unmack, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Gade, Anders, Nielsen, Jørgen Erik, and Vogel, Asmus Mejling

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Emotion recognition has been widely studied in Huntington disease (HD), but only a few studies have investigated more complex social cognition and, when so, exclusively in manifest HD. The present study sought to investigate social-cognitive functions in a large, consecutive cohort of premanifest and manifest HD gene expansion carriers using tests assessing sarcasm detection, theory of mind (ToM), and emotion recognition. METHOD: Fifty manifest, 50 premanifest HD gene expansion carriers, and 39 at risk gene expansion negative healthy controls were included. All participants were tested with sarcasm detection, ToM, and emotion recognition tasks. Between-group comparisons of test performances and correlation analyses of test performances and disease burden scores were made. RESULTS: Group comparisons showed significant differences in performances on the social-cognitive tests between manifest HD gene expansion carriers and healthy controls, but differences in performances between premanifest HD gene expansion carriers and healthy controls were not statistically significant. Correlation analysis showed that the worse test performances were associated with higher disease burden scores in all HD gene expansion carriers. CONCLUSION: Our findings support a theory of impaired social-cognitive functions in the early stages of HD. Test performances decreased with increasing disease burden in all HD gene expansion carriers, suggesting that social-cognitive tests may be useful for tracking disease progression. Simple emotion recognition tasks are just as sensitive for measuring social-cognitive deficits as more complex measures, but knowledge of the quality of social-cognitive impairments in HD can be of great importance to both patients and caregivers.

Published
2016

36. SCA28: Novel Mutation in the AFG3L2 Proteolytic Domain Causes a Mild Cerebellar Syndrome with Selective Type-1 Muscle Fiber Atrophy

Author

Svenstrup, Kirsten, primary, Nielsen, Troels Tolstrup, additional, Aidt, Frederik, additional, Rostgaard, Nina, additional, Duno, Morten, additional, Wibrand, Flemming, additional, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, additional, Law, Ian, additional, Vissing, John, additional, Roos, Peter, additional, Hjermind, Lena Elisabeth, additional, and Nielsen, Jørgen Erik, additional

Published
2016
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39. Assessing Impairment of Executive Function and Psychomotor Speed in Premanifest and Manifest Huntington's Disease Gene-expansion Carriers

Author

Unmack Larsen, Ida, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Gade, Anders, Nielsen, Jørgen Erik, Vogel, Asmus, Unmack Larsen, Ida, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Gade, Anders, Nielsen, Jørgen Erik, and Vogel, Asmus

Abstract

Executive functions (EF) and psychomotor speed (PMS) has been widely studied in Huntington's disease (HD). Most studies have focused on finding markers of disease progression by comparing group means at different disease stages. Our aim was to investigate performances on nine measures of EF and PMS in a group of premanifest and manifest HD-gene expansion carriers and to investigate which measures were most sensitive for assessment of individual patients by analyzing frequencies of impaired performances relative to healthy controls. We recruited HD gene-expansion carriers, 48 manifest and 50 premanifest and as controls 39 healthy gene-expansion negative individuals. All participants underwent neurological examination and neuropsychological testing with nine cognitive measures. The frequency of impairment was investigated using cutoff scores. In group comparisons the manifest HD gene-expansion carriers scored significantly worse than controls on all tests and in classification of individual scores the majority of scores were classified as probably impaired (10th percentile) or impaired (5th percentile) with Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) being the most frequently impaired. Group comparisons of premanifest HD gene-expansion carriers and healthy controls showed significant differences on SDMT and Alternating fluency tests. Nevertheless the frequencies of probably impaired and impaired scores on individual tests were markedly higher for Alternating and Lexical fluency tests than for SDMT. We found distinct group differences in frequency of impairment on measures of EF and PMS in manifest and premanifest HD gene-expansion carriers. Our results indicate to what degree these measures can be expected to be clinically impaired. (JINS, 2015, 21, 1-10).

Published
2015

41. A clinical classification acknowledging neuropsychiatric and cognitive impairment in Huntingtons disease

Author

Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Larsen, Ida U, Hjermind, Lena E, Budtz-Jørgensen, Esben, Nielsen, Troels T, Nørremølle, Anne, Nielsen, Jørgen E, Vogel, Asmus, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Larsen, Ida U, Hjermind, Lena E, Budtz-Jørgensen, Esben, Nielsen, Troels T, Nørremølle, Anne, Nielsen, Jørgen E, and Vogel, Asmus

Abstract

BackgroundInvoluntary movements, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and cognitive impairment are all part of the symptom triad in Huntington¿s disease (HD). Despite the fact that neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive decline may be early manifestations of HD, the clinical diagnosis is conventionally based on the presence of involuntary movements and a positive genetic test for the HD CAG repeat expansion. After investigating the frequencies of the triad manifestations in a large outpatient clinical cohort of HD gene-expansion carriers, we propose a new clinical classification.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 107 gene-expansion carriers from a Danish outpatient clinic were recruited. All participants underwent neurological examination, psychiatric evaluation and neuropsychological testing. Participants were categorised according to motor symptoms, neuropsychiatric symptoms, the use of psychotropic medication, and cognitive impairment.ResultsAmong the motor manifest HD gene-expansion carriers, 51.8% presented with the full symptom triad, 25.0% were defined as cognitively impaired in addition to motor symptoms, and 14.3% had neuropsychiatric symptoms along with motor symptoms. Only 8.9% had isolated motor symptoms. Among gene-expansion carriers without motor symptoms, 39.2% had neuropsychiatric symptoms, were cognitively impaired, or had a combination of the two.ConclusionThis is the first study to report the frequencies of both motor symptoms, cognitive impairment, and neuropsychiatric symptoms in HD gene-expansion carriers in a national outpatient HD clinical cohort. We found that almost 40% of the gene-expansion carriers without motor symptoms had either neuropsychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment or both, emphasising that these patients are not premanifest in psychiatric and cognitive terms, suggesting that the current clinical classification is neither necessarily suitable nor helpful for this patient group. Some premanifest gene-expansion carriers may have

Published
2014

42. Reduction in mitochondrial DNA copy number in peripheral leukocytes after onset of Huntington's disease

Author

Petersen, Maria Hvidberg, Budtz-Jørgensen, Esben, Sørensen, Sven Asger, Nielsen, Jørgen Erik, Hjermind, Lena Elisabeth, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Nielsen, Signe Marie Borch, Nørremølle, Anne, Petersen, Maria Hvidberg, Budtz-Jørgensen, Esben, Sørensen, Sven Asger, Nielsen, Jørgen Erik, Hjermind, Lena Elisabeth, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Nielsen, Signe Marie Borch, and Nørremølle, Anne

Abstract

Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterised by movement disorder, cognitive symptoms and psychiatric symptoms with predominantly adult-onset. The mutant huntingtin protein leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in blood leukocytes. This discovery led to the investigation of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number relative to nuclear DNA (nDNA) in leukocytes from carriers of the HD mutation compared to healthy individuals. We found significantly reduced mtDNA/nDNA in HD mutation carriers compared to controls. A longitudinal study of archive DNA sample pairs from HD patients revealed a biphasic pattern of increasing mtDNA/nDNA before onset of motor symptoms and decreasing mtDNA/nDNA after.

