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The main principles of optimal flow regulation in small rivers by reservoirs are presented. New methodological approaches are considered, taking into account the need of differential analysis of the physiographic conditions of the areas where the basins of the examined rivers are located. This is of particular importance in the case of formation of regional response to global climate warming with a combination of unfavorable economic and environmental conditions. The methodological basis of the study includes the geosystem approach and a basin principle, which allow comprehensive incorporation of the effect of the totality of natural and anthropogenic factors on the formation of variations of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of water in watercourse and the ecological conditions in them. The methods of studies include the physiographic zoning of the Ural River basin within the boundaries of the Russian Federation, statistical and graphical analysis of materials of long-term hydrometeorological observations, cartography, etc. The results of the study include methodological provision and substantiation of methodological principles for optimal flow regulation of small rivers in the Ural River basin by reservoirs within the boundaries of the Russian Federation, taking into account environmental and economic criteria. They form a part of a vast list of proposals aimed at hydrological-environmental rehabilitation of small rivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observational analyses demonstrate that the Ural persistent positive height anomaly event (PAE) experienced a decadal increase around the year 2000, exhibiting a southward displacement afterward. These decadal variations are related to a large-scale circulation shift over the Eurasian Continent. The effects of underlying sea ice and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies on the Ural PAE and the related atmospheric circulation were explored by Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) experiments from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 and by sensitivity experiments using the Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM). The AMIP experiment results suggest that the underlying sea ice and SST anomalies play important roles. The individual contributions of sea ice loss in the Barents-Kara Seas and the SST anomalies linked to the phase transition of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) are further investigated by AGCM sensitivity experiments isolating the respective forcings. The sea ice decline in Barents-Kara Seas triggers an atmospheric wave train over the Eurasian mid-to-high latitudes with positive anomalies over the Urals, favoring the occurrence of Ural PAEs. The shift in the PDO to its negative phase triggers a wave train propagating downstream from the North Pacific. One positive anomaly lobe of the wave train is located over the Ural Mountains and increases the PAE there. The negative-to-positive transition of the AMO phase since the late-1990s causes positive 500-hPa height anomalies south of the Ural Mountains, which promote a southward shift of Ural PAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the nomenclature of Ural minerals derived from anthroponyms. The data was sourced from printed and electronic publications on geology and mineralogy. The aim of the research is to analyze the primary word-formation patterns evident in the lexemes of the compiled corpus, discern deviations from traditional word-formation patterns, and ascertain their underlying causes. The deanthroponymic model emerges as the predominant one for mineral nomenclature, constituting 38% of the total number of names analyzed. The second most prevalent model is based on toponyms (22%). Models wherein mineral names are derived from indications of their geochemical composition or properties exhibit significantly lower frequency compared to the two aforementioned models. The most prevalent method of forming deanthroponymic mineral names (mineralonyms) entails incorporating the surname of a notable figure associated with mineralogy, followed by the addition of the formant -it (less frequently, -lit) or -in. Departures from this model manifest in two ways. Firstly, atypical formants such as -an, -zit, -oit, and -anit are utilized, which may be categorized as phonetic-graphic variants or instances of contamination of productive formants. Secondly, deviations occur in the base of the mineralonym, whereby the generating unit is not solely the surname but rather its constituent parts (in cases where the surname is multi-component), as well as the inclusion of the first name, first name and surname, or the root part of the surname translated into Latin. It can be posited that in the use of formally atypical models and approaches to mineralonym creation, the subjective aesthetic considerations of the nominator play a pivotal role, driven by the desire to craft a harmonious and user-friendly term. Additionally, the evident intention is to mitigate homonymy and other instances of ambiguity that are incompatible with a coherent terminological system and hinder the unequivocal association of the name with the denoted object.

Literature on technological decline and related concepts is growing. We aim to advance theorizations of the dynamics of technological decline by mobilizing the concept of sociotechnical configuration and a metaphor of its "unraveling." We take as a case study the declined Soviet computer series Ural. Ural was once among the top three most used computers in the former Soviet Union, but went into decline and got lost even before the dissolution of the country. We find that technological decline is not a trivial process, it is not guaranteed to be gradual but can feature sudden shifts. These shifts can be drops of production and loss of knowledge, as well as efforts to push back. Policy could make use of ongoing processes of decline and try to replicate the effect of the decline of Ural via cessation of access to materials and competences and delegitimation of the technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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On October 12–14, 2023 the All-Russian (with international participation) symposium “Milestones of History” was held in the Chelyabinsk region. Four round tables were held within the framework of symposium: “Ulus of Jochi, time of formation: 1207–1243” (October 12, Varna village), “Mausoleums of the Middle Ages of the Volga-Urals, Crimea and Kazakhstan: research of problems” (October 12, Varna village), “Southern and Middle Urals from Jochi to Nicholas I” (October 13, Chelyabinsk) and “History, economics and culture of the medieval Turkic-Tatar states of Western Siberia” (October 14, Che­lyabinsk).

В статье дается обзор коллекции иконных образцов в собрании Екатеринбургского музея изобразительных искусств, происходящей из мастерской иконописца Трефилия Васильевича Филатова. Автор рассматривает иконографический репертуар образцов, уделяя внимание сюжетам, распространенным в старообрядческой иконописи. Среди опубликованных памятников уральской старообрядческой иконописи были обнаружены аналоги композициям некоторых иконных образцов. Определены стилистические особенности ряда иконных образцов, имеющих характерные черты художественного стиля невьянской иконописи. Также в статье приводится краткий обзор изученных филиграней на бумаге.

