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The relationship between China and Pakistan has a long history, and the two countries have maintained a long-term cooperative partnership. Under this relationship, fruitful cultural exchanges have taken place, although occasional cultural conflicts have occurred. Based on the foundation of long-term cooperation, conflicts in cultural exchanges have been effectively resolved through mutual visits, promoting deeper understanding and trust between the two sides. Therefore, it can be said that cultural exchange between China and Pakistan is an important tool for adjusting cultural conflicts, promoting diplomatic relations, and bridging the gap between the two countries. This article reviews and examines the history of cultural exchanges between China and Pakistan and proposes a conflict adjustment framework based on "respect-understanding-communication-trust." Specific measures are also proposed, such as "establishing smooth cultural communication channels, improving conflict resolution mechanisms, deepening cultural exchange projects, and strengthening joint research projects" to adjust cultural conflicts and promote deeper cultural exchanges between the two countries.

Graphene is a unique nanocarbon nanostructure, which has been frequently used to form nanocomposites. Green-synthesized graphene has been focused due to environmentally friendly requirements in recent technological sectors. A very important application of green-synthesized graphene-based nanocomposite has been observed in energy storage devices. This state-of-the-art review highlights design, features, and advanced functions of polymer/green-synthesized graphene nanocomposites and their utility in supercapacitor components. Green graphene-derived nanocomposites brought about numerous revolutions in high-performance supercapacitors. The structural diversity of conjugated polymer and green graphene-based nanocomposites has facilitated the charge transportation/storage capacity, specific capacitance, capacitance retention, cyclability, and durability of supercapacitor electrodes. Moreover, the green method, graphene functionality, dispersion, and matrix–nanofiller interactions have affected supercapacitance properties and performance. Future research on innovative polymer and green graphene-derived nanocomposites may overcome design/performance-related challenging factors for technical usages.

Semiconductor Silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) and magnetic nanomaterials have been studied extensively for their variety of applications. We have presented a new method for the preparation of Magnetic Silicon Quantum Dots (Fe3O4/SiQDs) heterostructure nanocomposites. These nanocomposites are fluorescent, have excellent magnetic properties as well as high photocatalytic activity. Magnetic nanoparticles-semiconductor nanocomposites served as an effective recoverable photocatalyst for melamine degradation. In addition, due to their easy magnetic separation, these nanocomposites showed optimum catalytic activity for 15 cycles of usage.

Fuel cell efficiency can be improved by using progressive electrodes and electrolytes. Green nanomaterials and green technologies have been explored for the manufacturing of high-performance electrode and electrolyte materials for fuel cells. Platinum-based electrodes have been replaced with green materials and nanocomposites using green fabrication approaches to attain environmentally friendly fuel cells. In this regard, ecological and sustainable electrode- and electrolyte-based membrane electrode assemblies have also been designed. Moreover, green nanocomposites have been applied to form the fuel cell electrolyte membranes. Among fuel cells, microbial fuel cells have gained research attention for the incorporation of green and sustainable materials. Hence, this review essentially focuses on the potential of green nanocomposites as fuel cell electrode and electrolyte materials and application of green synthesis techniques to attain these materials. The design of and interactions with nanocomposites have led to synergistic effects on the morphology, impedance, resistance, power density, current density, electrochemical features, proton conductivity, and overall efficiency. Moreover, we deliberate the future significance and challenges of the application of green nanocomposites in electrodes and electrolytes to attain efficient fuel cells.

