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Factors driving the spatial configuration of centres of endemism have long been a topic of broad interest and debate. Due to different eco-evolutionary processes, these highly biodiverse areas may harbour different amounts of ancient and recently diverged organisms (paleo- and neo-endemism, respectively). Patterns of endemism still need to be measured at distinct phylogenetic levels for most clades and, consequently, little is known about the distribution, the age and the causes of such patterns. Here we tested for the presence of centres with high phylogenetic endemism (PE) in the highly diverse Neotropical snakes, testing the age of these patterns (paleo- or neo-endemism), and the presence of PE centres with distinct phylogenetic composition. We then tested whether PE is predicted by topography, by climate (seasonality, stability, buffering and relictualness), or biome size. We found that most areas of high PE for Neotropical snakes present a combination of both ancient and recently diverged diversity, which is distributed mostly in the Caribbean region, Central America, the Andes, the Atlantic Forest and on scattered highlands in central Brazil. Turnover of lineages is higher across Central America, resulting in more phylogenetically distinct PE centres compared to South America, which presents a more phylogenetically uniform snake fauna. Finally, we found that elevational range (topographic roughness) is the main predictor of PE, especially for paleo-endemism, whereas low paleo-endemism levels coincide with areas of high climatic seasonality. Our study highlights the importance of mountain systems to both ancient and recent narrowly distributed diversity. Mountains are both museums and cradles of snake diversity in the Neotropics, which has important implications for conservation in this region. Fil: Azevedo, Josué Anderson Rêgo. University Goteborg; Suecia. Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre; Suecia Fil: Guedes, Thaís B.. University Goteborg; Suecia. Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre; Suecia. Universidade Estadual do Maranhão. Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias. Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde; Portugal Fil: Nogueira, Cristiano de Campos. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Passos, Paulo. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Sawaya, Ricardo. Universidad Federal do Abc; Brasil Fil: Prudente, Ana. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi; Brasil Fil: Barbo, Fausto Erritto. Governo do Estado de Sao Paulo. Secretaria da Saude. Instituto Butantan; Brasil Fil: Strüssmann, Christine. Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul; Brasil Fil: Franco, Francisco L.. Governo do Estado de Sao Paulo. Secretaria da Saude. Instituto Butantan; Brasil Fil: Arzamendia, Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Giraudo, Alejandro Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Argolo, Antonio. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Brasil Fil: Jansen, Martin. Senckenberg Research Institute and Nature Museum; Alemania Fil: Zaher, Hussam. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Tonini, Joao Filipe Riva. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Francia. Sorbonne University; Francia. Harvard University; Estados Unidos Fil: Faurby, Søren. University Goteborg; Suecia Fil: Antonelli, Alexandre. University Goteborg; Suecia

Conservation area networks (CAN) must overlap spatial patterns of conservation priorities in order to ensure their persistence. Threatened species are among the least controversial biodiversity features taken into account to guide conservation policies. Due to growing human pressure and climate change worldwide, chances of planning an effective CAN may be reduced. Santa Fe province is located in the center-east of Argentina and encompasses four bioregions highly threatened of the subtropical temperate South America. Intensive agriculture, livestock and hunting have led to the loss and degradation of its natural habitats and the current CAN fails on the coverage of bioregions. Our aim was to find out areas that enhance the persistence of threatened bird species in the Santa Fe province. We defined spatial conservation priorities that overlap environmentally suitable areas of species over time and overcome the likely impacts of human activity. Conservation priorities (top 20%) belonged mainly to Dry Chaco and Atlantic bioregions and will remain the same in the province. The current CAN mismatches spatial patterns of environmental suitability of threatened species. Sporophila hypochroma, Asthenes hudsoni and Spartonoica maluroides may lose more than half of their current environmentally suitable area in the future. Human activity will lead to a CAN which will require a great number of patches and a large perimeter. Searching for the most environmentally suitable areas of species over time while minimizing conflicts with human activities is a useful conservation strategy regardless the biogeographical context considered.