Published
2014

46. Germ-line CAG repeat instability causes extreme CAG repeat expansion with infantile-onset spinocerebellar ataxia type 2

Author

Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Ek, Jakob, Duno, Morten, Skovby, Flemming, Hjermind, Lena E, Nielsen, Jørgen E, Nielsen, Troels Tolstrup, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Ek, Jakob, Duno, Morten, Skovby, Flemming, Hjermind, Lena E, Nielsen, Jørgen E, and Nielsen, Troels Tolstrup

Abstract

The spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) are a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of diseases, characterized by dominant inheritance, progressive cerebellar ataxia and diverse extracerebellar symptoms. A subgroup of the ataxias is caused by unstable CAG-repeat expansions in their respective genes leading to pathogenic expansions of polyglutamine stretches in the encoded proteins. In general, unstable CAG repeats have an uninterrupted CAG repeat, whereas stable CAG repeats are either short or interrupted by CAA codons, which - like CAG codons - code for glutamine. Here we report on an infantile SCA2 patient who, due to germ-line CAG repeat instability in her father, inherited an extremely expanded CAG repeat in the SCA2 locus. Surprisingly, the expanded allele of the father was an interrupted CAG repeat sequence. Furthermore, analyses of single spermatozoa showed a high frequency of paternal germ-line repeat sequence instability of the expanded SCA2 locus.European Journal of Human Genetics advance online publication, 10 October 2012; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2012.231.

