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In 1919 the Paris Peace Conference met to remake the world following the First World War. Among the most serious problems faced was the collapse of the multinational empires which once dominated central and eastern Europe, and the emergence of new successor states with unrecognised and overlapping borders. This fragmentation produced chaotic economic conditions as borders were frequently closed without warning, and the passage of goods and people consequently halted, delayed, or diverted. The peacemakers in Paris dispatched allied commissions in an attempt to resolve these problems. Using the files of several bodies sent to former Habsburg Silesia, this article elaborates on what this disintegrative moment meant for the region and its people. The turbulent events were not easily forgotten, and fostered visions of revenge, as well as European unity. One hundred years on and they still remain as an important historical reference point.

The administration of the industrially important Saar territory, taken from Germany following the First World War, was one of the League of Nations’ most high-profile tasks. As the first instance o...

Objective The primary objective of this study was to compare one-year mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with volatile anesthesia or total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). Secondary objectives were to compare in-hospital and 30-day mortality, postoperative levels of creatine kinase (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin, and durations of tracheal intubation, intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stays. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Setting International, multi-institution centers. Participants Adults patients undergoing heart surgery. Interventions Volatile anesthesia and TIVA. Measurements and Main Results Meta-analysis found no statistically significant difference between patients receiving TIVA and volatile anesthesia in one-year mortality (n = 6440, OR = 1.22, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.54, p = 0.09, Z = 1.67, I2 = 0%), troponin (n = 3127, SMD = 0.26, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.52, p = 0.05, Z = 1.92, I2 = 90%) and CK-MB concentration 24h postoperatively (n = 1214, SMD = 0.10, 95% CI -0.17 to 0.36, unadjusted p = 0.48, Z = 0.71, I2 = 79%), or time to tracheal extubation (n = 1059, SMD = 0.10, 95% CI -0.28 to 0.49, p = 0.60, Z = 0.53, I2 = 88%). The durations of ICU stay (n = 2003, SMD = 0.29, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.57, p = 0.04, Z = 2.05, I2 = 88%) and hospital stay (n = 1214, SMD = 0.42, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.75, p = 0.01, Z = 2.53, I2 = 91%) were shorter in the volatile anesthetic compared to TIVA group. Conclusions No significant differences in mortality (in-hospital, 30-day, 1-year), troponin and CK-MB concentrations 24 h postoperatively, or time to tracheal extubation were found between patients who had volatile anesthesia or TIVA. Compared to TIVA, volatile anesthesia was associated with shorter durations of hospital and ICU stays.

During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 multiple commissions were dispatched to manage the birth of the post-First World War order across central and eastern Europe. Examining the two commissions...

International commissions played an important but overlooked role in Great Power diplomacy during the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913. In establishing the new state of Albania, they served as tools of pre...

In Fear and Trembling Kierkegaard (alias Johannes de Silentio) writes that Abraham intended to sacrifice Isaac for God’s sake as well as for his own sake. Drawing mainly on The Sickness unto Death I will argue that Kierkegaard construes Abraham as becoming a true self, that is, as someone who becomes self-transparent before God. What this means and how our relationship with God is supposed to be involved in the process of becoming a self is the focus of my paper. While various articles have been written on that topic, my aim here is to give the most charitable interpretation of Kierkegaard’s theses and the theological concepts involved.

microRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that play important roles in cancer regulation. In this study, we investigated the expression, functional effects and mechanisms of action of microRNA-29a (miR-29a) in glioblastoma (GBM). miR-29a expression levels in GBM cells, stem cells (GSCs) and human tumors as well as normal astrocytes and normal brain were measured by quantitative PCR. miR-29a targets were uncovered by target prediction algorithms, and verified by immunoblotting and 3′ UTR reporter assays. The effects of miR-29a on cell proliferation, death, migration and invasion were assessed with cell counting, Annexin V-PE/7AAD flow cytometry, scratch assay and transwell assay, respectively. Orthotopic xenografts were used to determine the effects of miR-29a on tumor growth. Mir-29a was downregulated in human GBM specimens, GSCs and GBM cell lines. Exogenous expression of miR-29a inhibited GSC and GBM cell growth and induced apoptosis. miR-29a also inhibited GBM cell migration and invasion. PDGFC and PDGFA were uncovered and validated as direct targets of miR-29a in GBM. miR-29a downregulated PDGFC and PDGFA expressions at the transcriptional and translational levels. PDGFC and PDGFA expressions in GBM tumors, GSCs, and GBM established cell lines were higher than in normal brain and human astrocytes. Mir-29a expression inhibited orthotopic GBM xenograft growth. miR-29a is a tumor suppressor miRNA in GBM, where it inhibits cancer stem cells and tumor growth by regulating the PDGF pathway.

Pains are unpleasant, universally unpleasant. What seems trivially true has been rejected by various pain scientists because of several phenomena which allegedly show that there can be pain which i...

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Clements Hall has occupied a central place on Southern Methodist University’s campus, both physically and socially, since the campus’ inception in 1915. Initially a women’s dormitory, it was later used by men after the construction of the Virginia and Snider dormitories. It included a dining space, a kitchen, and apartments for President Hyer and his family. In its time as a residential building, it housed engineering students, the football team, and briefly members of the Navy V-12 program. After complaints in the late 1950s, plans were made to renovate the building for use as classrooms and administrative space, offering services ranging from academic counseling to a print shop. The building has been intertwined with may key moments in Southern Methodist University’s history, witnessing the end of strict limitations on the social lives of its members, early attempts at desegregation in Texas, and the infamous William P. Clements football scandal. Despite its historical significance, Clements Hall has faded from its role as a social center on campus. The data for this paper was gathered from the DeGolyer Library Archives, the primary depository for documents on the history of Southern Methodist University, comprising blueprints, personal accounts of students and professors living in Clements Hall, newspaper articles on the events in the building, and photographs of the hall. I will compile these sources into a holistic view of life in the building through its history. The focus of this project was to look at the evolution of life at SMU through the lens of the various uses of Clements Hall throughout its growth.

Background. Urban Health Project (UHP) is a mission and vision- driven sum- mer internship at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine that places first- year medical students at local community agencies that work with underserved populations. At the completion of their internship, students write Final Intern Reflections (FIRs). Methods . Final Intern Reflections written from 1987 to 2012 were read and coded to both predeter - mined categories derived from the UHP mission and vision statements and new categories created from the data themselves. Results. Comments relating to UHP's mission and vision were found in 47% and 36% of FIRs, respectively. Positive experiences outweighed negative by a factor of eight. Interns reported the following benefits: educational (53%), valuable (25%), rewarding (25%), new (10%), unique (6%), and life- changing (5%). Conclusions. Urban Health Project is successful in providing medical students with enriching experi- ences with underserved populations that have the potential to change their understanding of vulnerable populations.

Purpose. Physical activity (PA) has well-established health benefits, but most Americans do not meet national guidelines. In southeastern Missouri, trails have been developed to increase rates of PA. Although this has had success, broad-scale interventions will be needed to improve rates further. In this study, we surveyed residents of southeastern Missouri to identify ways to improve rates of PA. Methods. We conducted a telephone survey in 2015 of adults (n=524) from eight rural Missouri towns that had walking trails, regarding their activities and interests. Findings. Forty percent of respondents reported both walking and meeting PA recommendations, 29% reported walking but not meeting PA recommendations, and the remainder did not walk or did not answer. Respondents who used the trails were significantly more likely to meet PA recommendations (odds ratio = 2.7; 95% confidence interval = 1.7, 4.5). Certain values and interests that may encourage PA or draw people to trails were common. Conclusions. The group that walked but did not meet PA recommendations would be the ideal group to target for intervention, which could focus on their reported values and interests (e.g., personal relationships, being outdoors). Use of walking trails was associated with meeting PA recommendations.