Studying life history (LH) allows a broader understanding of organisms and populations? responses to theirenvironments. Snakes display an immense diversity in terms of reproductive traits, which is reflected in LH traits. The aim ofthis study is to compare reproductive biology and morphological variables in viviparous and oviparous snakes of a temperateSouth American community. We studied nearly 1000 specimens of eight oviparous and seven viviparous species pertainingto the four taxonomic families that inhabit the Paraná basin floodplain. Dimorphic variables did not show a different tendencybetween oviparous and viviparous species. Our results showed that the reproductive mode determined some reproductivetraits of a snake?s LH, such as reproductive frequency and reproductive potential. Oviparous snakes reproduce annually, whileviviparous snakes reproduce biannually or multi-annually. All species showed seasonal reproductive cycles and no correlationbetween clutch size (fecundity) and maternal body size. The reproductive strategy of both oviparous and viviparous speciesof the Paraná River floodplain was to adjust their reproductive cycles to both hydrological cycle of the river and temperatureregime. The reproductive traits under study are suggested to have been influenced by environmental factors as well as bygenetic characteristics. The studied assemblage is the result of an admixture of evolutionarily distinct clades, each contributinga set of species with different reproductive traits. Although we do not ignore this fact, we emphasize the importance ofstudying reproductive LH as raw material for an integrative analysis. Fil: Bellini, Gisela Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Arzamendia, Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Giraudo, Alejandro Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina

Species distribution models (SDMs) estimate the geographical distribution of species although with several limitations due to sources of inaccuracy and biases. Empirical tests arose as the most important steps in scientific knowledge to assess the efficiency of model predictions, which are poorly rigorous in SDMs. A good approach to the empirical distribution (ED) of a species can be obtained from comprehensive empirical knowledge, that is, well-understood distributions gathered from large amount of data generated with appropriate spatial and temporal samples coverage. The aims of this study were to (a) compare different SDMs predictions with an ED; and (b) evaluate if fuzzy global matching (FGM) could be used as an index to compare SDMs predictions and ED. Six algorithms with 5 and 20 variables were used to assess their accuracy in predicting the ED of the venomous snake Bothrops alternatus (Viperidae). Its entire distribution is known, thanks to thorough field surveys across Argentina, with 1,767 records. ED was compared with SDMs predictions using Map Comparison Kit. SDMs predictions showed important biases in all methods used, from 70% sub-estimation to 40% over-estimation of ED. BIOCLIM predicted ≈31% of B. alternatus ED. DOMAIN predicted 99% of ED, but over-estimated 40% of the area. GLM with five variables calculated 75% of ED, while Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Prediction showed ≈60% of ED; the last two presenting overpredictions in areas with favorable climatic conditions but not inhabited by the species. MaxEnt and RF were the only methods to detect isolated populations in the southern distribution of B. alternatus. Although SDMs proved useful in making predictions about species distribution, predictions need validation with expert maps knowledge and ED. Moreover, FGM showed a good performance as an index with values similar to True Skill Statistic, so that it could be used to relate ED and SDMs predictions. Fil: Sarquis, Juan Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Cristaldi, Maximiliano Ariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Arzamendia, Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Bellini, Gisela Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Giraudo, Alejandro Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina

The genus Micrurus comprises nearly 80 endemic species in the American continent. Knowledge on its natural history is based on populations from Brazil and Uruguay, making it necessary to intensify ecological research in Argentina. We present data on morphology, diet, and reproduction for a threatened Argentine population of M. altirostris from the Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot. Ecological data were obtained from collected specimens and scientific collections. Females attained sexual maturity at a longer body size than males, but the latter reached a larger size, which is related to male-male combat, a behavior reported in this study. We report a female with 3 oviductal eggs, and 2 ovipositions of 4 and 6 eggs in the late spring-early summer period. Males seemed to have a seasonal reproductive cycle. The diet of M. altirostris was based on elongated reptilians and was mostly similar to the diet of populations from Brazil and Uruguay. We reported 4 new prey types for M. altirostris and confirm the consumption of reptile eggs for the genus Micrurus. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the natural history of M. altirostris, providing valuable information for designing strategic conservation plans. Fil: Rodríguez, María Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Arzamendia, Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Bellini, Gisela Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Giraudo, Alejandro Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina

Species distribution models (SDMs) estimate the geographical distribution of species although with several limitations due to sources of inaccuracy and biases. Empirical tests arose as the most important steps in scientific knowledge to assess the efficiency of model predictions, which are poorly rigorous in SDMs. A good approach to the empirical distribution (ED) of a species can be obtained from comprehensive empirical knowledge, that is, well‐understood distributions gathered from large amount of data generated with appropriate spatial and temporal samples coverage. The aims of this study were to (a) compare different SDMs predictions with an ED; and (b) evaluate if fuzzy global matching (FGM) could be used as an index to compare SDMs predictions and ED. Six algorithms with 5 and 20 variables were used to assess their accuracy in predicting the ED of the venomous snake Bothrops alternatus (Viperidae). Its entire distribution is known, thanks to thorough field surveys across Argentina, with 1,767 records. ED was compared with SDMs predictions using Map Comparison Kit. SDMs predictions showed important biases in all methods used, from 70% sub‐estimation to 40% over‐estimation of ED. BIOCLIM predicted ≈31% of B. alternatus ED. DOMAIN predicted 99% of ED, but over‐estimated 40% of the area. GLM with five variables calculated 75% of ED, while Genetic Algorithm for Rule‐set Prediction showed ≈60% of ED; the last two presenting overpredictions in areas with favorable climatic conditions but not inhabited by the species. MaxEnt and RF were the only methods to detect isolated populations in the southern distribution of B. alternatus. Although SDMs proved useful in making predictions about species distribution, predictions need validation with expert maps knowledge and ED. Moreover, FGM showed a good performance as an index with values similar to True Skill Statistic, so that it could be used to relate ED and SDMs predictions.

Los grandes ríos del Plata fluyen hacia el sur desde latitudes intertropicales a templadas y extienden la distribución de especies tropicales. Examinamos las siguientes hipótesis sobre relaciones biogeográficas de la ofidiofauna entre tramos de los ríos: el Alto Paraná tiene mayor afinidad con el Alto Uruguay, el Paraná Medio con el Paraguay Inferior respecto otros tramos del propio Paraná, y el Delta Superior tiene mayor afinidad con el Paraná Medio y el Delta Inferior con el Uruguay Inferior. Comparamos los tramos de los ríos y estos con las unidades fitogeográficas, usando 13,039 ejemplares de 104 taxones, mediante análisis de parsimonia de endemismos y similitud. Los resultados apoyan las 2 primeras hipótesis, no la tercera. El Delta Superior-Delta Inferior formaron un grupo con elevada similitud relacionado con el Uruguay Medio-Uruguay Inferior, y con el análisis de parsimonia de endemismos formaron un clado separado. Los tramos se relacionaron con las biorregiones que atraviesan, aunque el Uruguay Medio-Inferior solo con la provincia Paranaense (análisis de parsimonia de endemismos), debido a especies atlántico-paranaenses que alcanzan mayores latitudes por este río. El Paraná Medio-Paraguay Inferior-Paraná Superior se relacionan con el Chaco Húmedo y se discuten criterios de regionalización previos. Los ríos del Plata constituyen áreas de transición biogeográfica importantes para su conservación debido a la superposición de componentes bióticos tropicales y templados. The large rivers of the Plata flow southward from intertropical to temperate latitudes, extending the distribution of tropical species. We tested biogeographic hypotheses about relationships among sections of the rivers comparing their snake fauna: the High Paraná has greater affinity with the High Uruguay, the Middle Paraná with Lower Paraguay regarding other sections of Paraná itself, and the Upper Delta has greater affinity with the Middle Paraná and the Lower Delta with Lower Uruguay. We compared sections of rivers and these with phytogeographical units, by means of 13,039 records of 104 taxa, using parsimony analysis of endemicity and similarity. Our results support the first two hypotheses, not the third one. Upper Delta-Lower Delta formed a group with high similarity related to the Middle Uruguay-Lower Uruguay, and with PAE it formed a separate clade. Sections were associated with the bioregions that they crossed, although the Middle-Lower Uruguay did it only with the Parana province (parsimony analysis of endemicity) due to Atlantic-Parana species reaching higher latitudes by this river. The Middle Paraná-Lower Paraguay-Upper Paraná are related to Humid Chaco, being discussed previous published criteria of regionalization. Because of the overlap of tropical and temperate biotic components, larger Plata Rivers are biogeographic transition areas that are relevant to be preserved. Fil: Arzamendia, Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Giraudo, Alejandro Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Bellini, Gisela Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina

Urbanization transforms the landscape and generates loss of pristine habitats. We investigated the urbanization effect on bird communities in a growing South American city (Santa Fe, Argentina) and hypothesized that if habitat structure and human disturbance change along an urban gradient, the richness and abundance of trophic guilds should also vary accordingly. We placed 50 transects 100 m long × 50 m wide in five districts with different levels of urbanization, determined by habitat structure variables. We recorded the number and abundance of species and the amount of pedestrians and vehicles passing through each transect. We recorded 23% of all bird species known for the Santa Fe province and categorized them within 19 trophic guilds. The percentage of area covered by herbaceous vegetation, water bodies and trees and shrubs had a positive relationship with the richness and abundance of most of trophic guilds (hawking aerial, terrestrial, bark and foliage insectivores; terrestrial and generalized granivores; generalized, aquatic diving and foliage omnivores; hawking aerial, aquatic diving and striding carnivores; nectarivores; and aquatic filters). Pavement surface and human disturbance variables had a negative relationship with the richness, and high buildings and pavement surface had a positive relationship with the abundance of terrestrial omnivores and coursing aerial insectivores. Variation partitioning revealed that habitat structure and human disturbance were better predictors of the richness than the abundance of each trophic guild. Results showed that trophic guilds associated to vegetation strata were seen to increase their richness and abundance towards green areas, even if they presented generalist or specialist habits. Urban planners should conserve or manage the surrounded natural spaces when the growth of the city is directed to these areas and increase the availability of environmental features within the urban matrix. Fil: Cristaldi, Maximiliano Ariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Giraudo, Alejandro Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias; Argentina Fil: Arzamendia, Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias; Argentina Fil: Bellini, Gisela Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Claus, Juan Daniel. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina

Analizamos la ecología de Hydrodynastes gigas, una de las serpientes de mayor tamaño en Sudamérica. Estudiamos 342 ejemplares obtenidos durante 21 años de muestreos en rutas, búsquedas intensivas y capturas ocasionales. Las hembras maduraron sexualmente con mayor tamaño corporal que los machos, adicionalmente fueron más largas, tuvieron cabezas más grandes y más escamas ventrales. Los machos tuvieron mayor longitud de cola y más escamas subcaudales. Este dimorfismo sexual, común en serpientes, puede estar relacionado con el aumento del potencial reproductivo. El ciclo reproductivo fue estacional y anual en hembras, mientras que fue continuo y anual en machos. El potencial reproductivo fue alto, 16.3 huevos/hembra/año, con una tendencia a ser mayor en hembras más grandes. Hydrodynastes gigas es diurna y se alimenta de todo tipo de vertebrados frecuentes en los humedales que habita, incluyendo anfibios, reptiles, peces, mamíferos y aves, en orden de importancia. Los individuos se mantuvieron activos todo el año, siendo una de las 4 especies de serpientes más abundantes en las planicies de inundación de grandes ríos sudamericanos. Su abundancia, dieta generalista, gran tamaño y capacidad reproductiva sugieren que esta especie es un importante depredador en los ecosistemas acuáticos de Sudamérica. Fil: Giraudo, Alejandro Raul. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Arzamendia, Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias; Argentina Fil: Bellini, Gisela Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Bessa, Carla Adriana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias; Argentina Fil: Costanzo, María Belén. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina

Accurate and detailed species distribution maps are fundamental for documenting and interpreting biological diversity. For snakes, an ecologically diverse group of reptiles, syntheses and detailed data on distribution patterns remain scarce. We present the first comprehensive collection of detailed, voucher-based, point-locality, range maps for all described and documented Brazilian snakes, with the major aim of mitigating the Wallacean shortfall and as a contribution towards a better understanding of this rich, threatened, and poorly studied megadiverse fauna. We recorded a total of 412 snake species in Brazil on the basis of an extensive and verified point-locality database of 163,498 entries and 75,681 unique records (available here as Online Supporting Information). Our results reveal previously undocumented patterns of distribution, sampling effort, richness, and endemism levels, resulting in a more objective view of snake diversity in the Neotropics. Apart from these achievements, we understand that the most relevant and enduring contribution of the present atlas is to stimulate researchers to publish corrections, additions, and new discoveries.

The ecology of the genus Thamnodynastes has received little study, and problems with its taxonomy have generated imprecise and incorrect data. We analyzed the reproductive biology, sexual dimorphism, feeding ecology, habitat use, and seasonal activity of Thamnodynastes hypoconia in its subtropical–temperate area of distribution. We discuss its main ecological traits in light of the competition and predation, and the deep-history hypotheses. Males and females attained sexual maturity at different body sizes, with females achieving the largest sizes. In this species, the males and females had no difference in the body size, and males had more ventral scales than did the females. The females' reproductive cycle was seasonal and not annual, with parturition occurring in summer, whereas the cycle of the males was continuous. Thamnodynastes hypoconia feeds mainly on amphibians (97%) and occasionally on lizards (3%). As in other Thamnodynastes snakes, hylid frogs were the most common type of prey consu...