Published
2013

50. Identification of genetic variants associated with Huntington's disease progression

Author

Davina J Hensman Moss, Antonio F Pardiñas, Douglas Langbehn, Kitty Lo, Blair R Leavitt, Raymund Roos, Alexandra Durr, Simon Mead, Peter Holmans, Lesley Jones, Sarah J Tabrizi, A Coleman, R Dar Santos, J Decolongon, A Sturrock, E Bardinet, C Jauff Ret, D Justo, S Lehericy, C Marelli, K Nigaud, R Valabrègue, SJA van den Bogaard, E M Dumas, J van der Grond, EP t'Hart, C Jurgens, M-N Witjes-Ane, N Arran, J Callaghan, C Stopford, C Frost, R Jones, N Hobbs, N Lahiri, R Ordidge, G Owen, T Pepple, J Read, M Say, E Wild, A Patel, N C Fox, C Gibbard, I Malone, H Crawford, D Whitehead, S Keenan, D M Cash, C Berna, N Bechtel, S Bohlen, A Hoff Man, P Kraus, E Axelson, C Wang, T Acharya, S Lee, W Monaco, C Campbell, S Queller, K Whitlock, M Campbell, E Frajman, C Milchman, A O'Regan, I Labuschagne, J Stout, B Landwehrmeyer, D Craufurd, R Scahill, S Hicks, C Kennard, H Johnson, A Tobin, HD Rosas, R Reilmann, B Borowsky, C Pourchot, S C Andrews, Anne-Catherine Bachoud-Lévi, Anna Rita Bentivoglio, Ida Biunno, Raphael Bonelli, Jean-Marc Burgunder, Stephen Dunnett, Joaquim Ferreira, Olivia Handley, Arvid Heiberg, Torsten Illmann, G. Bernhard Landwehrmeyer, Jamie Levey, Maria A. Ramos-Arroyo, Jørgen Nielsen, Susana Pro Koivisto, Markku Päivärinta, Raymund A.C. Roos, A Rojo Sebastián, Sarah Tabrizi, Wim Vandenberghe, Christine Verellen-Dumoulin, Tereza Uhrova, Jan Wahlström, Jacek Zaremba, Verena Baake, Katrin Barth, Monica Bascuñana Garde, Sabrina Betz, Reineke Bos, Jenny Callaghan, Adrien Come, Leonor Correia Guedes, Daniel Ecker, Ana Maria Finisterra, Ruth Fullam, Mette Gilling, Lena Gustafsson, Olivia J Handley, Carina Hvalstedt, Christine Held, Kerstin Koppers, Claudia Lamanna, Matilde Laurà, Asunción Martínez Descals, Saül Martinez-Horta, Tiago Mestre, Sara Minster, Daniela Monza, Lisanne Mütze, Martin Oehmen, Michael Orth, Hélène Padieu, Laurent Paterski, Nadia Peppa, Martina Di Renzo, Amandine Rialland, Niini Røren, Pavla Šašinková, Erika Timewell, Jenny Townhill, Patricia Trigo Cubillo, Wildson Vieira da Silva, Marleen R van Walsem, Carina Whalstedt, Marie-Noelle Witjes-Ané, Grzegorz Witkowski, Abigail Wright, Daniel Zielonka, Eugeniusz Zielonka, Paola Zinzi, Raphael M. Bonelli, Sabine Lilek, Karen Hecht, Brigitte Herranhof, Anna Holl, Hans-Peter Kapfhammer, Michael Koppitz, Markus Magnet, Nicole Müller, Daniela Otti, Annamaria Painold, Karin Reisinger, Monika Scheibl, Helmut Schöggl, Jasmin Ullah, Eva-Maria Braunwarth, Florian Brugger, Lisa Buratti, Eva-Maria Hametner, Caroline Hepperger, Christiane Holas, Anna Hotter, Anna Hussl, Christoph Müller, Werner Poewe, Klaus Seppi, Fabienne Sprenger, Gregor Wenning, Andrea Boogaerts, Godelinde Calmeyn, Isabelle Delvaux, Dirk Liessens, Nele Somers, Michel Dupuit, Cécile Minet, Dominique van Paemel, Pascale Ribaï, Dimphna van Reijen, Jirí Klempír, Veronika Majerová, Jan Roth, Irena Stárková, Lena E. Hjermind, Oda Jacobsen, Jørgen E. Nielsen, Ida Unmack Larsen, Tua Vinther-Jensen, Heli Hiivola, Hannele Hyppönen, Kirsti Martikainen, Katri Tuuha, Philippe Allain, Dominique Bonneau, Marie Bost, Bénédicte Gohier, Marie-Anne Guérid, Audrey Olivier, Adriana Prundean, Clarisse Scherer-Gagou, Christophe Verny, Blandine Babiloni, Sabrina Debruxelles, Charlotte Duché, Cyril Goizet, Laetitia Jameau, Danielle Lafoucrière, Umberto Spampinato, Rekha Barthélémy, Christelle De Bruycker, Maryline Cabaret Anne-Sophie Carette, Eric Decorte Luc Defebvre, Marie Delliaux, Arnaud Delval, Alain Destee, Kathy Dujardin, Marie-Hélène Lemaire, Sylvie Manouvrier, Mireille Peter, Lucie Plomhouse, Bernard Sablonnière, Clémence Simonin, Stéphanie Thibault-Tanchou, Isabelle Vuillaume, Marcellin Bellonet, Hassan Berrissoul, Stéphanie Blin, Françoise Courtin, Cécile Duru, Véronique Fasquel, Olivier Godefroy, Pierre Krystkowiak, Béatrice Mantaux, Martine Roussel, Sandrine Wannepain, Jean-Philippe Azulay, Marie Delfini, Alexandre Eusebio, Frédérique Fluchere, Laura Mundler, Mathieu Anheim, Celine Julié, Ouhaid Lagha Boukbiza, Nadine Longato, Gabrielle Rudolf, Christine Tranchant, Marie-Agathe Zimmermann, Christoph Michael Kosinski, Eva Milkereit, Daniela Probst, Kathrin Reetz, Christian Sass, Johannes Schiefer, Christiane Schlangen, Cornelius J. Werner, Harald Gelderblom, Josef Priller, Harald Prüß, Eike Jakob Spruth, Gisa Ellrichmann, Lennard Herrmann, Rainer Hoffmann, Barbara Kaminski, Peter Kotz, Christian Prehn, Carsten Saft, Herwig Lange, Robert Maiwald, Matthias Löhle, Antonia Maass, Simone Schmidt, Cecile Bosredon, Alexander Storch, Annett Wolz, Martin Wolz, Philipp Capetian, Johann Lambeck, Birgit Zucker, Kai Boelmans, Christos Ganos, Walburgis Heinicke, Ute Hidding, Jan Lewerenz, Alexander Münchau, Jenny Schmalfeld, Lars Stubbe, Simone Zittel, Gabriele Diercks, Dirk Dressler, Heike Gorzolla, Christoph Schrader, Pawel Tacik, Michael Ribbat, Bernhard Longinus, Katrin Bürk, Jens Carsten Möller, Ida Rissling, Mark Mühlau, Alexander Peinemann, Michael Städtler, Adolf Weindl, Juliane Winkelmann, Cornelia Ziegler, Natalie Bechtel, Heike Beckmann, Stefan Bohlen, Eva Hölzner, Ralf Reilmann, Stefanie Rohm, Silke Rumpf, Sigrun Schepers, Natalia Weber, Matthias Dose, Gabriele Leythäuser, Ralf Marquard, Tina Raab, Alexandra Wiedemann, Andrea Buck, Julia Connemann, Carolin Geitner, Andrea Kesse, Bernhard Landwehrmeyer, Christina Lang, Franziska Lezius, Solveig Nepper, Anke Niess, Ariane Schneider, Daniela Schwenk, Sigurd Süßmuth, Sonja Trautmann, Patrick Weydt, Claudia Cormio, Vittorio Sciruicchio, Claudia Serpino, Marina de Tommaso, Sabina Capellari, Pietro Cortelli, Roberto Galassi, Giovanni Rizzo, Roberto Poda, Cesa Scaglione, Elisabetta Bertini, Elena Ghelli, Andrea Ginestroni, Francesca Massaro, Claudia