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1. Ion flow and sheath physics studies in multiple ion species plasmas using diode laser based laser-induced fluorescence

Author: Severn, GD, Wang, X, Ko, E, Hershkowitz, N, Turner, MM, and McWilliams, R
Subjects: plasma sheath, plasma diagnostics, plasma spectroscopy, Physical Sciences, Engineering, Technology, Applied Physics
Abstract: Diode lasers have proved to be a valuable light source for laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) measurements for plasma science since the early 1990s, and they have recently improved the state of the art of measuring ion flow from ion velocity distribution functions (ivdfs) at the sheath-presheath boundary in single and multiple ion species plasmas. In the case of a low temperature two ion species plasma (ArI + HeI), we were the first to show experimentally that ion species may reach the sheath edge flowing at a very different speed than that expected from the single species Bohm Criterion (ArII ions exceed the individual Bohm flow speed by almost a factor of 2 at the sheath edge). Simulation results are found to agree. Diode laser technology relevant to LIF measurements in multiple ion species plasmas is discussed with the aim of addressing outstanding problems in sheath formation in such plasmas. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Published: 2006

2. Overview of JET results for optimising ITER operation

Author: Mailloux, J, Abid, N, Abraham, K, Abreu, P, Adabonyan, O, Adrich, P, Afanasev, V, Afzal, M, Ahlgren, T, Aho-Mantila, L, Aiba, N, Airila, M, Akhtar, M, Albanese, R, Alderson-Martin, M, Alegre, D, Aleiferis, S, Aleksa, A, Alekseev, A, Alessi, E, Aleynikov, P, Algualcil, J, Ali, M, Allinson, M, Alper, B, Alves, E, Ambrosino, G, Ambrosino, R, Amosov, V, Sunden, E, Andrew, P, Angelini, B, Angioni, C, Antoniou, I, Appel, L, Appelbee, C, Aria, S, Ariola, M, Artaserse, G, Arter, W, Artigues, V, Asakura, N, Ash, A, Ashikawa, N, Aslanyan, V, Astrain, M, Asztalos, O, Auld, D, Auriemma, F, Austin, Y, Avotina, L, Aymerich, E, Baciero, A, Bairaktaris, F, Balbin, J, Balbinot, L, Balboa, I, Balden, M, Balshaw, C, Balshaw, N, Bandaru, V, Banks, J, Baranov, Y, Barcellona, C, Barnard, A, Barnard, M, Barnsley, R, Barth, A, Baruzzo, M, Barwell, S, Bassan, M, Batista, A, Batistoni, P, Baumane, L, Bauvir, B, Baylor, L, Beaumont, P, Beckett, D, Begolli, A, Beidler, M, Bekris, N, Beldishevski, M, Belli, E, Belli, F, Belonohy, E, Ben Yaala, M, Benayas, J, Bentley, J, Bergsaker, H, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Berry, M, Bertalot, L, Betar, H, Beurskens, M, Bickerton, S, Bieg, B, Bielecki, J, Bierwage, A, Biewer, T, Bilato, R, Bilkova, P, Birkenmeier, G, Bishop, H, Bizarro, J, Blackburn, J, Blanchard, P, Blatchford, P, Bobkov, V, Boboc, A, Bohm, P, Bohm, T, Bolshakova, I, Bolzonella, T, Bonanomi, N, Bonfiglio, D, Bonnin, X, Bonofiglo, P, Boocock, S, Booth, A, Booth, J, Borba, D, Borodin, D, Borodkina, I, Boulbe, C, Bourdelle, C, Bowden, M, Boyd, K, Mihalic, I, Bradnam, S, Braic, V, Brandt, L, Bravanec, R, Breizman, B, Brett, A, Brezinsek, S, Brix, M, Bromley, K, Brown, B, Brunetti, D, Buckingham, R, Buckley, M, Budny, R, Buermans, J, Bufferand, H, Buratti, P, Burgess, A, Buscarino, A, Busse, A, Butcher, D, de la Cal, E, Calabro, G, Calacci, L, Calado, R, Camenen, Y, Canal, G, Cannas, B, Cappelli, M, Carcangiu, S, Card, P, Cardinali, A, Carman, P, Carnevale, D, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Carraro, L, Carvalho, I, Carvalho, P, Casiraghi, I, Casson, F, Castaldo, C, Catalan, J, Catarino, N, Causa, F, Cavedon, M, Cecconello, M, Challis, C, Chamberlain, B, Chang, C, Chankin, A, Chapman, B, Chernyshova, M, Chiariello, A, Chmielewski, P, Chomiczewska, A, Chone, L, Ciraolo, G, Ciric, D, Clark, M, Clarkson, R, Clements, C, Cleverly, M, Coad, J, Coates, P, Cobalt, A, Coccorese, V, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Coffey, I, Colangeli, A, Colas, L, Collins, C, Collins, J, Collins, S, Conka, D, Conroy, S, Conway, B, Conway, N, Coombs, D, Cooper, P, Cooper, S, Corradino, C, Corrigan, G, Coster, D, Cox, P, Craciunescu, T, Cramp, S, Crapper, C, Craven, D, Craven, R, Esposito, M, Croci, G, Croft, D, Croitoru, A, Crombe, K, Cronin, T, Cruz, N, Crystal, C, Cseh, G, Cufar, A, Cullen, A, Curuia, M, Czarski, T, Dabirikhah, H, Dal Molin, A, Dale, E, Dalgliesh, P, Dalley, S, Dankowski, J, David, P, Davies, A, Davies, S, Davis, G, Dawson, K, Dawson, S, Day, I, De Bock, M, De Temmerman, G, De Tommasi, G, Deakin, K, Deane, J, Dejarnac, R, Del Sarto, D, Delabie, E, Del-Castillo-Negrete, D, Dempsey, A, Dendy, R, Devynck, P, Di Siena, A, Di Troia, C, Dickson, T, Dinca, P, Dittmar, T, Dobrashian, J, Doerner, R, Donne, A, Dorling, S, Dormido-Canto, S, Douai, D, Dowson, S, Doyle, R, Dreval, M, Drewelow, P, Drews, P, Drummond, G, Duckworth, P, Dudding, H, Dumont, R, Dumortier, P, Dunai, D, Dunatov, T, Dunne, M, Durodie, F, Dux, R, Dvornova, A, Eastham, R, Edwards, J, Eich, T, Eichorn, A, Eidietis, N, Eksaeva, A, El Haroun, H, Ellwood, G, Elsmore, C, Embreus, O, Emery, S, Ericsson, G, Eriksson, B, Eriksson, F, Eriksson, J, Eriksson, L, Ertmer, S, Esquembri, S, Esquisabel, A, Estrada, T, Evans, G, Evans, S, Fable, E, Fagan, D, Faitsch, M, Falessi, M, Fanni, A, Farahani, A, Farquhar, I, Fasoli, A, Faugeras, B, Fazinic, S, Felici, F, Felton, R, Fernandes, A, Fernandes, H, Ferrand, J, Ferreira, D, Ferreira, J, Ferro, G, Fessey, J, Ficker, O, Field, A, Figueiredo, A, Figueiredo, J, Fil, A, Fil, N, Finburg, P, Fiorucci, D, Fischer, U, Fishpool, G, Fittill, L, Fitzgerald, M, Flammini, D, Flanagan, J, Flinders, K, Foley, S, Fonnesu, N, Fontana, M, Fontdecaba, J, Forbes, S, Formisano, A, Fornal, T, Fortuna, L, Fortuna-Zalesna, E, Fortune, M, Fowler, C, Fransson, E, Frassinetti, L, Freisinger, M, Fresa, R, Fridstrom, R, Frigione, D, Fulop, T, Furseman, M, Fusco, V, Futatani, S, Gadariya, D, Gal, K, Galassi, D, Galazka, K, Galeani, S, Gallart, D, Galvao, R, Gao, Y, Garcia, J, Garcia-Munoz, M, Gardener, M, Garzotti, L, Gaspar, J, Gatto, R, Gaudio, P, Gear, D, Gebhart, T, Gee, S, Gelfusa, M, George, R, Gerasimov, S, Gervasini, G, Gethins, M, Ghani, Z, Gherendi, M, Ghezzi, F, Giacalone, J, Giacomelli, L, Giacometti, G, Gibson, C, Gibson, K, Gil, L, Gillgren, A, Gin, D, Giovannozzi, E, Giroud, C, Glen, R, Gloggler, S, Goff, J, Gohil, P, Goloborodko, V, Gomes, R, Goncalves, B, Goniche, M, Goodyear, A, Gore, S, Gorini, G, Gorler, T, Gotts, N, Goulding, R, Gow, E, Graham, B, Graves, J, Greuner, H, Grierson, B, Griffiths, J, Griph, S, Grist, D, Gromelski, W, Groth, M, Grove, R, Gruca, M, Guard, D, Gupta, N, Gurl, C, Gusarov, A, Hackett, L, Hacquin, S, Hager, R, Hagg, L, Hakola, A, Halitovs, M, Hall, S, Hallworth-Cook, S, Ham, C, Hamaguchi, D, Hamed, M, Hamlyn-Harris, C, Hammond, K, Harford, E, Harrison, J, Harting, D, Hatano, Y, Hatch, D, Haupt, T, Hawes, J, Hawkes, N, Hawkins, J, Hayashi, T, Hazael, S, Hazel, S, Heesterman, P, Heidbrink, B, Helou, W, Hemming, O, Henderson, S, Henriques, R, Hepple, D, Herfindal, J, Hermon, G, Hill, J, Hillesheim, J, Hizanidis, K, Hjalmarsson, A, Ho, A, Hobirk, J, Hoenen, O, Hogben, C, Hollingsworth, A, Hollis, S, Hollmann, E, Holzl, M, Homan, B, Hook, M, Hopley, D, Horsley, D, Horsten, N, Horton, A, Horton, L, Horvath, L, Hotchin, S, Howell, R, Hu, Z, Huber, A, Huber, V, Huddleston, T, Huijsmans, G, Huynh, P, Hynes, A, Iliasova, M, Imrie, D, Imrisek, M, Ingleby, J, Innocente, P, Bjork, K, Isernia, N, Ivanova-Stanik, I, Ivings, E, Jablonski, S, Jachmich, S, Jackson, T, Jacquet, P, Jarleblad, H, Jaulmes, F, Rodriguez, J, Jepu, I, Joffrin, E, Johnson, R, Johnson, T, Johnston, J, Jones, C, Jones, G, Jones, L, Jones, N, Jones, T, Joyce, A, Juarez, R, Juvonen, M, Kaltiaisenaho, T, Kaniewski, J, Kantor, A, Kappatou, A, Karhunen, J, Karkinsky, D, Kashchuk, Y, Kaufman, M, Kaveney, G, Kazakov, Y, Kazantzidis, V, Keeling, D, Kelly, R, Kempenaars, M, Kennedy, C, Kennedy, D, Kent, J, Khan, K, Khilkevich, E, Kiefer, C, Kilpelainen, J, Kim, C, Kim, H, Kim, S, King, D, King, R, Kinna, D, Kiptily, V, Kirjasuo, A, Kirov, K, Kirschner, A, Kiviniemi, T, Kizane, G, Klas, M, Klepper, C, Klix, A, Kneale, G, Knight, M, Knight, P, Knights, R, Knipe, S, Knolker, M, Knott, S, Kocan, M, Kochl, F, Kodeli, I, Kolesnichenko, Y, Kominis, Y, Kong, M, Korovin, V, Kos, B, Kos, D, Koslowski, H, Kotschenreuther, M, Koubiti, M, Koziol, K, Krasilnikov, A, Krasilnikov, V, Kresina, M, Krieger, K, Krishnan, N, Krivska, A, Kruezi, U, Kukushkin, A, Kumpulainen, H, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kurotaki, H, Kwak, S, Kwon, O, Laguardia, L, Lagzdina, E, Lahtinen, A, Laing, A, Lam, N, Lambertz, H, Lane, B, Lane, C, Neto, E, Lawson, K, Lazaros, A, Lazzaro, E, Learoyd, G, Lee, C, Lee, S, Leerink, S, Leeson, T, Lefebvre, X, Leggate, H, Lehmann, J, Lehnen, M, Leichtle, D, Leipold, F, Lengar, I, Lennholm, M, Gutierrez, E, Lepiavko, B, Leppanen, J, Lerche, E, Lescinskis, A, Lewis, J, Leysen, W, Li, L, Li, Y, Likonen, J, Linsmeier, C, Lipschultz, B, Litaudon, X, Litherland-Smith, E, Liu, F, Loarer, T, Loarte, A, Lobel, R, Lomanowski, B, Lomas, P, Lopez, J, Lorenzini, R, Loreti, S, Losada, U, Loschiavo, V, Loughlin, M, Louka, Z, Lovell, J, Lowe, T, Lowry, C, Lubbad, S, Luce, T, Lucock, R, Lukin, A, Luna, C, de la Luna, E, Lungaroni, M, Lungu, C, Lunt, T, Lutsenko, V, Lyons, B, Lyssoivan, A, Machielsen, M, Macusova, E, Maenpaa, R, Maggi, C, Maggiora, R, Magness, M, Mahesan, S, Maier, H, Maingi, R, Malinowski, K, Manas, P, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Manyer, J, Manzanares, A, Maquet, P, Marceca, G, Marcenko, N, Marchetto, C, Marchuk, O, Mariani, A, Mariano, G, Marin, M, Marinelli, M, Markovic, T, Marocco, D, Marot, L, Marsden, S, Marsh, J, Marshall, R, Martellucci, L, Martin, A, Martone, R, Maruyama, S, Maslov, M, Masuzaki, S, Matejcik, S, Mattei, M, Matthews, G, Matveev, D, Matveeva, E, Mauriya, A, Maviglia, F, Mayer, M, Mayoral, M, Mazzi, S, Mazzotta, C, Mcadams, R, Mccarthy, P, Mcclements, K, Mcclenaghan, J, Mccullen, P, Mcdonald, D, Mcguckin, D, Mchugh, D, Mcintyre, G, Mckean, R, Mckehon, J, Mcmillan, B, Mcnamee, L, Mcshee, A, Meakins, A, Medley, S, Meekes, C, Meghani, K, Meigs, A, Meisl, G, Meitner, S, Menmuir, S, Mergia, K, Merriman, S, Mertens, P, Meshchaninov, S, Messiaen, A, Michling, R, Middleton, P, Middleton-Gear, D, Mietelski, J, Milanesio, D, Milani, E, Militello, F, Asp, A, Milnes, J, Milocco, A, Miloshevsky, G, Minghao, C, Minucci, S, Miron, I, Miyamoto, M, Mlynar, J, Moiseenko, V, Monaghan, P, Monakhov, I, Moody, T, Moon, S, Mooney, R, Moradi, S, Morales, J, Morales, R, Mordijck, S, Moreira, L, Morgan, L, Moro, F, Morris, J, Morrison, K, Msero, L, Moulton, D, Mrowetz, T, Mundy, T, Muraglia, M, Murari, A, Muraro, A, Muthusonai, N, Na, Y, Nabais, F, Naden, M, Naish, J, Naish, R, Napoli, F, Nardon, E, Naulin, V, Nave, M, Nedzelskiy, I, Nemtsev, G, Nesenevich, V, Nestoras, I, Neu, R, Neverov, V, Ng, S, Nicassio, M, Nielsen, A, Nina, D, Nishijima, D, Noble, C, Nobs, C, Nocente, M, Nodwell, D, Nordlund, K, Nordman, H, Normanton, R, Noterdaeme, J, Nowak, S, Nunn, E, Nystrom, H, Oberparleiter, M, Obryk, B, O'Callaghan, J, Odupitan, T, Oliver, H, Olney, R, O'Mullane, M, Ongena, J, Organ, E, Orsitto, F, Orszagh, J, Osborne, T, Otin, R, Otsuka, T, Owen, A, Oya, Y, Oyaizu, M, Paccagnella, R, Pace, N, Packer, L, Paige, S, Pajuste, E, Palade, D, Pamela, S, Panadero, N, Panontin, E, Papadopoulos, A, Papp, G, Papp, P, Parail, V, Pardanaud, C, Parisi, J, Diaz, F, Parsloe, A, Parsons, M, Parsons, N, Passeri, M, Patel, A, Pau, A, Pautasso, G, Pavlichenko, R, Pavone, A, Pawelec, E, Soldan, C, Peacock, A, Pearce, M, Peluso, E, Penot, C, Pepperell, K, Pereira, R, Pereira, T, Cippo, E, Pereslavtsev, P, von Thun, C, Pericoli, V, Perry, D, Peterka, M, Petersson, P, Petravich, G, Petrella, N, Peyman, M, Pillon, M, Pinches, S, Pintsuk, G, de Sa, W, dos Reis, A, Piron, C, Pionr, L, Pironti, A, Pitts, R, van de Plassche, K, Platt, N, Plyusnin, V, Podesta, M, Pokol, G, Poli, F, Pompilian, O, Popovichev, S, Poradzinski, M, Porfiri, M, Porkolab, M, Porosnicu, C, Porton, M, Poulipoulis, G, Predebon, I, Prestopino, G, Price, C, Price, D, Price, M, Primetzhofer, D, Prior, P, Provatas, G, Pucella, G, Puglia, P, Purahoo, K, Pusztai, I, Putignano, O, Putterich, T, Quercia, A, Rachlew, E, Radulescu, G, Radulovic, V, Rainford, M, Raj, P, Ralph, G, Ramogida, G, Rasmussen, D, Rasmussen, J, Ratta, G, Ratynskaia, S, Rebai, M, Refy, D, Reichle, R, Reinke, M, Reiser, D, Reux, C, Reynolds, S, Richiusa, M, Richyal, S, Rigamonti, D, Rimini, F, Risner, J, Riva, M, Rivero-Rodriguez, J, Roach, C, Robins, R, Robinson, S, Robson, D, Rodionov, R, Rodrigues, P, Ramos, M, Rodriguez-Fernandez, P, Romanelli, F, Romanelli, M, Romanelli, S, Romazanov, J, Rossi, R, Rowe, S, Rowlands, D, Rubel, M, Rubinacci, G, Rubino, G, Ruchko, L, Ruiz, M, Ruiz, J, Ruset, C, Rzadkiewicz, J, Saarelma, S, Safi, E, Sahlberg, A, Salewski, M, Salmi, A, Salmon, R, Salzedas, F, Sanders, I, Sandiford, D, Santos, B, Santucci, A, Sarkimaki, K, Sarwar, R, Sarychev, I, Sauter, O, Sauwan, P, Scapin, N, Schluck, F, Schmid, K, Schmuck, S, Schneider, M, Schneider, P, Schworer, D, Scott, G, Scott, M, Scraggs, D, Scully, S, Segato, M, Seo, J, Sergienko, G, Sertoli, M, Sharapov, S, Shaw, A, Sheikh, H, Sheikh, U, Shepherd, A, Shevelev, A, Shigin, P, Shinohara, K, Shiraiwa, S, Shiraki, D, Short, M, Sias, G, Silburn, S, Silva, A, Silva, C, Silva, J, Silvagni, D, Simfukwe, D, Simpson, J, Sinclair, D, Sipila, S, Sips, A, Siren, P, Sirinelli, A, Sjostrand, H, Skinner, N, Slater, J, Smith, N, Smith, P, Snell, J, Snoep, G, Snoj, L, Snyder, P, Soare, S, Solano, E, Solokha, V, Somers, A, Sommariva, C, Soni, K, Sorokovoy, E, Sos, M, Sousa, J, Sozzi, C, Spagnolo, S, Spelzini, T, Spineanu, F, Spong, D, Sprada, D, Sridhar, S, Srinivasan, C, Stables, G, Staebler, G, Stamatelatos, I, Stancar, Z, Staniec, P, Stankunas, G, Stead, M, Stefanikova, E, Stephen, A, Stephens, J, Stevenson, P, Stojanov, M, Strand, P, Strauss, H, Strikwerda, S, Strom, P, Stuart, C, Studholme, W, Subramani, M, Suchkov, E, Sumida, S, Sun, H, Susts, T, Svensson, J, Svoboda, J, Sweeney, R, Sytnykov, D, Szabolics, T, Szepesi, G, Tabia, B, Tadic, T, Tal, B, Tala, T, Tallargio, A, Tamain, P, Tan, H, Tanaka, K, Tang, W, Tardocchi, M, Taylor, D, Teimane, A, Telesca, G, Teplova, N, Teplukhina, A, Terentyev, D, Terra, A, Terranova, D, Terranova, N, Testa, D, Tholerus, E, Thomas, J, Thoren, E, Thorman, A, Tierens, W, Tinguely, R, Tipton, A, Todd, H, Tokitani, M, Tolias, P, Tomes, M, Tookey, A, Torikai, Y, von Toussaint, U, Tsavalas, P, Tskhakaya, D, Turner, I, Turner, M, Turnyanskiy, M, Tvalashvili, G, Tyrrell, S, Tyshchenko, M, Uccello, A, Udintsev, V, Urbanczyk, G, Vadgama, A, Valcarcel, D, Valisa, M, Olivares, P, Vallhagen, O, Van Eester, D, Varje, J, Vartanian, S, Vasilopoulou, T, Vayakis, G, Vecsei, M, Vega, J, Ventre, S, Verdoolaege, G, Verona, C, Rinati, G, Veshchev, E, Vianello, N, Viezzer, E, Vignitchouk, L, Vila, R, Villari, R, Villone, F, Vincenzi, P, Vinyar, I, Viola, B, Virtanen, A, Vitins, A, Vizvary, Z, Vlad, G, Vlad, M, Vondracek, P, de Vries, P, Wakeling, B, Walkden, N, Walker, M, Walker, R, Walsh, M, Wang, E, Wang, N, Warder, S, Warren, R, Waterhouse, J, Watts, C, Wauters, T, Weckmann, A, Maxwell, H, Weiland, M, Weisen, H, Weiszflog, M, Welch, P, Wendler, N, West, A, Wheatley, M, Wheeler, S, Whitehead, A, Whittaker, D, Widdowson, A, Wiesen, S, Wilkinson, J, Williams, J, Willoughby, D, Wilson, I, Wilson, J, Wilson, T, Wischmeier, M, Wise, P, 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Donne, AJH, Eriksson, LG, Esquisabel, AL, Ferreira, DR, Field, AR, Fontdecaba, JM, Gerasimov, SN, Giacalone, JC, Gibson, KJ, Graves, JP, Hall, SA, Ham, CJ, Harrison, JR, Hatch, DR, Hawkes, NC, Henderson, SS, Henriques, RB, Hillesheim, JC, Horton, LD, Huijsmans, GTA, Bjork, KI, Rodriguez, JJ, Kazakov, YO, Keeling, DL, Kim, HT, Kim, SH, King, DB, Kiptily, VG, Kirov, KK, Koslowski, HR, Kukushkin, AB, Kwon, OJ, Lambertz, HT, Neto, EL, Lawson, KD, Lee, SE, Leggate, HJ, Gutierrez, EL, Lomas, PJ, Lopez, JM, Loschiavo, VP, Lungu, CP, Maggi, CF, Mantsinen, MJ, Martin, AJ, Matthews, GF, Mayoral, ML, McAdams, R, McCarthy, PJ, McClements, KG, McClenaghan, J, McCullen, P, McDonald, DC, McGuckin, D, McHugh, D, McIntyre, G, McKean, R, McKehon, J, McMillan, B, McNamee, L, McShee, A, Meekes, CJ, Meigs, AG, Asp, AM, Morales, RB, Morrison, KM, Na, YS, Nave, MFF, Neverov, VS, Nielsen, AH, Nobs, CR, Noterdaeme, JM, Oliver, HJC, Packer, LW, Pamela, SJP, Parail, VV, Diaz, FP, Soldan, CP, Cippo, EP, von Thun, CP, de Sa, WP, dos Reis, AP, van de Plassche, KL, Poli, FM, Pompilian, OG, Porfiri, MT, Rasmussen, JJ, Richiusa, ML, Rimini, FG, Roach, CM, Ramos, MR, Ruiz, JR, Schneider, PA, Sharapov, SE, Silburn, SA, Sipila, SK, Sips, ACC, Solano, ER, Strauss, HR, Stuart, CI, Sun, HJ, Susts, TE, Teimane, AS, Tinguely, RA, Turner, MM, Olivares, PV, Rinati, GV, Virtanen, AJ, Walkden, NR, Maxwell, HW, Williams, JC, Wright, JC, Zabolockis, RJ, Zaitsev, FS, Fernandez, DZ, Zastrow, KD, and Zotta, VK
Abstract: The JET 2019-2020 scientific and technological programme exploited the results of years of concerted scientific and engineering work, including the ITER-like wall (ILW: Be wall and W divertor) installed in 2010, improved diagnostic capabilities now fully available, a major neutral beam injection upgrade providing record power in 2019-2020, and tested the technical and procedural preparation for safe operation with tritium. Research along three complementary axes yielded a wealth of new results. Firstly, the JET plasma programme delivered scenarios suitable for high fusion power and alpha particle (alpha) physics in the coming D-T campaign (DTE2), with record sustained neutron rates, as well as plasmas for clarifying the impact of isotope mass on plasma core, edge and plasma-wall interactions, and for ITER pre-fusion power operation. The efficacy of the newly installed shattered pellet injector for mitigating disruption forces and runaway electrons was demonstrated. Secondly, research on the consequences of long-term exposure to JET-ILW plasma was completed, with emphasis on wall damage and fuel retention, and with analyses of wall materials and dust particles that will help validate assumptions and codes for design and operation of ITER and DEMO. Thirdly, the nuclear technology programme aiming to deliver maximum technological return from operations in D, T and D-T benefited from the highest D-D neutron yield in years, securing results for validating radiation transport and activation codes, and nuclear data for ITER.
Published: 2022