Ante la acelerada pérdida de biodiversidad causada por actividades humanas, las áreas protegidas (APs) constituyen la principal respuesta para mitigar esta crisis. La Reserva Natural Iberá (RNI) incluye 13000 km2 de territorios privados y fi scales, que contienen humedales y tierras altas con elevada biodiversidad, endemismos e importantes poblaciones de especies amenazadas. Para implementar su conservación, a fi nales del siglo pasado se defi nieron cinco Unidades de Conservación (UC) priorizadas en infraestructura y guardaparques, seleccionadas mediante criterios pobremente explicitados. En este trabajo defi nimos áreas prioritarias para la conservación (APC) usando los patrones de distribución de los reptiles en la RNI, para evaluar la efi ciencia de las UC instauradas y detectar otras posibles áreas a ser consideradas en gestiones de conservación. La RNI se dividió en 28 celdas de 0,25° de latitud-longitud y mediante muestreos de campo y revisión de colecciones se obtuvieron 1 482 registros de 71 especies de reptiles computándose su presencia/ausencia en las celdas. Se calculó por celda riqueza específi ca e Índice Combinado de Biodiversidad (ICB) (que incluye rareza y grado de amenaza). Las APC fueron defi nidas mediante una búsqueda exacta (Complementariedad), obteniendo el mínimo conjunto de áreas que contuvieran a todas las especies y valores del ICB, lo que se denomina “efi ciencia máxima”. La superfi cie mínima necesaria que representa a todas las especies es de diez celdas (36%) y sólo dos incluyen UC actuales. Se necesitan adicionar ocho celdas para cubrir los vacíos de conservación de reptiles, particularmente en el norte de la RNI. Sobre 20 especies amenazadas o insufi cientemente conocidas, 12 (60%) no fueron registradas en celdas con UC. Proponemos UC adicionales para efectivizar la protección de todos los reptiles e incluir especies amenazadas. Efficiency of conservation units defined in Iberá Natural Reserve (Argentina) in protecting reptile?s diversity. Owing to accelerated biodiversity loss caused by human activities, the protected areas (PAs) are the main response to mitigate this crisis. The Iberá Natural Reserve (INR) includes 13 000 km2 of private and state lands, which contain wetland and upland areas with high biodiversity, endemism and significant populations of threatened species. In order to implement its conservation, late last century, five Units of Conservation (UC) were defined and prioritized due to infrastructure and park-rangers, although poorly selected by explicit criteria. We defined priority areas for conservation (APCs) using the distribution patterns of reptiles in the INR, in order to evaluate the efficiency of the five UC located within its boundaries and detect other possible areas to be considered in conservation efforts. The INR was divided into 28 quadrat-cells of 0.25º latitude-longitude and through field samplings and revision of collections we obtained 1482 records of 71 species of reptiles, computed their presence / absence in the cells. We estimated species richness and Combined Biodiversity Index (including rarity and degree of threat) by cell. APCs were defined by an exact search (complementarity index), obtaining the minimum set of areas containing higher values of the indexes used, which is called "maximum efficiency". The minimum area required to represent all species was ten cells (36%) and only two of them includes current UC. Add eight cells are needed to fill conservation gaps of reptiles, particularly in the north of the INR. About 20 threatened or poorly known species, 12 (60%) were not recorded in cells with UC. We proposed additional UC in order to protect all reptiles and include threatened species.RESUMEN: Ante la acelerada pérdida de biodiversidad causada por actividades humanas, las áreas protegidas (APs) constituyen la principal respuesta para mitigar esta crisis. La Reserva Natural Iberá (RNI) incluye 13 000 km2 de territorios privados y fiscales, que contienen humedales y tierras altas con elevada biodiversidad, endemismos e importantes poblaciones de especies amenazadas. Para implementar su conservación, a finales del siglo pasado se definieron cinco Unidades de Conservación (UC) priorizadas en infraestructura y guardaparques, seleccionadas mediante criterios pobremente explicitados. En este trabajo definimos áreas prioritarias para la conservación (APC) usando los patrones de distribución de los reptiles en la RNI, para evaluar la eficiencia de las UC instauradas y detectar otras posibles áreas a ser consideradas en gestiones de conservación. La RNI se dividió en 28 celdas de 0.25º de latitud-longitud y mediante muestreos de campo y revisión de colecciones se obtuvieron 1 482 registros de 71 especies de reptiles computándose su presencia/ausencia en las celdas. Se calculó por celda riqueza específica e Índice Combinado de Biodiversidad (ICB) (que incluye rareza y grado de amenaza). Las APC fueron definidas mediante una búsqueda exacta (Complementariedad), obteniendo el mínimo conjunto de áreas que contuvieran a todas las especies y valores del ICB, lo que se denomina ?eficiencia máxima?. La superficie mínima necesaria que representa a todas las especies es de diez celdas (36%) y sólo dos incluyen UC actuales. Se necesitan adicionar ocho celdas para cubrir los vacíos de conservación de reptiles, particularmente en el norte de la RNI. Sobre 20 especies amenazadas o insuficientemente conocidas, 12 (60%) no fueron registradas en celdas con UC. Proponemos UC adicionales para efectivizar la protección de todos los reptiles e incluir especies amenazadas. Fil: Etchepare, Eduardo Gabriel. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agrimensura. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio de Herpetología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Giraudo, Alejandro Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Arzamendia, Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Bellini, Gisela Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Alvarez de Avanza, Blanca Beatriz. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agrimensura. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio de Herpetología; Argentina