One important application of polymer/graphene nanocomposites is in membrane technology. In this context, promising polymer/graphene nanocomposites have been developed and applied in the production of high-performance membranes. This review basically highlights the designs, properties, and use of polymer/graphene nanocomposite membranes in the field of gas separation and purification. Various polymer matrices (polysulfone, poly(dimethylsiloxane), poly(methyl methacrylate), polyimide, etc.), have been reinforced with graphene to develop nanocomposite membranes. Various facile strategies, such as solution casting, phase separation, infiltration, self-assembly, etc., have been employed in the design of gas separation polymer/graphene nanocomposite membranes. The inclusion of graphene in polymeric membranes affects their morphology, physical properties, gas permeability, selectivity, and separation processes. Furthermore, the final membrane properties are affected by the nanofiller content, modification, dispersion, and processing conditions. Moreover, the development of polymer/graphene nanofibrous membranes has introduced novelty in the field of gas separation membranes. These high-performance membranes have the potential to overcome challenges arising from gas separation conditions. Hence, this overview provides up-to-date coverage of advances in polymer/graphene nanocomposite membranes, especially for gas separation applications. The separation processes of polymer/graphene nanocomposite membranes (in parting gases) are dependent upon variations in the structural design and processing techniques used. Current challenges and future opportunities related to polymer/graphene nanocomposite membranes are also discussed.

In the present work, we propose the synthesis of novel nicotinamide subsituted phthlocyanine photosensitizer (PS) and characterized by FTIR, UV–visible, H-NMR and MALDI Toff spectroscopy. Nicotinamide plays a vital rule in the central nervous system and its potential as a therapeutic for neurodegenerative disease. Nicotinamide substituted PS (3) efficiently produced ROS via type-1 process as measured by DCF assay. We observed that our PS after red light illumination (22 J/cm2) killed gram positive S. aureus upto 3 log reduction. Furher the addition of Potassium Iodide (100 mM) significantly potentiated PS at lower concentrations and enhanced the bacterial killing upto 6 log reduction against the S. aureus. We further found that the synergistic effect of PS and KI also eradicated the gram negative E. coli strain at lower concentraion of PS and found to killed E. coli upto 5 log reduction under the red light illumination at 22 J/cm2 of light dose. The conjugation of such biologically important form of vitamin B3 with PS would be a great addition and could pav the way for the novel photodynamic agent in the treatement of cancer and infectious diseases. A new symmetrical Nicotinamide tetrasubstituted zinc phthalocyanine (3) was synthesized. Upon addition of potassium Iodide with PS, the PS exhibited significant photodynamic activity with 5-6 logs reduction in bacterial load was achieved.

The present work reports the in-situ ion beam induced luminescence measurements using 2 MeV proton excitation of LiF single crystal with the aim of obtaining a further insight on F-type centers kinetics and its correlation with the self-trapped exciton (STE). It is found that the STE luminescence intensity decreases from the beginning of irradiation. While the dose-dependent evolution of F3+ and F2 centers reveals three kinetic stages: (i) linear increase from the beginning of irradiation up to 10.1 MGy, followed by (ii) monotonic decrease to 18.1 MGy, and (iii) steady state from 18.1 to 26.2 MGy where the luminescence intensity remains constant. The STE luminescence completely extinguished at high dose; 18.1 MGy in our case. Whereas, the F3+ and F2 luminescence persist and remain constant above 18.1 MGy. The latter behavior revealed in the present study can be useful for LiF application in radiation dosimetry and an imaging detector.

Spinel ferrite based nanoparticle material has been at the forefront of contemporary nanotechnology for use in various industrial and biomedical applications. The preparation and characterization o...

The effect of 5 MeV Cu++ ions irradiation on structural and optical properties of Anatase TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) is investigated. For this purpose, TiO2-NPs are irradiated with different Cu++ ions fluences, ranging from 1 × 1015 to 1 × 1016 ions/cm2 at room temperature. XRD results confirm the Ti3O7 phase appear at the dose of 5 × 1015 ions/cm2 and peak intensity of Ti3O7 phase gradually increases with an increase of Cu++ ions irradiation dose. At the dose of 1 × 1016 ions/cm2 TiO2 Anatase phase were transformed to Rutile phase. Same observations are confirmed from Raman spectroscopy. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) reveals that morphology converted into wavy shape and crystal structure detrioted with increase Cu ion irradiation dose to form vacancy loops and interstitial loops. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that TiO2-NPs have been fused to form a cluster of nanoparticles at high Cu ion beam dose, while bandgap of TiO2-NPs reduces from 3.19 eV to 2.96 eV as a function of Cu++ irradiation fluence. These phase transformations and crystal damage are the responsible for optical bandgap reduction. The mechanism for the currently observed phase transformation of TiO2 and coalescence of TiO2-NPs are discussed in term of thermal spikes model. Keywords: TiO2 nanoparticles, Cu++ irradiation, Rutile phase, Coalescence of NPs, Bandgap engineering

Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/dextran/nano-gold composite was prepared by chemical solution reaction. The average diameter of gold nanoparticles was around 15 nm. MWCNT/dextran/nano-gold composites were uniformly dispersed in aqueous solution as electrode materials. MWCNT/dextran/nano-gold composites exhibited excellent electrochemical property in [Fe(CN)6]3– /4– solution. Experimental results showed that the MWCNT/dextran/nano-gold composites with 50% MWCNTs presented obvious redox peak and low impedance and had good electrochemical response to Cu2+. The redox peak currents were linear while the concentration of copper ions ranged from 1× 10–2 to 1 × 10–4 M. The relationship between oxidation peak currents I (A) and Cu2+ concentration C (M) was: ipk (A) = 2.6207 × 10–6 + 43.91572 × 10–4 × C (M), and the limit of determination (LOD) of Cu2+ was 0.63 × 10–6 M, and linear coefficient was 0.9923.

In this work, short carbon fibers were utilized as reinforcing materials to incorporate with C-SiC ceramics. Cf/C-SiC composites containing diverse fiber contents were fabricated by combining compression molding and hot sintering. Mechanical and tribological properties were carefully investigated. The result indicates that 30 vol% fiber content composite shows the highest flexural strength (201.42 MPa) and shear strength (116.68 MPa). The reinforcing mechanisms are summarized as fiber pulling-out, fiber debonding and fiber bridging, as well as crack deflection. Tribological testing reveals that 30% fiber content composite shows the strongest wear resistance (3.95 × 10−6 mm3/N⋅m) and cyclic performances (COF of 0.27 after 50 cycles). The friction mechanisms are divided into abrasive wear, adhesion wear and oxidation wear by different wear stages.

The development of high dielectric loss and magnetic loss for radar absorbing material is a long-term pursuing and under a close scrutiny. Most of the researches have been focused on exploring absorber materials with good absorption performance and at the same time with a good electrical conductivity. To develop a new absorber material will also have significant impacts on boosting the dielectric loss and magnetic loss. Herein, 3D spherical NiCo2S4 (NCS)-based composite has been fabricated via a mild, simple and useful hydrothermal strategy and the electromagnetic wave absorbing properties have been investigated through comparison among NCS, acidified carbon nanotubes (a-CNT)/NCS, reduced graphene oxide (r-GO)/NCS and r-GO/a-CNT/NCS. The experimental results show that the optimal concentration of NiSO4·6H2O to synthesize the composites is 6 M. Furthermore, the frequency bandwidth has been broadened and the maximum absorption peaks have been increased after adding the modified agent. The maximum frequency bandwidth of r-GO/a-CNT/NCS is 5.1 GHz below −5 dB and 2.7 GHz below −10 dB respectively, the maximum absorption peak is −35.8 dB at 8.1 GHz.

To improve the mechanical properties and oxidation resistance of short carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide matrix composites, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were grown in-situ on carbon fiber surfaces through continuous CVD, a small amount of phenolic formaldehyde (PF) was added to the matrix to densify the composite and interlock the fiber and the matrix. The CNTs-Cf/PF/SiC composite was fabricated by combining pre-casting and hot-pressing. Microstructural analyses revealed that CNTs were successfully grown on carbon fiber surfaces with entangled structures, while PF presented cobweb-like structure which tightly bonded the fiber and the matrix. Compared with CNTs-Cf/SiC and Cf/SiC, the flexural strength of CNTs-Cf/PF/SiC increased by 15.27% and 51.95%. After heat treatment, the weight loss of CNTs-Cf/PF/SiC reached 21.05%, and 31.9% of flexural strength retained after 15 thermal shock cycles at 1400 °C. These enhanced properties were indicative of its enormous potential to replace traditional Cf/SiC composite.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were prepared by a modified arc discharge furnace using 500 Torr helium as buffer gas at 600 °C. The effect of the catalyst type on the production of SWCNTs ...

