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Abstract Background This study aimed at investigating the relationship between the weekend catch-up outdoor duration (WCOD) and prevalence of myopia among students in China. Methods This cross-sectional study recruited participants in 107 schools (six cities, 30 districts) from China from May to June 2021. Demographic characteristics (age, grade, sex, ethnicity, BMI, resident, and parents’ myopia), optically habits (bad writing habits, working/studying time per day, continuous working/studying time per day, and screen time per day) and outdoor duration (weekday and weekend) were obtained from questionnaire. WCOD was defined as outdoor time 1 h longer on weekends than on weekdays. Spherical equivalent (SE) of refractive error were measured with non-cycloplegic refraction. Adjusted multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between WCOD and prevalence of myopia. Results Students with myopia had shorter WCOD compared with those without myopia (P

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) stands out as a key electrochemical process for the conversion of clean energy. However, the practical implementation of OER is frequently impeded by its slow kinetics and the necessity for scarce and expensive noble metal catalysts. High-entropy transition metal sulfides (HETMS) stand at the forefront of OER catalysts, renowned for their exceptional catalytic performance and diversity. Herein, we have synthesized a HETMS catalyst, (FeCoNiCuMn50)S2, encapsulated within carbon nanofibers through a one-step process involving the synergistic application of electrospinning and chemical vapor deposition. By precisely controlling the doping levels of sulfur, we have demonstrated that sulfur incorporation significantly increases the exposed surface area of alloy particles on carbon nanofibers and optimizes the electronic configuration of the alloy elements. These findings reveal that sulfur doping is instrumental in the substantial improvement of the catalyst’s OER performance. Notably, the catalyst showed optimal activity at a sulfur-to-metal atom ratio of 2:1, delivering an overpotential of 254 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in 1.0 M KOH solution. Furthermore, the (FeCoNiCuMn50)S2 catalyst exhibited remarkable electrochemical stability, underscoring its potential as an efficient and robust OER electrocatalyst for sustainable energy applications.

Abstract Inorganic metal halide perovskite CsPbX3 (X = I, Br, and Cl) nanocrystals (NCs) are rapidly developed due to their excellent photophysical properties and potential applications in lighting, lasers, and scintillators. However, the materials for growing perovskite NCs are insoluble or hydrolyzed in most green solvents, limiting their further development. Based on rational chemical analysis, an alkali‐metal–assisted green‐solvent synthesis method for in situ growth of CsPbBr3 NCs within SAPO‐34 zeolite with bright luminescence is developed. Water is the only solvent used in the whole process. Surprisingly, by the synergistic effect of the channel structure of SAPO‐34 and alkali‐metal ions crystallization regulation, the CsPbBr3 NCs embedded in SAPO‐34 assisted by Na+ emit bright blue light under ultraviolet illumination, with a 30 nm blue shift comparing to the CsPbBr3 NCs assisted by K+. Moreover, CsPbBr3 NCs can also be grown in mesoporous SiO2 SBA‐15 and zeolites including ZSM‐5, AlPO‐5, and SOD, indicating that the method is universal for in situ growth of luminescent perovskite NCs in porous materials. This alkali‐metal–assisted green‐solvent synthesis provides a new strategy for developing high‐quantum–yield, tunable‐emission, and stable perovskite luminescent materials.

Diabetic wound healing has become a serious healthcare challenge. The high-glucose environment leads to persistent bacterial infection and mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in chronic inflammation, abnormal vascular function, and tissue necrosis. To solve these issues, we developed a double-network hydrogel, constructed with pluronic F127 diacrylate (F127DA) and hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA), and enhanced by SS31-loaded mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles (MPDA NPs). As components, SS31, a mitochondria-targeted peptide, maintains mitochondrial function, reduces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thus regulates macrophage polarization, as well as promoting cell proliferation and migration, while MPDA NPs not only scavenge ROS and exert an anti-bacterial effect by photothermal treatment under near-infrared light irradiation, but also control release of SS31 in response to ROS. This F127DA/HAMA–MPDA@SS31 (FH–M@S) hydrogel has characteristics of adhesion, superior biocompatibility and mechanical properties which can adapt to irregular wounds at different body sites and provide sustained release of MPDA@SS31 (M@S) NPs. In addition, in a diabetic rat full thickness skin defect model, the FH–M@S hydrogel promoted macrophage M2 polarization, collagen deposition, neovascularization and wound healing. Therefore, the FH–M@S hydrogel exhibits promising therapeutic potential for skin regeneration.