3. First principles and integrated modelling achievements towards trustful fusion power predictions for JET and ITER

Author: Garcia, J., Dumont, R. J., Joly, J., Morales, J., Garzotti, L., Bache, T. W., Baranov, Y., Casson, F. J., Challis, C., Kirov, K., Mailloux, J., Saarelma, S., Nocente, M., Banon-Navarro, A., Goerler, T., Citrin, J., Ho, A., Gallart, D., Mantsinen, M., Abduallev, (Abduallev, S, ( 8, S., 42, ), Abhangi, (Abhangi, M, ( 8, M., 54, ), Abreu, (Abreu, P, ( 8, P., 60, ), Afanasev, (Afanasev, V, V)(, 8, 61, ), Afzal, (Afzal, M, 14, ), Aggarwal, (Aggarwal, Km, ( 8, K. M., 85, ), Ahlgren, (Ahlgren, T, ( 8, T., 106, ), Aho-Mantila, (Aho-Mantila, L, ( 8, L., 113, ), Aiba, (Aiba, N, ( 8, N., 73, ), Airila, (Airila, M, Alarcon, (Alarcon, T, 15, ), Albanese, (Albanese, R, ( 8, R., 18, ), Alegre, (Alegre, D, ( 8, D., 64, ), Aleiferis, (Aleiferis, S, 75, ), Alessi, (Alessi, E, ( 8, E., 50, ), Aleynikov, (Aleynikov, P, 62, ), Alkseev, (Alkseev, A, ( 8, A., 76, ), Allinson, (Allinson, M, Alper, (Alper, B, ( 8, B., Alves, (Alves, E, Ambrosino, (Ambrosino, G, ( 8, G., (Ambrosino, R, Amosov, (Amosov, V, 95, ), Sunden, (Sunden, Ea, Andersson)( 8, E., 26, ), Andrews, (Andrews, R, Angelone, (Angelone, M, 96, ), Anghel, (Anghel, M, 92, ), Angioni, (Angioni, C, ( 8, C., 68, ), Appel, (Appel, L, Appelbee, (Appelbee, C, Arena, Paolo Pietro, (Arena, P, 34, ), Ariola, (Ariola, M, Arshad, (Arshad, S, 45, ), Artaud, (Artaud, J, ( 8, J., Arter, (Arter, W, ( 8, W., Ash, (Ash, A, Ashikawa, (Ashikawa, N, ( 8 ), N., Aslanyan, (Aslanyan, V, 70, ), Asunta, (Asunta, O, ( 8, O., Asztalos, 9, (Asztalos, O, 114, ), Auriemma, (Auriemma, F, ( 8, F., 19, ), Austin, (Austin, Y, ( 8, Y., Avotina, (Avotina, L, 109, ), Axton, (Axton, M, Ayres, (Ayres, C, Baciero, (Baciero, A, Baiao, (Baiao, D, Balboa, (Balboa, I, I)(, 8, Balden, (Balden, M, Balshaw, (Balshaw, N, Bandaru, (Bandaru, Vk, ( 8, V. 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J., Challis, C., Kirov, K., Mailloux, J., Saarelma, S., Nocente, M., Banon-Navarro, A., Goerler, T., Citrin, J., Ho, A., Gallart, D., Formisano, A., Mantsinen, M., Dumont, Rj, Bache, Tw, Casson, Fj, Abduallev, S, Abhangi, M, Abreu, P, Afanasev, V, Afzal, M, Aggarwal, Km, Ahlgren, T, Aho-Mantila, L, Aiba, N, Airila, M, Alarcon, T, Albanese, R, Alegre, D, Aleiferis, S, Alessi, E, Aleynikov, P, Alkseev, A, Allinson, M, Alper, B, Alves, E, Ambrosino, G, Ambrosino, R, Amosov, V, Sunden, Ea, Andrews, R, Angelone, M, Anghel, M, Angioni, C, Appel, L, Appelbee, C, Arena, P, Ariola, M, Arshad, S, Artaud, J, Arter, W, Ash, A, Ashikawa, N, Aslanyan, V, Asunta, O, Asztalos, O, Auriemma, F, Austin, Y, Avotina, L, Axton, M, Ayres, C, Baciero, A, Baiao, D, Balboa, I, Balden, M, Balshaw, N, Bandaru, Vk, Banks, J, Baranov, Yf, Barcellona, C, Barnard, T, Barnes, M, Barnsley, R, Wiechec, Ab, Orte, Lb, Baruzzo, M, Basiuk, V, Bassan, M, Bastow, R, Batista, A, Batistoni, P, Baumane, L, Bauvir, B, Baylor, L, Beaumont, P, Beckers, M, Beckett, B, Bekris, N, Beldishevski, M, Bell, K, Belli, F, Belonohy, E, Benayas, J, Bergsaker, H, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Berry, M, Bertalot, L, Besiliu, C, Betar, H, Beurskens, M, Bielecki, J, Biewer, T, Bilato, R, Biletskyi, O, Bilkova, P, Binda, F, Birkenmeier, G, Bizarro, Jp, Bjorkas, C, Blackburn, J, Blackman, Tr, Blanchard, P, Blatchford, P, Bobkov, V, Boboc, A, Bogar, O, Bohm, P, Bohm, T, Bolshakova, I, Bolzonella, T, Bonanomi, N, Boncagni, L, Bonfiglio, D, Bonnin, X, Boom, J, Borba, D, Borodin, D, Borodkina, I, Boulbe, C, Bourdelle, C, Bowden, M, Bowman, C, Boyce, T, Boyer, H, Bradnam, Sc, Braic, V, Bravanec, R, Breizman, B, Brennan, D, Breton, S, Brett, A, Brezinsek, S, Bright, M, Brix, M, Broeckx, W, Brombin, M, Broslawski, A, Brown, B, Brunetti, D, Bruno, E, Buch, J, Buchanan, J, Buckingham, R, Buckley, M, Bucolo, M, Budny, R, Bufferand, H, Buller, S, Bunting, P, Buratti, P, Burckhart, A, Burroughes, G, Buscarino, A, Busse, A, Butcher, D, Butler, B, 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F, Sartori, R, Sauter, O, Scannell, R, Schluck, F, Schlummer, T, Schmid, K, Schmuck, S, Schopf, K, Schweinzer, J, Schworer, D, Scott, Sd, Sergienko, G, Sertoli, M, Shabbir, A, Sharapov, Se, Shaw, A, Sheikh, H, Shepherd, A, Shevelev, A, Shiraki, D, Shumack, A, Sias, G, Sibbald, M, Sieglin, B, Silburn, S, Silva, J, Silva, A, Silva, C, Silvagni, D, Simmons, P, Simpson, J, Sinha, A, Sipila, Sk, Sips, Acc, Siren, P, Sirinelli, A, Sjostrand, H, Skiba, M, Skilton, R, Skvara, V, Slade, B, Smith, R, Smith, P, Smith, Sf, Snoj, L, Soare, S, Solano, Er, Somers, A, Sommariva, C, Sonato, P, Sos, M, Sousa, J, Sozzi, C, Spagnolo, S, Sparapani, P, Spelzini, T, Spineanu, F, Sprada, D, Sridhar, S, Stables, G, Stallard, J, Stamatelatos, I, Stamp, Mf, Stan-Sion, C, Stancar, Z, Staniec, P, Stankunas, G, Stano, M, Stavrou, C, Stefanikova, E, Stepanov, I, Stephen, Av, Stephen, M, Stephens, J, Stevens, B, Stober, J, Stokes, C, Strachan, J, Strand, P, Strauss, Hr, Strom, P, Studholme, W, Subba, F, Suchkov, E, Summers, Hp, Sun, H, Sutton, N, Svensson, J, Sytnykov, D, Szabolics, T, Szepesi, G, Suzuki, Tt, Tabares, F, Tadic, T, Tal, B, Tala, T, Taliercio, C, Tallargio, A, Tanaka, K, Tang, W, Tardocchi, M, Tatali, R, Taylor, D, Tegnered, D, Telesca, G, Teplova, N, Teplukhina, A, Terranova, D, Terry, C, Testa, D, Tholerus, E, Thomas, J, Thompson, Vk, Thornton, A, Tierens, W, Tiseanu, I, Tojo, H, Tokitani, M, Tolias, P, Tomes, M, Trimble, P, Tripsky, M, Tsalas, M, Tsavalas, P, Tskhakaya, D, Jun, Dt, Turner, I, Turner, Mm, Turnyanskiy, M, Tvalashvili, G, Tyshchenko, M, Uccello, A, Uljanovs, J, Urano, H, Urban, A, Urbanczyk, G, Uytdenhouwen, I, Vadgama, A, Valcarcel, D, Vale, R, Valentinuzzi, M, Valerii, K, Valisa, M, Olivares, Pv, Valovic, M, Van Eester, D, Van Renterghem, W, van Rooij, Gj, Varje, J, Vartanian, S, Vasava, K, Vasilopoulou, T, Vecsei, M, Vega, J, Ventre, S, Verdoolaege, G, Verona, C, Rinati, Gv, Veshchev, E, Vianello, N, Vicente, J, Viezzer, E, Villari, S, Villone, F, Vincent, M, Vincenzi, P, Vinyar, I, Viola, B, Vitins, A, Vizvary, Z, Vlad, M, Voitsekhovitch, I, Voltolina, D, von Toussaint, U, Vondracek, P, Vuksic, M, Wakeling, B, Waldon, C, Walkden, N, Walker, R, Walker, M, Walsh, M, Wang, N, Wang, E, Warder, S, Warren, R, Waterhouse, J, Watts, C, Wauters, T, Webb, M, Weckmann, A, Weiland, J, Weiland, M, Weisen, H, Weiszflog, M, Welch, P, West, A, Wheatley, M, Wheeler, S, Whitehead, Am, Whittaker, D, Widdowson, Am, Wiesen, S, Wilkie, G, Williams, J, Willoughby, D, Wilson, J, Wilson, I, Wilson, Hr, Wischmeier, M, Withycombe, A, Witts, D, Wolfrum, E, Wood, R, Woodley, R, Woodley, C, Wray, S, Wright, Jc, Wright, P, Wukitch, S, Wynn, A, Xiang, L, Xu, T, Xue, Y, Yadikin, D, Yakovenko, Y, Yanling, W, Yavorskij, V, Young, I, Young, R, Young, D, Zacks, J, Zagorski, R, Zaitsev, F, Zakharov, L, Zanino, R, Zarins, A, Zarins, R, Fernandez, Dz, Zastrow, Kd, Zerbini, M, Zhang, W, Zhou, Y, Zilli, E, Zocco, A, Zoita, V, Zoletnik, S, Zwingmann, W, Zychor, I, and JET Contributors
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Fusion, Jet (fluid), Maximum power principle, Nuclear engineering, Context (language use), Plasma, Fusion power, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, ICRH, Charged particle, 010305 fluids & plasmas, JET, transport, TRANSPORT, Physics::Plasma Physics, Beta (plasma physics), 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics
Abstract: Predictability of burning plasmas is a key issue for designing and building credible future fusion devices. In this context, an important effort of physics understanding and guidance is being carried out in parallel to the on-going JET experimental campaigns in H, D and T by performing analyses and modelling towards an improvement of the understanding of DT physics for the optimization of the JET-DT neutron yield and fusion born alpha particle physics. Extrapolations to JET-DT from recent experiments using the maximum power available have been performed including some of the most sophisticated codes and a broad selection of models. There is a general agreement that 11-15MW of fusion power can be expected in DT for the hybrid and baseline scenarios. On the other hand, in high beta, torque and fast ion fraction conditions, isotope effects could be favourable leading to higher fusion yield. It is shown that alpha particles related physics, such as TAE destabilization or fusion power electron heating, could be studied in ITER relevant JET-DT plasmas.
Published: 2019
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4. Adaptive learning for disruption prediction in non-stationary conditions