Titanium oxide TiO2/epoxy and TiO2 with detonation nano-diamond (DND)/epoxy nanocomposites were prepared by using ultrasonication method. TiO2 and DND particles as reinforcement species and epoxy as matrix were used to produce nanocomposites. The addition of DND particles into TiO2/epoxy composite improved the dielectric and mechanical properties of nanocomposites in significant amount. The dielectric properties of TiO2-DND/epoxy nanocomposite demonstrated increase in permittivity and conductivity after addition of the DND particles. The maximum and minimum reflection losses of TiO2-DND/epoxy nanocomposite for 0.6 and 0.2 wt% DND loading were detected at −14.5 and −1.3 dB, respectively. The flexural and tensile strength of TiO2-DND/epoxy nanocomposites with the addition of 0.4 wt% DNDs were enhanced to 220% and 223%, respectively. Additionally, the energy to break and percent break strain were 3.9 J and 3.86, respectively for 0.4 wt% DND loading in TiO2-DND/epoxy nanocomposite. Therefore, the present work findings claim that DND particles are well suitable to enrich the dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles in epoxy matrix, which develops a strong load transfer interface between the nanoparticles and epoxy matrix and consequently leads to superior properties.

Expanded graphite embedded with CuO nanospheres coated with carbon (EG/CuO@C) is in-situ prepared by self-combustion and hydrothermal treatment methods The component analysis of the composite is carried out using X-ray diffraction and its morphology and microstructure are characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The electrochemical performance is examined by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 6 M KOH solution as electrolyte. The experimental results revealed that the EG/CuO@C composite remained porous structure, which is beneficial for supercapacitance. The EG/CuO@C exhibits the high specific capacitance of 335 F g −1 and the capacitance retention of 87% after 8000 cycles at the scan rate of 10 mV s −1 . Moreover, the EG/CuO@C composite remains high energy density of 14.03 Wh kg −1 at the power density of 10.1 kW kg −1 .

A biogenic protocol has been adopted for the formulation of zinc ferrite nanoparticles (ZFNPs) using an aqueous extract of Allium cepa (AC) as a reducing agent for the optimization of its properties. The various characterization results from XRD, SEM, DRS, Raman, and VSM clearly showed that the formulated ZFNP was a single phase with crystallite size in the range of 11–15 nm. A spherical morphology was observed for all the samples with particle size in the range of 34–52 nm. All the samples showed a superparamagnetic behavior with reduced saturation magnetization. The ZFNPs prepared were used for self-heating analysis in hyperthermia applications at 180 Oe applied field and 425 Hz. It produced enough heating within the therapeutic temperature to attain the Curie temperature. The ZFNP formulated is auspicious for hyperthermia applications with less side effect owing to their biocompatibility, moderate Curie temperature, and SAR value within the therapeutic range. The formulated nanoparticles have further broadened the horizon of hyperthermia therapeutic applications with an innocuous protocol within 300 s.

In the present work, we propose the synthesis of novel nicotinamide subsituted phthlocyanine photosensitizer (PS) and characterized by FTIR, UV-visible, H-NMR and MALDI Toff spectroscopy. Nicotinamide plays a vital rule in the central nervous system and its potential as a therapeutic for neurodegenerative disease. Nicotinamide substituted PS (3) efficiently produced ROS via type-1 process as measured by DCF assay. We observed that our PS after red light illumination (22 J/cm

Bio-inspired synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (FeONPs) has been carried out by eco-friendly, low cost, and facile method using an aqueous extract of Psidium guajava (PG) leaf as a potential reducing agent. The obtained FeONPs were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy techniques. The surface plasmon resonance peak of FeONPs was found to be 310 nm. The FTIR spectra analysis indicates the presence of various functional groups in PG extract that are responsible for the biosynthesis of FeONPs. The XRD confirmed that FeONPs were indexed into the cubic spinel lattice structure. The SEM and TEM analysis confirmed the spherical morphology of FeONPs with particle size ranging from 1 to 6 nm. The superparamagnetic nature of the formulated FeONPs was determined using VSM. The FeONPs formulated inhibit the growth of six human pathogenic strains with strong activity chiefly against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus at low concentration when compared to other standard antibacterial drugs. It is noteworthy that the formulated FeONPs are efficient as an antibacterial agent.

