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1. General considerations for effective thermal neutron shielding in detector applications

Author

Alexander Backis, Ramsey Al Jebali, Kevin Fissum, Phillip Bentley, Richard Hall-Wilton, Kalliopi Kanaki, Thomas Kittelmann, and Kenneth Livingston

Subjects
Neutron detectors, Neutron shielding, Neutron instruments, Simulation, Physics, QC1-999, Optics. Light, QC350-467, Descriptive and experimental mechanics, QC120-168.85
Abstract

Abstract For thermal neutron detectors, effective shielding is a crucial aspect of signal-to-background optimization. This is especially important for cold to thermal neutrons, as the detectors are most sensitive in this energy range. In this work, a few common shielding materials, such as cadmium, B4C and epoxy-Gd2O3 mixtures, are analytically evaluated based on interaction cross sections extracted from Geant4. For these materials, the neutron absorption and scattering dependence on material thickness and incident neutron energy are examined. It is also considered how the absorption and scattering change with different material compositions, such as 10B-content in B4C, and component ratio in epoxy-Gd2O3 mixtures. In addition, a framework is introduced to quantify the effectiveness of the neutron shielding, comparing the relationship between absorption and scattering of different shielding materials. The aim is to provide a general tool kit, which can be used to quickly identify an appropriate shielding material, with the required thickness, to reach a desired thermal neutron shielding performance. Finally, as an example, the developed tool kit is applied to the specific shielding application for the Multi-Grid CSPEC detector, currently in development for the European Spallation Source.

Published
2022
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3. A simulational study of the indirect-geometry neutron spectrometer BIFROST at the European Spallation Source, from neutron source position to detector position

Author

Rasmus Toft-Petersen, M. A. Olsen, Richard Hall-Wilton, M. Klausz, Thomas Kittelmann, J. O. Birk, Peter Zagyvai, and Kalliopi Kanaki

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Physics, Neutron transport, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, McStas, neutron detectors, Nuclear engineering, Geant4, Research Papers, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Neutron spectroscopy, neutron spectroscopy, Neutron flux, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron source, Neutron detection, Neutron, Spallation, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Spallation Neutron Source
Abstract

The incident detector rates that are anticipated for the indirect-geometry cold-neutron spectrometer BIFROST at the European Spallation Source are estimated, and the use of powerful simulation tools for the correct interpretation of neutron transport in crystalline materials is demonstrated., The European Spallation Source (ESS) is intended to become the most powerful spallation neutron source in the world and the flagship of neutron science in upcoming decades. The exceptionally high neutron flux will provide unique opportunities for scientific experiments but also set high requirements for the detectors. One of the most challenging aspects is the rate capability and in particular the peak instantaneous rate capability, i.e. the number of neutrons hitting the detector per channel or cm2 at the peak of the neutron pulse. The primary purpose of this paper is to estimate the incident rates that are anticipated for the BIFROST instrument planned for ESS, and also to demonstrate the use of powerful simulation tools for the correct interpretation of neutron transport in crystalline materials. A full simulation model of the instrument from source to detector position, implemented with the use of multiple simulation software packages, is presented. For a single detector tube, instantaneous incident rates with a maximum of 1.7 GHz for a Bragg peak from a single crystal and 0.3 MHz for a vanadium sample are found. This paper also includes the first application of a new pyrolytic graphite model and a comparison of different simulation tools to highlight their strengths and weaknesses.

Published
2021

4. NJOY+NCrystal: An open-source tool for creating thermal neutron scattering libraries with mixed elastic support

Author

Kemal Ramić, Jose Ignacio Marquez Damian, Thomas Kittelmann, Douglas D. Di Julio, Davide Campi, Marco Bernasconi, Giuseppe Gorini, Valentina Santoro, Ramic, K, Marquez Damian, J, Kittelmann, T, Di Julio, D, Campi, D, Bernasconi, M, Gorini, G, and Santoro, V

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Incoherent elastic, Mixed elastic, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Coherent elastic, 01 natural sciences, Total cross section, ENDF, nuclear data, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, Instrumentation, Thermal neutron scattering librarie, FIS/03 - FISICA DELLA MATERIA
Abstract

In this work we present NJOY+NCrystal, a tool to generate thermal neutron scattering libraries with support for coherent and incoherent elastic components for crystalline solid materials. This tool, which is a customized version of NJOY, was created by modifying the nuclear data processing program NJOY to call the thermal scattering software library NCrystal, and includes a proposed change in the ENDF-6 format to store both the coherent and incoherent elastic components. Necessary changes to enable this format in NJOY, as well as to sample it in the OpenMC Monte Carlo code, are detailed here. Examples of materials that are coherent–dominant, incoherent–dominant, and mixed elastic scatterers are presented, as well as the creation of novel libraries for MgH2 and MgD2, that are under consideration as advanced neutron reflectors in the HighNESS project at the European Spallation Source. NJOY+NCrystal greatly simplifies the process to generate thermal scattering libraries (TSL) and this is exemplified with 213 new and updated TSL evaluations.

Published
2022

5. Thermal scattering libraries for cold and very-cold neutron reflector materials

Author

Douglas D. Dijulio, Jose Ignacio Marquez Damian, Marco Bernasconi, Davide Campi, Giuseppe Gorini, Thomas Kittelmann, Esben Klinkby, Gunter Muhrer, Kemal Ramic, Nicola Rizzi, and Valentina Santoro

Subjects
General Medicine
Abstract

We present recent developments of improved modelling methods for simulating neutron transport in reflector materials of interest for neutron source applications. These include materials to be used as traditional reflectors around the neutron moderator, such as beryllium, and also novel materials, such as nanodiamond particles, to be used as a reflector for very-cold neutrons in the neutron beam extraction area of a neutron scattering instrument. Of particular interest is the inclusion of physical effects that are not modelled in standard thermal scattering libraries used for Monte-Carlo simulations, such as extinction in beryllium reflectors and effects of small-angle neutron scattering from nanodiamond particles.

Published
2023

6. A Computing and Detector Simulation Framework for the HIBEAM/NNBAR Experimental Program at the ESS

Author

Katherine Dunne, Samuel Silverstein, Valentina Santoro, Yuri Kamyshkov, E. B. Klinkby, Jan Makkinje, Oliver Zimmer, A. A. Nepomuceno, Thomas Kittelmann, Joshua Barrow, A. Takibayev, Kemal Ramic, Douglas D. DiJulio, Sze-Chun Yiu, L. Zanini, Jose Ignacio Marquez Damian, Bernhard Meirose, Elena Golubeva, Zsófi Kókai, Gustaaf Brooijmans, David Milstead, Anders Nils Erik Oskarsson, Richard E. Wagner, Nicola Rizzi, Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), and ILL

Subjects
Neutron transport, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Computer science, Data management, QC1-999, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Monte Carlo method, FOS: Physical sciences, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Computational science, Neutron flux, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Physics, SIGNAL (programming language), Detector, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Simulation software, business, computer
Abstract

The HIBEAM/NNBAR program is a proposed two-stage experiment at the European Spallation Source focusing on searches for baryon number violation via processes in which neutrons convert to antineutrons. This paper outlines the computing and detector simulation framework for the HIBEAM/NNBAR program. The simulation is based on predictions of neutron flux and neutronics together with signal and background generation. A range of diverse simulation packages are incorporated, including Monte Carlo transport codes, neutron ray-tracing simulation packages, and detector simulation software. The common simulation package in which these elements are interfaced together is discussed. Data management plans and triggers are also described., Comment: Contribution to CHEP2021. Accepted for publication in the European Physical Journal (EPJ) Web of Conferences

Published
2021
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7. Elastic neutron scattering models for NCrystal

Author

Xiao Xiao Cai and Thomas Kittelmann

Subjects
Simulations, Gaussian, Monte Carlo method, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, Inelastic scattering, Neutron scattering, Thermal neutron scattering, Crystals, 01 natural sciences, Mosaicity, symbols.namesake, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Monte Carlo, Physics, Elastic scattering, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Isotropy, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), Bragg's law, Bragg diffraction, Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Computational physics, Hardware and Architecture, symbols, 0210 nano-technology, Physics - Computational Physics
Abstract

The NCrystal library provides a range of models for simulation of both elastic and inelastic scattering of thermal neutrons in a range of material structures. This article presents the available models for elastic scattering, and includes detailed discussion of their theoretical background, their implementation, and in particular their validation. The lineup includes a model for Bragg diffraction in crystal powders as well as one for incoherent elastic scattering, but the main focus is given to models of Bragg diffraction in ideally imperfect single crystals: both for the most widely applicable model of isotropic Gaussian mosaicity, and for a more specific model of layered single crystals which is relevant for materials such as pyrolytic graphite. Although these single crystal models are utilising computationally efficient approximations where appropriate, attention is given to the provision of precise and trustworthy results also for the extreme cases of back-scattering, forward-scattering, and crystals with very large mosaic spreads. Together with NCrystal's other features for crystal structure initialisation and inelastic physics, the presented models enable realistic modelling of components at neutron scattering instruments in frameworks like Geant4 and McStas, including monochromators, analysers, filters, support materials, shielding, and many kinds of samples. As a byproduct of the work, an improved formula for approximating cross sections in isotropic single crystals with Gaussian mosaicity is provided., Submitted to Computer Physics Communications