Author: Murari, A., Lungaroni, M., Gelfusa, M., Peluso, E., Vega, J., Abduallev, S., Abhangi, M., Abreu, P., Afanasev, V, Afzal, M., Aggarwal, K. M., Ahlgren, T., Aho-Mantila, L., Aiba, N., Airila, M., Alarcon, T., Albanese, R., Alegre, D., Aleiferis, S., Alessi, E., Aleynikov, P., Alkseev, A., Allinson, M., Alper, B., Alves, E., Ambrosino, G., Ambrosino, R., Amosov, V, Sunden, E. Andersson, Andrews, R., Angelone, M., Anghel, M., Angioni, C., Appel, L., Appelbee, C., Arena, P., Ariola, M., Arshad, S., Artaud, J., Arter, W., Ash, A., Ashikawa, N., Aslanyan, V, Asunta, O., Asztalos, O., Auriemma, F., Austin, Y., Avotina, L., Axton, M., Ayres, C., Baciero, A., Baiao, D., Balboa, I, Balden, M., Balshaw, N., Bandaru, V. K., Banks, J., Baranov, Y. F., Barcellona, C., Barnard, T., Barnes, M., Barnsley, R., Wiechec, A. Baron, Orte, L. Barrera, Baruzzo, M., Basiuk, V, Bassan, M., Bastow, R., Batista, A., Batistoni, P., Baumane, L., Bauvir, B., Baylor, L., Beaumont, P. S., Beckers, M., Beckett, B., Bekris, N., Beldishevski, M., Bell, K., Belli, F., Belonohy, E., Benayas, J., Bergsaker, H., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Berry, M., Bertalot, L., Besiliu, C., Betar, H., Beurskens, M., Bielecki, J., Biewer, T., Bilato, R., Biletskyi, O., Bilkova, P., Binda, F., Birkenmeier, G., Bizarro, J. P. S., Bjorkas, C., Blackburn, J., Blackman, T. R., Blanchard, P., Blatchford, P., Bobkov, V, Boboc, A., Bogar, O., Bohm, P., Bohm, T., Bolshakova, I, Bolzonella, T., Bonanomi, N., Boncagni, L., Bonfiglio, D., Bonnin, X., Boom, J., Borba, D., Borodin, D., Borodkina, I, Boulbe, C., Bourdelle, C., Bowden, M., Bowman, C., Boyce, T., Boyer, H., Bradnam, S. C., Braic, V, Bravanec, R., Breizman, B., Brennan, D., Breton, S., Brett, A., Brezinsek, S., Bright, M., Brix, M., Broeckx, W., Brombin, M., Broslawski, A., Brown, B., Brunetti, D., Bruno, E., Buch, J., Buchanan, J., Buckingham, R., Buckley, M., Bucolo, M., Budny, R., Bufferand, H., Buller, S., Bunting, P., Buratti, P., Burckhart, A., Burroughes, G., Buscarino, A., Busse, A., Butcher, D., Butler, B., Bykov, I, Cahyna, P., Calabro, G., Calacci, L., Callaghan, D., Callaghan, J., Calvo, I, Camenen, Y., Camp, P., Campling, D. C., Cannas, B., Capat, A., Carcangiu, S., Card, P., Cardinali, A., Carman, P., Carnevale, D., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Carraro, L., Carvalho, B. B., Carvalho, I, Carvalho, P., Carvalho, D. D., Casson, F. J., Castaldo, C., Catarino, N., Causa, F., Cavazzana, R., Cave-Ayland, K., Cavedon, M., Cecconello, M., Ceccuzzi, S., Cecil, E., Challis, C. D., Chandra, D., Chang, C. S., Chankin, A., Chapman, I. T., Chapman, B., Chapman, S. C., Chernyshova, M., Chiariello, A., Chitarin, G., Chmielewski, P., Chone, L., Ciraolo, G., Ciric, D., Citrin, J., Clairet, F., Clark, M., Clark, E., Clarkson, R., Clay, R., Clements, C., Coad, J. P., Coates, P., Cobalt, A., Coccorese, V, Cocilovo, V, Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Coffey, I, Colas, L., Colling, B., Collins, S., Conka, D., Conroy, S., Conway, N., Coombs, D., Cooper, S. R., Corradino, C., Corre, Y., Corrigan, G., Coster, D., Craciunescu, T., Cramp, S., Crapper, C., Crisanti, F., Croci, G., Croft, D., Crombe, K., Cruz, N., Cseh, G., Cufar, A., Cullen, A., Curson, P., Curuia, M., Czarnecka, A., Czarski, T., Cziegler, I, Dabirikhah, H., Dal Molin, A., Dalgliesh, P., Dalley, S., Dankowski, J., Darrow, D., David, P., Davies, A., Davis, W., Dawson, K., Day, I, Day, C., De Bock, M., de Castro, A., De Dominici, G., de la Cal, E., de la Luna, E., De Masi, G., De Temmerman, G., De Tommasi, G., de Vries, P., Deane, J., Dejarnac, R., Del Sarto, D., Delabie, E., Demerdzhiev, V, Dempsey, A., den Harder, N., Dendy, R. O., Denis, J., Denner, P., Devaux, S., Devynck, P., Di Maio, F., Di Siena, A., Di Troia, C., Dickinson, D., Dinca, P., Dittmar, T., Dobrashian, J., Doerk, H., Doerner, R. P., Domptail, F., Donne, T., Dorling, S. E., Douai, D., Dowson, S., Drenik, A., Dreval, M., Drewelow, P., Drews, P., Duckworth, Ph, Dumont, R., Dumortier, P., Dunai, D., Dunne, M., Duran, I, Durodie, F., Dutta, P., Duval, B. P., Dux, R., Dylst, K., Edappala, P., V, Edwards, A. M., Edwards, J. S., Eich, Th, Eidietis, N., Eksaeva, A., Ellis, R., Ellwood, G., Elsmore, C., Emery, S., Enachescu, M., Ericsson, G., Eriksson, J., Eriksson, F., Eriksson, L. G., Ertmer, S., Esquembri, S., Esquisabel, A. L., Esser, H. G., Ewart, G., Fable, E., Fagan, D., Faitsch, M., Falie, D., Fanni, A., Farahani, A., Fasoli, A., Faugeras, B., Fazinic, S., Felici, F., Felton, R. C., Feng, S., Fernades, A., Fernandes, H., Ferreira, J., Ferreira, D. R., Ferro, G., Fessey, J. A., Ficker, O., Field, A., Fietz, S., Figini, L., Figueiredo, J., Figueiredo, A., Fil, N., Finburg, P., Fischer, U., Fittill, L., Fitzgerald, M., Flammini, D., Flanagan, J., Flinders, K., Foley, S., Fonnesu, N., Fontdecaba, J. M., Formisano, A., Forsythe, L., Fortuna, L., Fransson, E., Frasca, M., Frassinetti, L., Freisinger, M., Fresa, R., Fridstrom, R., Frigione, D., Fuchs, V, Fusco, V, Futatani, S., Gal, K., Galassi, D., Galazka, K., Galeani, S., Gallart, D., Galvao, R., Gao, Y., Garcia, J., Garcia-Carrasco, A., Garcia-Munoz, M., Gardener, M., Garzotti, L., Gaspar, J., Gaudio, P., Gear, D., Gebhart, T., Gee, S., Geiger, B., George, R., Gerasimov, S., Gervasini, G., Gethins, M., Ghani, Z., Ghate, M., Gherendi, M., Ghezzi, F., Giacalone, J. C., Giacomelli, L., Giacometti, G., Gibson, K., Giegerich, T., Gil, L., Gilbert, M. R., Gin, D., Giovannozzi, E., Giroud, C., Gloeggler, S., Goff, J., Gohil, P., Goloborod'Ko, V, Gomes, R., Goncalves, B., Goniche, M., Goodyear, A., Gorini, G., Goerler, T., Goulding, R., Goussarov, A., Graham, B., Graves, J. P., Greuner, H., Grierson, B., Griffiths, J., Griph, S., Grist, D., Groth, M., Grove, R., Gruca, M., Guard, D., Guerard, C., Guillemaut, C., Guirlet, R., Gulati, S., Gurl, C., Gutierrez-Milla, A., Utoh, H. H., Hackett, L., Hacquin, S., Hager, R., Hakola, A., Halitovs, M., Hall, S., Hallworth-Cook, S., Ham, C., Hamed, M., Hamilton, N., Hamlyn-Harris, C., Hammond, K., Hancu, G., Harrison, J., Harting, D., Hasenbeck, F., Hatano, Y., Hatch, D. R., Haupt, T., Hawes, J., Hawkes, N. C., Hawkins, J., Hawkins, P., Hazel, S., Heesterman, P., Heinola, K., Hellesen, C., Hellsten, T., Helou, W., Hemming, O., Hender, T. C., Henderson, S. S., Henderson, M., Henriques, R., Hepple, D., Herfindal, J., Hermon, G., Hidalgo, C., Higginson, W., Highcock, E. G., Hillesheim, J., Hillis, D., Hizanidis, K., Hjalmarsson, A., Ho, A., Hobirk, J., Hogben, C. H. A., Hogeweij, G. M. D., Hollingsworth, A., Hollis, S., Hoelzl, M., Honore, J-J, Hook, M., Hopley, D., Horacek, J., Hornung, G., Horton, A., Horton, L. D., Horvath, L., Hotchin, S. P., Howell, R., Hubbard, A., Huber, A., Huber, V, Huddleston, T. M., Hughes, M., Hughes, J., Huijsmans, G. T. A., Huynh, P., Hynes, A., Igaune, I., Iglesias, D., Imazawa, N., Imrisek, M., Incelli, M., Innocente, P., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Ivings, E., Jachmich, S., Jackson, A., Jackson, T., Jacquet, P., Jansons, J., Jaulmes, F., Jednorog, S., Jenkins, I, Jepu, I, Johnson, T., Johnson, R., Johnston, J., Joita, L., Joly, J., Jonasson, E., Jones, T., Jones, C., Jones, L., Jones, G., Jones, N., Juvonen, M., Hoshino, K. K., Kallenbach, A., Kalsey, M., Kaltiaisenaho, T., Kamiya, K., Kaniewski, J., Kantor, A., Kappatou, A., Karhunen, J., Karkinsky, D., Kaufman, M., Kaveney, G., Kazakov, Y., Kazantzidis, V, Keeling, D. L., Keenan, F. P., Kempenaars, M., Kent, O., Kent, J., Keogh, K., Khilkevich, E., Kim, H-T, Kim, H. T., King, R., King, D., Kinna, D. J., Kiptily, V, Kirk, A., Kirov, K., Kirschner, A., Kizane, G., Klas, M., Klepper, C., Klix, A., Knight, M., Knight, P., Knipe, S., Knott, S., Kobuchi, T., Kochl, F., Kocsis, G., Kodeli, I, Koechl, F., Kogut, D., Koivuranta, S., Kolesnichenko, Y., Kollo, Z., Kominis, Y., Koeppen, M., Korolczuk, S., Kos, B., Koslowski, H. R., Kotschenreuther, M., Koubiti, M., Kovaldins, R., Kovanda, O., Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, E., Krasilnikov, A., Krasilnikov, V, Krawczyk, N., Kresina, M., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kruezi, U., Ksiazek, I, Kukushkin, A., Kundu, A., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kwak, S., Kwon, O. J., Laguardia, L., Lahtinen, A., Laing, A., Lalousis, P., Lam, N., Lamb, C., Lambertz, H. T., Lang, P. T., Lanthaler, S., Neto, E. Lascas, Laszynska, E., Lawless, R., Lawson, K. D., Lazaros, A., Lazzaro, E., Leach, R., Learoyd, G., Leerink, S., Lefebvre, X., Leggate, H. J., Lehmann, J., Lehnen, M., Leichauer, P., Leichtle, D., Leipold, F., Lengar, I, Lennholm, M., Lepiavko, B., Leppanen, J., Lerche, E., Lescinskis, A., Lescinskis, B., Lesnoj, S., Leyland, M., Leysen, W., Li, Y., Li, L., Liang, Y., Likonen, J., Linke, J., Linsmeier, Ch, Lipschultz, B., Litaudon, X., Liu, G., Lloyd, B., Lo Schiavo, V. P., Loarer, T., Loarte, A., Lomanowski, B., Lomas, P. J., Lonnroth, J., Lopez, J. M., Lorenzini, R., Losada, U., Loughlin, M., Lowry, C., Luce, T., Lucock, R., Lukin, A., Luna, C., Lungu, C. P., Lungu, M., Lunniss, A., Lunt, T., Lupelli, I, Lutsenko, V, Lyssoivan, A., Macheta, P., Macusova, E., Magesh, B., Maggi, C., Maggiora, R., Mahesan, S., Maier, H., Mailloux, J., Maingi, R., Makwana, R., Malaquias, A., Malinowski, K., Malizia, A., Manas, P., Manduchi, G., Manso, M. E., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Manzanares, A., Maquet, Ph, Marandet, Y., Marcenko, N., Marchetto, C., Marchuk, O., Marconato, N., Mariani, A., Marin, M., Marinelli, M., Marinucci, M., Markovic, T., Marocco, D., Marot, L., Marsh, J., Martin, A., Martin de Aguilera, A., Martin-Solis, J. R., Martone, R., Martynova, Y., Maruyama, S., Maslov, M., Matejcik, S., Mattei, M., Matthews, G. F., Matveev, D., Matveeva, E., Mauriya, A., Maviglia, F., May-Smith, T., Mayer, M., Mayoral, M. L., Mazon, D., Mazzotta, C., Mcadams, R., Mccarthy, P. J., Mcclements, K. G., Mccormack, O., Mccullen, P. A., Mcdonald, D., Mchardy, M., Mckean, R., Mckehon, J., Mcnamee, L., Meadowcroft, C., Meakins, A., Medley, S., Meigh, S., Meigs, A. G., Meisl, G., Meiter, S., Meitner, S., Meneses, L., Menmuir, S., Mergia, K., Merle, A., Merriman, P., Mertens, Ph, Meshchaninov, S., Messiaen, A., Meyer, H., Michling, R., Milanesio, D., Militello, F., Militello-Asp, E., Milocco, A., Miloshevsky, G., Mink, F., Minucci, S., Miron, I, Mistry, S., Miyoshi, Y., Mlynar, J., Moiseenko, V, Monaghan, P., Monakhov, I, Moon, S., Mooney, R., Moradi, S., Morales, J., Moran, J., Mordijck, S., Moreira, L., Moro, F., Morris, J., Moser, L., Mosher, S., Moulton, D., Mrowetz, T., Muir, A., Muraglia, M., Muraro, A., Murphy, S., Muscat, P., Muthusonai, N., Myers, C., Asakura, N. N., N'Konga, B., Nabais, F., Naish, R., Naish, J., Nakano, T., Napoli, F., Nardon, E., Naulin, V, Nave, M. F. F., Nedzelskiy, I, Nemtsev, G., Nesenevich, V, Nespoli, F., Neto, A., Neu, R., Neverov, V. S., Newman, M., Ng, S., Nicassio, M., Nielsen, A. H., Nina, D., Nishijima, D., Noble, C., Nobs, C. R., Nocente, M., Nodwell, D., Nordlund, K., Nordman, H., Normanton, R., Noterdaeme, J. M., Nowak, S., Nunes, I, O'Gorman, T., O'Mullane, M., Oberkofler, M., Oberparleiter, M., Odupitan, T., Ogawa, M. T., Okabayashi, M., Oliver, H., Olney, R., Omoregie, L., Ongena, J., Orsitto, F., Orszagh, J., Osborne, T., Otin, R., Owen, A., Owen, T., Paccagnella, R., Packer, L. W., Pajuste, E., Pamela, S., Panja, S., Papp, P., Papp, G., Parail, V, Pardanaud, C., Diaz, F. Parra, Parsloe, A., Parsons, N., Parsons, M., Pasqualotto, R., Passeri, M., Patel, A., Pathak, S., Patten, H., Pau, A., Pautasso, G., Pavlichenko, R., Pavone, A., Pawelec, E., Soldan, C. Paz, Peackoc, A., Pehkonen, S-P, Penot, C., Penzo, J., Pepperell, K., Pereira, R., Cippo, E. Perelli, von Thun, C. Perez, Pericoli, V, Peruzzo, S., Peterka, M., Petersson, P., Petravich, G., Petre, A., Petrzilka, V, Philipps, V, Pigatto, L., Pillon, M., Pinches, S., Pintsuk, G., Piovesan, P., de Sa, W. Pires, dos Reis, A. 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Zilli, E, Zocco, A, Zoita, V, Zoletnik, S, Zwingmann, W, and Zychor, I
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Computer science, ensembles of classifiers, Machine learning, computer.software_genre, disruptions, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, obsolescence, Ensembles of classifiers, Stationary conditions, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, de-learning, Jet (fluid), business.industry, machine learning predictors, adaptive training, JET, Settore ING-IND/18 - Fisica dei Reattori Nucleari, machine learning predictor, Condensed Matter Physics, disruption, Obsolescence, Artificial intelligence, Adaptive learning, business, computer
Abstract: For many years, machine learning tools have proved to be very powerful disruption predictors in tokamaks. On the other hand, the vast majority of the techniques deployed assume that the input data is independent and is sampled from exactly the same probability distribution for the training set, the test set and the final real time deployment. This hypothesis is certainly not verified in practice, since the experimental programmes evolve quite rapidly, resulting typically in ageing of the predictors and consequent suboptimal performance. This paper describes various adaptive training strategies that have been tested to maintain the performance of disruption predictors in non- stationary conditions. The proposed approaches have been implemented using new ensembles of classifiers, explicitly developed for the present application. The improvements in performance are unquestionable and, given the difficulties encountered so far in translating predictors from one device to another, the proposed adaptive methods from scratch can therefore be considered a useful option in the arsenal of alternatives envisaged for the next generation of devices, particularly at the very beginning of their operation.
Published: 2019
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5. Role of fast ion pressure in the isotope effect in JET L-mode plasmas