The article is dedicated to the history of the Yekaterinburg Secret Military Organization, which prepared an uprising against Soviet authority. It introduces new information into academic discourse regarding its covert operations in the spring and summer of 1918. The existing historiographic views on the leadership composition and structure of the Yekaterinburg Secret Military Organization have been expanded. The role of one of its previously unknown participants, the mining engineer Yuri Ilyich Kryzhanovsky, within the organization has been revealed. It has been proven that Yuri I. Kryzhanovsky was one of the leaders of the Yekaterinburg Secret Military Organization, and that the headquarters of the underground movement was located in his father’s house. Key milestones in Kryzhanovsky’s biography have been established, including the final period associated with his service in Admiral Kolchak’s army. Kryzhanovsky’s connections with Major General A. N. Grishin-Almazov, commander of the Siberian Army, and the renowned revolutionary B. V. Savinkov are demonstrated. It is proven that Yuri I. Kryzhanovsky participated in the creation of the All-Russian National Union in the city of Ufa and subsequently joined the leadership of the Yekaterinburg branch of the All-Russian National Union. The primary sources for reconstructing the biography of Yuri I. Kryzhanovsky were award documents from Kolchak’s army and newspaper materials.

Backround. The undoubted relevance of the problem stated in the title of the arti-cle lies in the weak degree of its research. The purpose of the study was to analyze the dy-namics of meat production on collective and state farms, as well as in the families of collec-tive farmers, individual farmers, workers and employees in the Urals during 1946–1965. Materials and methods. Based on materials stored in the Russian State Archive of Econom-ics of the Central Statistical Office of the USSR and data from regional archives, mainly in-troduced into scientific circulation for the first time, an analysis of the dynamics of meat production in the farms of the above-mentioned legal entities and individuals was carried out in the period under study. In addition, the array of historical sources also included his-torical research, economic and statistical materials, legislative and regulatory documents, periodical materials, and electronic sources of information. When writing the article, well-known general scientific and special historical methods, principles and approaches were used. Results. The research shows the impact of the war on the volume and structure of meat production in the region, and determines the results of restoring meat production in the first post-war years. The dynamics of meat production throughout agriculture and indi-vidual categories of farms over the post-war twenty years is presented; it is proven that meat production increased rapidly in these years. It has been determined that among the livestock sectors, poultry farming and pig farming have developed especially rapidly. Fea-tures of the dynamics of meat production in individual republics and regions of the region have been identified, and the influence of state policy on the scale of production in various categories of farms has been studied. Conclusions. During the period under study, there was a process of systematic displacement of the individual sector from the production sphere and its replacement by the public sector. As a result, the public sector became predominant in livestock farming in the Urals already in the 1960s. However, public production has never been able to surpass the households of citizens in terms of the most important economic in-dicator – labor productivity.

This article provides a brief overview of the development of knowledge about the Ural region in the 16th-18th centuries. The activities of V. N. Tatishchev in the Middle Ural region are examined from the perspective of studying the area, and an evaluation of his work is given. Special attention is given to his scientific works as the director of Ural factories, his views on the Ural region, and its development prospects. It is noted that his works were the first in Russian literature to provide an assessment of the Ural as a boundary between two “worlds”. The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that the Ural is often seen as a border between the European part of Russia and Siberia. Additionally, the active exploration of this region in the early 18th century remains poorly studied by researchers. The novelty of this work lies in considering V. N. Tatishchev’s activities not only as a government official but also as a scholar and researcher of new lands. The authors conclude that the head of the Ural state factories made significant efforts to study the entrusted lands. As an officer and official, he contributed to the accumulation of necessary knowledge about “Siberia” and cared for the enlightenment of the population. In order to create a complete picture of how the Ural appeared to V. N. Tatishchev, not only his works but also his correspondence with central authorities were utilized as sources.

Church censing ritual — fumigation with incense or its substitutes — is widespread in folk culture. It plays a particularly important role in funeral and memorial rites, where the fumigation is usually carried out in order to ritually purify people, space and objects that have been in contact with the deceased. However, the significance of this ritual is not equal in different local ethnical traditions: in some communities, it is simply recommended, while in others it is of a prime importance. The accessibility of this ritual action for people also varies. In some traditions, only religious specialists (the priest and his assistants) can perform this ritual, in other traditions, anyone can do it. The article is concerned with vernacular forms of censing. The culture of Yurlians — Russians living in a different ethnic (Komi-Permyak) environment, and the culture of the northern (Kochevsky) Komi-Permyaks neighboring them, are among the traditions with a developed mythological semantics of censing. The main research data are materials collected during the fieldwork carried out in 2013–2017 and 2022 in the Northern Prikamye, in the Russian-Komi-Permyak borderland. The study is based on the structural and functional analysis of the rituals. It has been revealed that the locations of censing in the structure of traditional funeral and memorial rites partially coincides with church prescriptions, however, vernacular fumigation with incense is of more intense character; around it, a kind of “mythology of censing” develops, and dialectal ritual terminology is formed. Сensing fulfills not only typical cleansing and apotropaic functions, but it also acts as a way of mediation between the living and the dead — it “wakes up” the souls, invites them to a ritual meal, guarantees the availability of food, etc. Special folklore formulas addressed to beings-intermediaries between the living and the dead (angels, wind, etc.) provide the realization of this function. Individualized versions may arise from the ritual, which adapts to the new life realities.