Mechi, Marco Paganini, Silvia Piacentini, Silvia Pradella, Anna Maria Romoli, Sandro Sorbi, Giovanni Abbruzzese, Monica Bandettini di Poggio, Giovanna Ferrandes, Paola Mandich, Roberta Marchese, Alberto Albanese, Daniela Di Bella, Anna Castaldo, Stefano Di Donato, Cinzia Gellera, Silvia Genitrini, Caterina Mariotti, Lorenzo Nanetti, Dominga Paridi, Paola Soliveri, Chiara Tomasello, Giuseppe De Michele, Luigi Di Maio, Marco Massarelli, Silvio Peluso, Alessandro Roca, Cinzia Valeria Russo, Elena Salvatore, Pierpaolo Sorrentino, Enrico Amico, Mariagrazia Favellato, Annamaria Griguoli, Irene Mazzante, Martina Petrollini, Ferdinando Squitieri, Barbara D'Alessio, Chiara Esposito, Rita Bentivoglio, Marina Frontali, Arianna Guidubaldi, Tamara Ialongo, Gioia Jacopini, Carla Piano, Silvia Romano, Francesco Soleti, Maria Spadaro, Monique S.E. van Hout, Marloes E. Verhoeven, Jeroen P.P. van Vugt, A. Marit de Weert, J.J.W. Bolwijn, M. Dekker, B. Kremer, K.L. Leenders, J.C.H. van Oostrom, Simon J.A. van den Bogaard, Eve M. Dumas, Ellen P. 't Hart, Berry Kremer, C.C.P. Verstappen, Olaf Aaserud, Jan Frich C, Ragnhild Wehus, Kathrine Bjørgo, Madeleine Fannemel, Per F. Gørvell, Eirin Lorentzen, Lars Retterstøl, Bodil Stokke, Inga Bjørnevoll, Sigrid Botne Sando, Artur Dziadkiewicz, Malgorzata Nowak, Piotr Robowski, Emilia Sitek, Jaroslaw Slawek, Witold Soltan, Michal Szinwelski, Magdalena Blaszcyk, Magdalena Boczarska-Jedynak, Ewelina Ciach-Wysocka, Agnieszka Gorzkowska, Barbara Jasinska-Myga, Gabriela Klodowska-Duda, Gregorz Opala, Daniel Stompel, Krzysztof Banaszkiewicz, Dorota Bocwinska, Kamila Bojakowska-Jaremek, Malgorzata Dec, Malgorzata Krawczyk, Monika Rudzinska, Elzbieta Szczygiel, Andrzej Szczudlik, Anna Wasielewska, Magdalena Wójcik, Anna Bryl, Anna Ciesielska, Aneta Klimberg, Jerzy Marcinkowski, Husam Samara, Justyna Sempolowicz, Anna Gogol, Piotr Janik, Hubert Kwiecinski, Zygmunt Jamrozik, Jakub Antczak, Katarzyna Jachinska, Wioletta Krysa, Maryla Rakowicz, Przemyslaw Richter, Rafal Rola, Danuta Ryglewicz, Halina Sienkiewicz-Jarosz, Iwona Stepniak, Anna Sulek, Elzbieta Zdzienicka, Karolina Zieora-Jakutowicz, Joaquim J Ferreira, Miguel Coelho, Tiago Mendes, Anabela Valadas, Carlos Andrade, Miguel Gago, Carolina Garrett, Maria Rosália Guerra, Carmen Durán Herrera, Patrocinio Moreno Garcia, Miquel Aguilar Barbera, Dolors Badenes Guia, Laura Casas Hernanz, Judit López Catena, Pilar Quiléz Ferrer, Ana Rojo Sebastián, Gemma Tome Carruesco, Jordi Bas, Núria Busquets, Matilde Calopa, Misericordia Floriach Robert, Celia Mareca Viladrich, Jesús Miguel Ruiz Idiago, Antonio Villa Riballo, Esther Cubo, Cecilia Gil Polo, Natividad Mariscal, Perez Jessica Rivadeneyra, Francisco Barrero, Blas Morales, María Fenollar, Rocío García-Ramos García, Paloma Ortega, Clara Villanueva, Javier Alegre, Mónica Bascuñana, Juan Garcia Caldentey, Marta Fatás Ventura, Guillermo García Ribas, Justo García de Yébenes, José Luis López-Sendón Moreno, Fernando Alonso Frech, Pedro J García Ruíz, Asunción Martínez-Descals, Rosa Guerrero, María José Saiz Artiga, Vicenta Sánchez, María Fuensanta Noguera Perea, Lorenza Fortuna, Salvadora Manzanares, Gema Reinante, María Martirio Antequera Torres, Laura Vivancos Moreau, Sonia González González, Luis Menéndez Guisasola, Carlos Salvador, Esther Suaréz San Martín, Inés Legarda Ramirez, Aranzazú Gorospe, Mónica Rodriguez Lopera, Penelope Navas Arques, María José Torres Rodríguez, Barbara Vives Pastor, Itziar Gaston, Maria Dolores Martinez-Jaurrieta, Jose Manuel Garcia Moreno, Carolina Mendez Lucena, Fatima Damas, Hermoso Eva Pacheco Cortegana, José Chacón Peña, Luis Redondo, Fátima Carrillo, María Teresa Cáceres, Pablo Mir, María José Lama Suarez, Laura Vargas-González, Maria E. Bosca, Francisco Castera Brugada, Juan Andres Burguera, Anabel Campos, Garcia Carmen Peiró Vilaplana, Peter Berglund, Radu Constantinescu, Gunnel Fredlund, Ulrika Høsterey-Ugander, Petra Linnsand, Liselotte Neleborn-Lingefjärd, Magnus Wentzel, Ghada Loutfi, Carina Olofsson, Eva-Lena Stattin, Laila Westman, Birgitta Wikström, Yanik Stebler, Alain Kaelin, Irene Romero, Michael Schüpbach, Sabine Weber Zaugg, Maria Hauer, Roman Gonzenbach, Hans H. Jung, Violeta Mihaylova, Jens Petersen, Roisin Jack, Kirsty Matheson, Zosia Miedzybrodzka, Daniela Rae, Sheila A Simpson, Fiona Summers, Alexandra Ure, Vivien Vaughan, Shahbana Akhtar, Jenny Crooks, Adrienne Curtis, Jenny de Souza, John Piedad, Hugh Rickards, Jan Wright, Elizabeth Coulthard, Louise Gethin, Beverley Hayward, Kasia Sieradzan, Matthew Armstrong, Roger A. Barker, Deidre O'Keefe, Anna Di Pietro, Kate Fisher, Anna Goodman, Susan Hill, Ann Kershaw, Sarah Mason, Nicole Paterson, Lucy Raymond, Rachel Swain, Natalie Valle Guzman, Monica Busse, Cynthia Butcher, Catherine Clenaghan, Sarah Hunt, Una Jones, Hanan Khalil, Michael Owen, Kathleen Price, Anne Rosser, Maureen Edwards, Carrie Ho, Teresa Hughes, Marie McGill, Pauline Pearson, Mary Porteous, Paul Smith, Peter Brockie, Jillian Foster, Nicola Johns, Sue McKenzie, Jean Rothery, Gareth Thomas, Shona Yates, Liz Burrows, Carol Chu, Amy Fletcher, Deena Gallantrae, Stephanie Hamer, Alison Harding, Stefan Klöppel, Alison Kraus, Fiona Laver, Monica Lewis, Mandy Longthorpe, Ivana Markova, Ashok Raman, Nicola Robertson, Mark Silva, Aileen Thomson, Sue Wild, Pam Yardumian, Carole Evans, Deena Gallentrae, Emma Hobson, Stuart Jamieson, Hannah Musgrave, Liz Rowett, Jean Toscano, Colin Bourne, Jackie Clapton, Carole Clayton, Heather Dipple, Dawn Freire-Patino, Janet Grant, Diana Gross, Caroline Hallam, Julia Middleton, Ann Murch, Catherine Thompson, Sundus Alusi, Rhys Davies, Kevin Foy, Emily Gerrans, Louise Pate, Thomasin Andrews, Andrew Dougherty, Charlotte Golding, Fred Kavalier, Hana Laing, Alison Lashwood, Dene Robertson, Deborah Ruddy, Alastair