Published
2021

8. Complex Geant4 Simulation Study for the Optimisation of Multi-Grid Detector

Author

Anton Khaplanov, Richard Hall-Wilton, Thomas Kittelmann, Eszter Dian, Peter Zagyvai, and Kalliopi Kanaki

Subjects
Chopper, Materials science, Spectrometer, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear engineering, Electromagnetic shielding, Monte Carlo method, Detector, Neutron detection, Neutron, Neutron scattering
Abstract

The unique neutron yield and high performance requirements of the European Spallation Source (ESS) ERIC, and the current 3He-shortage opened a new frontier for neutron detector development. A potent new solution for large area detectors is the Multi-Grid thermal neutron detector: an Ar/CO 2 gas filled detector with solid 10B 4 C converter, developed for the chopper spectrometers at the ESS. For these instruments a high Signal-to-Background Ratio (SBR) is a key requirement, so understanding the effect and sources of the scattered neutron background, considering the intrinsic detector background as well is essential for instrument optimisation. Thanks to the recently introduced neutron simulation tools, a detailed Geant4 model of the Multi-Grid detector was developed and validated against measured data for Monte Carlo simulations. These simulations allow a novel, holistic approach to understand the intrinsic detector background and to determine the effect of different detector components as sources of neutron scattering, and their impact on the measured signal. The model became a powerful tool in the development of the detector design and was applied for the optimisation of the SBR via background reduction. The model was used to determine the impacts of different detector components e.g. the background contribution from the neutron scattering on the aluminium vessel and grids, the shielding properties of additional coating layers and their impact on the detection efficiency and the background-reducing potential of a complex, internal detector shielding etc. All these phenomena were studied in a detailed simulation of detector response. The model was also applied to dissect and understand the composition and sources of the measured signal from recent prototype tests at the SEQUOIA instrument. The obtained results contribute to the optimisation of the shielding, coating and vessel design of the Multi-Grid detector module, leading to instruments with better SBR by design.

Published
2019

9. NCrystal : a library for thermal neutron transport

Author

Xiao Xiao Cai and Thomas Kittelmann

Subjects
Simulations, Nuclear Theory, Computer science, Monte Carlo method, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Neutron scattering, Thermal neutron scattering, Crystals, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computational science, Nuclear Theory (nucl-th), Software, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Monte Carlo, computer.programming_language, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Scattering, business.industry, Detector, Bragg's law, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), Bragg diffraction, Python (programming language), Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph), Neutron temperature, Hardware and Architecture, business, Physics - Computational Physics, computer
Abstract

An open source software package for modelling thermal neutron transport is presented. The code facilitates Monte Carlo-based transport simulations and focuses in the initial release on interactions in both mosaic single crystals as well as polycrystalline materials and powders. Both coherent elastic (Bragg diffraction) and incoherent or inelastic (phonon) scattering are modelled, using basic parameters of the crystal unit cell as input. Included is a data library of validated crystal definitions, standalone tools and interfaces for C++ , C and Python programming languages. Interfaces for two popular simulation packages, Geant4 and McStas , are provided, enabling highly realistic simulations of typical components at neutron scattering instruments, including beam filters, monochromators, analysers, samples, and detectors. All interfaces are presented in detail, along with the end-user configuration procedure which is deliberately kept user-friendly and consistent across all interfaces. An overview of the relevant neutron scattering theory is provided, and the physics modelling capabilities of the software are discussed. Particular attention is given here to the ability to load crystal structures and form factors from various sources of input, and the results are benchmarked and validated against experimental data and existing crystallographic software. Good agreements are observed. Program summary Program Title: NCrystal Program Files doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/s3rpb5d9j3.1 Licensing provisions: Apache License, Version 2.0 (for core NCrystal ). Programming language: C++ , C and Python External routines/libraries: Geant4 , McStas Nature of problem: Thermal neutron transport in structured materials is inadequately supported in popular Monte Carlo transport applications, preventing simulations of a range of otherwise interesting setups. Solution method: Provide models for thermal neutron transport in flexible open source library, to be used standalone or as backend in existing Monte Carlo packages. Facilitate validation and work sharing by making it possible to share material configurations between supported applications.

Published
2019
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10. Monte Carlo Particle Lists: MCPL

Author

Kalliopi Kanaki, Xiao Xiao Cai, E. B. Klinkby, Erik Knudsen, Peter Kjær Willendrup, and Thomas Kittelmann

Subjects
Computer science, Monte Carlo method, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Binary number, Geant4, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Computational science, Monte Carlo simulations, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), 0103 physical sciences, Code (cryptography), MCNP, Plug-in, McXtrace, Particle storage, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Numerical analysis, McStas, Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph), Converters, File format, MCPL, Hardware and Architecture, Particle, computer, Physics - Computational Physics
Abstract

A binary format with lists of particle state information, for interchanging particles between various Monte Carlo simulation applications, is presented. Portable C code for file manipulation is made available to the scientific community, along with converters and plugins for several popular simulation packages. Program summary: Program Title: MCPL. Program Files doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/cby92vsv5g.1Licensing provisions: CC0 for core MCPL, see LICENSE file for details. Programming language: C and C++ External routines/libraries: Geant4, MCNP, McStas, McXtraceNature of problem: Saving particle states in Monte Carlo simulations, for interchange between simulation packages or for reuse within a single package. Solution method: Binary interchange format with associated code written in portable C along with tools and interfaces for relevant simulation packages.

Published
2016
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11. Characterization of boron-coated silicon sensors for thermal neutron detection

Author

Ganesh Jagannath Tambave, Angela Kok, Marco Povoli, Dieter Røhrich, Thomas Kittelmann, Richard Hall-Wilton, Carina Höglund, Tomas Slavicek, Chung-Chuan Lai, Andreas Tefre Samnøy, Thor-Erik Hansen, Kalliopi Kanaki, Stanislav Pospisil, Isabel Llamas-Jansa, Shruti Vineet Mehendale, S. Schmidt, and Saima Sultana Kazi

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Fabrication, Silicon, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, Boron carbide, 01 natural sciences, Semiconductor detector, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron detection, Optoelectronics, business, Boron, Instrumentation, Diode
Abstract

Silicon neutron detectors can operate at low voltage and come with ease of fabrication and the possibility of integration of readout electronics and thus are attractive from an application point of view. In this paper, we have studied thermal neutron capture by silicon diodes coated with boron carbide (B4C). One of the surfaces of the diodes was covered with either natural B4C ( n a t B4C) or with enriched B4C ( e n B4C). We have investigated: (a) the effect of increase in the sensitive area of the surface of the diode covered with B4C on the neutron detection efficiency and (b) the effect of enrichment of 10B in B4C. The difference in 10B in n a t B4C (16 at. % in the deposited film) and e n B4C ( 79 at. % in the deposited film) leads to about three times increase in detection efficiency of the same detector. For the given experimental conditions, we do not observe a direct relationship between increase in the surface area and the detection efficiency. Energy spectra obtained by Geant4 simulations support the experimental observation of finding no direct relation between increase in the surface area and the detection efficiency.

Published
2020

12. Suppression of intrinsic neutron background in the Multi-Grid detector

Author

Richard Hall-Wilton, Thomas Kittelmann, Anton Khaplanov, E. Dian, Peter Zagyvai, and Kalliopi Kanaki

Subjects
fast neutrons), Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear engineering, Detector modelling and simulations I (interaction of radiation with matter, FOS: Physical sciences, Neutron scattering, Accelerator Physics and Instrumentation, 01 natural sciences, thermal, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Gaseous detectors, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 0103 physical sciences, Thermal, Neutron, Spallation, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, etc), Physics, Multi grid, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, interaction of photons with matter, Acceleratorfysik och instrumentering, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Neutron temperature, Neutron detectors (cold, interaction of hadrons with matter, Key (cryptography)
Abstract

One of the key requirements for neutron scattering instruments is the Signal-to-Background ratio (SBR). This is as well a design driving requirement for many instruments at the European Spallation Source (ESS), which aspires to be the brightest neutron source of the world. The SBR can be effectively improved with background reduction. The Multi-Grid, a large-area thermal neutron detector with a solid boron carbide converter, is a novel solution for chopper spectrometers. This detector will be installed for the three prospective chopper spectrometers at the ESS. As the Multi-Grid detector is a large area detector with a complex structure, its intrinsic background and its suppression via advanced shielding design should be investigated in its complexity, as it cannot be naively calculated. The intrinsic scattered neutron background and its effect on the SBR is determined via a detailed Monte Carlo simulation for the Multi-Grid detector module, designed for the CSPEC instrument at the ESS. The impact of the detector vessel and the neutron entrance window on scattering is determined, revealing the importance of an optimised internal detector shielding. The background-reducing capacity of common shielding geometries, like side-shielding and end-shielding is determined by using perfect absorber as shielding material, and common shielding materials, like B$_{4}$C and Cd are also tested. On the basis of the comparison of the effectiveness of the different shielding topologies and materials, recommendations are given for a combined shielding of the Multi-Grid detector module, optimised for increased SBR., 26 pages, 18 figures, revised

Published
2018

13. Rejection-based sampling of inelastic neutron scattering

Author

Thomas Kittelmann, E. B. Klinkby, Xiao Xiao Cai, and J.I. Márquez Damián

Subjects
Physics, Numerical Analysis, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Applied Mathematics, Monte Carlo method, Isotropy, Sampling (statistics), FOS: Physical sciences, Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph), Thermal neutron scattering, 01 natural sciences, Inelastic neutron scattering, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computer Science Applications, Nuclear physics, Computational Mathematics, Rejection method, Modeling and Simulation, 0103 physical sciences, Technical university, Spallation, 010306 general physics, Physics - Computational Physics, Isotropic material, Monte Carlo simulation
Abstract

Distributions of inelastically scattered neutrons can be quantum dynamically described by a scattering kernel. We present an accurate and computationally efficient rejection method for sampling a given scattering kernel of any isotropic material. The proposed method produces continuous neutron energy and angular distributions, typically using just a single interpolation per sampling. We benchmark the results of this method against those from accurate analytical models and one of the major neutron transport codes. We also show the results of applying this method to the conventional discrete double differential cross sections.