Author: Bonanomi, N., Casiraghi, I, Mantica, P., Challis, C., Delabie, E., Fable, E., Gallart, D., Giroud, C., Lerche, E., Lomas, P., Menmuir, S., Staebler, G. M., Taylor, D., Van Eester, D., Abduallev, S., Abhangi, M., Abreu, P., Afanasev, V, Afzal, M., Aggarwal, K. M., Ahlgren, T., Aho-Mantila, L., Aiba, N., Airila, M., Alarcon, T., Albanese, R., Alegre, D., Aleiferis, S., Alessi, E., Aleynikov, P., Alkseev, A., Allinson, M., Alper, B., Alves, E., Ambrosino, G., Ambrosino, R., Amosov, V, Sunden, E. Andersson, Andrews, R., Angelone, M., Anghel, M., Angioni, C., Appel, L., Appelbee, C., Arena, P., Ariola, M., Arshad, S., Artaud, J., Arter, W., Ash, A., Ashikawa, N., Aslanyan, V, Asunta, O., Asztalos, O., Auriemma, F., Austin, Y., Avotina, L., Axton, M., Ayres, C., Baciero, A., Baiao, D., Balboa, I, Balden, M., Balshaw, N., Bandaru, V. K., Banks, J., Baranov, Y. F., Barcellona, C., Barnard, T., Barnes, M., Barnsley, R., Wiechec, A. Baron, Orte, L. Barrera, Baruzzo, M., Basiuk, V, Bassan, M., Bastow, R., Batista, A., Batistoni, P., Baumane, L., Bauvir, B., Baylor, L., Beaumont, P. S., Beckers, M., Beckett, B., Bekris, N., Beldishevski, M., Bell, K., Belli, F., Belonohy, E., Benayas, J., Bergsaker, H., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Berry, M., Bertalot, L., Besiliu, C., Betar, H., Beurskens, M., Bielecki, J., Biewer, T., Bilato, R., Biletskyi, O., Bilkova, P., Binda, F., Birkenmeier, G., Bizarro, J. P. S., Bjorkas, C., Blackburn, J., Blackman, T. R., Blanchard, P., Blatchford, P., Bobkov, V, Boboc, A., Bogar, O., Bohm, P., Bohm, T., Bolshakova, I, Bolzonella, T., Boncagni, L., Bonfiglio, D., Bonnin, X., Boom, J., Borba, D., Borodin, D., Borodkina, I, Boulbe, C., Bourdelle, C., Bowden, M., Bowman, C., Boyce, T., Boyer, H., Bradnam, S. 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Nishijima, D, Noble, C, Nobs, Cr, Nocente, M, Nodwell, D, Nordlund, K, Nordman, H, Normanton, R, Noterdaeme, Jm, Nowak, S, Nunes, I, O'Gorman, T, O'Mullane, M, Oberkofler, M, Oberparleiter, M, Odupitan, T, Ogawa, Mt, Okabayashi, M, Oliver, H, Olney, R, Omoregie, L, Ongena, J, Orsitto, F, Orszagh, J, Osborne, T, Otin, R, Owen, A, Owen, T, Paccagnella, R, Packer, Lw, Pajuste, E, Pamela, S, Panja, S, Papp, P, Papp, G, Parail, V, Pardanaud, C, Diaz, Fp, Parsloe, A, Parsons, N, Parsons, M, Pasqualotto, R, Passeri, M, Patel, A, Pathak, S, Patten, H, Pau, A, Pautasso, G, Pavlichenko, R, Pavone, A, Pawelec, E, Soldan, Cp, Peackoc, A, Pehkonen, Sp, Peluso, E, Penot, C, Penzo, J, Pepperell, K, Pereira, R, Cippo, Ep, von Thun, Cp, Pericoli, V, Peruzzo, S, Peterka, M, Petersson, P, Petravich, G, Petre, A, Petrzilka, V, Philipps, V, Pigatto, L, Pillon, M, Pinches, S, Pintsuk, G, Piovesan, P, de Sa, Wp, dos Reis, Ap, Piron, L, Piron, C, Pironti, A, Pisano, F, Pitts, R, Plyusnin, V, Poli, Fm, Pomaro, N, Pompilian, Og, Pool, P, Popovichev, S, Poradzinski, M, Porfiri, Mt, Porosnicu, C, Porton, M, Possnert, G, Potzel, S, Poulipoulis, G, Powell, T, Prajapati, V, Prakash, R, Predebon, I, Prestopino, G, Price, D, Price, M, Price, R, Primetzhofer, D, Prior, P, Pucella, G, Puglia, P, Puiatti, Me, Purahoo, K, Pusztai, I, Putterich, T, Rachlew, E, Rack, M, Ragona, R, Rainford, M, Raj, P, Rakha, A, Ramogida, G, Ranjan, S, Rapson, Cj, Rasmussen, D, Rasmussen, Jj, Rathod, K, Ratta, G, Ratynskaia, S, Ravera, G, Rebai, M, Reed, A, Refy, D, Regana, J, Reich, M, Reid, N, Reimold, F, Reinhart, M, Reinke, M, Reiser, D, Rendell, D, Reux, C, Cortes, Sdar, Reynolds, S, Ricci, D, Richiusa, M, Rigamonti, D, Rimini, Fg, Risner, J, Riva, M, Rivero-Rodriguez, J, Roach, C, Robins, R, Robinson, S, Robson, D, Rodionov, R, Rodrigues, P, Rodriguez, J, Rohde, V, Romanelli, M, Romanelli, F, Romanelli, S, Romazanov, J, Rowe, S, Rubel, M, Rubinacci, G, Rubino, G, Ruchko, L, Ruset, C, Rzadkiewicz, J, Saarelma, S, Sabot, R, Saez, X, Safi, E, Sahlberg, A, Saibene, G, Saleem, M, Salewski, M, Salmi, A, Salmon, R, Salzedas, F, Samm, U, Sandiford, D, Santa, P, Santala, Mik, Santos, B, Santucci, A, Sartori, F, Sartori, R, Sauter, O, Scannell, R, Schluck, F, Schlummer, T, Schmid, K, Schmuck, S, Schopf, K, Schweinzer, J, Schworer, D, Scott, Sd, Sergienko, G, Sertoli, M, Shabbir, A, Sharapov, Se, Shaw, A, Sheikh, H, Shepherd, A, Shevelev, A, Shiraki, D, Shumack, A, Sias, G, Sibbald, M, Sieglin, B, Silburn, S, Silva, J, Silva, A, Silva, C, Silvagni, D, Simmons, P, Simpson, J, Sinha, A, Sipila, Sk, Sips, Acc, Siren, P, Sirinelli, A, Sjostrand, H, Skiba, M, Skilton, R, Skvara, V, Slade, B, Smith, R, Smith, P, Smith, Sf, Snoj, L, Soare, S, Solano, Er, Somers, A, Sommariva, C, Sonato, P, Sos, M, Sousa, J, Sozzi, C, Spagnolo, S, Sparapani, P, Spelzini, T, Spineanu, F, Sprada, D, Sridhar, S, Stables, G, Stallard, J, Stamatelatos, I, Stamp, Mf, Stan-Sion, C, Stancar, Z, Staniec, P, Stankunas, G, Stano, M, Stavrou, C, Stefanikova, E, Stepanov, I, Stephen, Av, Stephen, M, Stephens, J, Stevens, B, Stober, J, Stokes, C, Strachan, J, Strand, P, Strauss, Hr, Strom, P, Studholme, W, Subba, F, Suchkov, E, Summers, Hp, Sun, H, Sutton, N, Svensson, J, Sytnykov, D, Szabolics, T, Szepesi, G, Suzuki, Tt, Tabares, F, Tadic, T, Tal, B, Tala, T, Taliercio, C, Tallargio, A, Tanaka, K, Tang, W, Tardocchi, M, Tatali, R, Tegnered, D, Telesca, G, Teplova, N, Teplukhina, A, Terranova, D, Terry, C, Testa, D, Tholerus, E, Thomas, J, Thompson, Vk, Thornton, A, Tierens, W, Tiseanu, I, Tojo, H, Tokitani, M, Tolias, P, Tomes, M, Trimble, P, Tripsky, M, Tsalas, M, Tsavalas, P, Tskhakaya, D, Jun, Dt, Turner, I, Turner, Mm, Turnyanskiy, M, Tvalashvili, G, Tyshchenko, M, Uccello, A, Uljanovs, J, Urano, H, Urban, A, Urbanczyk, G, Uytdenhouwen, I, Vadgama, A, Valcarcel, D, Vale, R, Valentinuzzi, M, Valerii, K, Valisa, M, Olivares, Pv, Valovic, M, Van Renterghem, W, van Rooij, Gj, Varje, J, Vartanian, S, Vasava, K, Vasilopoulou, T, Vecsei, M, Vega, J, Ventre, S, Verdoolaege, G, Verona, C, Rinati, Gv, Veshchev, E, Vianello, N, Vicente, J, Viezzer, E, Villari, S, Villone, F, Vincent, M, Vincenzi, P, Vinyar, I, Viola, B, Vitins, A, Vizvary, Z, Vlad, M, Voitsekhovitch, I, Voltolina, D, von Toussaint, U, Vondracek, P, Vuksic, M, Wakeling, B, Waldon, C, Walkden, N, Walker, R, Walker, M, Walsh, M, Wang, N, Wang, E, Warder, S, Warren, R, Waterhouse, J, Watts, C, Wauters, T, Webb, M, Weckmann, A, Weiland, J, Weiland, M, Weisen, H, Weiszflog, M, Welch, P, West, A, Wheatley, M, Wheeler, S, Whitehead, Am, Whittaker, D, Widdowson, Am, Wiesen, S, Wilkie, G, Williams, J, Willoughby, D, Wilson, J, Wilson, I, Wilson, Hr, Wischmeier, M, Withycombe, A, Witts, D, Wolfrum, E, Wood, R, Woodley, R, Woodley, C, Wray, S, Wright, Jc, Wright, P, Wukitch, S, Wynn, A, Xiang, L, Xu, T, Xue, Y, Yadikin, D, Yakovenko, Y, Yanling, W, Yavorskij, V, Young, I, Young, R, Young, D, Zacks, J, Zagorski, R, Zaitsev, F, Zakharov, L, Zanino, R, Zarins, A, Zarins, R, Fernandez, Dz, Zastrow, Kd, Zerbini, M, Zhang, W, Zhou, Y, Zilli, E, Zocco, A, Zoita, V, Zoletnik, S, Zwingmann, W, Zychor, I, Department of Physics, and Materials Physics
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Hydrogen, chemistry.chemical_element, 114 Physical sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Ion, gyrokinetic, JET tokamak, Physics::Plasma Physics, equations, turbulent transport, fast ions, isotope effect, gyrokinetic simulations, 0103 physical sciences, Kinetic isotope effect, drift orbit width, fast ion, Physics::Atomic Physics, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Jet (fluid), Stable isotope ratio, turbulence, Plasma, gyrokinetic simulation, Condensed Matter Physics, chemistry, Deuterium, confinement, transport, Physics::Space Physics, simulations, Atomic physics, DRIFT ORBIT WIDTH, CONFINEMENT, SIMULATIONS, TURBULENCE, TRANSPORT, EQUATIONS, Ion cyclotron resonance
Abstract: This paper presents results of JET ITER-like wall L-mode experiments in hydrogen and deuterium (D) plasmas, dedicated to the study of the isotope dependence of ion heat transport by determination of the ion critical gradient and stiffness by varying the ion cyclotron resonance heating power deposition. When no strong role of fast ions in the plasma core is expected, the main difference between the two isotope plasmas is determined by the plasma edge and the core behavior is consistent with a gyro-Bohm scaling. When the heating power (and the fast ion pressure) is increased, in addition to the difference in the edge region, also the plasma core shows substantial changes. The stabilization of ion heat transport by fast ions, clearly visible in D plasmas, appears to be weaker in H plasmas, resulting in a higher ion heat flux in H with apparent anti-gyro-Bohm mass scaling. The difference is found to be caused by the different fast ion pressure between H and D plasmas, related to the heating power settings and to the different fast ion slowing down time, and is completely accounted for in non-linear gyrokinetic simulations. The application of the TGLF quasi-linear model to this set of data is also discussed.
Published: 2019
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6. Produce Safety Behaviors, Motivators, Barriers, and Beliefs in Pediatric Cancer Patient Caretakers.

Author: Gomez CB, Stump TJ, Turner MM, Mitchell J, and Marks BP
Abstract: Cancer patients, who face increased foodborne illness susceptibility and severity, are often placed on neutropenic diets (NDs), which eliminate the consumption of fresh produce, among other foods perceived as high-risk. Such diets are clinically disputed because they have never been proven effective in reducing foodborne illness, leading to unstandardized dietary guideline content, format, and delivery methods. To inform a strategic communication approach, this study explored the produce safety handling behavior, barriers, motivators, and beliefs of pediatric cancer patient caretakers using a mixed methods convergent parallel design. A quantitative survey revealed high frequencies (>60%) for generally recommended produce safety behaviors, such as rinsing produce and washing cutting boards, and more mixed responses for restrictive produce safety behaviors, such as peeling produce and avoiding precut, self-serve, and school cafeteria produce. Total produce safety frequency scores were not significantly affected by demographic factors or Child Vulnerability Scale (CVS) scores. Qualitative interviews established a wide domain of caretaker produce safety experiences and beliefs, finding that eight of seventeen interview participants from different hospitals received produce restrictions typical of the ND. Ultimately, five caretaker archetypes were identified, with common motivators and barriers linked to materials received, child's health and perceived susceptibility, and self-efficacy beliefs. Finally, response-driven communication strategy improvements were recommended. Although sample sizes in this work were small, and further validation is advised, this work highlights the inconsistent use of the restrictive ND, advances understanding of the drivers of produce safety behaviors in cancer patient caretakers, and supports future endeavors to streamline communication strategy interventions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: “Carly Gomez reports financial support was provided by the National Science Foundation. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper”., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2024
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7. The Role of Collective Group Orientation and Social Norms on Physical Distancing Behaviors for Disease Prevention.

Author: Yoon H, Jang Y, Lapinski MK, Turner MM, Peng TQ, and Lee S
Subjects: Humans, Male, Female, Cross-Sectional Studies, Adult, Middle Aged, United States, Social Behavior, SARS-CoV-2, Aged, Young Adult, Pandemics prevention & control, Adolescent, Social Norms, COVID-19 prevention & control, COVID-19 psychology, Physical Distancing
Abstract: To reduce the impact of communicable diseases like COVID-19, collective action is required and likely to be susceptible to normative influence as well as whether people are more or less collectively oriented. We extend the theory of normative social behavior (TNSB) to account for group orientation and predict the relationships between social norms and physical distancing behaviors. Using a rolling cross-sectional design during 17 weeks of the pandemic, a national sample of US residents from 20 states ( N = 8,778) participated in the study. The findings show that perceived descriptive norms, injunctive norms, and group orientation are significantly associated with physical distancing. The descriptive norm-behavior relationship and injunctive norm-behavior relationship are moderated by group orientation and the other predicted moderators in the TNSB. The findings extend the TNSB and highlight the need to understand social norms and group orientation in formative research for health communication campaigns designed to promote prevention behaviors.
Published: 2024
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8. Who says what to whom through what channel? Formative communication research on antibiotic resistance messaging for urgent care patients.

Author: Wade RB, Turner MM, Hamdy RF, Jang Y, Heo RJ, and Liu CM
Abstract: Objective: To explore the source, message, channel, and receiver effects on patient concern for antibiotic resistance, willingness to reduce antibiotic use, and expectations for an antibiotic prescription in a prepandemic sample., Methods: We used data reported from a national cross-sectional survey of adults who had visited an urgent care center within the last year. Data were collected from April 4 to April 9, 2017. The survey included an embedded experimental design to test changing effects before versus after message exposure., Participants: A national sample of adult participants (n = 610) who had used urgent care at least once in the past year were recruited through GfK's KnowledgePanel TM . KnowledgePanel survey response rates are typically about 65%. Respondents ranged in age from 18 to 85 and were more likely to be female (377/610; 62%), White (408/610; 67%), and covered by private insurance (414/610; 68%)., Results: Outcome variables were measured on 4-point scales 1-4 scale, and t -tests were conducted for measures that were collected pre and postmessaging. The majority of participants trusted their doctor and desired them as the source for information regarding antibiotic resistance, followed by field experts (eg, CDC). Direct messaging (eg, email) and targeted advertisements were least preferred., Conclusions: This study provides foundational data on patient communication preferences in terms of source, message content, and channel when receiving information on antibiotics and antibiotic resistance, as well as how these factors affect patient concern, willingness, and expectations. Follow-up work is needed to replicate these findings in a postpandemic sample., Competing Interests: None., (© The Author(s) 2024.)
Published: 2024
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9. Assessing the Importance of Theory-Based Correlates of Future HIV Vaccine Intentions Among Black Men Who Have Sex With Men.