Santhouse, Anna Whaite, Stefania Bruno, Karen Doherty, Salman Haider, Davina Hensman, Nayana Lahiri, Marianne Novak, Aakta Patel, Elisabeth Rosser, Rachel Taylor, Thomas Warner, Edward Wild, Natalie Arran, Judith Bek, David Craufurd, Marianne Hare, Liz Howard, Susan Huson, Liz Johnson, Mary Jones, Helen Murphy, Emma Oughton, Lucy Partington-Jones, Dawn Rogers, Andrea Sollom, Julie Snowden, Cheryl Stopford, Jennifer Thompson, Iris Trender-Gerhard, Nichola Verstraelen, Leann Westmoreland, Richard Armstrong, Kathryn Dixon, Andrea H Nemeth, Gill Siuda, Ruth Valentine, David Harrison, Max Hughes, Andrew Parkinson, Beverley Soltysiak, Oliver Bandmann, Alyson Bradbury, Paul Gill, Helen Fairtlough, Kay Fillingham, Isabella Foustanos, Mbombe Kazoka, Kirsty O'Donovan, Cat Taylor, Katherine Tidswell, Oliver Quarrell, Puay Ngoh Lau, Emmanul Pica, Louis Tan, Univ Angers, Okina, Moss, Davina J. Hensman, Tabrizi, Sarah J, Mead, Simon, Kitty, Lo, Pardiã±as, Antonio F, Holmans, Peter, Jones, Lesley, Langbehn, Dougla, Coleman, A., Santos, R. Dar, Decolongon, J., Sturrock, A., Bardinet, E., Ret, C. Jauff, Justo, D., Lehericy, S., Marelli, C., Nigaud, K., Valabrãgue, R., van den Bogaard, S. J. A., Dumas, E. M., van der Grond, J., T'Hart, E. P., Jurgens, C., Witjes-Ane, M. -. N., Arran, N., Callaghan, J., Stopford, C., Frost, C., Jones, R., Hobbs, N., Lahiri, N., Ordidge, R., Owen, G., Pepple, T., Read, J., Say, M., Wild, E., Patel, A., Fox, N. C., Gibbard, C., Malone, I., Crawford, H., Whitehead, D., Keenan, S., Cash, D. M., Berna, C., Bechtel, N., Bohlen, S., Man, A. Hoff, Kraus, P., Axelson, E., Wang, C., Acharya, T., Lee, S., Monaco, W., Campbell, C., Queller, S., Whitlock, K., Campbell, M., Frajman, E., Milchman, C., O'Regan, A., Labuschagne, I., Stout, J., Landwehrmeyer, B., Craufurd, D., Scahill, R., Hicks, S., Kennard, C., Johnson, H., Tobin, A., Rosas, H. D., Reilmann, R., Borowsky, B., Pourchot, C., Andrews, S. C., Bachoud-Lévi, Anne-Catherine, Bentivoglio, Anna Rita, Biunno, Ida, Bonelli, Raphael, Burgunder, Jean-Marc, Dunnett, Stephen, Ferreira, Joaquim, Handley, Olivia, Heiberg, Arvid, Illmann, Torsten, Landwehrmeyer, G. Bernhard, Levey, Jamie, Ramos-Arroyo, Maria A., Nielsen, Jã¸rgen, Koivisto, Susana Pro, Pã¤ivã¤rinta, Markku, Roos, Raymund A. C., Sebastiã¡n, A. Rojo, Tabrizi, Sarah, Vandenberghe, Wim, Verellen-Dumoulin, Christine, Uhrova, Tereza, Wahlstrã¶m, Jan, Zaremba, Jacek, Baake, Verena, Barth, Katrin, Garde, Monica Bascuñana, Betz, Sabrina, Bos, Reineke, Callaghan, Jenny, Come, Adrien, Guedes, Leonor Correia, Ecker, Daniel, Finisterra, Ana Maria, Fullam, Ruth, Gilling, Mette, Gustafsson, Lena, Handley, Olivia J, Hvalstedt, Carina, Held, Christine, Koppers, Kerstin, Lamanna, Claudia, Laurã , Matilde, Descals, Asunción Martínez, Martinez-Horta, Saã¼l, Mestre, Tiago, Minster, Sara, Monza, Daniela, Mã¼tze, Lisanne, Oehmen, Martin, Orth, Michael, Padieu, Hã©lãne, Paterski, Laurent, Peppa, Nadia, Di Renzo, Martina, Rialland, Amandine, Rã¸ren, Niini, Å aå¡inkovã¡, Pavla, Timewell, Erika, Townhill, Jenny, Cubillo, Patricia Trigo, da Silva, Wildson Vieira, van Walsem, Marleen R, Whalstedt, Carina, Witjes-Ané, Marie-Noelle, Witkowski, Grzegorz, Wright, Abigail, Zielonka, Daniel, Zielonka, Eugeniusz, Zinzi, Paola, Bonelli, Raphael M., Lilek, Sabine, Hecht, Karen, Herranhof, Brigitte, Holl, Anna, Kapfhammer, Hans-Peter, Koppitz, Michael, Magnet, Marku, Mã¼ller, Nicole, Otti, Daniela, Painold, Annamaria, Reisinger, Karin, Scheibl, Monika, Schã¶ggl, Helmut, Ullah, Jasmin, Braunwarth, Eva-Maria, Brugger, Florian, Buratti, Lisa, Hametner, Eva-Maria, Hepperger, Caroline, Holas, Christiane, Hotter, Anna, Hussl, Anna, Mã¼ller, Christoph, Poewe, Werner, Seppi, Klau, Sprenger, Fabienne, Wenning, Gregor, Boogaerts, Andrea, Calmeyn, Godelinde, Delvaux, Isabelle, Liessens, Dirk, Somers, Nele, Dupuit, Michel, Minet, Cã©cile, van Paemel, Dominique, Ribaã¯, Pascale, van Reijen, Dimphna, Klempã­r, Jirã­, Majerovã¡, Veronika, Roth, Jan, Stã¡rkovã¡, Irena, Hjermind, Lena E., Jacobsen, Oda, Nielsen, Jørgen E., Larsen, Ida Unmack, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Hiivola, Heli, Hyppã¶nen, Hannele, Martikainen, Kirsti, Tuuha, Katri, Allain, Philippe, Bonneau, Dominique, Bost, Marie, Gohier, Bã©nã©dicte, Guã©rid, Marie-Anne, Olivier, Audrey, Prundean, Adriana, Scherer-Gagou, Clarisse, Verny, Christophe, Babiloni, Blandine, Debruxelles, Sabrina, Duchã©, Charlotte, Goizet, Cyril, Jameau, Laetitia, Lafoucriãre, Danielle, Spampinato, Umberto, Barthã©lã©my, Rekha, De Bruycker, Christelle, Carette, Maryline Cabaret Anne-Sophie, Defebvre, Eric Decorte Luc, Delliaux, Marie, Delval, Arnaud, Destee, Alain, Dujardin, Kathy, Lemaire, Marie-HélÃne, Manouvrier, Sylvie, Peter, Mireille, Plomhouse, Lucie, Sablonniãre, Bernard, Simonin, Clã©mence, Thibault-Tanchou, Stã©phanie, Vuillaume, Isabelle, Bellonet, Marcellin, Berrissoul, Hassan, Blin, Stã©phanie, Courtin, Franã§oise, Duru, Cã©cile, Fasquel, Vã©ronique, Godefroy, Olivier, Krystkowiak, Pierre, Mantaux, Bã©atrice, Roussel, Martine, Wannepain, Sandrine, Azulay, Jean-Philippe, Delfini, Marie, Eusebio, Alexandre, Fluchere, Frã©dã©rique, Mundler, Laura, Anheim, Mathieu, Juliã©, Celine, Boukbiza, Ouhaid Lagha, Longato, Nadine, Rudolf, Gabrielle, Tranchant, Christine, Zimmermann, Marie-Agathe, Kosinski, Christoph Michael, Milkereit, Eva, Probst, Daniela, Reetz, Kathrin, Sass, Christian, Schiefer, Johanne, Schlangen, Christiane, Werner, Cornelius J., Gelderblom, Harald, Priller, Josef, Prã¼ã , Harald, Spruth, Eike