In order to investigate the possibility of producing novel perovskite materials for fabricating solar cells with low toxicity, the influence of Sn substitution for Pb on the structural, electronic, and optical properties of the pentarnary compounds CsPb8-xSnxIBr2 and CsPb8-xSnxI2Br (for 1 ≤ x ≤ 7) was investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the GGA-PBE approximation. The predicted structure of these new pentarnary materials is cubic. Their optical absorption coefficient is predicted to be in the range of 105 cm−1, which is a good match with that of the Sn-free CsPbIBr2 and CsPbI2Br compounds. The increase in Pb concentration causes an increase in the bandgap as well as in the optical absorption coefficient, which reveal the key role of Pb in perovskite solar cells. The compounds with the highest Pb concentration, CsPb7SnIBr2 and CsPb7SnI2Br, exhibited a promising bandgap of 1.31 and 1.29 eV, respectively, which is close to the Shockley-Queisser bandgap limit that is the best for solar-cell applications. The above properties, in conjunction with their relatively easy synthesis process, qualify these new predicted materials for being included in the family of the mixed-halide perovskites.

Recently, copper sulfide (CuS) quite arouses researchers' interest due to its high theoretical capacity and excellent electroconductivity. However, poor cycling stability seriously limited the application in supercapacitors. In addition to the improvement of cycling performance, it is also a challenge to develop electrode materials with energy density. Herein, RGO/CuS composite is prepared successfully by solvothermal reaction methods. By the observation using FESEM and TEM, CuS microstructure displays regular and tiny nanoparticles, which are supported by RGO sheets. After the electrochemical measurements, RGO/CuS composite exhibits a maximum specific capacitance of 946 F g−1 at 10 mV s−1 and 906 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, respectively. The excellent cycling stability is also achieved and it maintains 89% retention after 5000 cycles at 5 A g−1. RGO/CuS composite also possesses high energy density of 105.6 W h kg−1 at the power density of 2.5 kW kg−1, which indicates that RGO/CuS composite has a bright future as electrode materials for supercapacitors.

3D printing is a fast-emerging technology, and a shape is fabricated using layer-by-layer deposition of a material in a bottom-up manufacturing operation. Here a porous nickel/polyaniline nanocages multiscale supercapacitor synthesized using 3D printing technology is fabricated. The porous structure of iron-nickel and polyaniline nanocages can increase the specific surface area which lead to enhance the specific capacitance. 3D printing technology is presented in energy devices to accurately fabricate the delicate structure.

Porous copper (Cu) films were facilely and greenly fabricated by low-current electrical field-induced assembly of ~ 3 nm Cu nanoparticles (NPs) in several minutes using generated hydrogen bubbles as dynamic negative templates. The porous films had open three-dimensionally (3D) interconnected nanopores and uniform pore size distribution and exhibited a hierarchical structure composed of supraparticles that were further composed of the Cu NPs. Lattice-to-lattice connectivity in the self-assembly of the NPs in the 3D structures enables fast charge transport. The structure/morphology of the porous Cu materials can be tuned by adjusting the concentration of the additives, applied potential/current densities and assembly time. A growth mechanism of the porous films was reasonably proposed for the field-induced assembly of the Cu NPs. The porous Cu film-supported Si electrode showed high capacity of 1173 mAh g−1 and retention rate of 87% after 10 cycles at 1 C. Our research sheds a light on preparing 3D nanoporous structures especially for suitable electrodes in electrochemical energy storage devices.