In the steppe regions of the Urals and Siberia bordering the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK), there is a noticeable spatial dynamics of the land fund structure and the environmental sustainability of the territory, characterized by geographical peculiarities and confinement to international transport communications. The border municipalities of the Orenburg Oblast are characterized by a greater relative size of agricultural lands, agricultural lands, hayfields, and pastures with a smaller share of arable lands, perennial plantations, and non-agricultural lands. The index of landscape ecological stability (ILES, 1.13) is 0.29 p.p. higher than that of the oblast as a whole (0.84) and corresponds to a conditionally stable state. In the Altai Krai municipalities bordering with the RK there is an excess of the regional average relative values for the area of SPNA (specially protected nature areas), pastures, non-agricultural lands and fallow lands, a close share of agricultural land and a smaller share of agricultural land, arable land, perennial plantations and hay fields. The average ILES value (1.08) is 0.09 p.p. lower than in Altai Krai as a whole and 0.05 p.p. lower than in the border municipalities of the Orenburg Oblast. The location of bordering municipalities to international transport communications is accompanied by a trend towards decreasing ILES. To a greater extent, it is connected with the increasing share of arable land in the structure of land, especially in territories predisposed to the production of marginal crops (oilseeds, melons).

Establishing sustainable plantations with genetic diversity equivalent to that of natural populations is vital for successful reforestation efforts. In this study, we present an innovative approach for selecting populations suitable for reforestation, taking into account their genetic uniqueness using Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers. Our investigation focused on six populations of Picea obovata Ledeb and six populations of Larix sibirica Ledeb, collected from the Northern and Middle Urals. We found that the indicators of genetic diversity were significantly higher in L. sibirica compared to P. obovata, while the number of rare alleles was greater in Siberian spruce (R = 19). Among the P. obovata populations, the Cherdyn's forestry exhibited notably high genetic diversity, and for L. sibirica, the Gainy's forestry stood out in this regard. Moreover, the genetic subdivision of the six P. obovata populations (GST = 0.331) was higher than that of the six L. sibirica populations (GST = 0.177). To ensure optimal seed selection considering the genetic originality coefficient (GOC) and population differentiation, we recommend utilizing the P. obovata population from Gainy's forestry with a GOC of 0.554 and the L. sibirica population from Cherdyn's forestry with a GOC of 0.372. These populations harbor typical alleles characteristic of the research region, making them ideal candidates for seed selection. Furthermore, the specific alleles identified can serve as valuable markers for determining the geographic origin of P. obovata and L. sibirica wood, aiding in efforts to trace the sources of these species in forestry and trade practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1989, the scandal broke out in the West because of the rural systematization project. The project involved the demolition of half of Romania’s villages, 7-8 thousand villages that were to be wiped off the face of the earth along with their cemeteries. There was a wave of protests from the West against this particularly brutal project. Ceausescu, however, remained deaf to any kind of criticism. It is the reason for which both the West and the Romanian exile sought to make the Kremlin leader responsible for intervening to stop the madness. Everyone waited for a sign from Gorbachev, the only one who could have changed something, in their opinion.

On the basis of the comparative-typological method, the woolen headdresses-helmets held at the sanctuaries of the Northern Khanty and Mansi have been analyzed. By the shape of the crown and some additional details, four helmet types were identified, which, by the way of analogy, were designated as malakhai (a fur cap), helmet, bashlyk (a hood), and ear-flapped cap. For each type, its specifics and territory of its common use were determined. It has been found that malakhai is characteristic of the Severnaya Sos’va Mansi, while ear-flapped cap — of the Kazym Khanty. The other types and variants are distributed at the borders of their settlement and among other groups. The existence of several types of helmets, their variability and local distribution suggest the loss by some groups of the tradition of cutting, but preserving the tradition of manufacture. As the result, one form of the headdresses was replaced by others, probably related to new social images. It has been ascertained that the identified types of the helmet cutting have no comparable counterparts among the traditional headdresses of Khanty and Mansi. In the meantime, helmet of the malakhai type bears resemblance to the headdresses (malakhais) of the Turkic peoples of Siberia, Central Asia, and the European part of Russia. The headdresses of a similar form were used among the neighboring in the past Bashkirs, as well as the Kazakhs living alongside with the Bashkirs. Among both the Bashkirs and the Kazakhs, malakhais formed a part of the costumes of the warrior and the horseman. A comparative analysis of the cutting and decorations of the Ugric, Bashkir and Kazakh malakhais shows resemblance in a series of features. This points favorably to their common origins and supports the existence of such headdresses among the Ugrs in the past. In the Ugric society, malakhais acquired a new role and became a symbol of the Heavenly Rider.

The problems of the formation of the Russian-Kazakh border line are considered. An analysis of the current territorial claims and risks from neighboring states to the Russian Federation, as well as the current state of affairs in society, science and politics in relation to the Russian-Kazakh border is made. Information, confirmed by archival materials, is analyzed on the demarcation processes carried out in the Soviet period along the entire line of contact between the two states. The main factors that influenced the formation of borders are studied, as well as the complexity of the controversial issues and the existing ways to solve them are shown. It is concluded that the current state border between Russia and Kazakhstan was formed in the 1920s—1930s by leveling the vast majority of controversial issues, on the basis of their comprehensive consideration of various authorities. At the same time, the historically substantiated data presented in the article show the inconsistency of the current claims of the national elites of the Kazakh side, proving the historical legitimacy of the existing Russian-Kazakh border line. It is concluded that the state authorities of Russia and Kazakhstan do not raise the issue of borders, which contributes to maintaining stability in relations between the two states.