Jakob, Ellrichmann, Gisa, Herrmann, Lennard, Hoffmann, Rainer, Kaminski, Barbara, Kotz, Peter, Prehn, Christian, Saft, Carsten, Lange, Herwig, Maiwald, Robert, Lã¶hle, Matthia, Maass, Antonia, Schmidt, Simone, Bosredon, Cecile, Storch, Alexander, Wolz, Annett, Wolz, Martin, Capetian, Philipp, Lambeck, Johann, Zucker, Birgit, Boelmans, Kai, Ganos, Christo, Heinicke, Walburgi, Hidding, Ute, Lewerenz, Jan, Mã¼nchau, Alexander, Schmalfeld, Jenny, Stubbe, Lar, Zittel, Simone, Diercks, Gabriele, Dressler, Dirk, Gorzolla, Heike, Schrader, Christoph, Tacik, Pawel, Ribbat, Michael, Longinus, Bernhard, Bã¼rk, Katrin, Mã¶ller, Jens Carsten, Rissling, Ida, Mã¼hlau, Mark, Peinemann, Alexander, Stã¤dtler, Michael, Weindl, Adolf, Winkelmann, Juliane, Ziegler, Cornelia, Bechtel, Natalie, Beckmann, Heike, Bohlen, Stefan, Hã¶lzner, Eva, Reilmann, Ralf, Rohm, Stefanie, Rumpf, Silke, Schepers, Sigrun, Weber, Natalia, Dose, Matthia, Leythã¤user, Gabriele, Marquard, Ralf, Raab, Tina, Wiedemann, Alexandra, Buck, Andrea, Connemann, Julia, Geitner, Carolin, Kesse, Andrea, Landwehrmeyer, Bernhard, Lang, Christina, Lezius, Franziska, Nepper, Solveig, Niess, Anke, Schneider, Ariane, Schwenk, Daniela, Sã¼ã muth, Sigurd, Trautmann, Sonja, Weydt, Patrick, Cormio, Claudia, Sciruicchio, Vittorio, Serpino, Claudia, de Tommaso, Marina, Capellari, Sabina, Cortelli, Pietro, Galassi, Roberto, Rizzo, Giovanni, Poda, Roberto, Scaglione, Cesa, Bertini, Elisabetta, Ghelli, Elena, Ginestroni, Andrea, Massaro, Francesca, Mechi, Claudia, Paganini, Marco, Piacentini, Silvia, Pradella, Silvia, Romoli, Anna Maria, Sorbi, Sandro, Abbruzzese, Giovanni, di Poggio, Monica Bandettini, Ferrandes, Giovanna, Mandich, Paola, Roberta, Marchese, Albanese, Alberto, Di Bella, Daniela, Castaldo, Anna, Di Donato, Stefano, Gellera, Cinzia, Genitrini, Silvia, Mariotti, Caterina, Nanetti, Lorenzo, Paridi, Dominga, Soliveri, Paola, Tomasello, Chiara, De Michele, Giuseppe, Di Maio, Luigi, Massarelli, Marco, Peluso, Silvio, Roca, Alessandro, Russo, Cinzia Valeria, Salvatore, Elena, Sorrentino, Pierpaolo, Amico, Enrico, Favellato, Mariagrazia, Griguoli, Annamaria, Mazzante, Irene, Petrollini, Martina, Squitieri, Ferdinando, D'Alessio, Barbara, Esposito, Chiara, Bentivoglio, Rita, Frontali, Marina, Guidubaldi, Arianna, Ialongo, Tamara, Jacopini, Gioia, Piano, Carla, Romano, Silvia, Soleti, Francesco, Spadaro, Maria, van Hout, Monique S. E., Verhoeven, Marloes E., van Vugt, Jeroen P. P., de Weert, A. Marit, Bolwijn, J. J. W., Dekker, M., Kremer, B., Leenders, K. L., van Oostrom, J. C. H., van den Bogaard, Simon J. A., Dumas, Eve M., â t Hart, Ellen P., Kremer, Berry, Verstappen, C. C. P., Aaserud, Olaf, Jan Frich, C., Wehus, Ragnhild, Bjã¸rgo, Kathrine, Fannemel, Madeleine, Gã¸rvell, Per F., Lorentzen, Eirin, Retterstã¸l, Lar, Stokke, Bodil, Bjã¸rnevoll, Inga, Sando, Sigrid Botne, Dziadkiewicz, Artur, Nowak, Malgorzata, Robowski, Piotr, Sitek, Emilia, Slawek, Jaroslaw, Soltan, Witold, Szinwelski, Michal, Blaszcyk, Magdalena, Boczarska-Jedynak, Magdalena, Ciach-Wysocka, Ewelina, Gorzkowska, Agnieszka, Jasinska-Myga, Barbara, Klodowska-Duda, Gabriela, Opala, Gregorz, Stompel, Daniel, Banaszkiewicz, Krzysztof, Bocwinska, Dorota, Bojakowska-Jaremek, Kamila, Dec, Malgorzata, Krawczyk, Malgorzata, Rudzinska, Monika, Szczygiel, Elzbieta, Szczudlik, Andrzej, Wasielewska, Anna, Wã³jcik, Magdalena, Bryl, Anna, Ciesielska, Anna, Klimberg, Aneta, Marcinkowski, Jerzy, Samara, Husam, Sempolowicz, Justyna, Gogol, Anna, Janik, Piotr, Kwiecinski, Hubert, Jamrozik, Zygmunt, Antczak, Jakub, Jachinska, Katarzyna, Krysa, Wioletta, Rakowicz, Maryla, Richter, Przemyslaw, Rola, Rafal, Ryglewicz, Danuta, Sienkiewicz-Jarosz, Halina, Stepniak, Iwona, Sulek, Anna, Zdzienicka, Elzbieta, Zieora-Jakutowicz, Karolina, Ferreira, Joaquim J, Coelho, Miguel, Mendes, Tiago, Valadas, Anabela, Andrade, Carlo, Gago, Miguel, Garrett, Carolina, Guerra, Maria Rosália, Herrera, Carmen Durán, Garcia, Patrocinio Moreno, Barbera, Miquel Aguilar, Guia, Dolors Badene, Hernanz, Laura Casa, Catena, Judit López, Ferrer, Pilar Quiléz, Sebastiã¡n, Ana Rojo, Carruesco, Gemma Tome, Bas, Jordi, Busquets, Nãºria, Calopa, Matilde, Robert, Misericordia Floriach, Viladrich, Celia Mareca, Idiago, Jesús Miguel Ruiz, Riballo, Antonio Villa, Cubo, Esther, Polo, Cecilia Gil, Mariscal, Natividad, Rivadeneyra, Perez Jessica, Barrero, Francisco, Morales, Bla, Fenollar, Marã­a, Garcã­a, Rocío García-Ramo, Ortega, Paloma, Villanueva, Clara, Alegre, Javier, Bascuã±ana, Mã³nica, Caldentey, Juan Garcia, Ventura, Marta Fatá, Ribas, Guillermo García, de Yébenes, Justo García, Moreno, José Luis López-Sendón, Frech, Fernando Alonso, Ruã­z, Pedro J. García, Martínez-Descals, Asunciã³n, Guerrero, Rosa, Artiga, María José Saiz, Sã¡nchez, Vicenta, Perea, María Fuensanta Noguera, Fortuna, Lorenza, Manzanares, Salvadora, Reinante, Gema, Torres, María Martirio Antequera, Moreau, Laura Vivanco, González González, Sonia, Guisasola, Luis Menéndez, Salvador, Carlo, Martã­n, Esther Suaréz San, Ramirez, Inés Legarda, Gorospe, Aranzazãº, Lopera, Mónica Rodriguez, Arques, Penelope Nava, Rodrã­guez, María José Torre, Pastor, Barbara Vive, Gaston, Itziar, Martinez-Jaurrieta, Maria Dolore, Moreno, Jose Manuel Garcia, Lucena, Carolina Mendez, Damas, Fatima, Cortegana, Hermoso Eva Pacheco, Peã±a, José Chacón, Redondo, Lui, Carrillo, Fã¡tima, Teresa Cáceres, Marã­a, Mir, Pablo, Suarez, María José Lama, Vargas-González, Laura, Bosca, Maria E., Brugada, Francisco Castera, Burguera, Juan Andre, Campos, Anabel, Vilaplana, Garcia Carmen Peiró, Berglund, Peter, Constantinescu, Radu, Fredlund, Gunnel, Høsterey-Ugander, Ulrika, Linnsand, Petra, Neleborn-Lingefjärd, Liselotte, Wentzel, Magnu, Loutfi, Ghada, Olofsson, Carina, Stattin, Eva-Lena, Westman, Laila, Wikstrã¶m, Birgitta, Stebler, Yanik, Kaelin, Alain, Romero, Irene, Schã¼pbach, Michael, Weber Zaugg, Sabine, Hauer, Maria, Gonzenbach, Roman, Jung, Hans H., Mihaylova, Violeta, Petersen, Jen, Jack, Roisin, Matheson, Kirsty, Miedzybrodzka, Zosia, Rae, Daniela, Simpson, Sheila