Author: Zimmerman RS, Wonderly K, Abdul-Kadr H, DiClemente RJ, Turner MM, Xu M, and Rosenberger JG
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Patient Acceptance of Health Care psychology, Patient Acceptance of Health Care ethnology, Self Efficacy, Sexual Behavior psychology, Social Stigma, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, AIDS Vaccines, Black or African American psychology, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, HIV Infections prevention & control, HIV Infections ethnology, Intention, Sexual and Gender Minorities psychology
Abstract: In the United States, Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) represent the most vulnerable population for HIV infection. A potential vaccine could ultimately be the most effective HIV prevention strategy. Understanding the factors that may adversely affect HIV vaccine acceptance among BMSM is critical. We conducted two online surveys with BMSM; one recruited 432 respondents, and another recruited 204. Respondents completed a demographic assessment and questions derived from health behavior change theories and the relevant empirical literature. The two surveys yielded similar results. The findings indicate that vaccine uptake self-efficacy, perceived likelihood of important others receiving the vaccine, and susceptibility to HIV were related to intentions to receive a future HIV vaccine. Other potentially important variables include perceived HIV stigma, response efficacy, how much one conceals one's sexual orientation, and perceived HIV discrimination. Future research and health communication campaigns should consider these factors in potential HIV vaccine programs.
Published: 2024
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10. Is all anger created equal? A meta-analytic assessment of anger elicitation in persuasion research.

Author: Demetriades SZ, Kalny CS, Turner MM, and Walter N
Subjects: Humans, Anger physiology, Persuasive Communication
Abstract: Although veritable libraries have been written about anger, the practical and theoretical understanding of its effects has been somewhat hampered by the difficulty of experimentally manipulating this emotion. Thus, key questions related to methodological precision and theoretical clarity remain, specifically with regard to whether and how anger induction techniques may interact with various moderators and elicit other co-occurring emotions in the process. Addressing this gap, a meta-analysis of 31 experimental studies in persuasion offers insights regarding the effect of anger elicitation on felt anger and its sensitivity to a host of theoretically meaningful moderators, as well as the relationship between anger induction and the arousal of other incidental emotions. Findings broadly affirm the complexity of anger as a contested emotion and offer new insight into methodological considerations and theoretical nuances of anger elicitations to be taken into account in persuasion research. These results should be interpreted with the caveat of an exclusive focus on persuasion and a Western-centric corpus of studies, further accenting the need to diversify and expand research into emotions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Published: 2024
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11. Examining the Psychological Mechanisms Underlying Nostalgia Appeals: A Comparative Experiment of Nostalgia and Regret.

Author: Ye Q, Turner MM, and Jang Y
Abstract: Obesity rates remain high among U.S. adults, especially rural residents. Research has shown that nostalgia appeals effectively promote several healthy behaviors. However, the psychological mechanisms underlying nostalgia appeals remain unclear. This study examined the effects of nostalgia appeals on intention to increase exercise and shed light on how nostalgia affected persuasive outcomes. We anticipated that nostalgia appeals would persuade people by enhancing self-esteem and reducing anger and counterarguing. To illuminate the mechanisms underlying the effects of nostalgia, a between-subject experiment (nostalgia appeal vs. regret appeal vs. irrelevant message vs. neutral persuasive message) was conducted among overweight or obese rural Michiganders ( N = 507). Results showed that relative to the regret appeal, the nostalgia appeal led to higher state self-esteem, less anger, and less counterarguing. There was no significant difference in attitude or behavioral intention between the nostalgia appeal, regret appeal, and neutral persuasive message. We demonstrated that enhancing self-esteem was the key mechanism by which the nostalgia appeal persuaded the target audience.
Published: 2024
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12. Development and calibration of a multi-delay coherence imaging diagnostic on the MAST-U tokamak.

Author: Doyle RS, Lonigro N, Allcock JS, Silburn SA, Turner MM, Feng X, and Leggate H
Abstract: The MAST-U Super-X divertor provides the opportunity to study fusion plasma exhaust under novel conditions. However, in order to study these conditions, advanced diagnostics are required. Following the development of the MAST-U Multi-Wavelength Imaging (MWI) diagnostic, we present the installation of a multi-delay coherence imaging spectroscopy (CIS) system within the MAST-U MWI, along with modifications made to the MWI for effective operation. This diagnostic will measure either carbon ion flow velocities and temperatures or electron densities through Dγ emission. We have extended previously developed techniques for wavelength calibration to account for errors due to the misalignment of interferometer components. In addition, we have developed a comprehensive calibration procedure to account for the temperature dependence of the instrument's delays by fitting to a linearly modified version of the delay equation presented by Veiras et al. [Appl. Opt. 49(15), 2769 (2010)]. Together, these procedures reduce the cost and hardware complexity of implementing CIS instruments when compared to those that use in situ or tunable laser calibration systems, as calibrations can be generated to good accuracy using previously measured data., (© 2024 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).)
Published: 2024
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13. Impact of a Nurse-Led Palliative Care Screening Tool on Medical Oncology Units.

Author: Whyman K, Thompson K, and Turner MM
Subjects: Humans, Quality of Life, Medical Oncology, Palliative Care, Nurse's Role
Abstract: There is a lack of early integration of palliative care in patients with advanced cancer, which has been shown to result in suboptimal quality of life across their disease continuum. Standardized palliative care screening too.
Published: 2024
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14. Isoniazid Monoresistance and Antituberculosis Treatment Outcome in Persons With Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Brazil.

Author: Araújo-Pereira M, Arriaga MB, Carvalho ACC, Spener-Gomes R, Schmaltz CAS, Nogueira BMF, Figueiredo MC, Turner MM, Cordeiro-Santos M, Rolla VC, Sterling TR, Andrade BB, and Kritski AL
Abstract: Background: The high burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a problem to achieve the goals of the End TB Strategy by 2035. Whether isoniazid monoresistance (Hr) affects anti-TB treatment (ATT) outcomes remains unknown in high-burden countries., Methods: We evaluated determinants of ATT outcome among pulmonary TB cases reported to the National Notifiable Disease Information System (SINAN) between June 2015 and June 2019, according to drug sensitivity testing (DST) results. Binomial logistic regression models were employed to evaluate whether Hr was associated with an unfavorable ATT outcome: death or failure, compared to cure or treatment completion., Results: Among 60 804 TB cases reported in SINAN, 21 197 (34.9%) were included in the study. In this database, the frequency of unfavorable outcomes was significantly higher in those with Hr in contrast to isoniazid-sensitive persons with pulmonary TB (9.1% vs 3.05%; P < .001). Using a binomial logistic regression model, Hr was independently associated with unfavorable outcomes (odds ratio, 3.34 [95% confidence interval, 2.06-5.40]; P < .001)., Conclusions: Hr detected prior to ATT was predictive of unfavorable outcomes at the national level in Brazil. Our data reinforce the need for high-TB-burden countries to prioritize DST to detect Hr. Effective treatment regimens for Hr-TB are needed to improve outcomes., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest. All authors: No reported conflicts of interest., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America.)
Published: 2024
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15. The Xpert® MTB/RIF cycle threshold value predicts M. tuberculosis transmission to close contacts in a Brazilian prospective multicenter cohort.

Author: Garcia LS, Costa AG, Araújo-Pereira M, Spener-Gomes R, Aguiar AF, Souza AB, Lima LOA, Benjamin A, Rocha MS, Moreira ASR, Silva J, Santos SRN, Lourenço MC, Figueiredo MC, Turner MM, Kritski AL, Rolla VC, Sterling TR, Andrade BB, and Cordeiro-Santos M
Abstract: Background: The Xpert® MTB/RIF rapid molecular test provides a quantitative measure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) DNA in the form of cycle threshold (Ct) values. This information can be translated into mycobacterial load and used as a potential risk measure of bacterial spread for tuberculosis cases, which can impact infection control. However, the role of Ct values in assessing Mtb transmission to close contacts has not yet been demonstrated., Methods: A prospective study was performed to investigate the association between Xpert® MTB/RIF Ct values and Mtb transmission to close contacts of patients with culture-confirmed pulmonary TB in a multi-center Brazilian cohort. We evaluated clinical and laboratory data, such as age, sex, race, smoking habits, drug use, alcohol use, chest radiograph, Xpert® MTB/RIF results among pulmonary tuberculosis cases, and QuantiFERON(QFT)-Plus results at baseline and after six months for close contacts who had a negative result at baseline., Results: A total of 1,055 close contacts of 382 pulmonary tuberculosis cases were included in the study. The median Ct values from pulmonary tuberculosis cases of QFT-Plus positive (at baseline or six months) close contacts were lower compared with those who were QFT-Plus negative. An adjusted logistic regression demonstrated that reduced Ct values from the index cases were independently associated with QFT-Plus conversion from negative to positive (OR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.12-2.32) after adjusting for clinical characteristics., Conclusion: Close contacts of pulmonary TB index cases exhibiting low Xpert MTB/RIF Ct values displayed higher rates of TB infection, reflecting Mtb transmission., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
Published: 2024
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16. Impact of Aneuploidy and Chromosome 9p Loss on Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Efficacy in NSCLC.

Author: Alessi JV, Wang X, Elkrief A, Ricciuti B, Li YY, Gupta H, Spurr LF, Rizvi H, Luo J, Pecci F, Lamberti G, Recondo G, Venkatraman D, Di Federico A, Gandhi MM, Vaz VR, Nishino M, Sholl LM, Cherniack AD, Ladanyi M, Price A, Richards AL, Donoghue M, Lindsay J, Sharma B, Turner MM, Pfaff KL, Felt KD, Rodig SJ, Lin X, Meyerson ML, Johnson BE, Christiani DC, Schoenfeld AJ, and Awad MM
Subjects: Humans, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors therapeutic use, B7-H1 Antigen, Retrospective Studies, Aneuploidy, Chromosome Aberrations, Chromosomes metabolism, Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Neoplasms drug therapy, Lung Neoplasms genetics, Lung Neoplasms pathology, Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung drug therapy, Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung genetics, Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung pathology
Abstract: Introduction: Although gene-level copy number alterations have been studied as a potential biomarker of immunotherapy efficacy in NSCLC, the impact of aneuploidy burden and chromosomal arm-level events on immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) efficacy in NSCLC is uncertain., Methods: Patients who received programmed cell death protein 1 or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor at two academic centers were included. Across all 22 chromosomes analyzed, an arm was considered altered if at least 70% of its territory was either gained or deleted. Among nonsquamous NSCLCs which underwent targeted next-generation sequencing, we retrospectively quantified aneuploidy using the adjusted fraction of chromosomal arm alterations (FAA), defined as the number of altered chromosome arms divided by the number of chromosome arms assessed, adjusted for tumor purity., Results: Among 2293 nonsquamous NSCLCs identified, the median FAA increased with more advanced cancer stage and decreased with higher PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS) levels (median FAA in TPS < 1%: 0.09, TPS 1%-49%: 0.08, TPS ≥ 50%: 0.05, p < 0.0001). There was a very weak correlation between FAA and tumor mutational burden when taken as continuous variables (R: 0.07, p = 0.0005). A total of 765 advanced nonsquamous NSCLCs with available FAA values were treated with ICIs. With decreasing FAA tertiles, there was a progressive improvement in objective response rate (ORR 15.1% in upper tertile versus 23.2% in middle tertile versus 28.4% in lowest tertile, p = 0.001), median progression-free survival (mPFS 2.5 versus 3.3 versus 4.1 mo, p < 0.0001), and median overall survival (mOS 12.5 versus 13.9 versus 16.4 mo, p = 0.006), respectively. In the arm-level enrichment analysis, chromosome 9p loss (OR = 0.22, Q = 0.0002) and chromosome 1q gain (OR = 0.43, Q = 0.002) were significantly enriched in ICI nonresponders after false discovery rate adjustment. Compared with NSCLCs without chromosome 9p loss (n = 452), those with 9p loss (n = 154) had a lower ORR (28.1% versus 7.8%, p < 0.0001), a shorter mPFS (4.1 versus 2.3 mo, p < 0.0001), and a shorter mOS (18.0 versus 9.6 mo, p < 0.0001) to immunotherapy. In addition, among NSCLCs with high PD-L1 expression (TPS ≥ 50%), chromosome 9p loss was associated with lower ORR (43% versus 6%, p < 0.0001), shorter mPFS (6.4 versus 2.6 mo, p = 0.0006), and shorter mOS (30.2 versus 14.3 mo, p = 0.0008) to immunotherapy compared with NSCLCs without 9p loss. In multivariable analysis, adjusting for key variables including FAA, chromosome 9p loss, but not 1q gain, retained a significant impact on ORR (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.25, p < 0.001), mPFS (HR = 1.49, p = 0.001), and mOS (HR = 1.47, p = 0.003). Multiplexed immunofluorescence and computational deconvolution of RNA sequencing data revealed that tumors with either high FAA levels or chromosome 9p loss had significantly fewer tumor-associated cytotoxic immune cells., Conclusions: Nonsquamous NSCLCs with high aneuploidy and chromosome 9p loss have a distinct tumor immune microenvironment and less favorable outcomes to ICIs., (Copyright © 2023 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2023
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17. Climate change and seismic resilience: Key considerations for Alaska's infrastructure and built environment.

Author: Turner MM, Ghayoomi M, Duderstadt K, Brewer J, and Kholodov A
Subjects: United States, Humans, Alaska, Policy, Climate Change, Permafrost
Abstract: Alaska is one of the most seismically active regions of the world. Coincidentally, the state has also experienced dramatic impacts of climate change as it is warming at twice the rate of the rest of the United States. Through mechanisms such as permafrost thaw, water table fluctuation, and melting of sea ice and glaciers, climatic-driven changes to the natural and built-environment influence the seismic response of infrastructure systems. This paper discusses the challenges and needs posed by earthquake hazards and climate change to Alaska's infrastructure and built environment, drawing on the contributions of researchers and decision-makers in interviews and a workshop. It outlines policy, mitigation, and adaptation areas meriting further attention to improve the seismic resilience of Alaska's built environment from the perspectives of engineering and complementary coupled human-environmental systems., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Turner et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
Published: 2023
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18. Communicating Commitment to Antibiotic Stewardship: an Effective Strategy for Responding to Online Patient Reviews.

Author: Turner MM and Choung H
Subjects: Humans, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Health Personnel, Antimicrobial Stewardship
Abstract: Background: Public health officials have worked to address the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. To slow the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, it is important to improve patients' understanding of antibiotics and adjust their expectations of them. This study explores strategic antibiotic resistance communication between patients and health care providers in an online review platform., Methods: Based on two experimental studies, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the provider's commitment messaging when dealing with patients' complaints about not receiving requested antibiotics during their visit., Results: The findings from study 1 show that communicating the commitment to antibiotic stewardship makes participants have more favorable feelings toward the provider. Commitment messaging also makes readers perceive the provider as more credible, and they are more willing to visit the clinic in the future. Study 2 findings demonstrate a robustness of commitment messaging in increasing readers' willingness to visit the clinic, while the provider's response exhibits the limited impact of correcting patients' common misunderstandings of antibiotics and adjusting their expectations of antibiotics., Conclusions: Our findings illustrate some clear benefits of engaging with negative online patient reviews to minimize potential reputational damage and reestablish the credibility of care providers., (© 2022. International Society of Behavioral Medicine.)
Published: 2023
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19. Brief Communication on Pathologic Assessment of Persistent Stable Metastatic Lesions in Patients Treated With Anti-CTLA-4 or Anti-CTLA-4 + Anti-PD-1 Therapy.

Author: Buchbinder EI, Pfaff KL, Turner MM, Manos M, Ouyang O, Ott PA, Giobbie-Hurder A, Rodig SJ, and Hodi FS
Subjects: Humans, Ipilimumab adverse effects, Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography, Inflammation chemically induced, Nivolumab adverse effects, Melanoma pathology
Abstract: Despite the wide use of immune checkpoint inhibition for the treatment of melanoma, the mechanisms leading to long-term stable disease are incompletely understood. Patients with metastatic melanoma who had received ipilimumab alone or ipilimumab plus nivolumab 2+years prior and attained at least 6 months of stable disease were identified. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) was performed. Pretreatment and posttreatment biopsies of areas of stable disease were assessed for tumor, fibrosis, and inflammation. Seven patients underwent PET/CT and tissue biopsy. Fluorodeoxyglucose avid lesions on PET/CT ranged from no activity to an SUV of 22. In 6 patients, the residual stable lesions were composed of necrosis and fibrosis with a prominent pigment containing macrophages and no residual melanoma. In 1 patient, a nodal lesion demonstrated melanoma with active inflammation. In most patients with durable stable disease after treatment with ipilimumab or ipilimumab/nivolumab, residual lesions demonstrated predominantly necrosis and fibrosis consistent with resolving lesions. The presence of melanophages in these samples may suggest ongoing immune surveillance. One patient did demonstrate residual melanoma, indicating the need for ongoing monitoring of this patient population., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)
Published: 2023
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20. Anemia and anti-tuberculosis treatment outcome in persons with pulmonary tuberculosis: A multi-center prospective cohort study.

Author: Araújo-Pereira M, Nogueira BMF, Spener-Gomes R, Carvalho ACC, Sant'Anna FM, Figueiredo MC, Turner MM, Kritski AL, Cordeiro-Santos M, Rolla VC, Sterling TR, and Andrade BB
Subjects: Humans, Adolescent, Antitubercular Agents therapeutic use, Prospective Studies, Treatment Outcome, Tuberculosis drug therapy, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary complications, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary drug therapy, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary epidemiology, Anemia drug therapy, Anemia epidemiology, Anemia complications, HIV Infections complications
Abstract: Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major plague of humanity. People with TB (PWTB) are commonly anemic. Here, we assessed whether the severity of anemia in PWTB prior to anti-TB treatment (ATT) was a risk factor for an unfavorable outcome., Methods: Patients ≥ 18 years old with culture-confirmed drug-susceptible pulmonary TB enrolled between 2015 and 2019 in a multi-center Brazilian cohort were followed for up to 24 months and classified according to anemia severity (mild, moderate, and severe), based on hemoglobin levels. A multinomial logistic regression model was employed to assess whether anemia was associated with unfavorable outcome (death, failure, loss to follow-up, regimen modification or relapse), compared to treatment success (cure or treatment completion)., Results: Among 786 participants who met inclusion criteria, 441 (56 %) were anemic at baseline. Patients with moderate/severe anemia were more HIV-seropositive, as well as more symptomatic and had higher frequencies of unfavorable outcomes compared to the other groups. Moderate/severe anemia (adjusted OR [aOR]: 7.80, 95 %CI:1.34-45.4, p = 0.022) was associated with death independent of sex, age, BMI, HIV and glycemic status., Conclusion: Moderate/severe anemia prior to ATT was a significant risk factor for death. Such patients should be closely monitored given the high risk of unfavorable ATT outcomes., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2023
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21. Effects of patient beliefs regarding the need for antibiotics and prescribing outcomes on patient satisfaction in urgent-care settings.