The article is devoted to the analysis of depiction and artistic features of the icon "The Exaltation of the Cross, with additional plots", which appeared on the antique market in 2020 and was acquired by a private gatherer, thanks to which the artifact became available for studying for the first time. The icon was painted by the outstanding Nevyansk icon painters Bogatyrevs in 1843 by order of the famous mining expert G. F. Zotov, whose story stirred up public opinion in the second quarter of the 19th century. This image of complex iconography is not only a rare dated and signed monument of icon painting, but also a kind of historical document. The article reveals three most important topics related to this monument. Thanks to a full reading of the commemorative inscription on the lower field of the icon, it has been established that the icon was painted in memory of the release of G. F. Zotov from exile by Tsar`s order on September 14, 1841. The analysis of the unique iconographic program, and the plots depicted as well as the texts of the inscriptions led the author of the article to the conclusion that the icon, written according to a special, deeply thought-out program, contained self-justification of G. F. Zotov and a kind of his encrypted message to descendants. According to its artistic merits, and perfection of composition, subtlety of painting, and exquisite color, the icon becomes one of the best works of the Nevyansk icon painters Bogatyrevs and can serve as a reference work for this recognized school of Old Believers’ icon painting. However, in addition to its highest artistic merits, this unique monument has all the signs of a historical source containing valuable and previously unknown facts of the biography of G. F. Zotov, an outstanding figure of the metallurgical industry of Russia.

The history of the organization of the verbal school at the Alapaevsky factory, where children from the Sinyachikhinsky and Susansky factories, located 10 and 16 versts from it, were studied. The results of the children census in 1734, who lived in the territory of factory settlements and ascribed settlements, are disclosed. Based on the formation of an information base about students, the social and age composition of the students of the Alapaevskaya school was analyzed, all the main and additional admissions of children to school in 1735—1742 were identified. It has been established that in 1742 138 children were taught to read and write by the exiled Ivan Belyaev. The methods of teaching literacy are described. It is reported about the escapes of students from school, about the attempts of parents of raznochintsy, assigned to factories, to free their children from education in connection with the need to pay a chevage. The fate of students is traced: group transfers to an arithmetic school, where 72 % of children who have mastered literacy continued their education, the distribution of some of the underachieving and “age” students “to work” until the end of their studies. The consequences of chronic overspending of funds entitled for the activities of schools by the factory states in 1735 are revealed. The question was raised about the need to study the events of the last two years of the school’s activity, as well as the life of 50 of its students, who began teaching literacy in 1741—1742.

Introduction: It is necessary to increase the quality and production of R3, the main material for the production of dielectric oil at the Sergio Soto Oil Refinery, which may be affected by the availability of raw materials. Objective: To evaluate the alternative of mixing national crude, specifically that of the Pina-Cristales field, with Russian Ural oil. Materials and Methods: Three blends of different oils were analyzed using the Aspen Hysys simulator (Pina-Cristales and Ural, of the latter three varieties that are entering the country), which are evaluated by varying the ratios between them to 7 in different proportions (95:5, 90:10,85:15,80:20,70:30,60:40 and 50:50). With a view to minimizing the import of Ural, the experimental analysis was carried out with a higher proportion of Cuban oil. Results and Discussion: The adjustment of the experimental results reported for the three samples yielded that a mixture Pina + UralsexLuga in a ratio of 60 and 40% respectively, with R3 acidity values of 1.5 %, yield of 10% and a total amount of R3 cut of 4 166.66 kg/h is the most recommendable. For its introduction on an industrial scale, a cost-benefit economic analysis was carried out and the optimal composition of the selected mixture was selected through the derivation of the adjusted regression model. Conclusions: For a composition of 62.34% Pina and 38.64% Ural, a maximum profit of 1 896 220.36 USD/year was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the features of the formation of the settlement structure of the Golden Horde period in the area of the Ural River basin in the north-east of the Caspian Sea. The archaeological sites located on the banks of the Ural River of this era include the settlements: Saraychik, Zhaiyk, Zhalpaktal and Aktobe-Laeti. Based on the materials of archaeological research, the geographical characteristics of the region, the historical topography of their location and the peculiarity of the planography of urban development are analyzed. The materials of the addition of the urban settlements of the Golden Horde on the Ural River are presented, as well as the historical topography of the settlements and the features of housing construction are reconstructed.

Introducción: Es necesario el incremento de calidad y producción de fracción de corte de proceso de destilación de petróleo (R3), materia principal para la producción de aceite dieléctrico en la Refinería de Petróleo Sergio Soto lo que puede estar afectado por la disponibilidad de materias primas. Objetivo: Evaluar la alternativa de mezcla no probada donde el crudo nacional, específicamente el del yacimiento Pina-Cristales, se mezcle con el petróleo ruso Ural. Materiales y Métodos: Se analizaron haciendo uso del simulador Aspen Hysys tres mezclas de diferentes petróleos (Pina-Cristales y Ural de este último tres variedades que son las que están entrando al país), que se evalúan variando las proporcione entre ellos a 7 en diferentes proporciones (95:5, 90:10,85:15,80:20,70:30,60:40 y 50:50). Con vistas a minimizar la importación del Ural se realizó el análisis experimental manejando en una mayor proporción el petróleo cubano. Resultados y Discusión: El ajuste de los resultados experimentales reportados para las tres muestras arrojó que una mezcla Pina + UralsexLuga en una proporción de 60 y 40% respectivamente, con valores de acidez del R3 de 1,5 %, rendimiento del 10% y una cantidad total del corte R3 de 4166,66 kg/h es el más recomendable. Para su introducción a escala industrial se realizó el análisis económico con costo beneficio y se seleccionó mediante la derivación del modelo de regresión ajustado la composición óptima de la mezcla seleccionada Conclusiones: Para una composición de 62,34 % de Pina y 38,64% de Ural se logró una ganancia máxima de 1 896 220,36 USD/año.