This article presents some results on the energy demand in conventional bread baking and in the processing of frozen part baked breads, resulting from the “EU-FRESHBAKE” European project (FP6). Bread baking is one of the most energy demanding processes (around 4 MJ/kg), compared with other thermal processes such as canning. However, there is a large variability of data in the literature. For partial baking, bread has to be baked twice. It may also be frozen after part baking, which will increase the total energy demand. Results obtained with equipment used by craft bakeries are presented. Conventional and frozen part baked processes are compared. The effect of occupation ratio on the overall energy demand is also assessed. It was observed that 15–20% of the total energy is used for heating up the dough and 10–20% for crust drying. Pre-heating of the oven represents another significant energy demand. The energy demand for freezing is comparable to that for baking. An Energy Efficiency Index is used to assess the ratio of energy effectively transferred to the dough during baking. Part baked frozen technology demands about 2.2 times as much energy as conventional bread making process.

Objective. The object of this study was to increase our understanding of the social, clinical, radiographic and psychological consequences of child abuse after the initial insult and to describe the role of neurosurgery and other specialties in this context. Methods. A review of the literature on child abuse (using scientific journals, textbooks, and internet reports) was conducted, with special attention given to child abuse in infants. The biomechanical patterns of injury, the long-term neurological, psychological, and social outcomes and methods of rehabilitation are reviewed. Conclusions. Head injury associated with physical abuse carries a significantly worse clinical outcome than accidental trauma. Late findings in CT scans and MRI show evidence of cerebral atrophy in 100% and cerebral ischemia in 50% of physical abuse cases. Abuse and neglect have a strong impact in developing children, producing emotional, cognitive, and social problems that may persist throughout the rest of their lives. Outcome cannot be improved without an integrated rehabilitation strategy encompassing early field management, hospital therapy, precise targeting of educational and cognitive needs, and finally return to the community. New ancillary tests have emerged that are aimed at improving rehabilitation and illuminating the long-term physiological and functional impact of abuse.

With the rapid development of computer equipment, approximation by analytical solutions has become popular in mathematical modeling. Finite element (FE) analysis uses numerical methods to solve problems with physical phenomena, and these can be applied to various geometrically complex materials, such as brain. The FE formulation can provide such diverse domains as heat conduction, torsion of elastic material, diffusion and fluid flow, and it can view different objects of study in the neurosurgical field. In this article, the various applications of FE methods are introduced to illustrate the usefulness of the technique and the link between the external biomechanical aspect and internal phenomena in brain research.

We have previously described a novel lipoprotein particle consisting of phospholipids, apolipoprotein A-I (apoAI), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) and Factor H-related proteins (FHRP), and we termed these particles FALP (FHRP-associated lipoprotein particles). Highly purified preparations of FALP contain variable amounts of an unidentified polypeptide triplet of Mr ∼85 000 (tp85). Here we report that tp85 represents fragment D of fibrinogen, as confirmed by N-terminal amino acid sequencing and Western blot analysis with an antifibrinogen antibody. The physical association of fibrinogen with other components of FALP in plasma was further confirmed by sandwich ELISA by using monoclonal antibodies against apoAI, FHRP or LBP to capture the particles and polyclonal antifibrinogen as the detecting antibody. Furthermore, affinity chromatography with anti-FHRP-1–specific IgG showed that fibrinogen is co-immunodepleted with FALP and approximately 17% of total plasma fibrinogen are bound to FALP. LBP is a lipid transfer protein that moves lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to a binding site on CD14 or high-density lipoprotein (HDL). To determine whether fibrinogen affects the lipid transfer activity of LBP on FALP, this activity was measured in FALP prepared with and without fibrinogen. Neither activity of LBP was affected by fibrinogen. The abundance of FALP suggests, instead, an effect of FALP on the function or clearance of fibrinogen or fragment D. (Blood. 2000;95:198-204)