Author: Cziner MJ, Park DE, Hamdy RF, Rogers LA, Turner MM, and Liu CM
Abstract: We studied how patient beliefs regarding the need for antibiotics, as measured by expectation scores, and antibiotic prescribing outcome affect patient satisfaction using data from 2,710 urgent-care visits. Satisfaction was affected by antibiotic prescribing among patients with medium-high expectation scores but not among patients with low expectation scores., Competing Interests: All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article., (© The Author(s) 2023.)
Published: 2023
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22. Rumour spread and control during the West African Ebola epidemic in Liberia.

Author: Turner MM, Lisse S, Rimal R, Kamlem T, Shaikh H, and Biswas N
Subjects: Humans, Liberia epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks, Communication, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola epidemiology, Epidemics
Abstract: The severity of the 2014-15 West African Ebola epidemic in Liberia was coupled with widespread misunderstanding of the virus among citizens and the proliferation of rumours. Rumour control during outbreaks is imperative to reduce the public's fears about a disease. In Liberia, a tracker system was developed to detect rumours as quickly as possible through SMS (short message service) text messaging. This study focused on assessing rumour circulation in newspapers and on radio and rumour control over time. It relied on a content analysis of SMS messages from the 'DeySay' tracker, print and audio communications of newspapers, and radio programmes, in the time frame between January 2014 and March 2015. The findings show that more rumours appeared in newspapers but were more likely to be overtly characterised as such on the radio. DeySay accurately predicted rumours before they appeared on the radio and in newspapers, supporting its usefulness in future health epidemics., (© 2022 The Authors Disasters © 2022 ODI.)
Published: 2023
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23. The effects of moral norms and anticipated guilt on COVID19 prevention behaviors.

Author: Turner MM, Jang Y, Wade R, Heo RJ, Ye Q, Hembroff LA, and Lim JI
Abstract: Studies have shown that older adolescents have a low perceived personal risk of COVID-19, and yet their ability and willingness to engage in COVID-19 prevention behaviors is imperative for community health. Thus, health communication scholars need to consider alternative psycho-social predictors of prevention behaviors that will assist in protecting others in a pandemic. Based on Schwartz's Norms Activation Model (NAM; Schwartz, 1977), we examined the relationship between moral norms and COVID-19 prevention behaviors (mask wearing and physical distancing). We predicted that anticipated guilt would mediate the relationship between moral norms and intention to engage in prevention behaviors, and that collective orientation would strengthen the association between moral norms and anticipated guilt. We tested predictions with data from a cross-sectional survey with a probability-based sample of college students at a large land grant university. These data indicated that moral norms were associated with behavioral intention, and this relationship was mediated by anticipated guilt. Collective orientation was found to moderate the relationship between moral norms and anticipated guilt in the context of physical distancing but not mask wearing. These findings suggest that making moral norms salient when designing an intervention is an effective strategy for older adolescents., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-023-04477-5., Competing Interests: Three authors (MT, LH and YJ) of the current manuscript serve as consultants and a graduate assistant to the National Social Norms Center at Michigan State University, which is funded in part by the Anheuser-Busch Foundation. Although a financial conflict of interest was identified for management based on the overall scope of the project, the research finding included in this manuscript may not necessarily related to the interests of the Anheuser-Busch Foundation., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)
Published: 2023
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24. Predicting Breastfeeding Intentions: A Test and Extension of the Theory of Normative Social Behavior with African American Social Identity.

Author: Villalobos AVK, Turner MM, Lapinski MK, Hull S, Long S, Wang J, and Moore EWG
Subjects: Female, Humans, Social Behavior, Breast Feeding, Intention, Mothers, Social Identification, Black or African American
Abstract: Breastfeeding is a health promoting social behavior but statistics suggest a persistent disparity of lower rates among African American mothers. The Theory of Normative Social Behavior (TNSB) explains when and how norms influence behaviors, but has produced inconsistent results with respect to proposed moderators group identity and injunctive norms (IN), limiting its predictive value in diverse cultural groups. Cultural norms are one of many influences on breastfeeding behaviors, yet little is known about their mechanisms of influence. The TNSB has not been tested in the breastfeeding context or within an exclusively African American cultural group. Given this knowledge gap, a survey of 528 African American mothers in the Washington, D.C. area was conducted to test the moderating effects of IN and subjective norms (SN) and social identity on the descriptive norms (DN) to intentions relationship as predicted by the TNSB. Structural equation modeling was used to show that when controlling for education and breastfeeding history, norms significantly predicted 26.4% of the variance in breastfeeding intentions. SN and DN interacted negatively to enhance breastfeeding intentions. Latent profile analysis using ethnic pride, collectivism, and religiosity scales detected four profiles of African American social identity. Social identity profile membership was a significant moderator on the DN to intentions pathway in the structural equation model. Profiles with the highest ethnic pride were significantly influenced by DN to intend to breastfeed. Implications from this study for public health intervention and communication messaging are discussed.
Published: 2023
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25. Speaking of Values: Value-Expressive Communication and Exercise Intentions.

Author: Anderson J, Lapinski MK, Turner MM, Peng TQ, and Schmälzle R
Subjects: Attitude, Exercise, Humans, Communication, Intention
Abstract: This study introduces the concept of value-expressive communication and examines its relationship with behavioral intent. Value-expressive communication is conceptualized as the verbal output of a value-expressive attitude. Value-expressive communication about exercise is examined in relationship to strength of religious faith, exercise attitudes, communication frequency, and intentions to exercise among a sample of self-identified Christians. The data indicate a significant interaction between value-expressive communication and communication frequency explains significant variance in exercise intentions. Interact to and exercise attitudes is significantly associated with intentions to exercise. Suggestions for using value-expressive communication in health communication research and practice are discussed.
Published: 2022
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26. Possible sex difference in latent tuberculosis infection risk among close tuberculosis contacts.

Author: Wada PY, Costa AG, Araújo-Pereira M, Barreto-Duarte B, Souza AB, Rocha MS, Figueiredo MC, Turner MM, Rolla VC, Kritski AL, Cordeiro-Santos M, Andrade BB, Sterling TR, and Rebeiro PF
Subjects: Female, Humans, Interferon-gamma Release Tests, Male, Sex Characteristics, Tuberculin Test, Latent Tuberculosis diagnosis, Latent Tuberculosis epidemiology, Tuberculosis
Abstract: Objectives: More men than women develop and die of tuberculosis (TB). Fewer data exist on sex differences in latent TB infection (LTBI). We assessed for potential sex differences in LTBI acquisition among close TB contacts., Methods: Regional Prospective Observational Research for TB-Brazil is an observational multi-center cohort of individuals with culture-confirmed pulmonary TB and their close contacts. Participants were enrolled from five sites in Brazil from June 2015 - June 2019. Close contacts were followed for 24 months after enrollment, with LTBI defined as a positive interferon-γ release assay (IGRA; QuantiFERON 3 rd or 4 th generation) at baseline or 6 months. We performed univariate, bivariate, and multivariable logistic regression and propensity-score weighted models to assess odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for LTBI acquisition by birth sex among close contacts., Results: Of 1093, 504 (46%) female close contacts were IGRA positive compared to 295 of 745 (40%) men. The unadjusted OR for IGRA positivity among women vs men was 1.31 (95% CI: 1.08-1.58). Bivariate adjustments yielded ORs in women vs men ranging from 1.19 to 1.33 (P-value range: <0.01-0.07). Multivariable regression and weighted models yielded similar ORs in women vs men, of 1.14 (95% CI: 0.92-1.41) and 1.15 (95% CI: 0.94-1.40), respectively., Conclusion: The point estimate for LTBI among close TB contacts in Brazil was higher in women, though less pronounced in multivariable models. If the sex difference in LTBI is confirmed in additional settings, studies of possible underlying differences in socio-behavioral factors or TB pathogenesis are warranted., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest We declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. VCR: The author has served as a consultant for ONU-OMS for the HIV response in Myanmar and received payment from GlaxoSmithKline, Qiagen, and Virology Education for educational events PFR: The author has served as a consultant for Gilead (2020) and Johnson & Johnson (2021) All the other authors have no competing interests to declare., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2022
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27. Mediational Effects on Motivation to Quit Smoking After Exposure to a Cigarette Pictorial Warning Label Among Young Adults.

Author: Johnson AC, Turner MM, Simmens SJ, Evans WD, Strasser AA, and Mays D
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Humans, Motivation, Product Labeling, Smoking psychology, Smoking Prevention, Young Adult, Smoking Cessation psychology, Tobacco Products adverse effects
Abstract: Background: Young adults are vulnerable to cigarette package marketing. Pictorial warning labels are recommended for tobacco control. Research should address questions raised in legal challenges including causal mechanisms. Evidence is mixed and understudied among young adults (e.g., discrete emotions and risk perceptions)., Purpose: This study investigated mediators of pictorial warning label effects on motivation to quit smoking among young adult smokers., Methods: This study analyzed data from a randomized trial with a 4 week exposure to a cigarette pictorial warning among young adult smokers (N = 229) aged 18-30 with assessments at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and 3 months. Mediation analyses used latent change scores to test the effects post-intervention on fear, anger, and risk perceptions. We also examined whether post-intervention measures predicted change in motivation to quit smoking at 3 months. The first model assessed aggregate risk perceptions and the second model assessed discrete risk perceptions (deliberative, affective)., Results: Pictorial warning label exposure led to increases in fear which led to increased motivation to quit smoking for the first (B = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.04, 0.26) and second (B = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.25) model. Exposure modestly increased motivation to quit by way of fear and affective risk perceptions (B = 0.01, 95% CI = 0.00, 0.04). Exposure had a direct relationship on increased motivation to quit as well., Conclusions: Findings demonstrate factors contributing to change in motivation to quit smoking among young adult smokers after pictorial warning label exposure. Affective processes are mediators of pictorial warning label effects., (© Society of Behavioral Medicine 2021. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
Published: 2022
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28. Improving African American women's engagement in clinical research: A systematic review of barriers to participation in clinical trials.

Author: Le D, Ozbeki H, Salazar S, Berl M, Turner MM, and Price OA
Subjects: Female, Humans, Minority Groups, Patient Selection, Research Design, Black or African American, Ethnicity
Abstract: Background: Despite multiple efforts, African American women continue to be inadequately represented in clinical research while being overrepresented in disease, producing research results with limited generalizability to this specific population. Our understanding of the barriers to participation in clinical trials among racial/ethnic minority patients in general has evolved, but few studies have examined the reasoning behind African American women's decision to not participate in clinical trials., Objective: The primary aim was to conduct a systematic review to identify the barriers reported by African American women regarding participation in clinical research to help explain the low levels of enrollment. We also suggest strategies that can be implemented by the research community to lessen the effect of those barriers., Methods: Searches were conducted through MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Following a set of eligibility criteria, a total of 18 peer-reviewed journal articles were selected and analyzed to render categories and themes., Results: Across studies aimed at examining their unique perspective, the reasons mentioned by African American women for not participating in clinical research were grouped in three broad categories: 1) weak relationship with the medical and research community, 2) high cost to participation, and 3) personal and "out-of-reach" circumstances. Reasons pertaining to participants' relationship with physicians/researchers were most salient., Discussion: A targeted and comprehensive understanding of the barriers impacting African American women's decision to participate in clinical research informs population-specific recruitment and research strategies for future studies. Additional studies assessing barriers to clinical trial research participation that intentionally report on disaggregated data by not only race/ethnicity but also sex are essential to improving the risk/benefit profile for a wide range of prevention and treatment efforts. This improved understanding of the differences between subgroups within minority populations has implications for bolstering culturally sensitive messages to enhance the engagement of minority communities in clinical trial research., (Copyright © 2022 National Medical Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2022
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29. Correction: Comprehensive Immunoprofiling of High-risk Oral Proliferative and Localized Leukoplakia.

Author: Hanna GJ, Villa A, Mistry N, Jia Y, Quinn CT, Turner MM, Felt KD, Pfaff K, Haddad RI, Uppaluri R, Rodig SJ, Woo SB, Egloff AM, and Hodi FS
Abstract: [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.CRC-21-0060.][This corrects the article DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.CRC-21-0060.]., (© 2022 The Authors; Published by the American Association for Cancer Research.)
Published: 2022
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30. Visualizing the Geography of HIV Observational Cohorts With Density-Adjusted Cartograms.

Author: Sack DE, Gange SJ, Althoff KN, Pettit AC, Kheshti AN, Ransby IS, Nelson JJ, Turner MM, Sterling TR, and Rebeiro PF
Subjects: Adult, Cohort Studies, Geography, Humans, Public Health, United States epidemiology, HIV Infections epidemiology, HIV Infections prevention & control
Abstract: Background: Maps are potent tools for describing the spatial distribution of population and disease characteristics and, thereby, for appropriately targeting public health interventions. People with HIV (PWH) tend to live in densely populated and spatially compact areas that may be difficult to visualize on maps using unadjusted geographic or political borders., Setting: To illustrate these challenges, we used geographic data from adult PWH at the Vanderbilt Comprehensive Care Clinic (VCCC) in Nashville, Tennessee, and aggregated data from the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA-ACCORD) from 1998 to 2015., Methods: We compared choropleth maps that use differential shading of political/geographic boundaries with density-adjusted cartograms that allow for shading and deformed boundaries according to a variable of interest, such as PWH., Results: Cartograms enlarged high-burden areas and shrank low-burden areas of PWH, improving visual interpretation of where to focus HIV prevention and mitigation efforts, when compared with choropleth maps. Cartograms may also demonstrate cohort representativeness of underlying populations (eg, Tennessee for VCCC or the United States for NA-ACCORD), which can guide efforts to assess external validity and improve generalizability., Conclusion: Choropleth maps and cartograms offer powerful visual evidence of the geographic distribution of HIV disease and cohort representation and should be used to guide targeted public health interventions., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2022
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31. Reversing the Antibiotic Resistance "Yelp Effect" Through the Use of Emotionally Framed Responses to Negative Reviews of Providers: Questionnaire Study.

Author: Turner MM, Choung H, Bui QHM, Beck P, and Ashraf H
Abstract: Background: The overuse of antibiotics has rapidly made antimicrobial resistance a global public health challenge. There is an emerging trend where providers who perceive that their patients expect antibiotics are more likely to prescribe antibiotics unprompted or upon request. Particularly, health care providers have expressed concern that dissatisfied patients will provide disparaging online reviews, therefore threatening the reputation of the practice. To better deal with the negative reviews and inform patients, some health care staff directly respond to patients' online feedback. Engaging with patients' online reviews gives providers an opportunity to prevent reputational damage and improve patients' understanding of the antibiotic resistance problem., Objective: We aim to test the effectiveness of different response strategies to the negative patient online reviews on the readers' perceptions of the health care provider and their perceptions related to antibiotics resistance., Methods: Two experiments were conducted to examine the impact of message tactics (apologizing, inducing fear or guilt) that can be employed by health care providers when responding to patients' negative online feedback related to not receiving an antibiotic., Results: Overall, our results demonstrated positive impacts of responding to patients' online reviews. In study 1, we found apologetic messaging and use of emotional appeals in the response were effective in making readers feel more favorable toward the message. Readers also expressed a greater credibility perception toward the provider and willingness to visit the clinic when emotional appeals were used. Findings from study 2 largely supported the effectiveness of a fear-based response in improving the readers' credibility perceptions and willingness to visit the clinic. The fear-inducing information was particularly effective among parent readers., Conclusions: This paper demonstrated that a strategic response to online patient complaints could prevent reputational damage and minimize the potential negative impacts of the review. The results also glean insight into the step toward developing a novel intervention-crafting a persuasive response to patients' negative feedback that can help improve the understanding of antibiotic resistance problems., (©Monique Mitchell Turner, Hyesun Choung, Quoc-Ha Hannah Mai Bui, Paige Beck, Hera Ashraf. Originally published in JMIR Formative Research (https://formative.jmir.org), 22.03.2022.)
Published: 2022
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32. The Effect of Diabetes and Prediabetes on Antituberculosis Treatment Outcomes: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study.

Author: Arriaga MB, Araújo-Pereira M, Barreto-Duarte B, Nogueira B, Freire MVCNS, Queiroz ATL, Rodrigues MMS, Rocha MS, Souza AB, Spener-Gomes R, Carvalho ACC, Figueiredo MC, Turner MM, Durovni B, Lapa-E-Silva JR, Kritski AL, Cavalcante S, Rolla VC, Cordeiro-Santos M, Sterling TR, and Andrade BB
Subjects: Antitubercular Agents therapeutic use, Cohort Studies, Humans, Prospective Studies, Treatment Outcome, Diabetes Mellitus drug therapy, Diabetes Mellitus epidemiology, Prediabetic State complications, Prediabetic State drug therapy, Tuberculosis complications, Tuberculosis drug therapy
Abstract: Background: It is unclear whether diabetes or prediabetes affects unfavorable treatment outcomes and death in people with tuberculosis (PWTB)., Methods: Culture-confirmed, drug-susceptible PWTB, enrolled in the Regional Prospective Observational Research in Tuberculosis (RePORT)-Brazil cohort between 2015 and 2019 (N = 643) were stratified based on glycemic status according to baseline glycated hemoglobin. Unfavorable tuberculosis (TB) outcome was defined as treatment failure or modification, recurrence, or death; favorable outcome was cure or treatment completion. We corroborated the findings using data from PWTB reported to the Brazilian National System of Diseases Notification (SINAN) during 2015-2019 (N = 20 989). Logistic regression models evaluated associations between glycemic status and outcomes., Results: In both cohorts, in univariate analysis, unfavorable outcomes were more frequently associated with smoking, illicit drug use, and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Diabetes, but not prediabetes, was associated with unfavorable outcomes in the RePORT-Brazil (adjusted relative risk [aRR], 2.45; P < .001) and SINAN (aRR, 1.76; P < .001) cohorts. Furthermore, diabetes was associated with high risk of death (during TB treatment) in both RePORT-Brazil (aRR, 2.16; P = .040) and SINAN (aRR, 1.93; P = .001)., Conclusions: Diabetes was associated with an increased risk of unfavorable outcomes and mortality in Brazilian PWTB. Interventions to improve TB treatment outcomes in persons with diabetes are needed., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
Published: 2022
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33. Longitudinal effects of cigarette pictorial warning labels among young adults.