Published
2018
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14. Simulation tools for detector and instrument design

Author

Erik Knudsen, E. B. Klinkby, Xiao Xiao Cai, Peter Kjær Willendrup, Kalliopi Kanaki, Thomas Kittelmann, and Richard Hall-Wilton

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Neutron detector, Monte Carlo method, FOS: Physical sciences, Neutron scattering, Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering, computer.software_genre, Accelerator Physics and Instrumentation, 01 natural sciences, Crystals, Particle detector, Monte Carlo simulations, Software, File formats, 0103 physical sciences, Electronic engineering, Neutron detection, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Elektroteknik och elektronik, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Acceleratorfysik och instrumentering, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph), Condensed Matter Physics, File format, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Software framework, Data exchange, business, Physics - Computational Physics, computer
Abstract

The high performance requirements at the European Spallation Source have been driving the technological advances on the neutron detector front. Now more than ever is it important to optimize the design of detectors and instruments, to fully exploit the ESS source brilliance. Most of the simulation tools the neutron scattering community has at their disposal target the instrument optimization until the sample position, with little focus on detectors. The ESS Detector Group has extended the capabilities of existing detector simulation tools to bridge this gap. An extensive software framework has been developed, enabling efficient and collaborative developments of required simulations and analyses – based on the use of the Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit, but with extended physics capabilities where relevant (like for Bragg diffraction of thermal neutrons in crystals). Furthermore, the MCPL (Monte Carlo Particle Lists) particle data exchange file format, currently supported for the primary Monte Carlo tools of the community ( McStas, Geant4 and MCNP ), facilitates the integration of detector simulations with existing simulations of instruments using these software packages. These means offer a powerful set of tools to tailor the detector and instrument design to the instrument application.

Published
2018

15. Investigation of neutron scattering in the Multi-Blade detector with Geant4 simulations

Author

Thomas Kittelmann, Gábor Galgóczi, F. Piscitelli, Kalliopi Kanaki, Dezső Varga, and Richard Hall-Wilton

Subjects
fast neutrons), Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear engineering, Neutron diffraction, Detector modelling and simulations I (interaction of radiation with matter, FOS: Physical sciences, Neutron scattering, Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering, Accelerator Physics and Instrumentation, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, thermal, Gaseous detectors, Neutron flux, 0103 physical sciences, Spallation, 010306 general physics, Elektroteknik och elektronik, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, etc), Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Scattering, Detector, interaction of photons with matter, Acceleratorfysik och instrumentering, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Neutron detectors (cold, Radiation flux, interaction of hadrons with matter, Neutron source
Abstract

The European Spallation Source (ESS) is the world's next generation spallation-based neutron source. The research conducted at ESS will yield in the discovery and development of new materials including the fields of manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, engines, plastics, energy, telecommunications, transportation, information technology and biotechnology. The spallation source will deliver an unprecedented neutron flux. In particular, the reflectometers selected for construction, ESTIA and FREIA, have to fulfill challenging requirements. Local incident peak rate can reach 10$^5$~Hz/mm$^2$. For new science to be addressed, the spatial resolution is aimed to be less than 1 mm with a desired scattering of 10$^{-4}$ (peak-to-tail ratio). The latter requirement is approximately two orders of magnitude better than the current state-of-the-art detectors. The main aim of this work is to quantify the cumulative contribution of various detector components to the scattering of neutrons and to prove that the respective effect is within the requirements set for the Multi-Blade detector by the ESS reflectometers. To this end, different sets of geometry and beam parameters are investigated, with primary focus on the cathode coating and the detector window thickness.

Published
2018

16. Scattered neutron background in thermal neutron detectors

Author

Richard Hall-Wilton, Thomas Kittelmann, Georg Ehlers, E. Dian, Kalliopi Kanaki, P. Zagyvai, and Anton Khaplanov

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Neutron detector, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Nuclear Theory, Monte Carlo method, Geant4, FOS: Physical sciences, Neutron scattering, Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering, Inelastic scattering, Accelerator Physics and Instrumentation, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Inelastic neutron scattering, Nuclear physics, Validation, 0103 physical sciences, ESS, Neutron detection, Neutron, Elektroteknik och elektronik, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Monte Carlo simulation, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Acceleratorfysik och instrumentering, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Neutron temperature, Electromagnetic shielding, High Energy Physics::Experiment
Abstract

Inelastic neutron scattering instruments require very low background; therefore the proper shielding for suppressing the scattered neutron background, both from elastic and inelastic scattering is essential. The detailed understanding of the background scattering sources is required for effective suppression. The Multi-Grid thermal neutron detector is an Ar/CO$_{2}$ gas filled detector with a $^{10}$B$_{4}$C neutron converter coated on aluminium substrates. It is a large-area detector design that will equip inelastic neutron spectrometers at the European Spallation Source (ESS). To this end a parameterised Geant4 model is built for the Multi-Grid detector. This is the first time thermal neutron scattering background sources have been modelled in a detailed simulation of detector response. The model is validated via comparison with measured data of prototypes installed on the IN6 instrument at ILL and on the CNCS instrument at SNS. The effect of scattering originating in detector components is smaller than effects originating elsewhere., Comment: Minor typos corrected, 2 new references added. Updated simulation geometry in Section 4: extended results and discussion, unchanged main conclusion

Published
2018
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17. Detector rates for the Small Angle Neutron Scattering instruments at the European Spallation Source

Author

Torben Nielsen, G. Albani, Richard Hall-Wilton, Sebastian Jaksch, E. Perelli Cippo, M. Klausz, Thomas Kittelmann, Kalliopi Kanaki, Andrew Jackson, P. Zagyvai, Kanaki, K, Klausz, M, Kittelmann, T, Albani, G, Perelli Cippo, E, Jackson, A, Jaksch, S, Nielsen, T, and Hall-Wilton, P

Subjects
fast neutrons), Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear engineering, Neutron detector, Detector modelling and simulations, Detector modelling and simulations I (interaction of radiation with matter, FOS: Physical sciences, Neutron scattering, Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering, Accelerator Physics and Instrumentation, 01 natural sciences, thermal, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron, Spallation, ddc:610, 010306 general physics, Elektroteknik och elektronik, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, etc), Physics, Detector modelling and simulations I (interaction of radiation with matter, interaction of photons with matter, interaction of hadrons with matter, etc), Pixel, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector design and construction technologies and material, Detector, Simulation methods and program, interaction of photons with matter, Detector design and costruction technologies and material, Acceleratorfysik och instrumentering, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Small-angle neutron scattering, Neutron detectors (cold, interaction of hadrons with matter, FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE, Neutron source, Detector design and construction technologies and materials, Simulation methods and programs, Neutron detectors (cold, thermal, fast neutrons), Communication channel
Abstract

Building the European Spallation Source (ESS), the most powerful neutron source in the world, requires significant technological advances at most fronts of instrument component design. Detectors are not an exception. The existing implementations at current neutron scattering facilities are at their performance limits and sometimes barely cover the scientific needs. At full operation the ESS will yield unprecedented neutron brilliance. This means that one of the most challenging aspects for the new detector designs is the increased rate capability and in particular the peak instantaneous rate capability, i.e.\,the number of neutrons hitting the detector per channel, pixel or cm$^2$ at the peak of the neutron pulse. This paper focuses on estimating the incident and detection rates that are anticipated for the Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) instruments planned for ESS. Various approaches are applied and the results thereof are presented.

Published
2018
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18. Polycrystalline neutron scattering for Geant4: NXSG4

Author

Thomas Kittelmann and Mirko Boin

Subjects
Computer science, Monte Carlo method, Geant4, General Physics and Astronomy, Neutron, Physics and Astronomy(all), Neutron scattering, computer.software_genre, Computational science, Scattering, Optics, Polycrystal, business.industry, Byte, Detector, Algorithm, Identifier, Hardware and Architecture, Compiler, Biological small-angle scattering, business, Diffraction, computer, Simulation, Test data
Abstract

An extension to Geant4 based on the nxs library is presented. It has been implemented in order to include effects of low-energy neutron scattering in polycrystalline materials, and is made available to the scientific community. Program summary Program title: NXSG4 Catalogue identifier: AEUZ_v1_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AEUZ_v1_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen’s University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: Free for non-commercial use (as per terms in LICENSE file) No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 12281 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 350468 Distribution format: tar.bz2 Programming language: C and C++. Computer: Any with a C or C++ compiler. Operating system: Linux, OSX. Classification: 7.6, 7.7, 8, 11.1, 11.7. External routines: Geant4 ( http://geant4.cern.ch/ ) Nature of problem: Simulation of neutron scattering in polycrystalline materials Solution method: Monte Carlo methods based on analytical formulas Running time: The example provided takes only a few seconds to run.