We revisit the distribution and natural history data of Tachymenis chilensis chilensis (Schlegel, 1837) in Argentina based on compiled and novel records, extending its northern and southern distribution from the previously known localities in Argentina. We recorded two prey items in Argentinean populations: Rhinella rubropunctata, reported for the first time, and Liolaemus pictus. Tachymenis c. chilensis is mainly found in forested habitats, generally near wetlands with abundant populations of amphibians. The latitudinal range occupied by T. c. chilensis in Argentina is similar to that in Chile, but its northern distribution limit reaches the lowest latitudes in Chile. This is probably due to the higher humidity levels in the western slopes of the Andes and the barrier effect of the highest mountain ranges in this area. Fil: Giraudo, Alejandro Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Vidoz, Félix. Administración de Parques Nacionales; Argentina Fil: Arzamendia, Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Nenda, Santiago Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina

The idea of an area of endemism implies that different groups of plants and animals should have largely coincident distributions. This paper analyses an area of 1152 000 km2, between parallels 21 and 32°S and meridians 70 and 53°W to examine whether a large and taxonomically diverse data set actually displays areas supported by different groups. The data set includes the distribution of 805 species of plants (45 families), mammals (25 families), reptiles (six families), amphibians (five families), birds (18 families), and insects (30 families), and is analysed with the optimality criterion (based on the notion of endemism) implemented in the program NDM/VNDM. Almost 50% of the areas obtained are supported by three or more major groups; areas supported by fewer major groups generally contain species from different genera, families, or orders. © The Willi Hennig Society 2011.

Aim The large rivers of the Neotropics are considered areas of high diversity and endemism, which play an important role in the distribution patterns and evolution of Neotropical biota. Several methods have been proposed for prioritizing terrestrial conservation areas, but there has been little effort to develop models for river systems. We propose a panbiogeographical approach to identify priority areas for conservation along rivers. Location The Plata Basin rivers. Methods We compared the individual tracks (IT) of 96 snake taxa and identified the species associated with rivers using the concept of preferential direction of distribution. For each taxon, we measured the angular deviations between the line of its IT and the course of the rivers on a 100 × 100 km scaled grid. Average angular values