Author: Johnson AC, Simmens SJ, Turner MM, Evans WD, Strasser AA, and Mays D
Subjects: Humans, Product Labeling methods, Smoking psychology, Smoking Prevention methods, Young Adult, Smoking Cessation psychology, Tobacco Products
Abstract: Young adults are influenced by cigarette package marketing. Pictorial warning labels are a recommended intervention. Evidence demonstrates pictorial warnings impact negative emotion, risk perceptions, and motivation to quit smoking, but there is limited research on their effects over time. This study analyzes data from a randomized trial of young adult smokers (N = 229) exposed to a pictorial or text-only cigarette warning. We assessed changes in fear, anger, risk perceptions, and motivation to quit smoking after 4 weeks using latent change score modeling and over 3 months using latent growth modeling. Latent change results showed exposure was associated with increases in fear, anger, and motivation to quit after 4 weeks. Latent growth showed exposure was associated with increases in motivation to quit smoking over 3 months, but not other outcomes. Findings suggest pictorial warning labels produce an emotional response and increase motivation to quit among young adult smokers., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)
Published: 2022
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34. Lessons Learned from Implementation of an Interferon Gamma Release Assay to Screen for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in a Large Multicenter Observational Cohort Study in Brazil.

Author: Costa AG, Carvalho BKS, Araújo-Pereira M, Ibiapina HNS, Spener-Gomes R, Souza AB, Gomes-Silva A, Andrade AMS, Silva EC, Arriaga MB, Benjamin A, Rocha MS, Moreira ASR, Oliveira JG, Figueiredo MC, Turner MM, Durovni B, Cavalcante S, Kritski AL, Rolla VC, Sterling TR, Andrade BB, and Cordeiro-Santos M
Subjects: Brazil epidemiology, Cohort Studies, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay methods, Humans, Latent Tuberculosis drug therapy, Prospective Studies, Quality Control, Reproducibility of Results, Specimen Handling methods, Tuberculosis drug therapy, Tuberculosis prevention & control, Interferon-gamma Release Tests methods, Latent Tuberculosis diagnosis, Latent Tuberculosis epidemiology, Mass Screening methods, Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolation & purification
Abstract: The interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) has emerged as a useful tool for identifying latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). This assay can be performed through testing platforms such as the QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFT-Plus) assay. This in vitro test has been incorporated into several guidelines worldwide and has recently been considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the diagnosis of LTBI. The possibility of systematically implementing IGRAs such as the QFT-Plus assay in centers that perform LTBI screening has been accelerated by the decreased availability of the tuberculin skin test (TST) in several countries. Nevertheless, the process to implement IGRA testing in routine clinical care has many gaps. The study utilized the expertise acquired by the laboratory teams of the Regional Prospective Observational Research in Tuberculosis (RePORT)-Brazil consortium during study protocol implementation of LTBI screening of tuberculosis (TB) close contacts. RePORT-Brazil includes clinical research sites from Brazilian cities and is the largest multicenter cohort of TB close contacts in the country to date. Operational and logistical challenges faced during IGRA implementation in all study laboratories are described, as well as the solutions that were developed and led to the successful establishment of IGRA testing in RePORT-Brazil. The descriptions of the problems identified and resolved in this study can assist laboratories implementing IGRAs, in addition to manufacturers of IGRAs providing effective technical support. This will facilitate the implementation of IGRA testing in countries with large TB burdens, such as Brazil. IMPORTANCE The IGRA has emerged as a useful tool for identifying persons with LTBI. Although the implementation of IGRAs is of utmost importance, to our knowledge there is scarce information on the identification of logistical and technical challenges for systematic screening for LTBI on a large scale. Thus, the descriptions of the problems identified and resolved in this study can assist laboratories implementing IGRAs, in addition to manufacturers of IGRAs providing effective technical support. This will facilitate the implementation of IGRA testing in countries with large TB burdens, such as Brazil.
Published: 2021
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35. The Effect of Diabetes and Prediabetes on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Transmission to Close Contacts.

Author: Arriaga MB, Rocha MS, Nogueira BMF, Nascimento V, Araújo-Pereira M, Souza AB, Andrade AMS, Costa AG, Gomes-Silva A, Silva EC, Figueiredo MC, Turner MM, Durovni B, Lapa-E-Silva JR, Kritski AL, Cavalcante S, Rolla VC, Cordeiro-Santos M, Sterling TR, and Andrade BB
Subjects: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brazil epidemiology, Female, Humans, Interferon-gamma immunology, Interferon-gamma Release Tests, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Tuberculin Test, Tuberculosis epidemiology, Contact Tracing statistics & numerical data, Diabetes Mellitus epidemiology, Interferon-gamma blood, Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenicity, Prediabetic State epidemiology, Tuberculosis diagnosis, Tuberculosis transmission
Abstract: Background: It is unknown whether dysglycemia is associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission., Methods: We assessed epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with culture-confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis and their close contacts, enrolled in a multicenter prospective cohort in Brazil. Contacts were investigated at baseline and 6 months after enrollment. QuantiFERON positivity at baseline and conversion (from negative to positive at month 6) were compared between subgroups of contacts according to glycemic status of persons with tuberculosis (PWTB) as diabetes mellitus (DM) or prediabetes. Multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression models were performed to test independent associations with baseline QuantiFERON positive and QuantiFERON conversion., Results: There were 592 PWTB (153 DM, 141 prediabetes, 211 normoglycemic) and 1784 contacts, of whom 658 were QuantiFERON-positive at baseline and 106 converters. Multivariable analyses demonstrated that tuberculosis-prediabetes cases, acid-fast bacilli-positive, pulmonary cavities, and living with someone who smoked were independently associated with QuantiFERON positive in contacts at baseline. DM, persistent cough, acid-fast bacilli-positive, and pulmonary cavities in tuberculosis source cases were associated with QuantiFERON conversion., Conclusions: Contacts of persons with pulmonary tuberculosis and dysglycemia were at increased risk of being QuantiFERON positive at baseline or month 6. Increased focus on such close contacts could improve tuberculosis control., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
Published: 2021
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36. Too stringent or too Lenient: Antecedents and consequences of perceived stringency of COVID-19 policies in the United States.

Author: Lee S, Peng TQ, Lapinski MK, Turner MM, Jang Y, and Schaaf A
Abstract: In the United States, federal and local governments have attempted to contain the spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by implementing a variety of policies such as stay-at-home orders and mask mandates. Perceptions can influence behaviors; therefore, it is important to understand how people perceive the stringency of COVID-19 policies, what factors shape perceived policy stringency, and whether and how policy perceptions impact the practice of prevention behaviors. With rolling-cross sectional survey data collected in the US from June to October 2020 and other external sources of data, the study examines the impact of objective risk of the pandemic, information seeking, and political ideology at the individual and the state levels on perceived policy stringency, and the impact of perceived policy stringency on prevention behaviors such as mask wearing and social distancing. The findings reveal that objective risk and political ideology are significantly associated with perceived policy stringency. The perceived policy stringency has negative associations with prevention behaviors. The findings provide important implications for the development process of compulsory public health policies during the pandemic., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2021 The Author(s).)
Published: 2021
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37. Determining whether Public Communications Campaigns Based on the The Social Norms Approach are a Viable COVID-19 Prevention Strategy for College Campuses.

Author: Smith SW, DeJong W, Turner MM, Park S, Jang Y, Poole A, Martell D, and Salerno J
Subjects: Humans, SARS-CoV-2, Social Norms, Students, Surveys and Questionnaires, COVID-19, Universities
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to (a) outline the formative steps that universities can follow to determine if a media campaign based on the social norms approach (SNA) is a viable method for increasing COVID-19 prevention behaviors among their students, (b) present formative research data collected at a large public land-grant university in the U.S., and (c) as a test case, apply that data to assess the SNA's viability for promoting COVID-19 prevention behaviors among students at that institution. Over time, a series of fast-track surveys were conducted to determine the descriptive and injunctive norms for four COVID-19 prevention strategies: wearing a mask in public, physical distancing, limiting the size of indoor gatherings, and receiving or planning to get a vaccination. The results demonstrated that, at this particular university, an SNA-based public communications campaign would be a promising strategy for promoting these protective behaviors. First, a clear majority of the survey respondents reported engaging in the behaviors. Second, the respondents perceived the behaviors to be less common than was actually the case, with one exception: wearing a mask. In all four cases, they perceived the behaviors to be less approved of than what the surveys documented.
Published: 2021
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38. Low peripheral blood derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (dNLR) is associated with increased tumor T-cell infiltration and favorable outcomes to first-line pembrolizumab in non-small cell lung cancer.

Author: Alessi JV, Ricciuti B, Alden SL, Bertram AA, Lin JJ, Sakhi M, Nishino M, Vaz VR, Lindsay J, Turner MM, Pfaff K, Sharma B, Felt KD, Rodig SJ, Gainor JF, and Awad MM
Subjects: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized pharmacology, Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung genetics, Female, Humans, Lung Neoplasms genetics, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized therapeutic use, Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung drug therapy, Lung Neoplasms drug therapy, Lymphocytes metabolism, Neutrophils metabolism, T-Lymphocytes metabolism
Abstract: Background: An elevated peripheral blood derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (dNLR) is a negative prognostic marker for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Whether dNLR is also associated with clinical outcomes to first-line pembrolizumab among patients with NSCLC and a programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) Tumor Proportion Score (TPS) of ≥50% is uncertain. How dNLR relates to the tumor immune microenvironment is also unclear., Methods: In two participating academic centers, we retrospectively analyzed the dNLR (defined as the absolute neutrophil count/white cell count - absolute neutrophil count) prior to initiation of first-line pembrolizumab in patients with metastatic NSCLC and a PD-L1 TPS ≥50% and lacking genomic alterations in EGFR and ALK . An unbiased recursive partitioning algorithm was used to investigate an optimal dNLR cut-off with respect to objective response rate (ORR). Multiplexed immunofluorescence for CD8+, FOXP3+, PD-1+, and PD-L1 was performed on a separate cohort of NSCLCs to determine the immunophenotype associated with dNLR., Results: A total of 221 patients treated with first-line pembrolizumab were included in this study. The optimal dNLR cut-off to differentiate treatment responders from non-responders was 2.6. Compared with patients with a dNLR ≥2.6 (n=97), patients with dNLR <2.6 (n=124) had a significantly higher ORR (52.4% vs 24.7%, p<0.001), a significantly longer median progression-free survival (mPFS 10.4 vs 3.4 months, HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.66, p<0.001), and a significantly longer median overall survival (mOS 36.6 vs 9.8 months, HR 0.34, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.49, p<0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, tobacco use, performance status, histology, serum albumin level, oncogenic driver status, and PD-L1 distribution (50%-89% vs ≥90%), a dNLR <2.6 was confirmed to be an independent predictor of longer mPFS (HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.67, p<0.001) and mOS (HR 0.32, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.49, p<0.001). Among advanced NSCLC samples with a PD-L1 TPS of ≥50%, those with a dNLR <2.6 had significantly higher numbers of tumor-associated CD8+, FOXP3+, PD-1 +immune cells, and PD-1 +CD8+T cells than those with a dNLR ≥2.6., Conclusions: Among patients with NSCLC and a PD-L1 TPS ≥50%, a low dNLR has a distinct immune tumor microenvironment and more favorable outcomes to first-line pembrolizumab., Competing Interests: Competing interests: MMA serves as a consultant to Merck, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Genentech, AstraZeneca, Nektar, Maverick, Blueprint Medicine, Syndax, Abbvie, Gritstone, ArcherDX, Mirati, NextCure, and EMD Serono. Research Funding: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Genentech and AstraZeneca. JFG has served as a compensated consultant or received honoraria from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Genentech, Ariad/Takeda, Loxo, Pfizer, Incyte, Novartis, Merck, Agios, Amgen, Jounce, Karyopharm, GlydeBio, Regeneron, Oncorus, Helsinn, Jounce, Array, and Clovis Oncology, has an immediate family member who is an employee with equity in Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, has received research funding from Novartis, Genentech/Roche, and Ariad/Takeda, and institutional research support from Tesaro, Moderna, Blueprint, BMS, Jounce, Array, Adaptimmune, Novartis, Genentech/Roche, Alexo and Merck. JJL has served as a compensated consultant for Genentech, C4 Therapeutics, Blueprint 2 Medicines, Nuvalent, Turning Point Therapeutics, and Elevation Oncology; received honorarium 3 and travel support from Pfizer; received institutional research funds from Hengrui Therapeutics, 4 Turning Point Therapeutics, Neon Therapeutics, Relay Therapeutics, Bayer, Elevation 5 Oncology, Roche, and Novartis; received CME funding from OncLive, MedStar Health, and 6 Northwell Health. MN Consultant to Daiichi Sankyo, AstraZeneca; Research grant from Merck, Canon Medical Systems, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo; Honorarium from Roche. MN is also supported by R01CA203636 and U01CA209414 (NCI)). JVA, BR, SLA, AAB, MS, VRV, JL, MMT, KP, BS, KDF, and SJR: nothing to disclose., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)
Published: 2021
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39. Comprehensive Immunoprofiling of High-Risk Oral Proliferative and Localized Leukoplakia.

Author: Hanna GJ, Villa A, Mistry N, Jia Y, Quinn CT, Turner MM, Felt KD, Pfaff K, Haddad RI, Uppaluri R, Rodig SJ, Woo SB, Egloff AM, and Hodi FS
Subjects: Humans, Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor, Leukoplakia, Oral genetics, Gene Expression Profiling, Tumor Microenvironment, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, B7-H1 Antigen genetics
Abstract: Oral leukoplakia is common and may, in some cases, progress to carcinoma. Proliferative leukoplakia is a progressive, often multifocal subtype with a high rate of malignant transformation compared with the more common localized leukoplakia. We hypothesized that the immune microenvironment and gene expression patterns would be distinct for proliferative leukoplakia compared with localized leukoplakia. We summarize key clinicopathologic features among proliferative leukoplakia and localized leukoplakia and compare cancer-free survival (CFS) between subgroups. We analyze immunologic gene expression profiling in proliferative leukoplakia and localized leukoplakia tissue samples (NanoString PanCancer Immune Oncology Profiling). We integrate immune cell activation and spatial distribution patterns in tissue samples using multiplexed immunofluorescence and digital image capture to further define proliferative leukoplakia and localized leukoplakia. Among N = 58 patients (proliferative leukoplakia, n = 29; localized leukoplakia, n = 29), only the clinical diagnosis of proliferative leukoplakia was associated with significantly decreased CFS (HR, 11.25; P < 0.01; 5-year CFS 46.8% and 83.6% among patients with proliferative leukoplakia and localized leukoplakia, respectively). CD8 + T cells and T regulatory (Treg) were more abundant among proliferative leukoplakia samples ( P < 0.01) regardless of degree of epithelial dysplasia, and often colocalized to the dysplasia-stromal interface. Gene set analysis identified granzyme M as the most differentially expressed gene favoring the proliferative leukoplakia subgroup (log 2 fold change, 1.93; P adj < 0.001). Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) was comparatively overexpressed among proliferative leukoplakia samples, with higher (>5) PD-L1 scores predicting worse CFS ( P adj < 0.01). Proliferative leukoplakia predicts a high rate of malignant transformation within 5 years of diagnosis. A prominent CD8 + T-cell and Treg signature along with relative PD-L1 overexpression compared with localized leukoplakia provides strong rationale for PD-1/PD-L1 axis blockade using preventative immunotherapy., Significance: This is the first in-depth profiling effort to immunologically characterize high-risk proliferative leukoplakia as compared with the more common localized leukoplakia. We observed a notable cytotoxic T-cell and Treg signature with relative overexpression of PD-L1 in high-risk proliferative leukoplakia providing a strong preclinical rationale for investigating PD-1/PD-L1 axis blockade in this disease as preventative immunotherapy., Competing Interests: G.J. Hanna reports grants from DFCI Medical Oncology Program during the conduct of the study, as well as other (sponsored research) from BMS, personal fees and other (sponsored research) from Exicure, grants from Gateway for Cancer Research, other (sponsored research) from Kite, other (sponsored research) from NantKwest/Altor Bioscience, personal fees and other (sponsored research) from Regeneron, personal fees and other (sponsored research) from Sanofi Genzyme, personal fees and other (sponsored research) from Bicara, personal fees from Maverick, and personal fees from Merck outside the submitted work. R.I. Haddad reports grants and personal fees from Merck, BMS, AstraZeneca, Genentech, Pfizer, Eisai, Bayer, GSK outside the submitted work. R. Uppaluri reports personal fees from Merck outside the submitted work. S.J. Rodig reports grants from Bristol Myers Squibb, grants from KITE/Gilead, grants from Merck, grants from Affimed Inc., and other from Immunitas Inc outside the submitted work. S.-B. Woo reports grants from Bristol Myers Squibb outside the submitted work. F.S. Hodi reports personal fees from Merck, Novartis, Aduro, Pionyr, Checkpoint, Surface, Compass, Torque, Rheos, Bicara, Genentech, Takeda, Eisai, Iovance, Bioentre, Gossamer, Novartis, 7Hills, Amgen, and Immunocore outside the submitted work, as well as patents for the following: MICA Related Disorders (licensed to institution per institutional policies); Tumor antigens and uses thereof (issued to institution per institutional policies); Angiopoiten-2 Biomarkers Predictive of Anti-immune checkpoint response (pending to institution per institutional policies); Compositions and Methods for Identification, Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment of Melanoma using PD-L1 Isoforms (pending to institution per institutional policies; Therapeutic peptides (issued to institution per institutional policies); Vaccine compositions and methods for restoring NKG2D pathway function against cancers (licensed to institution per institutional policies); Antibodies that bind to MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A (licensed to to institution per institutional policies); and ANTI-GALECTIN ANTIBODY BIOMARKERS PREDICTIVE OF ANTI-IMMUNE CHECKPOINT AND ANTI-ANGIOGENESIS RESPONSES (pending to institution per institutional policies.), (© 2021 The Authors; Published by the American Association for Cancer Research.)
Published: 2021
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40. Questioning the Yelp Effect: Mixed Methods Analysis of Web-Based Reviews of Urgent Cares.