Cryogenic cave carbonates (CCCs) genetically related to permafrost are of special interest in paleoclimate research. Their 230Th/U ages provide unique information about the former presence and depth of permafrost in presently permafrost-free areas. Details of CCC formation processes and their diagnostic features, however, remain incompletely understood. In this paper, we report the results of a study of CCCs from two northern Eurasian caves, currently located in permafrost-free rocks. CCCs in the caves occur in a wide range of grain sizes (micrometers to several centimeters). Stable isotope values of different CCC morphotypes (size range of 0.1 to 4 mm) plot within relatively tight clusters in δ18O-δ13C space, regardless of their grain size, indicating that CCCs of the same morphotype, but of different size, formed simultaneously at certain freezing stages. The clusters conform to an overall negative "freezing trend" in δ18O-δ13C space. The position on the trend indicates the relative age of individual morphotypes; scatter of the data in δ18O-δ13C space suggests multiple episodes of freezing (permafrost formation). The systematic characterization of CCC morphologies and the study of fine-size fractions of CCCs provide important insights into the processes involved in CCC formation in caves located in permafrost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First data on the contents of the 13C and 15N isotopes in collagen were obtained for 16 bones of the Ural cave bear Ursus (Spelaearctos) kanivetz Verestchagin, 1973 from the Tayn (Secrets) cave (55°25′ N, 57°46′ E). The bones are dated to the middle MIS 3 and belonged to males and females of about 2 years, about 3 years, and older than 4 years of age. No considerable difference in isotope signatures was observed between individuals of different ages and different genders. Cave bears were assumed to forage independently on plant food from the second year of life. The δ13C and δ15N values established for the Ural cave bear are close to the values reported for U. (S.) spelaeus ingressus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 1250 lower first molars (m1) of voles (Arvicolini) were studied from Late Pleistocene deposits (the radiocarbon dates from rodent bones: 17 100 ± 50 IGANAMS-9117; 13 255 ± 60 IGANAMS-9116) of the Imanay Cave (southern Urals, 53°02' N, 56°26' E). Of these, 24 m1 of voles of the subgenus Stenocranius were found to have broadly connected triangles T4 and T5 (Pitymys–Rhombus) at the base of the anteroconid. This structure is characteristic of lower m1 of Lasiopodomys (Stenocranius) gregaloides (Hinton, 1923) from faunas of the second half of the Early Pleistocene and the first half of the Middle Pleistocene. Molars with such morphology have not been found so far in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene locations of Europe and the Urals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to attract the attention of geographers to the development of technology for the design of tourist routes. The world and Russian experience of designing long interregional tourist routes is considered. The authors’ approaches to route design are illustrated by the example of the Urals. Interregional tourist routes in Russia are actively developed with the support of the government. They are initiated by interacting regions and especially federal districts. Interregional routes are tours covering several adjacent regions or regions that are close not territorially, but thematically in tourist aspects. Such routes are quite different, but they have mainly cultural and informative goals as well as an excursion, transport and sometimes cruise style. Among all the interregional routes, the ‘Golden Ring’ and the ‘Volga-Kama’ river cruises are exemplary, among which the ‘Moskovskaya krugosvetka’ stands out due to the uniqueness of the ring shape of the route. The geographic features of the Urals are at the heart of the logical decisions for the preparation of the interregional tourist project ’The Great Ural Route’. The Urals have attractive, image, logistic and other opportunities for organising a large tourist route. A route should be developed for residents of the country and foreign guests, which will introduce the most striking and characteristic objects of the macro region as a whole. Moreover, the annular shape of the route is most preferred. It is advisable to lay the route in most of the Ural regions. It should include the main cities, landscapes of different natural zones, the most significant excursion sites and distinctive territories. Geographic route design technologies make it possible to make them relevant for a long time.