This study examines how different primary school campus layouts impact the wind environment and classroom ventilation in Xi’an, using simulations for winter and summer conditions. It evaluates four typical floorplans to find the best for outdoor wind quality and classroom ventilation. During winter, the outdoor wind speed at a height of 1.5 m remains below 5 m/s, adhering to the Green Building Evaluation Standard (GB/T50378-2019). Notably, Scenario 1 achieves higher wind speeds due to the canyon effect between buildings, facilitating effective air renewal. The wind speed amplification factors in all scenarios are within the permissible limit of 2, while Scenario 1 demonstrates superior outdoor wind performance. Wind pressure differences on building surfaces remain within the 5 Pa limit, with Scenario 3 exhibiting the lowest difference of 0.74 Pa, contributing to energy-efficient heating. In summer, Scenario 1 uniquely avoids vortex areas and windless zones, ensuring efficient airflow across the campus. Its open floor planning prevents the formation of stagnant air zones, in contrast to Scenarios 2, 3, and 4, which create enclosed or semi-enclosed spaces promoting vortex formation and windless areas. These findings underscore the benefits of Scenario 1’s design in optimizing both winter and summer wind environments for energy efficiency and occupant comfort. This study recommends including adequately sized spaces in zigzag, branched, or enclosed floor plans to provide airflow and prevent high wind speeds. These results are crucial for shaping upcoming architectural plans to improve the environmental quality of school grounds, leading to improved health and comfort for students and teachers.

To achieve high maize (Zea mays L.) yields and quality grain, it is necessary to develop stress-resistant cultivars and related cultivation practices, aiming to maximize efficiency. Thus, our objectives were (i) to investigate the impact of tillage practices and maize hybrids (which have improved over time) on yield and its components, and (ii) to characterize the response pattern of maize hybrid grain nutrient quality components to subsoiling. To achieve this, we conducted field trials with five maize hybrids from different eras under two tillage practices: rotary tillage and subsoiling. We compared grain yield, nutritional quality, and other indicators across different tillage conditions from the 1970s to the 2010s. The main results of this study are as follows: under rotary tillage conditions, the 2010s hybrid (DH618) significantly increased yields (9.37–55.89%) compared to hybrids from the 1970s–2000s. After subsoiling, the physiologically mature grains of all hybrids exhibited minimal changes in crude protein and fat content, while there was a significant reduction in the total soluble sugar content of the grains. After subsoiling, there was a substantial 8.14 to 12.79 percent increase in total starch accumulation in the grain for all hybrids during the period of 47–75 days post-anthesis. Furthermore, during the period of 47–75 days after anthesis, the consumption of grain crude protein significantly contributed to the accumulation of total starch in the grains. Ultimately, subsoiling significantly increased the yield of each hybrid and enhanced the total grain starch content at physiological maturity of all hybrids, with the 2010s hybrid (DH618) performing exceptionally well.