Author: Hu D, Liu CM, Hamdy R, Cziner M, Fung M, Dobbs S, Rogers L, Turner MM, and Broniatowski DA
Subjects: Ambulatory Care, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Communication, Humans, Internet, Ambulatory Care Facilities, Patient Satisfaction
Abstract: Background: Providers of on-demand care, such as those in urgent care centers, may prescribe antibiotics unnecessarily because they fear receiving negative reviews on web-based platforms from unsatisfied patients-the so-called Yelp effect. This effect is hypothesized to be a significant driver of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing, which exacerbates antibiotic resistance., Objective: In this study, we aimed to determine the frequency with which patients left negative reviews on web-based platforms after they expected to receive antibiotics in an urgent care setting but did not., Methods: We obtained a list of 8662 urgent care facilities from the Yelp application programming interface. By using this list, we automatically collected 481,825 web-based reviews from Google Maps between January 21 and February 10, 2019. We used machine learning algorithms to summarize the contents of these reviews. Additionally, 200 randomly sampled reviews were analyzed by 4 annotators to verify the types of messages present and whether they were consistent with the Yelp effect., Results: We collected 481,825 reviews, of which 1696 (95% CI 1240-2152) exhibited the Yelp effect. Negative reviews primarily identified operations issues regarding wait times, rude staff, billing, and communication., Conclusions: Urgent care patients rarely express expectations for antibiotics in negative web-based reviews. Thus, our findings do not support an association between a lack of antibiotic prescriptions and negative web-based reviews. Rather, patients' dissatisfaction with urgent care was most strongly linked to operations issues that were not related to the clinical management plan., (©Dian Hu, Cindy Meng-Hsin Liu, Rana Hamdy, Michael Cziner, Melody Fung, Samuel Dobbs, Laura Rogers, Monique Mitchell Turner, David André Broniatowski. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 08.10.2021.)
Published: 2021
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41. Using a Community-Based Participatory Mixed Methods Research Approach to Develop, Evaluate, and Refine a Nutrition Intervention to Replace Sugary Drinks with Filtered Tap Water among Predominantly Central-American Immigrant Families with Infants and Toddlers: The Water Up @Home Pilot Evaluation Study.

Author: McCarley S, López-Ríos M, Burgos Gil R, Turner MM, Cleary SD, Edberg M, and Colón-Ramos U
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Central America ethnology, Child, Preschool, Filtration, Humans, Infant, Middle Aged, Parents, Pilot Projects, United States, Young Adult, Community-Based Participatory Research methods, Drinking Water administration & dosage, Emigrants and Immigrants statistics & numerical data, Hispanic or Latino statistics & numerical data, Program Evaluation methods, Sugar-Sweetened Beverages
Abstract: Descriptions of the implementation of community-based participatory mixed-methods research (CBPMMR) in all phases of the engagement approach are limited. This manuscript describes the explicit integration of mixed-methods in four stages of CBPR: (1) connecting and diagnosing, (2) prescribing-implementing, (3) evaluating, and (4) disseminating and refining an intervention that aimed to motivate Latino parents (predominantly Central American in the US) of infants and toddlers to replace sugary drinks with filtered tap water. CBPMMR allowed for co-learning that led to the identification of preliminary behavioral outcomes, insights into potential mechanisms of behavior change, and revisions to the intervention design, implementation and evaluation.
Published: 2021
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42. Breastfeeding in Context: African American Women's Normative Referents, Salient Identities, and Perceived Social Norms.

Author: Villalobos AVK, Davis C, Turner MM, Long S, Hull S, and Lapinski MK
Subjects: Child, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Infant, Mothers, Qualitative Research, Social Norms, Black or African American, Breast Feeding
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe social norms and salient social identities related to breastfeeding intentions among African American mothers in Washington, D.C. Five focus groups were held with 30 mothers who gave birth to a child between 2016 and 2019. Two coders conducted pragmatic thematic analysis. This study demonstrated that women hold different identities relevant to making infant feeding decisions, with mother being primary and race/ethnicity, age, and relationship status factoring into how they define themselves. Mothers drew their perceptions of what is common and accepted from family, friends, the "Black community," and what they perceived visually in their geographic area and heard from their health care providers. Mothers believed breastfeeding to be increasing in popularity and acceptability in African American communities in Washington, D.C., but not yet the most common or accepted mode of feeding, with some variability by socioeconomic status group. Implications for public health communication and social marketing are discussed.
Published: 2021
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43. Racism and Resistance: A Qualitative Study of Bias As a Barrier to Breastfeeding.

Author: Davis C, Villalobos AVK, Turner MM, Long S, and Lapinski MK
Subjects: Black or African American, Bias, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Mothers, Breast Feeding, Racism
Abstract: Background: Nearly 75% of Black non-Hispanic babies born in 2016 ever breastfed. However, Black mothers still experience barriers to breastfeeding, perpetuating disparities in exclusivity and duration. Subjects and Methods: Using data collected from five focus groups with Black mothers ( N = 30) in Washington, District of Columbia during summer 2019, we critically examine the influence of institutionalized and personally mediated racism on breastfeeding. We also explore the counter-narratives Black women use to resist oppression and deal with these barriers. Results: Themes surrounding institutionalized racism included historic exploitation, institutions pushing formula, and lack of economic and employment supports. Themes regarding how personally mediated racism manifested included health care interactions and shaming/stigma while feeding in public. At each level examined, themes of resistance were also identified. Themes of resistance to institutionalized racism were economic empowerment and institutions protecting breastfeeding. Themes of resistance to personally mediated biases were rejecting health provider bias and building community. Conclusions: There are opportunities for health providers and systems to break down barriers to breastfeeding for Black women. These include changes in clinical training and practice as well as clinicians leveraging their position and lending their voices in advocacy efforts.
Published: 2021
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44. Patient-provider communication patterns among Asian American immigrant subgroups in New York City.

Author: Phillips S, Wyatt LC, Turner MM, Trinh-Shevrin C, and Kwon SC
Subjects: Communication, Communication Barriers, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, New York City, Asian, Emigrants and Immigrants
Abstract: Objectives: Patient-provider communication is essential for patient-centered care, yet Asian American immigrant populations face barriers. We aim to describe: 1) patient-reported communication-related characteristics for 16 disaggregated Asian American subgroups; and 2) the association of patient comprehension of provider communication with socio-demographics, language proficiency and concordance, and perceived cultural sensitivity in this population., Methods: Descriptive statistics are presented for 1269 Asian American immigrants responding to cross-sectional, venue-sampled surveys conducted in New York City. Logistic regression models examine predictors of low comprehension of provider communication., Results: Approximately 11% of respondents reported low comprehension of provider communication: lowest among South Asians and highest among Southeast Asians. Eighty-four percent were language-concordant with their provider, 90.1% agreed that their provider understood their background and values, and 16.5% felt their provider looked down on them. Low comprehension of provider communication was significantly associated with Southeast Asian subgroup, less education, limited English proficiency, public health insurance, patient-provider language discordance, and perceived low cultural understanding., Conclusion: Among our sample, language and cultural sensitivity are associated with comprehension of provider communication., Practice Implications: Strategies improving language access and cultural sensitivity may be important for Asian immigrant patients. These could include interpretation services, bilingual community-based providers, and cultural sensitivity training., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2021
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45. Novel stepwise approach to assess representativeness of a large multicenter observational cohort of tuberculosis patients: The example of RePORT Brazil.

Author: Arriaga MB, Amorim G, Queiroz ATL, Rodrigues MMS, Araújo-Pereira M, Nogueira BMF, Souza AB, Rocha MS, Benjamin A, Moreira ASR, de Oliveira JG, Figueiredo MC, Turner MM, Alves K, Durovni B, Lapa-E-Silva JR, Kritski AL, Cavalcante S, Rolla VC, Cordeiro-Santos M, Sterling TR, and Andrade BB
Subjects: Adult, Brazil epidemiology, Cohort Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Treatment Outcome, Tuberculosis complications, Tuberculosis epidemiology, Tuberculosis therapy
Abstract: Background: A major goal of tuberculosis (TB) epidemiological studies is to obtain results that can be generalized to the larger population with TB. The ability to extrapolate findings on the determinants of TB treatment outcomes is also important., Methods: We compared baseline clinical and demographic characteristics and determinants of anti-TB treatment outcomes between persons enrolled in the Regional Prospective Observational Research in Tuberculosis (RePORT)-Brazil cohort between June 2015 and June 2019, and the registry of TB cases reported to the Brazilian National TB Program (Information System for Notifiable Diseases [SINAN]) during the same time period. Multivariable regression models adjusted for the study site were performed using second-generation p-values, a novel statistical approach. Associations with unfavorable treatment outcomes were tested for both RePORT-Brazil and SINAN cohorts., Findings: A total of 1,060 culture-confirmed TB patients were enrolled in RePORT-Brazil and 455,873 TB cases were reported to SINAN. Second-generation p-value analyses revealed that the cohorts were strikingly similar with regard to sex, age, use of antiretroviral therapy and positive initial smear sputum microscopy. However, diabetes, HIV infection, and smoking were more frequently documented in RePORT-Brazil. Illicit drug use, the presence of diabetes, and history of prior TB were associated with unfavorable TB treatment outcomes; illicit drug use was associated with such outcomes in both cohorts., Conclusions: There were important similarities in demographic characteristics and determinants of clinical outcomes between the RePORT-Brazil cohort and the Brazilian National registry of TB cases., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors report no declarations of interest., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2021
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46. ACCOUNTING FOR DEPENDENT ERRORS IN PREDICTORS AND TIME-TO-EVENT OUTCOMES USING ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS, VALIDATION SAMPLES, AND MULTIPLE IMPUTATION.

Author: Giganti MJ, Shaw PA, Chen G, Bebawy SS, Turner MM, Sterling TR, and Shepherd BE
Abstract: Data from electronic health records (EHR) are prone to errors, which are often correlated across multiple variables. The error structure is further complicated when analysis variables are derived as functions of two or more error-prone variables. Such errors can substantially impact estimates, yet we are unaware of methods that simultaneously account for errors in covariates and time-to-event outcomes. Using EHR data from 4217 patients, the hazard ratio for an AIDS-defining event associated with a 100 cell/mm 3 increase in CD4 count at ART initiation was 0.74 (95%CI: 0.68-0.80) using unvalidated data and 0.60 (95%CI: 0.53-0.68) using fully validated data. Our goal is to obtain unbiased and efficient estimates after validating a random subset of records. We propose fitting discrete failure time models to the validated subsample and then multiply imputing values for unvalidated records. We demonstrate how this approach simultaneously addresses dependent errors in predictors, time-to-event outcomes, and inclusion criteria. Using the fully validated dataset as a gold standard, we compare the mean squared error of our estimates with those from the unvalidated dataset and the corresponding subsample-only dataset for various subsample sizes. By incorporating reasonably sized validated subsamples and appropriate imputation models, our approach had improved estimation over both the naive analysis and the analysis using only the validation subsample.
Published: 2020
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47. Lack of Weight Gain During the First 2 Months of Treatment and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Independently Predict Unsuccessful Treatment Outcomes in Tuberculosis.

Author: Peetluk LS, Rebeiro PF, Cordeiro-Santos M, Kritski A, Andrade BB, Durovni B, Calvacante S, Arriaga MB, Turner MM, Figueiredo MC, Rolla VC, and Sterling TR
Subjects: Adult, Brazil, Ethambutol therapeutic use, Female, Humans, Isoniazid therapeutic use, Male, Middle Aged, Proportional Hazards Models, Prospective Studies, Pyrazinamide therapeutic use, Rifampin therapeutic use, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome, Antitubercular Agents therapeutic use, HIV Seropositivity complications, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary complications, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary drug therapy, Weight Gain
Abstract: Background: Weight change may inform tuberculosis treatment response, but its predictive power may be confounded by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)., Methods: We prospectively followed up adults with culture-confirmed, drug-susceptible, pulmonary tuberculosis receiving standard 4-drug therapy (isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol) in Brazil. We examined median weight change 2 months after treatment initiation by HIV status, using quantile regression, and unsuccessful tuberculosis treatment outcome (treatment failure, tuberculosis recurrence, or death) by HIV and weight change status, using Cox regression., Results: Among 547 participants, 102 (19%) were HIV positive, and 35 (6%) had an unsuccessful outcome. After adjustment for confounders, persons living with HIV (PLWH) gained a median of 1.3 kg (95% confidence interval [CI], -2.8 to .1) less than HIV-negative individuals during the first 2 months of tuberculosis treatment. PLWH were at increased risk of an unsuccessful outcome (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.8; 95% CI, 2.1-10.9). Weight change was independently associated with outcome, with risk of unsuccessful outcome decreasing by 12% (95% CI, .81%-.95%) per 1-kg increase., Conclusions: PLWH gained less weight during the first 2 months of tuberculosis treatment, and lack of weight gain and HIV independently predicted unsuccessful tuberculosis treatment outcomes. Weight, an easily collected biomarker, may identify patients who would benefit from alternative treatment strategies., (© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
Published: 2020
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48. Canine transmissible venereal tumor genome reveals ancient introgression from coyotes to pre-contact dogs in North America.

Author: Wang X, Zhou BW, Yang MA, Yin TT, Chen FL, Ommeh SC, Esmailizadeh A, Turner MM, Poyarkov AD, Savolainen P, Wang GD, Fu Q, and Zhang YP
Subjects: Animals, Dogs, Genome, North America, Venereal Tumors, Veterinary genetics
Published: 2019
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49. FAmily-CEntered (FACE) Advance Care Planning Among African-American and Non-African-American Adults Living With HIV in Washington, DC: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Increase Documentation and Health Equity.

Author: Lyon ME, Squires L, D'Angelo LJ, Benator D, Scott RK, Greenberg IH, Tanjutco P, Turner MM, Weixel TE, Cheng YI, and Wang J
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Advance Directives, Black or African American, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Advance Care Planning, Documentation, HIV Infections, Health Equity
Abstract: Context: No prospective studies address disease-specific advance care planning (ACP) for adults living with HIV/AIDS., Objective: To examine the efficacy of FAmily-CEntered (FACE) ACP in increasing ACP and advance directive documentation in the medical record., Methods: Longitudinal, two-arm, randomized controlled trial with intent-to-treat design recruited from five hospital-based outpatient HIV clinics in Washington, DC. Adults living with HIV and their surrogate decision-makers (N = 233 dyads) were randomized to either an intensive facilitated two-session FACE ACP (Next Steps: Respecting Choices goals of care conversation and Five Wishes advance directive) or healthy living control (conversations about developmental/relationship history and nutrition)., Results: Patients (n = 223) mean age: 51 years, 56% male, 86% African-American. One hundred ninety-nine dyads participated in the intervention. At baseline, only 13% of patients had an advance directive. Three months after intervention, this increased to 59% for the FACE ACP group versus 17% in the control group (P < 0.0001). Controlling for race, the odds of having an advance directive in the medical record in the FACE ACP group was approximately seven times greater than controls (adjusted odds ratio = 6.58, 95% CI: 3.21-13.51, P < 0.0001). Among African-Americans randomized to FACE, 58% had completed/documented advance directives versus 20% of controls (P < 0.0001)., Conclusions: The FACE ACP intervention significantly improved ACP completion and advance directive documentation in the medical record among both African-American and non-African-American adults living with HIV in Washington, DC, providing health equity in ACP, which can inform best practices., (Copyright © 2018 American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2019
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50. Raising a Red Flag on Dating Violence: Evaluation of a Low-Resource, College-Based Bystander Behavior Intervention Program.

Author: Borsky AE, McDonnell K, Turner MM, and Rimal R
Subjects: Adult, Attitude, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Self Efficacy, Students psychology, Universities, Young Adult, Awareness, Friends, Intimate Partner Violence prevention & control, Sex Offenses prevention & control
Abstract: Encouraging bystanders to intervene safely and effectively in situations that could escalate to violence-known as bystander behavior programs-is a growing yet largely untested strategy to prevent dating violence. Using a quasi-experimental design, we evaluate a low-resource, low-intensity intervention aimed at preventing dating violence among college students. The integrated behavioral model (IBM) was used to guide the evaluation. We also assess which IBM variables were most strongly associated with bystander behaviors. Participants were drawn from two Virginia colleges that predominantly train females in the health profession sciences. The intervention group ( n = 329) participated in a university-wide bystander behavior intervention consisting of a 30-min presentation on dating violence at new-student orientation and a week-long "red flag" social marketing campaign on campus to raise awareness of dating violence. Controlling for changes at the comparison university, results showed an increase in bystander behaviors, such as encouraging a friend who may be in an abusive relationship to get help, after the intervention and adjusting for potential confounders (increase of 1.41 bystander behaviors, p = .04). However, no significant changes were found for bystander intentions, self-efficacy, social norms, or attitudes related to dating violence from pre- to post-intervention. Self-efficacy had a direct relationship with bystander behaviors. Results suggest that low-resource interventions have a modest effect on increasing bystander behaviors. However, higher resource interventions likely are needed for a larger impact, especially among students who already demonstrate strong baseline intentions to intervene and prevent dating violence.
Published: 2018
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