Published
2015

19. Validation of Detailed Geant4 Model for Thermal Neutron Scattering using the Results of Multi-Grid Detector Prototype Test at CNCS at SNS

Author

Eszter Dian, Xiao Xiao Cai, Anton Khaplanov, Thomas Kittelmann, Richard HallnWilton, Georg Ehlers, Peter Zagyvai, and Kalliopi Kanaki

Subjects
Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Scattering, Nuclear engineering, Detector, Neutron scattering, 01 natural sciences, Neutron temperature, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Neutron spin echo, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron source, Spallation, Neutron, 010306 general physics
Abstract

The European Spallation Source (ESS) aspires to be the worlds leading neutron source of the upcoming decades, and sets the scope on replacing 3 He tube detectors where it is reasonably achievable. The Multi-Grid detector, an Ar/CO 2 -filled proportional chamber based on solid 10B 4 C converter, is the most potent replacement technology for chopper spectroscopy. This study reproduces in a detailed Geant4 geometry of a neutron scattering instrument the data from the Multi-Grid demonstrator detector, that has been tested for a 1 year period, installed side-by-side to the 3 He tubes at the CNCS instrument at SNS. For the further understanding of the background of the detector, Monte-Carlo simulations were performed, with the ESS Coding Framework, using a Geant4 version extended with NXSG4 and NCrystal. A detailed and realistic model of the prototype was built and was validated via comparison against measured data. With this model, different sources of neutron scattering were determined and studied separately, providing a better understanding of the scattered neutron background. Due to these capabilities the model will be used in the further optimization of the detector, especially for the background reduction via shielding, which will lead to instruments with better signal-to-background ratio by design.

Published
2017

20. Shielding optimization study for 10B-Based large area neutron detectors with detailed Geant4 model

Author

Thomas Kittelmann, Eszter Dian, Kalliopi Kanaki, Anton Khaplanov, and Richard HallnWilton

Subjects
Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Scattering, Nuclear engineering, Detector, Incoherent scatter, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Neutron capture, 0103 physical sciences, Electromagnetic shielding, Electronic engineering, Neutron detection, Neutron, Spallation, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

The European Spallation Source (ESS) sets the scope on replacing 3He tube detectors where it is reasonably achievable, consequently advanced neutron detectors require a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio high enough to be competitive with 3He tubes and satisfy scientific requirements. Advanced local shielding could provide the improved S/N. The objective of the current study is to create a tool that can be used during the shielding optimization process. The study is performed with Monte-Carlo simulations using a Geant4 version extended with NXSG4, that is capable to handle the crystal structure of specific materials, therefore the effects of neutron absorption, coherent and incoherent scattering were simulated. Validation of the extended Geant4 code, developed at ESS is also part of the current study by comparing the simulated results with analytical calculations. A detailed and realistic model of the state-of-the-art Multi-Grid detector has been implemented, as it is almost the only prototype with published data on scattering effects. Simulations were performed for appropriate shielding materials with various monoenergetic neutron beams. A robust tool has been developed that could be effectively used to arise the S/N via optimizing the detector shielding for specific setups and requirements for all inelastic instruments.

Published
2016

21. Neutron Position Sensitive Detectors for the ESS

Author

Anton Khaplanov, Judith Freita Ramos, Oliver Kirstein, Kevin Fissum, Dorothea Pfeiffer, L. Robinson, I. Stefanescu, Luis Ortega, Scott Kolya, Richard Hall-Wilton, Mewlude Imam, M. Anastasopoulos, Maddi Etxegarai, F. Piscitelli, Thomas Kittelmann, Anna Gulyachkina, Julius Scherzinger, Carina Höglund, Björn Nilsson, and Kalliopi Kanaki

Subjects
Long pulse, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Exploit, Computer science, Suite, Detector, FOS: Physical sciences, Timeline, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Technical design, Systems engineering, Neutron source, Neutron, Detectors and Experimental Techniques
Abstract

The European Spallation Source (ESS) in Lund, Sweden will become the world's leading neutron source for the study of materials. The instruments are being selected from conceptual proposals submitted by groups from around Europe. These instruments present numerous challenges for detector technology in the absence of the availability of Helium-3, which is the default choice for detectors for instruments built until today and due to the extreme rates expected across the ESS instrument suite. Additionally a new generation of source requires a new generation of detector technologies to fully exploit the opportunities that this source provides. The detectors will be sourced from partners across Europe through numerous in-kind arrangements; a process that is somewhat novel for the neutron scattering community. This contribution presents briefly the current status of detectors for the ESS, and outlines the timeline to completion. For a conjectured instrument suite based upon instruments recommended for construction, a recently updated snapshot of the current expected detector requirements is presented. A strategy outline as to how these requirements might be tackled by novel detector developments is shown. In terms of future developments for the neutron community, synergies should be sought with other disciples, as recognized by various recent initiatives in Europe, in the context of the fundamentally multi-disciplinary nature of detectors. This strategy has at its basis the in-kind and collaborative partnerships necessary to be able to produce optimally performant detectors that allow the ESS instruments to be world-leading. This foresees and encourages a high level of collaboration and interdependence at its core, and rather than each group being all-rounders in every technology, the further development of centres of excellence across Europe for particular technologies and niches., 8 pages, 1 figure. Proceedings from the 23rd International Workshop on Vertex Detectors, 15-19 September 2014, Macha Lake, The Czech Republic. PoS(Vertex2014)029

Published
2014

22. Measurement of long-range pseudorapidity correlations and azimuthal harmonics insNN=5.02 TeV proton-lead collisions with the ATLAS detector