The features of the formation of the appearance of a provincial district society are analyzed on the example of the Ural district town of Krasnoufimsk, Perm province. The factors that influenced the changes taking place in the bureaucratic environment in the first half of the 1870s are considered, the composition of Krasnoufimsk district officials is presented. The study was carried out on the basis of data recorded by the former serf of the Perm landowners Golubtsovs Matvey Andreev in the published Diary. Through the eyes of a representative of a different class, some aspects of the relationship between the Krasnoufimsk bureaucratic district society and the representative of the upper noble class V. P. Golubtsov (1832—1887) are shown. It is indicated that the information contained in the Diary testifies to the changes taking place in society associated with the erosion of its composition and the weakening of the influence of officials in the space of the county town, when the content component of the previously formed traditions changes by introducing new models of behavior by representatives of other classes. The relevance of the study is seen in the importance of studying the socio-cultural space of the provincial city in general and the Ural in particular, which had its own specific features that influenced the formation of urban society. It is concluded that although only some socio-cultural aspects of the life of a provincial society are shown, their identification and study will help to better understand what important processes took place in society during the post-reform period.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the state policy on Ural Gypsies in the 1920-30s. Historiographical experience allows to undertake micro-level studies including examples of certain regions taking into account their specificity. The article observes the history of Ural Gypsies. Despite a great amount of works devoted to the history of Russian Gypsies the authors are sure that a differentiated approach to the study is the most appropriate taking into account the peculiarities of certain ethnic groups each of them having its own historical specificities. Available published sources and documents that are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time allow to undertake such studies inside one region on the example of two ethnic groups of Gypsies - Russian Roma and the Kalderash Gypsies. The authors have a hypothesis that the number of Ural Gypsies could be much bigger because in official documents they were named Russians or the citizens of certain European countries (Romanians, Bulgarians, Austrians, Serbs, and others). The article analyses the effectiveness of Ural authorities policies aimed at organizing Gypsy collective farms (kolkhoz), industrial artels as well as cultural policies on Gypsies. Despite several successful examples in the country in general Ural attempts of organizing Gypsy collective farms were not that successful though there were all the necessary conditions and regional authorities were making a lot of efforts to maintain those farms that were organized. The sources give information on the activities of Gypsy industrial artels which unlike collective farms were functioning well.

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For the first time, on the basis of published and archival documents, the issue of a hospital as an object of social infrastructure in early Yekaterinburg is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the literature contains only fragmentary information about the organization of medical services at state-owned factories in the Urals in the 1720s—1734s. It is noted that the main reason for this lies in the absence of a set of documents devoted to this topic, even at the level of one case, in their dispersion among voluminous cases with factory documentation. The efforts of the heads of the Ural factories V. N. Tatishchev and V. I. Gennin to hire a doctor from the center are revealed. Information about the construction of the first hospital in Yekaterinburg in 1723—1724 and 1727 is researched. Special attention is paid to the regulation of medical services for the population by the local administration and the implementation of Russian legislation in the field of medicine on the territory of the mining department in the Urals. The questions about the orderlies of the hospital, the organization of treatment of patients, their delivery to the hospital are considered; financing the work of the hospital, participation of the population and payment for food for the inpatients; keeping records of people in the hospital and money, spent on medical care. Special attention is paid to the methods of drug delivery to Yekaterinburg from St. Petersburg and Moscow, the preparation of medical students.

In the 1930s-1940s Professor I. Ya. Postovsky and his students carried out scientific research work on the synthesis of sulfonamides compounds; sulfide, sulfazole, sulfatiazole were obtained. During in this period, Soviet scientists were at the forefront of a new scientific direction. During the Great Patriotic War industrial production of sulfonamide drugs was organized in pharmaceutical factory in the city of Sverdlovsk in a limited time frame, and Professor B. P. Kushelevsky developed treatment with the use of the new medicines. The lives of thousands of wounded soldiers and officers were saved thanks to the joint work of chemists and doctors. The region's first industry-pharmaceutical Institute - the Ural branch of All-Union Chemical and Pharmaceutical Institute n. a. S. Ordzhonikidze - was created in military conditions. I. Ya. Postovsky laid the foundation for the further successful development of the scientific school of pharmaceutical chemistry in the Ural region.

The history of higher education in Russia and the near abroad is inseparably connected with the activity of higher education institutions administrators and their teaching and scholarly activity. They were the people who implemented the government policy in the sphere of higher education. In the 1920–40s, the academic and scholarly activity in the Soviet higher education institutions depended, to a large extent, on the change of the socio-political situation in the country. This was reflected in the fates of those who headed higher school administrations. The authors’ study of political and professional activity of higher school administrators can provide an objective assessment of their activity as managers, pedagogues and scholars. In this regard, the study the life of Solomon Zakharovich Katsenbogen – a sociologist, philosopher, pedagogue and higher school administrator becomes especially interesting and urgent. The 100th anniversary of the foundation of the Belarusian State University and the 90th anniversary of the foundation of Sverdlovsk State Pedagogical Institute (now Ural State Pedagogical University) can also serve as very good reasons for the publication of this material. The article deals with the work of S. Z. Katsenbogen under the conditions of the change in the socio-political life taking place in the USSR in the second half of the 1930s – 1940s. It is the first attempt to study his professional activity as a lecturer and administrator at the higher education institutions of the Urals, and first of all at Sverdlovsk State Pedagogical Institute. The article analyzes the political leanings and behavior of S. Z. Katsenbogen under the conditions of the Stalinist regime, which was responsible for false allegations against him: suspiciousness and distrust in relation to colleagues and slowdown in scholarly activity because of fear of criticism for political reasons. At the same time, the authors make a conclusion about a positive contribution of the professor to the improvement of the functioning of higher schools in the Urals: a new approach to the organization of planning of scientific activity of higher education institutions, the creation of the system of control of the conduct of lectures and tutorials by teachers on the part of the heads of departments and higher school administration. Under the conditions of mass repression, S. Z. Katsenbogen did not become a slanderer and careerist; he sincerely believed that due to his hard work and moral behavior, he would eventually have his party disciplinary penalties withdrawn. His colleagues – pedagogues of the higher education institutions of the Urals – also believed in this, but he never achieved rehabilitation from the party officials. The fate of professor Katsenbogen was to a great extent highly typical of the historical situation in the country during Joseph Stalin’s rule. In this perspective, the aim of the article is to reveal the consequences of the impact of political factors and peculiarities of the social life of the period of 1935–1946 on the activity of the higher school administrator, scholar and pedagogue. On the other hand, the authors tried to carry out their investigation within the framework of the historical-anthropological approach, in which a person functions as an active historical subject, as a historical factor, and as a bearer of a political culture and mentality. To achieve the aim and the tasks of the study, it is important to expand the investigation source base now as a result of publicizing a number of archival materials previously inaccessible for historians.

