Search

This review article covers the proposed synthetic and natural medicines, and their contribution in aspects of chemistry and metabolism for the management of COVID-19, which is still lacking in many published current studies. Most of the current studies were focused on physiology, epidemiology, and management of COVID-19. However, only a few of such studies mainly focussed on the chemistry of medicine in the management of the disease. In this contest, both natural and synthetic medicines, their synthesis and metabolism are highlighted in the current article. Currently, the entire world is struggling with the COVID-19 pandemic that has disturbed every aspect of life, caused by a newly discovered virus strain named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2). The outbreak continues to evolve, several research activities have been continuously carried out for understanding the origin, functions, treatments, and preventions of novel coronavirus (nCoV) infections such as SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1. There a lot of lines of treatment are being used all over the world but still, the perfect line of treatment for COVID-19 is not available. Various kinds of antiviral, anti-malarial, ACE inhibitors, and immunosuppressant drugs are being trialled worldwide for the management of COVID-19. A synthetic drug such as antimalarial drug (Hydroxychloroquine\Chloroquine), antiviral drug (Favipiravir, Remdesivir, Oseltamivir, EIDD-1931, Lopinavir, and Ritonavir), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/ angiotensin-receptor blockers (Captopril and Losartan), and immunosuppressant/arthritic drugs (Actemra, Baricitinib, Ruxolitinib, and Kevzara) for the management therapy for COVID-19 herewith complied to describe the chemical features and proposed metabolism process. Further, both chemistry and metabolism of proposed natural drug therapy such as quercetin, patchouli alcohol, baicalin, glycyrrhizic acid, and andrographolide for the management of COVID-19 infection are also included.

Allium wallichii (A. wallichii) Kunth, is an underutilized rare medicinal plant species with several beneficial ethnomedicinal health promotion activity Moreover, being so popular in both ethanobotanicals and traditional herbal system, still the plant is very less studied for phytochemical and nutritional composition analysis. Therefore, phytochemical and nutritional composition analysis of A. wallichii leaves are set as the main objective of the current work. In this context powder of A. wallichii leaves was subjected for the nutritional analysis and the extract was subjected to thin layer chromatography analysis for fingerprinting of various compounds. In this context, we have found presence of several health promoting nutraceutical bioactives and phytochemicals compounds. In conclusion the traditional utilization of plant in ethnomedicine for nutraceutical and medicinal purpose was attributed due to presence of nutraceutical bioactives and phytochemicals compounds.

The use of microscopic techniques for the identification of medicinal plants is one of the best practices and an important quality control tool for standardization. Stomata are important organs for the study of phylogenetic relationships including plant origin, evolution, and classification. Allium wallichii (A. wallichii) Kunth, is one of the threatened medicinal herbs having important nutraceutical, medicinal and therapeutic value. The plant is one of the neglected species of Allium and has not been thoroughly investigated pharmacognostically. Therefore, current research work was designed to investigate the stomata types, stomata number and stomatal index through quantitative microscopy. The result presented in the current research will provide a routine identification method for A. wallichii with the allied species of Allium.

Objectives Berberine has attracted prominent interest recently due to its wide pharmacological actions in management and treatments of several disease including liver. However, restricted bioavailability and permeability makes this drug as better choice to develop several value added products for improvement of both safety and efficacy. Many of research already conducted in this direction using several approaches to fix this issue. Therefore, current article was designed to summarize all approaches taking together to enhance hepatoprotection by berberine including molecular mechanism. Methods Online scientific databases from PubMed was assessed for collecting information on berberine. All the collected informations were classified and incorporated into different sections such as recent progress of research on advance drug delivery systems and combinational approaches addressing above issue for improvement of hepatoprotective action of berberine. Key finding The electronically PubMed database search yielded 7454 articles from different countries in several languages. Out of them two seventy articles published between 1932 and 2022 were included, corresponding to all detailed overview on berberine including research pertaining on toxicity and safety, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS), hepatoprotection against various hepatotoxicant agent, advance drug delivery system, combinational drug approaches, clinical Trial for hepatoprotection and patents. The review of the literature reveals that berberine exhibits a potent hepatoprotective action with several molecular action mechanisms. Additionally, current trends of formulation technology for enhancement of hepatoprotective action of berberine in terms of safety and efficacy are well co-related with present work. Conclusion It was well established and concluded from present work that both advance drug delivery system and combinational drug approaches may serve for enhancement of restricted hepatoprotective action of berberine due to poor bioavailability, solubility and permeability. Additionally, berberine based advance delivery system including in combination with bioavailability and permeability enhancer may provide an added advantage in near future to meet the objectives.

Neurodegenerative disorders occur when nerve cells in the brain or peripheral nervous system partial or complete fail in their functions and sometimes even die due to some injuries or aging. Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD), have been majorly resulted due to degeneration of neurons and neuroinflammation progressively. There are many similarities that correlates both AD and PD on a cellular and sub-cellular level. Therefore, a hope for therapeutic advancement for simultaneous upgradation in both the diseases are directly depending on the discovery of common mechanism at molecular and cellular level. Recent and past evidences from scientific literature supporting the efficacy of plants flavonoids in treatment and protection of both AD and PD. Further, dietary flavones, specially Heptamethoxyflavone, Kaempferitrin, Vitexin and Amentoflavone gains recently much more attention for producing many health beneficiary effects including neuroprotection. Despite of these evidence a detailed updated overview of neuroprotective effects against both AD and PD by Heptamethoxyflavone, Kaempferitrin, Vitexin and Amentoflavone are still missing. In this context several published studies were assessed by using various online electronic search engines/databases to meet the objective from 1981 to 2021 (Approx. 224). Therefore, present review was designed to deliver the detailed description on these flavones including therapeutic benefits in AD, PD and other CNS complications with critical analysis on underlying mechanisms.