Author

Alexey Myagkov, Luc Poggioli, Katsuo Tokushuku, Laura Rehnisch, Nikiforos Nikiforou, Liam Duguid, Michael Schernau, Fabien Tarrade, Jun Gao, K. K. Gan, A. Yurkewicz, Abner Soffer, Robert Astalos, Rafal Staszewski, Alexander Milov, M. Della Pietra, Vakhtang Tsulaia, Peter Radloff, Steven Goldfarb, Z. G. Zhao, Michal Vlasak, Diego Casadei, F. S. Merritt, Yang Li, Andrzej Olszewski, Theodoros Alexopoulos, Martin Tripiana, James Pinfold, C. Bacci, Giorgi Arabidze, Harisankar Namasivayam, Nedaa Asbah, Stylianos Angelidakis, Wendy Taylor, Ralf Hertenberger, Peyton Rose, D. M. Seliverstov, Thi Kieu Oanh Doan, R. Santonico, Teresa Barillari, V. M. Kotov, Andrew Lankford, Stefan Schmitt, Daniel Wicke, Laurent Vacavant, Irakli Minashvili, Geoffrey Henry Herbert, M. Lungwitz, Andrea Messina, Aidan Robson, D. P. Benjamin, Alfred Goshaw, D. Errede, James Monk, Blake Burghgrave, Sanda Dita, Yao Ming, Janusz Chwastowski, Sharka Todorova-Nova, G. C. Grossi, W. H. Bell, P. Stavina, Marine Kuna, Mark Cooke, Danuta Kisielewska, Allison McCarn, Giancarlo Spigo, Charles William Kalderon, James Ferrando, Sara Diglio, Camille Belanger-Champagne, Alexander Fenyuk, Carlo Schiavi, Roger Moore, Anna Macchiolo, Yuji Enari, Tobias Heck, Igor Potrap, Karlheinz Meier, F. Dudziak, Frank Ellinghaus, Aungshuman Zaman, Nacim Haddad, S. T. French, Pavlos Ioannou, E. Jansen, Jens Weingarten, Yu Bai, N. Panikashvili, Claire Gwenlan, Victor Kukhtin, Marcela Mikestikova, Ana Firan, Tony Liss, Paul Laycock, Martin White, Ryuichi Ueno, Sahal Yacoob, Valerie Susanne Lang, Fred Hartjes, Grigori Rybkin, D. Hellmich, S. Fernandez Perez, Emmanuel Sauvan, Maiken Pedersen, J. Almond, Geraldine Conti, Zdenek Vykydal, T. Ince, Yann Coadou, Gilbert Poulard, Faig Ahmadov, Estelle Scifo, Laura Jeanty, J. Boudreau, Juansher Jejelava, Oleg Solovyanov, Tova Ray Holmes, Ulrike Schnoor, Kristof Schmieden, Lucia Masetti, A. A. Nepomuceno, I. V. Gorelov, S. Yanush, Dj. Sijacki, Gang Qin, Loic Valery, Carl Gwilliam, C. N. P. Gee, Kamil Augsten, A. M. Henriques Correia, Karel Smolek, M. J. Alconada Verzini, E. Castaneda-Miranda, Ilija Vukotic, Aleksandra Dimitrievska, Y. B. Pan, M. Schwoerer, Corinne Goy, Driss Charfeddine, Evelin Meoni, Cristiano Alpigiani, Hans Krüger, Carolina Gabaldon, Ivan Angelozzi, Stefan Stonjek, Ralph Vigne, Alberto Cervelli, Maren Ugland, Theodota Lagouri, Michael Ziolkowski, Marina Rotaru, Mark Hodgkinson, David Puldon, S. De Castro, V. Bansal, Jiri Chudoba, H. van der Graaf, Sophie Henrot-Versille, G. Compostella, K-J. Grahn, Dimitriy Krasnopevtsev, Leonid Serkin, William Brooks, P. Teixeira-Dias, Xin Chen, Alexander Solodkov, N. C. Ryder, Lauren Tompkins, Houry Keoshkerian, Frank Berghaus, M. J. Kobel, P. Mättig, Natascha Schuh, Nicolas Morange, Remi Lafaye, Andrzej Zemla, Regina Caputo, Xin Wu, Abdenour Lounis, Basil Schneider, Laura Gonella, Toyonobu Okuyama, B. Di Micco, K. Tollefson, Marco Battaglia, Jonathan Bortfeldt, Heather Gray, Andrey Karyukhin, Shoji Asai, Lars Graber, T. Yamamura, B. Martin dit Latour, Steven Farrell, Thomas Lohse, C. Limbach, Kevin Daniel Finelli, E. Musto, Irena Nikolic-Audit, N. Lorenzo Martinez, Sven Becker, B. Lopez Paredes, A. Lewis, Petr Gallus, E. Le Menedeu, Y. Komori, A. V. Kotwal, Daniel Hayden, R. J. Teuscher, Gian Luigi Alberghi, Garabed Halladjian, A. Kapliy, Riccardo Vari, Maria Pilar Casado, Maximilian J Swiatlowski, Dennis Perepelitsa, Yosuke Takubo, David Berge, J. A. Aguilar-Saavedra, Martina Hurwitz, L. Chen, Daniela Rebuzzi, Pai-hsien Jennifer Hsu, Konstantinos Papageorgiou, Sarah Williams, Pawel Plucinski, X. Hu, Magda Anna Chelstowska, E. Davies, G. Mirabelli, Henso Abreu, Konstantin Vorobev, R. Apolle, Lukas Heinrich, Benjamin Brau, Nazim Huseynov, Peter Lundgaard Rosendahl, Jaroslava Schovancova, Halina Bilokon, David South, Johannes Erdmann, E. A. Ouellette, Stephen Maxfield, Yanwen Wu, Guido Ciapetti, A. Henrichs, A. Di Mattia, Benjamin Auerbach, Giovanni Zurzolo, Philippe Mermod, Sabine Lammers, Michel Vetterli, Ruth Laura Sandbach, V. Boldea, Maria Elena Stramaglia, Roberto Iuppa, Ivan Sykora, Heidi Sandaker, R. Wall, I. M. Gregor, Tetsuro Mashimo, P. Catastini, Sten Hellman, Jan Andre Stillings, Haolu Feng, Steve Muanza, Simon Lin, Anum Qureshi, Geert-Jan Besjes, Christian Schmitt, Philip Sommer, Robert Leone, Yuki Inamaru, Giuseppe Avolio, Dengfeng Zhang, Takanori Kono, Petr Balek, P. Nevski, Stefano Terzo, Siyuan Sun, A. J. Barr, H. von der Schmitt, Halina Abramowicz, Tatiana Klioutchnikova, Emanuel Strauss, A. De Santo, M. Dano Hoffmann, P. Giannetti, Konstantinos Karakostas, E. J. W. Moyse, Stewart Martin-Haugh, Alexander Madsen, J. G. Panduro Vazquez, Jana Kraus, Alexandre Vaniachine, Nikolai Zimine, Daniel Whiteson, Fabienne Ledroit-Guillon, Vadim Kantserov, Henrik Ohman, Nora Emilia Pettersson, R. E. Long, Rostislav Konoplich, Bradley Cox, Vladimir Peshekhonov, Gorm Aske Gram Krohn Galster, Doris Chromek-Burckhart, C. Heller, Mark Slater, Andrew Nelson, Givi Sekhniaidze, B. Gibbard, R. D. Schamberger, A. Moraes, Zoya Karpova, Ki Lie, Martin Johannes Schultens, Fumihiko Ukegawa, Andrea Formica, Venetios Polychronakos, Stamatios Gkaitatzis, P. H. Sales De Bruin, C. Padilla Aranda, Dimitrios Sampsonidis, Lucie Gauthier, Yu. A. Tikhonov, K. E. Selbach, Jacob Searcy, Yi Chen, Tae Min Hong, Cyril Becot, R. Yoshida, Teresa Lenz, B. Chapleau, A. R. Weidberg, A. Di Simone, Masahiro Kuze, Jun Wakabayashi, J. Tanaka, Y. Hernández Jiménez, D. Urbaniec, Kenneth Johns, R. Cherkaoui El Moursli, Ruo-yu Shang, G. L. Glonti, Attila Krasznahorkay, Julius Hrivnac, Francesco Ragusa, Carl Haber, Vit Vorobel, A. T. Doyle, Christopher Unverdorben, Imma Riu, P. A. Bruckman de Renstrom, Mark James Tibbetts, Ofir Gabizon, A. Loginov, J. Manjarres Ramos, Andrew D. Hamilton, S. Hillert, T. Cuhadar Donszelmann, R. S. Orr, Thomas Alfons Beermann, Alexander Grillo, Pavol Strizenec, V. Sopko, D. Levin, Karsten Köneke, Robert Harrington, Matteo Negrini, J. Mechnich, Cunfeng Feng, J. E. Black, Ruchika Nayyar, M. Flechl, Benedetto Giacobbe, Timothy Knight Nelson, Valerio Bortolotto, Evgeniy Khramov, Paul Soueid, Fuqiang Wang, Sara Boutouil, Nicola Orlando, S. Gozpinar, D. Wendland, Y. Amaral Coutinho, Mohamed Gouighri, James Chapman, Michael Davies, Erez Etzion, M. Werner, Francois Corriveau, Elias Coniavitis, Yasushi Nagasaka, R. J. Hawkings, Abbas Kenan Ciftci, Dave Robinson, Jelena Jovicevic, Janet Dietrich, Remie Hanna, Max Baak, Tom McCarthy, Claudio Gatti, Stefan Kluth, P. C. Van Der Deijl, Josephine Wittkowski, Brian Petersen, Namig Javadov, Tamar Djobava, James Brau, Takashi Kubota, Julien Caudron, Peter Alexander Wijeratne, Rachid Mazini, E. Romero Adam, Ian Hinchliffe, Michael Ernst, Raphael Vuillermet, Claudia Glasman, M. Warsinsky, Markus Keil, Suyog Shrestha, Kenji Hamano, Y. W. Liu, Stephane Willocq, Charlie Isaksson, Adrian Chitan, Valentin Sipica, Benjamin Wynne, M. zur Nedden, A. De