The present article considers the history of the social movement of Russian Germans in the Urals, as well as the factors in its formation, on the basis of previously unknown sources (archival and field materials obtained by the author). The Germans of the Urals formed as a single community in the second half of the 20th century, as a result of deportation, labour mobilisation (1942–1946) and a special settlement regime (1948–1955). The author concludes that the modern social movement contributes to the ethnocultural development of the German popula-tion in Russia through various projects aimed at the preservation of history, memory, language and culture. As a result of the activists' activities in the Urals, a network of German associations has formed: centres of German culture, meeting centres, national-cultural autonomies, «Rebirth» society, Russian-German houses, etc. The so-cial movement of Ural Germans plays a key role in ethnocultural development. It emerged in the setting of the mass emigration of Germans to their homeland, both ‘from below’ at the initiative of Germans themselves aiming to preserve the history and culture of their people, and ‘from above’ with the aim of unifying and controlling the mood of the German population. Currently, German organisations initiate their ethnocultural projects directed at the preservation of historical memory, culture, language, as well as other foundations for ethnocultural heritage. For example, creative groups have become a place where ethnicity is updated, where Germans feel like Ger-mans, using their native language and preserving folk traditions. In all projects, a significant, if not decisive, role is played by the personal position of leaders. To some extent, ethnic leaders devote themselves to their people and find self-fulfilment in the field of ethnicity, complementing and revitalising it with their initiatives. Our studies show that the ethnocultural potential of Ural Germans is most effectively realised if ethnic leaders, both socio-political and in the cultural sphere, are active, which helps preserve the cultural heritage of the community. The socio-political leaders of Ural Germans represented by E.A. Grib and O.F. Shtraler emerged at the height of the ethnic movement and the establishment of self-organisation of Russian Germans in the late 1990s — early 2000s. The areas and motives of their activities, on the one hand, were associated with personal self-realisation and, on the other, were explained by the desire to preserve the ethnocultural heritage of Germans whose number reduced sharply due to mass emigration. Their activities are reflected in numerous projects whose success contributes to the formation of the regional identity of the Germans in the Urals through a system of self-organisation.

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the discursive field “Forestry activity in the Urals”. The relevance of the study is determined by the increased attention of modern linguistics to the problems of regional specificity of professional discourse, the development of which is at the initial stage. The aim of the article is the etymological and onomasiological description of the units of the discursive field, characterized as “Forestry activity in the Urals”. Semasiological, onomasiological methods and the method of scientific description are used to achieve this goal. Lexical units included in the field are identified, their origin is interpreted. The main field segments are defined. As a result of the analysis of the empirical material belonging to the “Forestry activity in the Urals” discursive field, it was revealed that in the Ural regional lexical system a specific system of concepts was developed. It has been implemented in the speech activity of dialect speakers. The Ural General dialect foundation is the basis for the modern professional communication of foresters and timber producers of the region.

The gap between post­Soviet Russia and the communist past was demonstrated by a decree of the President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin’s “Establishing the Day of Agreement and Reconciliation” (1996), according to which the 7th of November remained a public holiday, but the essence of the celebration that was intended to symbolize the victory of the working classes over their exploiters, was changed to the reconciliation and unity of various layers of the Russian society. Later, the holiday of the 7th of November was cancelled completely; instead, President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin in 2004, by his decree, approved a new holiday ­ the Day of National Unity, which is timed to events that were much more remote and date back to 1612. For the first time, Russia celebrated a new public holiday on the 4th of November 2005. In contrast to the historical victory of the USSR over fascist Germany, the February and October revolutions of 1917, the Civil War, foreign intervention, the role of V.I. Lenin, I.V. Stalin and other revolutionary leaders continue to provoke heated debates in Russian society, serving as a source of controversy and conflict. Conscious of the potential danger of this subject, the authorities prefer to refrain from potentially dangerous and threatening political stability actions (burial of the body of VI Lenin, etc.), prefer to put everything off and pass on a solution of painful problems to society to future generations. The indistinct position of the federal center on the events of Russian history of the twentieth century, its silence on the themes of the October Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War in Russia led to numerous scandals with new monuments (Mannerheim, Kolchak, Krasnov, etc.) and other contradictory and diverse in their form consequences. In the rural areas, the situation is often determined by the level of education, character traits and psychological characteristics of representatives of the local administration, as well as their sympathies or antipathies of the parties to the Civil War. The article provides several examples of various manifestations of the current “provincial echo” of the Civil War in Siberia (Nizhneingashsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Baikal region) and in the Urals (the city of Okhansk, Perm Territory).