For calibration of a large capacity gas flow meter, a sonic nozzle bank may be used as a reference system. International standards (ISO9300:1990) allow installation of a single nozzle in a meter tube as a flow transfer standard. For multiple nozzles in a single tube, the effect of interference between sonic nozzles and the chamber wall must be measured to predict the discharge coefficient of a nozzle array from those of single nozzles. The interference effect between neighboring nozzles can be additional error sources in mass flow measurement. Sonic nozzles with three different throat diameters ( d =4.3, 8.1, and 13.4 mm) were tested in a single meter tube in three geometrical arrangements. The mass flow rate was measured against a primary gas flow standard system. Three installation plates for sonic nozzles were made to vary the distance between nozzles and distance from the chamber wall. Discharge coefficients of the three individual nozzles were in agreement with the ISO recommended equation within ±0.2%. Discharge coefficients of the nozzle bank calculated from those of the individual sonic nozzle were the same as the direct measurements within ±0.098% at the 95% confidence level for all cases. For these experiments, the results were not influenced by the proximity of the tube wall or the interaction of the nozzles.

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is a Kunitz-type plasma protease inhibitor that inhibits factor Xa and the factor VIIa/tissue factor catalytic complex. It plays an important role in feedback inhibition of the coagulation cascade (Broze, Annu Rev Med 46:103, 1995). TFPI has also been used successfully to prevent lethality and attenuate coagulopathic responses in a baboon model of septic shock (Creasey et al, J Clin Invest 91:2850, 1993; and Carr et al, Circ Shock 44:126, 1995). However, the mechanism of reduced mortality in these animals could not be explained merely by the anticoagulant effect of TFPI, because TFPI-treated animals also had a significantly depressed interleukin-6 response. Moreover, inhibition of coagulopathic responses by other anticoagulants has failed to block the organ damage or lethal effect of endotoxic shock (Coalson et al, Circ Shock 5:423, 1978; Warr et al, Blood 75:1481, 1990; and Taylor et al, Blood 78:364, 1991). We show here that recombinant TFPI can bind to endotoxin in vitro. This binding prevents interaction of endotoxin with both lipopolysaccharide binding protein and CD14, thereby blocking cellular responses.

The avidity of leukocyte integrin CR3 (Mac-1, CD11b/CD18, α m β 2 ) on neutrophils (PMN) may be rapidly modulated by several agonists. We describe a method for determining the avidity of these receptors by measuring the adhesion of PMN to fibrinogen-coated surfaces. Cells are loaded with a succinimidyl ester of carboxyfluorescein diacetate, which is deacetylated by intracellular esterases yielding a highly fluorescent carboxyfluorescein that remains trapped within the PMN. The number of cells adhering to fibrinogen-coated wells of Terasaki microplates is quantitated with a fluorescence plate reader. Stimulation of PMN with a number of agonists, including PMA, fNLLP, Ca-ionophore A23187, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor and lipopolysaccharide strongly increased adhesion to fibrinogen, which was CD11b/CD18 dependent. The extent of cell adhesion depended on stimulus concentration and incubation time. This assay requires little time, utilizes small numbers of cells and does not require hazardous reagents.

Sewall Wright and I entered the University of Chicago in the same month of the same year, September 1926. Wright was starting his distinguished academic career as an associate professor of zoology. I was an entering freshman with a growing taste for biology. My first meeting with Wright was in late March 1927, when I enrolled in a course in elementary zoology that he was teaching. Wright lectured twice a week, and there were three laboratory sessions a week. The class had some 50 undergraduate students—largely premedicai—and, coincidentally, the laboratory was supervised by a genial graduate student named Bill Castle who just happened to be the nephew of Wright's professor at Harvard, the geneticist W. E. Castle. This course began my association with Sewall Wright—an association that lasted without significant interruption for over 60 years. This exposure, so to speak, gives me license to talk with some authority about Sewall Wright as a classroom teacher, as a teacher outside the classroom, and as a scholar with towering talent but leavened with subtle humor, various idiosyncrasies, and certain delightful foibles. I shall have something to say about these matters shortly. It is patently clear that the outstanding characteristic of Wright was his incredible intellectual capacity—an inherited capacity that he used in full measure all of his life. His drive to create and achieve was un