Salvo, Koji Terashi, H-C. Schultz-Coulon, Nicola Venturi, Stefan Schlenker, A. Antonaki, Andrea Sansoni, M. Rescigno, Craig Buttar, Matthew Scott Rudolph, Martine Bosman, E. E. Schmidt, M. Abolins, S. Cabrera Urbán, Yoshiji Yasu, A. Andreazza, Yoram Rozen, F. Luehring, Daniela Salvatore, Timothy Brooks, Sergio Gonzalez-Sevilla, Victoria Jane Martin, Brett Jackson, G. Negri, R. M. Jungst, N. J. Cooper-Smith, Benjamin Bordy Tannenwald, I. I. Tsukerman, I. Nakano, P. Johansson, Robert Stanek, Igor Gavrilenko, Fernando Barreiro, Adam Jinaru, Sascha Caron, Vladimir Sulin, Christopher Bee, Petr Vokac, William Trischuk, Shlomit Tarem, Gabriela Navarro, M. C. N. Fiolhais, Siegfried Wenig, Georges Aad, J. Zhong, E. Piccaro, Brinick Simmons, Louise Heelan, James Pearce, Daniel Froidevaux, Michael Stoebe, Sally Seidel, Hok Chuen Cheng, John Baines, A. Bogouch, Sergei Chekanov, Simon Molander, Katharina Behr, H. S. Chen, Antonio Limosani, Arely Cortes-Gonzalez, Bing Zhou, A. Passeri, Tiesheng Dai, Paolo Dondero, Lily Asquith, J. C-L. Tseng, Yan Jie Schnellbach, M. Deliyergiyev, James Mueller, Brian Walsh, George Redlinger, Anatoly Borisov, Eirik Gramstad, Will Davey, M. C. van Woerden, Tomoya Iizawa, Zhijun Liang, Tomas Jakoubek, Martin Nagel, P. Pais, George Lewis, Eduard Simioni, K. D. Joshi, I. van Vulpen, J. Antos, Giulio Aielli, Geng-yuan Jeng, M. Pohl, Andreas Wildauer, João Antonio Pina, Murdock Gilchriese, Gagik Vardanyan, M. Saleem, D. Eriksson, Johannes Philipp Grohs, Konstantin Belotskiy, Andrew Kuhl, Gustaaf Brooijmans, D. Milstein, Per Werner, Simon Head, Emily Thompson, Carmen Maidantchik, Isabelle Wingerter-Seez, Alessandro Tricoli, Margret Fincke-Keeler, Susan Cheatham, Bjorn Sarrazin, Jovan Mitrevski, D. Short, F. Salvatore, Torsten Harenberg, Karolos Potamianos, Stefan Guindon, R. M. Buckingham, Y. Sasaki, Christopher Lester, Remi Zaidan, David Robert Wardrope, Hiroshi Sakamoto, Dario Barberis, Julia Fischer, Krzysztof Wozniak, Zach Marshall, C. Suhr, S. S.A. Livermore, Oxana Smirnova, T. Todorov, Konstantinos Bachas, Iftach Sadeh, S. Meehan, Christophe Royon, D. Tsionou, James Saxon, Jordan S Webster, S. Migas, A. G. Clark, Dilip Jana, Simone Donati, Dave Charlton, S. Poddar, Ralf P. Richter, Y. F. Ryabov, L. F. Marti, Lark L. Coffey, Raymond Brock, G. Sauvage, Giovanna Bruni, Klaus Mönig, Ph. Schune, Konrad Kleinknecht, Alexey Maslennikov, F. Anulli, Malte Backhaus, Pascal Pralavorio, Leszek Adamczyk, K. Yamamoto, H. Khandanyan, Hermann Kolanoski, Matthias Schott, L. Bellagamba, P. A. Delsart, Olga Beltramello, Aston Komar, F. Podlyski, Emma Sian Kuwertz, Lamberto Luminari, Dong Su, Barbara Wosiek, F. Tian, Didier Ferrere, Lorenzo Massa, Adam Trzupek, V. Arnal, Serkant Ali Cetin, Alberto Valero, Salvatore Tupputi, Sven Menke, Odette Benary, Marcus Morgenstern, Mihai Caprini, T. P. A. Åkesson, M. Hohlfeld, Anthony Keith Morley, Peter Wagner, Jane Cummings, R. P. Middleton, Tobias Kruker, R. Engelmann, Annick Lleres, Mikhail Levchenko, Almut Pingel, D. P. C. Sankey, H. Ghazlane, Junichi Kanzaki, Walter Blum, Maciej Trzebinski, G. Cortiana, M. Fiascaris, N. D. Patel, Jozsef Toth, Elena Korolkova, F. G. Oakham, Joao Seixas, Kurt Brendlinger, Christopher Bock, Alessandro Cerri, M. Franklin, Claudio Luci, Carla Sbarra, L. E. Price, L. Tremblet, Andrea Knue, Gabriella Sciolla, Y. Munwes, S. Leone, Jason Veatch, Klaus Hamacher, F.C. Pastore, Y. Silver, C. J. S. Young, Philippe Calfayan, Masato Aoki, T. Loddenkoetter, Tomáš Javůrek, Florian Urs Bernlochner, I. Rubinskiy, Kevin Black, A. Ferretto Parodi, Horst Oberlack, Antonella Succurro, Gordon Watts, Daria Zieminska, Antonio Sbrizzi, Andrew White, Konstantinos Ntekas, P. C. F. Glaysher, Andrei Snesarev, Ahmimed Ouraou, Masahiro Ikeno, Kong Guan Tan, Mogens Dam, P. Farthouat, F. Scuri, Bruce Barnett, E. Rizvi, Paolo Francavilla, Guillermo Nicolas Hamity, Haijun Yang, B. Di Girolamo, Hulin Wang, Timothy Michael Bristow, Heberth Torres, Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny, Petre Dita, G. Sartisohn, Victor Maleev, Martin Kocian, Ariella Cattai, Naoko Kanaya, Victor Solovyev, Louis Fayard, F. E. Taylor, Z. L. Ren, M. George, Dong Liu, Sune Jakobsen, Giacomo Artoni, Mateusz Dyndal, Jessica Metcalfe, Ewelina Lobodzinska, Trisha Farooque, Friedrich Hoenig, R. K. Daya-Ishmukhametova, Elmar Ritsch, Martin Zeman, Michael R. Wessels, C. Cuthbert, J. A. Wilson, Michael Andrew Parker, Paul Jackson, P. H. Hansen, Osamu Jinnouchi, Stanislav Nemecek, Mihai Ciubancan, A. Soloshenko, Alexander Ruschke, Reinhard Schwienhorst, Claus P. Buszello, Shaun Roe, Matthew Beckingham, Z. Hajduk, Miroslav Myska, M. I. Ochoa, William Edson, Andrea Dell'Acqua, Alexey Zhemchugov, M. Tyndel, Jun Guo, Osamu Sasaki, Tina Sfiligoj, Jiri Hejbal, Michel Janus, A. Sircar, Olga Rezanova, Samuel Calvet, Tomas Slavicek, Ioannis Gkialas, K. Nikolics, Igor Aleksandrov, Paolo Bagiacchi, J. B. Liu, Laurent Serin, Sau Lan Wu, Kaushik De, Theresa Obermann, P. van Gemmeren, Rena Ciftci, Giuseppe Francesco Tartarelli, R. van der Geer, P. Lichard, C. P. Marino, Stephen Philip Marsden, V. Consorti, Cedric Serfon, Maximilian Goblirsch-Kolb, Georgios Iakovidis, J. D. Palmer, Albert Olariu, Tim Jones, Oliver Chris Endner, A. Di Girolamo, Richard Peschke, Monica Dunford, S. Bedikian, Magnar Kopangen Bugge, Christoph Zimmermann, Mark Kruse, Alison Lister, B. G. Pope, J. Bilbao De Mendizabal, Karl Jakobs, M. Jimenez Belenguer, Giuseppe Mornacchi, Joao Saraiva, R. Pravahan, Daniel Lellouch, Kamal Benslama, Otilia Anamaria Ducu, S. L. Lloyd, J. Goncalves Pinto Firmino Da Costa, H. Lee, J. Solc, B. K. B. Chow, Nikolaos Konstantinidis, Philipp Anger, Stephen Gibson, H. Zhang, Phillip Urquijo, Valerio Ippolito, James Boyd, Dirk Zerwas, Glenn Amundsen, Iacopo Vivarelli, Aleandro Nisati, Beate Heinemann, R. T. Chislett, W. Van Den Wollenberg, Y. Ilchenko, D. Macina, Igor Mandić, Aatif Imtiaz Butt, S. P. Ahlen, X. S. Anduaga, Valery Pozdnyakov, Hendrik Czirr, Daniele Madaffari, Shuwei Ye, P. True, Alberto Aloisio, Huiwen Ji, Steffen Staerz, Andreas Salzburger, J. Maneira, Catherine Hsu, C. A. Jung, Ning Zhou, Jean-Francois Laporte, Stephan Hageböck, T. Sandoval, Joshua Kunkle, Samuel Hamilton, Andrey Sapronov, Nicolas Berger, Matthias Hamer, S. P. Amor Dos Santos, Mikhail Demichev, Milind Purohit, Alan Litke, Marcelo Vogel, A. Ezhilov, Carsten Meyer, Marlon Barbero, Lorenzo Rinaldi, Fernando Monticelli, Elena Yatsenko, Z. Czyczula, Zinonas Zinonos, Paul Tipton, Stefano Rosati, Miguel Arratia, A. D. Hawkins, Peter Krieger, Nikolai Rusakovich, Antonio Ferrer, N. Meric, J. I. Hofmann, Christian Schillo, Da Xu, J. A. Valls Ferrer, P. Jussel, Adele Rimoldi, H. De la Torre, M. Byszewski, Paul Hanke, Elisa Guido, P. Gagnon, Ricardo Piegaia, Tan Wang, Christoph Rembser, Tadeusz Kowalski, Lidia Dell'Asta, N. Massol, Lluisa-Maria Mir, A. S. Cerqueira, A. Pinder, Jan Stark, D. A. Soh, Ingo Bloch, Mika