A, Summers, Fiona, Ure, Alexandra, Vaughan, Vivien, Akhtar, Shahbana, Crooks, Jenny, Curtis, Adrienne, de Souza, Jenny, Piedad, John, Rickards, Hugh, Wright, Jan, Coulthard, Elizabeth, Gethin, Louise, Hayward, Beverley, Sieradzan, Kasia, Armstrong, Matthew, Barker, Roger A., O'Keefe, Deidre, Di Pietro, Anna, Fisher, Kate, Goodman, Anna, Hill, Susan, Kershaw, Ann, Mason, Sarah, Paterson, Nicole, Raymond, Lucy, Swain, Rachel, Guzman, Natalie Valle, Busse, Monica, Butcher, Cynthia, Clenaghan, Catherine, Hunt, Sarah, Jones, Una, Khalil, Hanan, Owen, Michael, Price, Kathleen, Rosser, Anne, Edwards, Maureen, Carrie, Ho, Hughes, Teresa, Mcgill, Marie, Pearson, Pauline, Porteous, Mary, Smith, Paul, Brockie, Peter, Foster, Jillian, Johns, Nicola, Mckenzie, Sue, Rothery, Jean, Thomas, Gareth, Yates, Shona, Burrows, Liz, Chu, Carol, Fletcher, Amy, Gallantrae, Deena, Hamer, Stephanie, Harding, Alison, Klã¶ppel, Stefan, Kraus, Alison, Laver, Fiona, Lewis, Monica, Longthorpe, Mandy, Markova, Ivana, Raman, Ashok, Robertson, Nicola, Silva, Mark, Thomson, Aileen, Wild, Sue, Yardumian, Pam, Evans, Carole, Gallentrae, Deena, Hobson, Emma, Jamieson, Stuart, Musgrave, Hannah, Rowett, Liz, Toscano, Jean, Bourne, Colin, Clapton, Jackie, Clayton, Carole, Dipple, Heather, Freire-Patino, Dawn, Grant, Janet, Gross, Diana, Hallam, Caroline, Middleton, Julia, Murch, Ann, Thompson, Catherine, Alusi, Sundu, Davies, Rhy, Foy, Kevin, Gerrans, Emily, Pate, Louise, Andrews, Thomasin, Dougherty, Andrew, Golding, Charlotte, Kavalier, Fred, Laing, Hana, Lashwood, Alison, Robertson, Dene, Ruddy, Deborah, Santhouse, Alastair, Whaite, Anna, Bruno, Stefania, Doherty, Karen, Haider, Salman, Hensman, Davina, Lahiri, Nayana, Novak, Marianne, Patel, Aakta, Rosser, Elisabeth, Taylor, Rachel, Warner, Thoma, Wild, Edward, Arran, Natalie, Bek, Judith, Craufurd, David, Hare, Marianne, Howard, Liz, Huson, Susan, Johnson, Liz, Jones, Mary, Murphy, Helen, Oughton, Emma, Partington-Jones, Lucy, Rogers, Dawn, Sollom, Andrea, Snowden, Julie, Stopford, Cheryl, Thompson, Jennifer, Trender-Gerhard, Iri, Verstraelen, Nichola, Westmoreland, Leann, Armstrong, Richard, Dixon, Kathryn, Nemeth, Andrea H, Siuda, Gill, Valentine, Ruth, David, Harrison, Hughes, Max, Parkinson, Andrew, Soltysiak, Beverley, Bandmann, Oliver, Bradbury, Alyson, Gill, Paul, Fairtlough, Helen, Fillingham, Kay, Foustanos, Isabella, Kazoka, Mbombe, O'Donovan, Kirsty, Taylor, Cat, Tidswell, Katherine, Quarrell, Oliver, Lau, Puay Ngoh, Pica, Emmanul, Tan, Louis, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Neurodegeneration, Neurology, Biologie Neurovasculaire et Mitochondriale Intégrée (BNMI), Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Moss, Davina J Hensman, Lo, Kitty, Pardiñas, Antonio F, Santos, R Dar, Ret, C Jauff, Valabrègue, R., Witjes-Ane, M. -N., Man, A Hoff, Bachoud-Lévi, Anne-Catherine, Nielsen, Jørgen, Päivärinta, Markku, Sebastián, A Rojo, Wahlström, Jan, Garde, Monica Bascuñana, Laurà, Matilde, Descals, Asunción Martínez, Martinez-Horta, Saül, Mütze, Lisanne, Padieu, Hélène, Røren, Niini, Šašinková, Pavla, Witjes-Ané, Marie-Noelle, Müller, Nicole, Schöggl, Helmut, Müller, Christoph, Minet, Cécile, Ribaï, Pascale, Klempír, Jirí, Majerová, Veronika, Stárková, Irena, Nielsen, Jørgen E., Hyppönen, Hannele, Gohier, Bénédicte, Guérid, Marie-Anne, Duché, Charlotte, Lafoucrière, Danielle, Barthélémy, Rekha, Lemaire, Marie-Hélène, Sablonnière, Bernard, Simonin, Clémence, Thibault-Tanchou, Stéphanie, Blin, Stéphanie, Courtin, Françoise, Duru, Cécile, Fasquel, Véronique, Mantaux, Béatrice, Fluchere, Frédérique, Julié, Celine, Prüß, Harald, Löhle, Matthia, Münchau, Alexander, Bürk, Katrin, Möller, Jens Carsten, Mühlau, Mark, Städtler, Michael, Hölzner, Eva, Leythäuser, Gabriele, Süßmuth, Sigurd, Marchese, Roberta, DI MAIO, Luigi, ’t Hart, Ellen P., Bjørgo, Kathrine, Gørvell, Per F., Retterstøl, Lar, Bjørnevoll, Inga, Wójcik, Magdalena, Guerra, Maria Rosália, Herrera, Carmen Durán, Catena, Judit López, Ferrer, Pilar Quiléz, Sebastián, Ana Rojo, Busquets, Núria, Idiago, Jesús Miguel Ruiz, Fenollar, María, García, Rocío García-Ramo, Bascuñana, Mónica, Ventura, Marta Fatá, Ribas, Guillermo García, de Yébenes, Justo García, Moreno, José Luis López-Sendón, Ruíz, Pedro J García, Martínez-Descals, Asunción, Artiga, María José Saiz, Sánchez, Vicenta, Perea, María Fuensanta Noguera, Torres, María Martirio Antequera, González González, Sonia, Guisasola, Luis Menéndez, Martín, Esther Suaréz San, Ramirez, Inés Legarda, Gorospe, Aranzazú, Lopera, Mónica Rodriguez, Rodríguez, María José Torre, Peña, José Chacón, Carrillo, Fátima, Teresa Cáceres, María, Suarez, María José Lama, Vargas-González, Laura, Vilaplana, Garcia Carmen Peiró, Høsterey-Ugander, Ulrika, Neleborn-Lingefjärd, Liselotte, Wikström, Birgitta, Schüpbach, Michael, Ho, Carrie, Klöppel, Stefan, Harrison, David, Cardiff University, University of Iowa [Iowa City], University of British Columbia (UBC), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), UCL, Institute of Neurology [London], National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Center for NeuroImaging Research-Human MRI Neuroimaging core facility for clinical research [ICM Paris] (CENIR), Institut du Cerveau = Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IFR de Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle (IFR 49), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), CHU Amiens-Picardie, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies - UR UPJV 4559 (LNFP), Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), CHirurgie, IMagerie et REgénération tissulaire de l’extrémité céphalique - Caractérisation morphologique et fonctionnelle - UR UPJV 7516 (CHIMERE), TRACK-HD investigators, Pardinas, Antonio F, Langbehn, Douglas, Lee, S Hong, TRACK-HD Investigators, and REGISTRY Investigators