Dementia, with homocysteine (Hcy) as an important risk factor, is a severe public health problem in the aging society. Betaine serves as a methyl donor and plays an important role in reducing Hcy. However, the effects and mechanisms of betaine on Hcy-induced cognitive impairment remain unclear. Firstly, SD rats were injected with Hcy (400 μg/kg) through vena caudalis, and betaine (2.5 % w/v) was supplemented via drinking water for 14 days. Betaine supplementation could attenuate Hcy-induced cognitive impairment in the Y maze and novel object recognition tests by repairing brain injury. Meanwhile, microglial activation was observed to be inhibited by betaine supplementation using immunofluorescence and sholl analysis. Secondly, HMC3 cells were treated with betaine, which was found to decrease the ROS level, ameliorate cell membrane rupture, reduce the release of LDH, IL-18 and IL-1β, and attenuate the damage of microglia to neurons. Mechanistically, betaine alleviates cognitive impairment by inhibiting microglial pyroptosis via reducing the expressions of NLRP3, ASC, pro-caspase-1, cleaved-caspase-1, GSDMD, GSDMD-N, IL-18 and IL-1β. Betaine treatment can increase SAM/SAH ratio, confirming its enhancement on methylation capacity. Furthermore, betaine treatment was found to enhance N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of NLRP3 mRNA, and reduced the NLRP3 mRNA stability through increasing the expression of the m6A reader YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 2 (YTHDF2). Finally, silencing YTHDF2 could reverse the inhibitory effect of betaine on pyroptosis. Our data demonstrated that betaine attenuated Hcy-induced cognitive impairment by suppressing microglia pyroptosis via inhibiting the NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pathway in an m6A-YTHDF2-dependent manner.

The primary objective of this paper is to minimize the overall travel costs for passengers while simultaneously maximizing the operational revenue for the transportation company. This is achieved through the optimization and adjustment of various factors, such as the intervals between regular bus and subway services, the duration of vehicle stops at each station, and the pricing structure for subway and shared bicycle usage. By enhancing the efficiency of passenger travel, we have successfully bolstered the company’s operational profits. In contrast to prior research, this paper comprehensively considers the dual uncertainties associated with both bus operations and shared bicycle operations within a cooperative system. By establishing a coordinated dual-level optimization model for regular bus, subway, and bike-sharing networks under dual uncertainty conditions, we employed convex combination techniques to unify the dual uncertain variables into a single objective, which was then incorporated into a chance-constrained bilevel programming model. Ultimately, we utilized KKT conditions to transform the model from a bilevel to a single level for resolution. This paper centers its research on the collaborative system comprising the Nanchang Metro Line 1, Bus Route 520, Bus Route 211, and the adjacent region hosting a cluster of shared bicycles. By leveraging Python programming, optimization models, empirical data on traffic flow and stoppage times, and OD data, we conducted an optimization analysis to solve the problem at hand. According to the optimization results, passenger waiting time, passenger transfer time, and passenger on board time are effectively reduced by 6.81%, 18.29%, and 23.92%. At a confidence level of 95%, the resulting time level results in a 12.44% reduction in total travel time. The average subway fare increased by 18.12%, the average shared bicycle fare decreased by 19.12%, and the total cost of travel expenses increased by 16.68%. The final total cost of travel was reduced by 4.06%, and the business operating income was increased by 13.10%. The comprehensive optimization results have effectively fulfilled the objectives of the bilevel optimization model, thereby confirming the rationality and practicality of the optimization approach. The research outcomes hold significant practical implications for facilitating the efficient and cooperative development of urban transportation networks, ultimately enhancing the convenience of residents’ travel experiences.

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most frequent of the keratinocyte-derived malignancies with actinic keratosis (AK) as a precancerous lesion. To comprehensively delineate the underlying mechanisms for the whole progression from normal skin to AK to invasive cSCC, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to acquire the transcriptomes of 138,982 cells from 13 samples of six patients including AK, squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCIS), cSCC, and their matched normal tissues, covering comprehensive clinical courses of cSCC. We identified diverse cell types, including important subtypes with different gene expression profiles and functions in major keratinocytes. In SCCIS, we discovered the malignant subtypes of basal cells with differential proliferative and migration potential. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis screened out multiple key driver genes including transcription factors along AK to cSCC progression. Immunohistochemistry (IHC)/immunofluorescence (IF) experiments and single-cell ATAC sequencing (scATAC-seq) data verified the expression changes of these genes. The functional experiments confirmed the important roles of these genes in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion in cSCC tumor. Furthermore, we comprehensively described the tumor microenvironment (TME) landscape and potential keratinocyte-TME crosstalk in cSCC providing theoretical basis for immunotherapy. Together, our findings provide a valuable resource for deciphering the progression from AK to cSCC and identifying potential targets for anticancer treatment of cSCC.