Huhtinen, Julien Maurer, L. A. M. Wiik-Fuchs, Daniel Silverstein, Allen Mincer, Jie Yu, Anatoly Kozhin, David Francis, Michal Suk, Fabrice Hubaut, Aziz Chafaq, N. De Groot, Giacomo Snidero, E. Yu. Soldatov, Raquel Pezoa, Siegfried Bethke, Caterina Doglioni, Stanislav Tokár, J. Ocariz, Mirkoantonio Casolino, H. Yamaguchi, U. De Sanctis, Ralph Schaefer, Nektarios Benekos, Roman Lysak, Marcello Fanti, Wainer Vandelli, Petar Kevin Rados, H. Przysiezniak, Tomas Blazek, V. M. Malyshev, A. G. Olchevski, Markus Schumacher, Markus Cristinziani, Wolfgang Liebig, Roberto Ferrari, Elizaveta Shabalina, Veljko Radeka, Douglas Gingrich, Rajivalochan Subramaniam, A. Vogel, Ben Waugh, Timothy Andeen, E. Petit, Andrey Minaenko, Andrey Soukharev, Valentina Tudorache, S. F. Brazzale, A. Gomes, V. Boisvert, W. G. Scott, Daniel Büscher, Kevin Varvell, Lei Zhang, J. A. Parsons, Stefan Koperny, Julie Kirk, Craig Sawyer, Susanne Kersten, Sebastian Grinstein, Francesco Guescini, P. F. Klok, Nan Lu, Federico Sforza, Graham Cree, James Dassoulas, Helio Takai, D. Fortin, David Olivier Jamin, Benjamin Kaplan, Jingbo Ye, Ph. Schwegler, Manuella Vincter, Zhili Weng, Yoichi Ninomiya, Lidia Smirnova, Laurent Chevalier, Tetiana Hryn'ova, Marc Weber, Libor Nozka, Yurii Kurochkin, Andrew Chegwidden, J-F. Arguin, Katsuya Yamauchi, Kyle Cranmer, Claudio Ferretti, David Ren-Hwa Yu, A. Tavares Delgado, Lucio Cerrito, B. G. Fulsom, P. Grafström, John Hobbs, Elisabetta Vilucchi, Brian Edward Lindquist, C. Pizio, Jianming Qian, H. F-W. Sadrozinski, Kerstin Jon-And, K. Mahboubi, Kiyotomo Kawagoe, S. Ferrag, Scarlet Norberg, E. V. Bouhova-Thacker, Jason Tam, Wolfgang Mader, A. J. Lowe, Ivana Hristova, J. Z. Will, Gabriel Facini, Francesco Nuti, A. Boveia, Laurence Anthony Spiller, Davide Costanzo, J-P. Meyer, M. Crispin Ortuzar, Yoshikazu Nagai, Raimund Ströhmer, Martina Pagáčová, Alessandra Doria, Haleh Khani Hadavand, Martin Hoeferkamp, Cecile Lapoire, Dmitriy Maximov, Milos Lokajicek, Mariusz Przybycien, Els Koffeman, N. Soni, Laura Perini, Sabine Elles, Anna Katharina Kopp, S. Timoshenko, Helena Santos, Ricardo Neves, Ioannis Nomidis, Bertrand Laforge, Prolay Mal, Amanda Kruse, Kathrin Becker, Wolfgang Lukas, Sascha Mehlhase, V. Simak, V. Grassi, M. Wright, Michele Pinamonti, Hernan Reisin, S. P. Bieniek, Kazunori Hanagaki, E. Sedykh, Mauro Dell'Orso, L. Lopes, Volker Büscher, D. Amidei, H. L. Tran, Nicholas Adam Styles, Federico Meloni, David Côté, Soeren Prell, Qun Ouyang, Faten Hariri, M. Battistin, Yousuke Kataoka, Vladimir Nikolaenko, E. B. F. G. Knoops, Jaroslav Gunther, Paolo Mastrandrea, R. P. Gandrajula, Hernan Wahlberg, X. Portell Bueso, Andrey Kamenshchikov, Mathieu Aurousseau, B. Spurlock, Christopher Betancourt, Donnchadha Quilty, Claire Alexandra Lee, R. Sandstroem, H. Liao, Claudio Conta, K. H. Yau Wong, Frank Fiedler, Giovanni Maccarrone, Vaclav Vrba, P. M. Manning, Francois Touchard, Matthew King, Frank Paige, Else Lytken, V. Sanchez Martinez, K. E. Johansson, Mark Stockton, Yoichi Ikegami, Adrian Buzatu, E. Dubreuil, Tobias Flick, M. Corradi, Rohin Narayan, L. La Rotonda, A. R. Davison, Jason Nielsen, Mauro Citterio, Liang Guan, J. G. Cogan, Calin Alexa, G. Crosetti, Alessandro Calandri, Masaki Ishitsuka, William Axel Leight, Vincent Croft, Lydia Iconomidou-Fayard, Hugh Philip Skottowe, Vincenzo Cavasinni, I. Lopez Paz, Andrea Ventura, Amanda R. 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Henderson, Christos Leonidopoulos, Bart Butler, G. Marchiori, Alexander Khanov, Alexander Lincoln Read, E. A. Fitzgerald, M. J. Shochet, Alexandre Rozanov, Claudio Santoni, María José Costa, Pavel Shatalov, Jochen Dingfelder, Alex Kastanas, Alaettin Serhan Mete, Francesco Conventi, Anadi Canepa, David Calvet, Bruce Schumm, Jiri Dolejsi, Alastair Dewhurst, Heinz Pernegger, Kilian Rosbach, C. A. Solans, Alexander Oh, A. Manousakis-Katsikakis, Wim Lavrijsen, P. K. Teng, Stefano Zambito, Federico Scutti, Hisaya Kurashige, H. Laier, João Carvalho, Andre Zibell, Clare Bernard, Zhen Yan, Rodney Walker, Eric Feng, Veysi Erkcan Ozcan, Alberto Mengarelli, P. D. Thompson, Jonathan Long, J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa, L. Aperio Bella, Josh Mcfayden, Andrew Pilkington, Vitaliano Chiarella, Bobby Samir Acharya, H. A. Neal, Feng Lu, Brokk Toggerson, I. Chalupkova, Guillaume Unal, J. T. Linnemann, A. Artamonov, Charles Leggett, Evgeny Starchenko, R. R. Debbe, Yuji Yamazaki, G. Cattani, Hiroshi Takeda, Alexander Undrus, Smita Darmora, Leonardo Paolo Rossi, Marzio Nessi, Ozan Arslan, Jeremy Love, Tatsuya Masubuchi, Oliver Keith Baker, Kendall Reeves, Jalal Abdallah, M. A. Wildt, M. Agustoni, Pavel Staroba, Michael Pitt, Sarah Demers, Stefan Wolf Weber, Wayne Allen Cribbs, Heiko Lacker, Alberto Annovi, Vincenzo Izzo, R. K. Keeler, Kostantinos Kordas, Steffen Schaepe, Antonio Miucci, Mark Neubauer, Takahiko Kondo, Christopher John Young, D. De Pedis, V. Rossetti, Iwona Grabowska-Bold, Francesco Crescioli, Cecile Deterre, John Alison, Sara Valentinetti, R. Caminal Armadans, Rie Kurumida, Ladislav Chytka, T. Lari, J. A. Benitez Garcia, S. Caughron, Christine Kourkoumelis, S. Borroni, Arnulf Quadt, Jiangyong Jia, Kevin Kroeninger, Ho Ling Li, Arturo Sanchez, Jun Su, Rolf Seuster, J. A. Klinger, T. Kohriki, A. Antonov, M. Medinnis, Benjamin Weinert, Helen Hayward, Vasiliki A Mitsou, Takashi Yamanaka, P. M. Watkins, J. Groth-Jensen, D. Vladoiu, G. Eigen, Dmitri Sidorov, T. Schwindt, F. Safai Tehrani, Gavin Grant Hesketh, M. L. Chu, Yorihito Sugaya, Jed Biesiada, Simon George, R. Herrberg-Schubert, S. Abdel Khalek, C. Sandoval, Pedro Jorge, Gvantsa Mchedlidze, Sarah Heim, Sami Kama, Mauro Iodice, S. V. Mouraviev, T. T. Boek, D. Hall, S. Yu. Smirnov, Makoto Hasegawa, P. Gauzzi, Alexander Sood, Emilio Petrolo, Shan Jin, Marek Palka, F. K. Loebinger, Jesse Ernst, Ivor Fleck, Florian Bauer, Shota Tsiskaridze, Patrick Czodrowski, Lorenzo Feligioni, Joleen Pater, Edoardo Gorini, R. Cantrill, Vladimir Tikhomirov, Ioulian Budagov, Makoto Tomoto, David H. Adams, C. Schwanenberger, Dai Kobayashi, Irinel Caprini, Harvey Jonathan Maddocks, Ruggero Turra, Chris Hays, Maia Mosidze, D. della Volpe, Juan Pedro Araque, M. Lehmacher, Eric Torrence, Eduard Kladiva, Guido Gagliardi, A. Farilla, Tord Ekelof, Monica Verducci, D. H. Saxon, K. Leonhardt, Wade Cameron Fisher, Peter Bussey, Y. Unno, Lj Simic, C. Hengler, Vadim Bednyakov, M. Yamada, Ryuichi Takashima, Andreas Alexander Maier, Marcello Bindi, F. Gianotti, S. Albrand, Petr Tas, S. H. Oh, Lars Bugge, Alan Poppleton, Stefano Veneziano, M. P. Giordani, Ricardo Abreu, Harinder Singh Bawa, Adriana Milic, F. M. Giorgi, Marilyn Marx, Anna Usanova, S. P. Mc Kee, O. Davignon, Reisaburo Tanaka, Livio Mapelli, Guido Volpi, B. Dechenaux, Luc Goossens, Stefanos Leontsinis, Bianca Osculati, Harald Fox, R. Van Der Leeuw, L. Yao, L. L. Ma, Lashkar Kashif, John Taylor Childers, J. R. Bensinger, Guillaume