The levels of interspecific and intraspecific variation in morphometric parameters of spermatozoa have been studied in seven wild rodent species of the families Cricetidae and Muridae and inbred CBA mice. The study of intraspecific variability of parameters included an analysis of within-population age-related variation and variation among individuals within a population. It has been found that, as expected, animal species is the factor contributing most to variation in the test parameters, but the degree of differences between species has been not always proportional to genetic distances between them. The proportion of within-population age-related variation is not significant and, hence, can be ignored in population studies on male reproduction. In contrast, the contribution of individual variation in the parameters of spermatozoa to their overall variation in each species is significant and should be taken into account when forming the samples and analyzing the results. The levels of intraspecific variation in the morphometric parameters of spermatozoa in wild rodents and inbred mice are similar to each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Epic of Edigey, events take place in Desht-i Kipchak. Desht-i Kipchak is one of many places where Turkic peoples had migrated to the millennia Before Christ. By the 13th century AD, the Mongols invaded the region and had established the Golden Horde State, at the same time conquering local Kipchak and Bulgarian tribes. Therefore, Turkic peoples - made up part of the population during the Golden Horde period - were naturally made mention of in the Epic of Edigey. The Epic of Edigey tells accounts events that take place between Amir Edigey, Toktamish Khan, and Amir Timur (all of whom are real historical figures). Edigey - the epic's protagonist-took refuge with Amir Timur upon learning that Toktamish Khan was plotting to murder him. With Amir Timur's help, Edigey saves his homeland and vows to take revenge on Toktamish Khan. The Tatar and Bashkır versions of the Epic of Edigey epic focus on Edigey's struggle to stay alive and to defend his nation. The hero, Edigey, vowed to spend his life fighting for the Urals and Idil. Edigey's love of his homeland and his sense of heroism were not forgotten by Turkic peoples. Moreover, Edigey's son (and other followers) carried his father's efforts to protect Ural (Yayık) and Volga against their enemies long after he died. He also preserved his ideals as well. In the "Chief Constable" version, Edigey's last words to his son (upon being killed in one of his battles with his enemies) were to defend the homeland. The epic portrays Edigey's death as the country becoming dark, orphaned, and entering uncertain times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lower molar (m1) of cave bears from Late Pleistocene localities of the Urals was studied employing the methods of traditional morphometry and geometric morphometrics. On the basis of the size and shape variation of m1, the small cave bear (Ursus ex gr. savini-rossicus) was found to have been a part of the faunas from the caves Skazka, Viasher, Dynamitnaya, Chudesnitsa, and Chernye Kosti. The small cave bear presence in faunas from the Medvezhya, Makhnevskaya Ledyanaya, Asha 1, Ignat'evskaya, and Barsuchii Dol caves was confirmed as well. The species range of the small cave bear encompassed the Northern, Middle, and Southern Urals in the Late Pleistocene. The ranges of the small cave bear and cave bear (Ursus kanivetz) overlapped from the beginning (marine isotope stage 5e) to the middle (middle marine isotope stage 3) of the Late Pleistocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphometric and morphotypic variability of the cave bear lower incisors from two different geographic regions (Caucasus and Urals), different stratigraphic periods (Middle and Late Pleistocene), and bearing different mitochondrial haplogroups (kudarensis (Baryshnikov, 1985) and ingressus Rabeder, Hofreiter & Withalm, 2004) was studied. Urals Ursus kanivetz Vereshchagin, 1973 is clearly distinguished from Caucasian U. kudarensis by morphology of the upper and lower incisors. The Urals cave bear exhibits more derived features compared to the Caucasian cave bears. Ursus kanivetz exhibits the largest average size of the lower incisors. The lower incisors of U. kanivetz are clearly distinct from those in U. kudarensis. Also, U. kudarensis specimens display a clear separation from all other groups of cave bears. Morphology of the incisors of the cave bears is clearly different from that of Early Pleistocene U. etruscus G. Cuvier, 1823, as well as from that of recent U. arctos L., 1758 (Rabeder, 1999) and U. maritimus Phipps, 1774. Our results suggest that the incisors of the cave bears are similar to each other and demonstrate a hypocarnivorous adaptation as a major evolution trend in the lineage of Spelearctos group. These adaptation features were perhaps developed in parallel in different lineages of the cave bears (U. spelaeus Rosenmüller, 1794 and U. kanivetz on the one hand and U. kudarensis on the other hand) in the Late Pleistocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paleolithic antiquity of parietal art in Ignatievskaya cave, Southern Ural, is supported by its subject (Late Pleistocene animals) as well as by paleontological and palynological data, and 14C dates from cultural layers associated with artistic activity (17.8−16.3 cal ka BP; association is established by finds of ochre in these layers). However, three 14C dates of charcoal motifs yielded younger, Holocene ages (7.4−6.0 cal ka BP). In this study, we constrain the age of parietal art in the cave by 230Th dating of flowstone that brackets the paintings. Flowstone did not form in the cave between c. 78 and 10 ka BP, due to widespread permafrost in northern Eurasia at that time. Our 230Th dates do not support the middle Holocene age of art in Ignatievskaya cave and are consistent with its Upper Paleolithic antiquity instead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microwear of the non-occlusal surface of incisors (I1, I2) of the small cave bear (Ursus ex gr. savini-rossicus) and Ural cave bear (Ursus kanivetz) from the Pleistocene of the Middle and South Urals is analyzed and compared. Qualitative characteristics of incisor microwear have been shown to be different in these species. In the small cave bear, coarser lesions on the non-occlusal surface of the incisors are observed. Considering the specificity of microwear of non-occlusal tooth surfaces, the data obtained suggest differences in trophic specialization of the species. studied [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]