Aim: The main drainages of the Plata Basin ? the Parana´ , Paraguay and Uruguay rivers ? begin in tropical latitudes and run in a north?south direction into subtropical?temperate latitudes. Consequently, the biota of these rivers has tropical elements that contrast with temperate biomes through which the rivers run. We apply a panbiogeographical approach, to test whether the large rivers of the Plata Basin have a differential influence on distributional patterns of tropical snakes in subtropical and temperate latitudes of South America. Location: Subtropical and temperate sections of the major Plata Basin rivers, South America. Methods: We compared the individual tracks of 94 snake taxa. The track analysis consisted of: (1) plotting the localities of each taxon on maps, (2) connecting the localities of each taxon using a minimal geographical proximity determinant of the ?individual tracks?, and (3) superimposing the individual tracks to determine generalized tracks. To detect tropical snakes that reach higher latitudes through the rivers we used the preferential direction of distribution concept. For each taxon we measured the angular deviations between the line of its individual track and the course of the rivers in a 100 · 100 km scaled grid. Average angular values < 45 indicated a positive association with the rivers. Results: Thirty-five of 94 taxa showed distributions associated with the major rivers of the Plata Basin, including fauna from distinct biogeographical lineages, supported by the occurrence of five generalized tracks as follows: (1) the Paraguay?Middle Parana´, (2) the Paraguay?Parana´ fluvial axis, Upper Parana´ and Middle Parana´ to Upper Delta, (3) the Lower Paraguay, Parana´ and Uruguay rivers, excluding the sectors High Parana´ and High Uruguay, (4) the Uruguay River and Upper Parana´, and (5) the High Parana´ . The Atlantic species occurred with significantly higher frequency in the Uruguay River and High Parana´ river sections, the Amazon species were found with significantly higher frequency in the Paraguay and Middle Parana´ sections, and the species with a Pantanal distribution were found in all sections. Main: conclusions The observed distributional patterns may be explained by the interaction of ecological, geographical and historical factors. Previous authors have developed ecological (hydrological or environmental similarity) or dispersalist (effect of rivers as migration routes) explanations. The coincidence between generalized tracks and past geomorphological events that caused displacements and changed relationships between the Paraguay, Parana´ and Uruguay river sections supports hypotheses involving the strong influence of historical factors in the present configuration of tropical snake distribution in temperate latitudes. Fil: Arzamendia, Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Giraudo, Alejandro Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina

Damos a conocer nuevos datos sobre la distribución, morfología y estado de conservación de Micrurus silviae, una especie rara de serpiente coral,recientemente descrita con pocos ejemplares. Analizamos 20 ejemplares adicionales de 12 localidades en Argentina, aumentando su distribución320 km hacia el oeste y completando vacíos de distribución entre Brasil y Paraguay. La especie habita en sabanas del distrito de los Campos, un áreatransicional entre las provincias fitogeográficas Paranaense, Chaque˜na, del Espinal y Pampeana. Discutimos caracteres diagnósticos que permitendiferenciarla de otras 6 especies simpátridas del género. Su peque˜na área de ocupación, sumada a una disminución continua de la extensión ycalidad del hábitat provocada por forestaciones de pinos, inundación por represas y cultivos de arroz, apoyan su inclusión como especie amenazadaen Argentina. We present new data on the distribution, morphology and conservation status of a rare species of coral snake, Micrurus silviae, recently described with few specimens. We analyzed 20 additional specimens from 12 localities in Argentina, increasing its distribution 320 km westward and filling gaps in the known distribution between Brazil and Paraguay. The species inhabits savannas of the Campos District, a transitional area between the Paranaense, Chaco, Espinal and Pampas phytogeographic provinces. We discussed diagnostic features that can be differentiated from 6 sympatric species of the genus. Its small area of occupation coupled with a continuing decline in its extent and quality of habitat, caused by afforestation with pines, and flooding caused by dams and rice crops, support its inclusion as endangered species in Argentina. Fil: Giraudo, Alejandro Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Nenda, Santiago Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina Fil: Arzamendia, Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Bellini, Gisela Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Franzoy, Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina

Communities are complex and dynamic systems that change with time. The first attempts to explain how they were structured involve contemporary phenomena like ecological interactions between species (e.g., competition and predation) and led to the competition-predation hypothesis. Recently, the deep history hypothesis has emerged, which suggests that profound differences in the evolutionary history of organisms resulted in a number of ecological features that remain largely on species that are part of existing communities. Nevertheless, both phylogenetic structure and ecological interactions can act together to determine the structure of a community. Because diet is one of the main niche axes, in this study we evaluated, for the first time, the impact of ecological and phylogenetic factors on the diet of Neotropical snakes from the subtropical-temperate region of South America. Additionally, we studied their relationship with morphological and environmental aspects to understand the natural history and ecology of this community. A canonical phylogenetical ordination analysis showed that phylogeny explained most of the variation in diet, whereas ecological characters explained very little of this variation. Furthermore, some snakes that shared the habitat showed some degree of diet convergence, in accordance with the competition-predation hypothesis, although phylogeny remained the major determinant in structuring this community. The clade with the greatest variability was the subfamily Dipsadinae, whose members had a very different type of diet, based on soft-bodied invertebrates. Our results are consistent with the deep history hypothesis, and we suggest that the community under study has a deep phylogenetic effect that explains most of the variation in the diet. Fil: Bellini, Gisela Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Giraudo, Alejandro Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Arzamendia, Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Etchepare, Eduardo Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina

Conservation biogeography involves the application of biogeographical principles and methods to conservation issues, including the design of protected areas. Bioregionalisation has been central in the implementation of main global conservation strategies, providing the basis for prioritising protected areas and evaluating their representativeness and effectiveness in conservation actions. Traditionally, experts established these bioregionalisations without repeatable methodologies and using only qualitative evidence, which has set constraints in their usefulness. We compared three descriptive bioregionalisations commonly used for conservation decision-making, with a regionalisation produced using quantitative methods (endemicity analysis), so as to assess biases and differences in the representativeness of the existing protected-area system of Argentina. Areas of endemism were detected using NDM/VNDM quantitative methodology on a database consisting of 19250 distribution records of 116 taxa of snakes, and the results were compared with previous descriptive regionalisations. We recovered 9 quantitative bioregionalisation units (QBU) v. 6–8 descriptive bioregionalisation units (DBU) proposed by previous authors. From this comparison, the following was found: (1) we discovered three new QBU not considered by any previous DBU; (2) other three areas proposed by DBU are not supported by our endemicity analysis; (3) we detected differences comparing the representativeness of protected areas between descriptive v. quantitative bioregionalisations, leaving the first, some areas of conservation relevance largely unprotected. Moreover, DBU were characterised by a high degree of uncertainty and biases, such as the consideration of probably artificial units, the non-recognition of some natural units and mistakes in the representativeness of protected areas. We emphasise the importance of applying quantitative biogeographic methods to identify bioregionalisation units and its fundamental role in conservation biogeography so as to optimise protected-area efficiency and other territorial conservation strategies.

Fil: Lopez, Maria Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnologia. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnologia; Argentina

Las serpientes son usualmente muy perseguidas por el hombre y poco consideradas en estrategias de conservación de la biodiversidad, siendo las áreas protegidas esenciales para su preservación. Se analizaron los patrones de riqueza y biogeográficos de las serpientes de Santa Fe, Argentina, para priorizar áreas para su conservación y evaluar si las reservas existentes coinciden con ellas. Los patrones de diversidad y distribución fueron establecidos mediante el análisis de 2.532 especímenes de ofidios de Santa Fe, obtenidos en muestreos de campo y revisión de colecciones, complementados con registros bibliográficos y un banco de datos regional de 8.000 ejemplares. Se determinaron las áreas de endemismos de serpientes, las que fueron comparadas con las divisiones fitogeográficas. Se dividió Santa Fe en 16 celdas de un grado de latitud y longitud, para comparar su riqueza, similitud y complementariedad, aplicándose un método para priorizar áreas de conservación según la riqueza y el valor de conservación de cada taxón. La riqueza de especies en Santa Fe aumenta con la disminución de la latitud y longitud en relación con un gradiente de aumento de temperatura y precipitaciones anuales promedio. En consecuencia las celdas ubicadas en el extremo nordeste poseen la mayor riqueza (conteniendo 84 % de las especies) y las celdas ubicadas en el extremo suroeste la menor riqueza (20 %). Todas las celdas atravesadas por el río Paraná tienen una mayor riqueza que las celdas contiguas, probablemente, debido al efecto de este río como corredor de especies tropicales y subtropicales. Se definieron cinco áreas de endemismos, cuatro de ellas coinciden con una o dos divisiones fitogeográficas y son relevantes en análisis de conservación por tener especies exclusivas. El análisis de similitud entre celdas muestra tres grupos mayores, "noroeste", "noreste-centro" y "sur", que coinciden con tres áreas de endemismos. El análisis conjunto de los valores de prioridad de conservación, áreas de endemismos, similitud y complementariedad indicó que poblaciones de todos los taxones de serpientes de Santa Fe pueden ser conservadas si se protegen adecuadamente tres celdas ubicadas en los extremos noroeste (Chaco Seco), noreste (Chaco Húmedo-valle del Paraná) y sureste (Pampeana). Las dos primeras no tienen áreas protegidas, y la tercera celda tiene una pequeña reserva, una isla en el río Paraná, que no contiene ecosistemas pampeanos. El Chaco Seco no tiene reservas presentando la mayor deficiencia de áreas protegidas. La superficie de áreas protegidas es insuficiente y no están adecuadamente distribuidas en relación con los patrones de biodiversidad debido a la falta de criterios científicos para su selección. Este problema, sumado a graves deficiencias de implementación, hacen poco efectivo el sistema de reservas de Santa Fe para proteger a las serpientes y posiblemente a la biodiversidad provincial