Zoonotic transmission of coronaviruses (CoVs) poses a serious public health threat. Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), originating from a bat HKU2-related CoV, causes devastating swine diseases and poses a high risk of spillover to humans. Currently, licensed therapeutics that can prevent potential human outbreaks are unavailable. Identifying the cellular proteins that restrict viral infection is imperative for developing effective interventions and therapeutics. We utilized a large-scale human cDNA screening and identified transmembrane protein 53 (TMEM53) as a novel cell-intrinsic SADS-CoV restriction factor. The inhibitory effect of TMEM53 on SADS-CoV infection was found to be independent of canonical type I interferon responses. Instead, TMEM53 interacts with non-structural protein 12 (NSP12) and disrupts viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) complex assembly by interrupting NSP8-NSP12 interaction, thus suppressing viral RdRp activity and RNA synthesis. Deleting the transmembrane domain of TMEM53 resulted in the abrogation of TMEM53-NSP12 interaction and TMEM53 antiviral activity. Importantly, TMEM53 exhibited broad antiviral activity against multiple HKU2-related CoVs. Our findings reveal a novel role of TMEM53 in SADS-CoV restriction and pave the way to host-directed therapeutics against HKU2-related CoV infection.

So Shiho Tang (SSHT) is a traditional herbal medicine commonly used in Asian countries. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of SSHT and the associated mechanism using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and murine dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis models. Pre-treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages with SSHT significantly reduced LPS-induced inflammation by decreasing nitrite production and regulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Meanwhile, in mice, DSS-induced colitis symptoms, including colon shortening and body weight loss, were attenuated by SSHT. Moreover, representative compounds of SSHT, including glycyrrhizic acid, ginsenoside Rb1, baicalin, saikosaponin A, and saikosaponin B2, were quantified, and their effects on nitrite production were measured. A potential anti-inflammatory effect was detected in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Our findings suggest that SSHT is a promising anti-inflammatory agent. Its representative components, including saikosaponin B2, ginsenoside Rb1, and baicalin, may represent the key active compounds responsible for eliciting the anti-inflammatory effects and can, therefore, serve as quality control markers in SSHT preparations.

Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC) is frequently employed as a photoprotective agent in sunscreen formulations. EHMC has been found to potentially contribute to health complications as a result of its propensity to produce irritation and permeate the skin. A microgel carrier, consisting of poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (pEDGMA), was synthesized using interfacial polymerization with the aim of reducing the irritation and penetration of EHMC. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the EHMC content accounted for 75.72% of the total composition. Additionally, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images depicted the microgel as exhibiting a spherical morphology. In this study, the loading of EHMC was demonstrated through FTIR and contact angle tests. The UV resistance, penetration, and skin irritation of the EHMC-pEDGMA microgel were additionally assessed. The investigation revealed that the novel sunscreen compound, characterized by limited dermal absorption, had no irritant effects and offered sufficient protection against ultraviolet radiation.

With the increasing focus on food security, a screening method with high-throughput, ultra-sensitivity, and user-friendly operation is urgently needed for monitoring of sulfonamides residues in animal-derived foods. In this study, the sulfonamides’ receptor dihydropteroate synthase of Staphylococcus aureus was subjected to saturate mutation, and a mutant with higher affinities for sulfonamides was obtained. The mutant was then used as recognition material to establish a fluorescence polarization assay for determination of 35 sulfonamides in pork. Due to the use of an enhanced fluorescent tracer containing two fluorophore molecules, the sensitivities for the 35 sulfonamides were improved for 2.8–8.6 folds (LODs 0.03–1.16 ng/mL) in comparison with using conventional fluorescent tracer. The present method outperformed all previous fluorescence polarization (immuno)assays for sulfonamides due to its broader spectrum, higher sensitivity, and shorter assay time. Furthermore, this is the first study reporting an enhanced fluorescence polarization assay for determination of small molecule substance.