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Oncology, Registrie, Genome-wide association study, Longitudinal Studie, Disease, Bioinformatics, Severity of Illness Index, Principal Component Analysi, Longitudinal Studies, Registries, [SDV.MHEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, Huntington disease, DNA-Binding Proteins, Settore MED/26 - NEUROLOGIA, Adult, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Huntington Disease, MutS Homolog 3 Protein, Principal Component Analysis, Disease Progression, Neurology (clinical), huntingtin gene, age of onest, Huntington’s disease, Human, medicine.medical_specialty, cag repeat, instability, DNA-Binding Protein, Clinical Neurology, Principal component analysis, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Huntington's disease, Internal medicine, medicine, SNP, genome-wide association study, medicine.disease, R1, meta-analysis, Minor allele frequency, 030104 developmental biology, Age of onset, Trinucleotide repeat expansion, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract

Background Huntington's disease is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, HTT. Age at onset has been used as a quantitative phenotype in genetic analysis looking for Huntington's disease modifiers, but is hard to define and not always available. Therefore, we aimed to generate a novel measure of disease progression and to identify genetic markers associated with this progression measure. Methods We generated a progression score on the basis of principal component analysis of prospectively acquired longitudinal changes in motor, cognitive, and imaging measures in the 218 indivduals in the TRACK-HD cohort of Huntington's disease gene mutation carriers (data collected 2008–11). We generated a parallel progression score using data from 1773 previously genotyped participants from the European Huntington's Disease Network REGISTRY study of Huntington's disease mutation carriers (data collected 2003–13). We did a genome-wide association analyses in terms of progression for 216 TRACK-HD participants and 1773 REGISTRY participants, then a meta-analysis of these results was undertaken. Findings Longitudinal motor, cognitive, and imaging scores were correlated with each other in TRACK-HD participants, justifying use of a single, cross-domain measure of disease progression in both studies. The TRACK-HD and REGISTRY progression measures were correlated with each other (r=0·674), and with age at onset (TRACK-HD, r=0·315; REGISTRY, r=0·234). The meta-analysis of progression in TRACK-HD and REGISTRY gave a genome-wide significant signal (p=1·12 × 10−10) on chromosome 5 spanning three genes: MSH3, DHFR, and MTRNR2L2. The genes in this locus were associated with progression in TRACK-HD (MSH3 p=2·94 × 10−8 DHFR p=8·37 × 10−7 MTRNR2L2 p=2·15 × 10−9) and to a lesser extent in REGISTRY (MSH3 p=9·36 × 10−4 DHFR p=8·45 × 10−4 MTRNR2L2 p=1·20 × 10−3). The lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TRACK-HD (rs557874766) was genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis (p=1·58 × 10−8), and encodes an aminoacid change (Pro67Ala) in MSH3. In TRACK-HD, each copy of the minor allele at this SNP was associated with a 0·4 units per year (95% CI 0·16–0·66) reduction in the rate of change of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) Total Motor Score, and a reduction of 0·12 units per year (95% CI 0·06–0·18) in the rate of change of UHDRS Total Functional Capacity score. These associations remained significant after adjusting for age of onset. Interpretation The multidomain progression measure in TRACK-HD was associated with a functional variant that was genome-wide significant in our meta-analysis. The association in only 216 participants implies that the progression measure is a sensitive reflection of disease burden, that the effect size at this locus is large, or both. Knockout of Msh3 reduces somatic expansion in Huntington's disease mouse models, suggesting this mechanism as an area for future therapeutic investigation. Funding The European Commission FP7 NeurOmics project; CHDI Foundation; the Medical Research Council UK; the Brain Research Trust; and the Guarantors of Brain.

Published
2017

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