Lefebvre, Sophio Pataraia, I. Santoyo Castillo, B. Abi, Vassili Kazanin, Edisher Tskhadadze, Veronica Sorin, J. S. Brown, Aaron Bundock, Ryota Yakabe, Stefano Giagu, K. Liu, M. Cano Bret, Filipe Veloso, Nenad Vranjes, T. Bain, Jan Jongmanns, Alexander Mann, Yang Qin, Mariagrazia Alviggi, C. Pahl, Johann Collot, F. Rauscher, P. Skubic, Dominik Derendarz, J. Backus Mayes, Robert Blair, Alexander Naip Tuna, Claudia Giuliani, Simon Henry Connell, Moritz Kretz, D. Gillberg, S. Mitsui, Rupert Leitner, Efstathios Paganis, Maurizio Piccinini, Edward Diehl, Petr Hamal, Konstantinos Nikolopoulos, Marta Losada, Steven Robertson, Thijs Cornelissen, B. Nicquevert, Marcel Michael Stanitzki, Junji Tojo, Y. C. Zhu, Stefan Tapprogge, Mario Lassnig, Cheng Chen, K. K. Temming, A. Di Ciaccio, Voica Radescu, Driss Goujdami, Giulio Usai, Marco Filipuzzi, Kristin Lohwasser, L. S. Gomez Fajardo, S. Stern, Giovanna Cottin, Giora Mikenberg, G. Sedov, Thomas Ravenscroft, Stephen Cole, Mengqing Wu, Moritz Backes, Mohammed Kaci, Gia Khoriauli, Sofia Chouridou, Armen Vartapetian, Matthew Relich, Marcello Barisonzi, Sebastian Mergelmeyer, Uta Klein, Maria Smizanska, Gabriella Pasztor, Bing Li, Michel Raymond, T. A. Dietzsch, Roberto Spighi, Sylvain Tisserant, Wolfgang Walkowiak, Leonardo Merola, A. Hasib, Siarhei Harkusha, Philipp Stolte, K. Nakamura, Dmitri Tsybychev, R. L. McCarthy, Katsumasa Ikematsu, L. Di Ciaccio, M. Moreno Llácer, Thomas LeCompte, Olivier Simard, Pavol Federic, Carlos Escobar, Metin Arik, E. Tiouchichine, H. Martinez, H. Merritt, Ewan Hill, Norbert Wermes, A. S. Thompson, Bakul Gaur, Vadim Gratchev, S. Nektarijevic, Elisabetta Pianori, Andrey Kiryunin, Peter Nemethy, Simona Rolli, B. Brelier, Toshi Sumida, Xuai Zhuang, Samira Hassani, C. Da Via, J. Schwindling, Axel König, Gregor Kasieczka, J. Llorente Merino, Stefanie Adomeit, Ole Røhne, Adi Ashkenazi, Frank Siegert, Judith Katzy, P. P. Allport, Daniel Blackburn, J. A. Murillo Quijada, J. B. Blanchard, Ikuo Ueda, D. M. Strom, K. Amako, Yaquan Fang, Patrick Rieck, Kirill Prokofiev, Kristian Gregersen, G. Zevi della Porta, M. Hauschild, G. Mc Goldrick, Frederic Deliot, W. Ehrenfeld, Camilla Rangel-Smith, J. Bohm, Andre Sopczak, Tancredi Carli, Roberto Cardarelli, V. Kral, Beatrice Mandelli, Viacheslav Rud, N. van Eldik, Ask Emil Loevschall-Jensen, Bruno Galhardo, A. Koutsman, Manuel Proissl, C. Bohm, Tomoe Kishimoto, David Rousseau, S. Kohlmann, Serban Protopopescu, Igor Boyko, Samuel Burton King, D. Paredes Hernandez, G. T. Jones, E. von Toerne, G. Lenzen, Peter Jenni, Brian Cole, K. M. Mercurio, Yona Oren, Andrei Salnikov, Thomas Kittelmann, Craig Wiglesworth, Andy Haas, R. F. Y. Peters, Attilio Picazio, Thorsten Wengler, Matthias Klein, Claudia Bertella, Julian Bouffard, Tomas Sykora, Valery Schegelsky, F. Garberson, Alexey Talyshev, R. Giordano, Vladimir Cindro, Pierre-Hugues Beauchemin, Aaron James Armbruster, R. P. Thun, B. A. Long, Giuseppe Iacobucci, Timon Heim, Thomas Koffas, Christian Gumpert, Benjamin Trocmé, J. Bronner, Aliaksandr Pranko, V. Perez Reale, Bogdan Malaescu, C. M. Cuciuc, Michael Begel, G. Sellers, Minoru Hirose, Zara Jane Grout, P. Chang, Viktor Kramarenko, P. Bernat, E. Gornicki, J. Coggeshall, Michael Dührssen, Troels Petersen, Yahya Tayalati, B. Åsman, Oldrich Kepka, Emilio Higón-Rodriguez, Alessandra Baas, Armin Michael Nairz, K. Mueller, Z. Kohout, Camilla Maiani, Nikolaos Rompotis, Simon Feigl, Antoine Marzin, Hasko Stenzel, Gen Kawamura, Enrico Pasqualucci, R. Ishmukhametov, Anna Sfyrla, F. Lo Sterzo, Nikolai Sinev, Robert Hickling, Krisztian Peters, J. Ernwein, Ayda Beddall, Daniel Dobos, Wolfgang Wagner, P. S. Wells, Brendan Joseph O'Brien, Lion Alio, Andrej Gorišek, M. A. Pleier, Craig Blocker, Stephen Swedish, Florian Kiss, Jean-Francois Marchand, Sergey Karpov, Gregor Herten, Terry Richard Wyatt, A. T. Watson, Frank Filthaut, Anne-Isabelle Etienvre, Nurcan Ozturk, Simon Viel, Christian Meineck, Haiping Peng, Pavel Reznicek, Mark Levy, S. A. Olivares Pino, Marija Marjanovic, Chiara Meroni, M. P. J. Landon, Bruce Yabsley, Fangzhou Zhang, Claus Gössling, Benedetto Gorini, Patrick Puzo, Erich Varnes, Li Yuan, Elzbieta Banas, Marko Mikuž, Peter Kluit, J. E. Pilcher, Matteo Cavalli-Sforza, Alevtina Shmeleva, Davide Caforio, David Lynn, Alessandra Forti, Xiangyang Ju, Rosemarie Aben, M. Bomben, R. J. Sobie, Serhat Istin, Michaela Queitsch-Maitland, Joost Vossebeld, Fabrizio Petrucci, J. Van Nieuwkoop, V. Bartsch, Nils Krumnack, Rachel Rosten, R. Madar, Pa. Malecki, Claude Leroy, P. Weigell, J. Koll, Claire Malone, J. D. Hansen, Fairouz Malek, Jens Janssen, Ingo Burmeister, Borut Paul Kerševan, Holger Schulz, Maddalena Giulini, Andre Schoening, C. Oropeza Barrera, Sigve Haug, Joern Grosse-Knetter, Sergio Grancagnolo, Miriam Watson, A. T. H. Arce, Mikhail Karnevskiy, M. J. Oreglia, T. Vu Anh, Shigeru Odaka, H. von Radziewski, C. Dionisi, C. T. Potter, Uli Schäfer, Michael Solar, Are Strandlie, J. Albert, Andrew Brandt, Fernando Marroquim, Frank Seifert, Li Zhou, M. Heller, Jan Godlewski, Umar Gul, Mariya Shiyakova, Danilo Giugni, Otmar Biebel, S. I. Buda, Sebastian Nowak, Juan Fuster, Gerjan Bobbink, Ana Ovcharova, Marisilvia Donadelli, William Robert Spearman, Dugan O'Neil, Emmanuel Monnier, L. R. Flores Castillo, Duong Hai Nguyen, Kathy Pommès, Mark Owen, Andrew Christopher Daniells, Alexander Paramonov, Wataru Okamura, Nuno Filipe Castro, Mykhailo Lisovyi, C. Rudolph, Arnaud Ferrari, Dan Pantea, Andrew Straiton Hard, Ljiljana Morvaj, Soshi Tsuno, T. Kawamoto, Sara Strandberg, Hartger Weits, Tracey Berry, Alessandro Manfredini, Marco Aurelio Diaz, M. Uhlenbrock, Tim Martin, Ossama AbouZeid, D. Lissauer, O. Rosenthal, A. La Rosa, P. Sinervo, Edmund Dawe, Alexandra Tudorache, Peter Onyisi, E. Perez Codina, Alexander Zaitsev, S. Mahmoud, Liaoshan Shi, J. Dubbert, Jean-Francois Grivaz, Stefan Gadatsch, P. de Jong, Kunihiro Nagano, T. Del Prete, John Rutherfoord, Xiaohu Sun, Diane Cinca, Cecilia Taccini, T. J. Neep, Reiner Klingenberg, Helmut Wolters, Johanna Gramling, Nikola Makovec, Andreas Redelbach, Farid Ould-Saada, Douglas Schaefer, Alex Martyniuk, A. Chilingarov, Marie-Hélène Genest, Matteo Franchini, D. T. Pignotti, Shu Li, Vincent Giangiobbe, D. Puddu, R. M. Barnett, D. E. Ferreira de Lima, J. S. Keller, Xuan Zhang, T. Dohmae, Joseph Rothberg, Pascal Daniel Nef, Florian Alfred Teischinger, Antonio Zoccoli, John Hill, M. Rammensee, Jahred Adelman, Alain Bellerive, Sooraj Krishnan Radhakrishnan, Anna Lipniacka, Christian Ohm, Michael David Beattie, Kalliopi Iordanidou, Gregor Kramberger, Christina Potter, Peter Steinberg, Anatoli Romaniouk, Horst Severini, Nika Valencic, Stephen Jacob Sekula, Susumu Terada, Vladimir Smakhtin, Andreas Kugel, Geoffrey Gilles, F. Khalil-zada, Gabriel Alexandru Popeneciu, Marcel Vos, Alessandra Ciocio, Andrew Washbrook, C. Friedrich, Hubert Kroha, Hong Ma, Cheng Guang Zhu, Caleb Lampen, Giuseppe Costa, Vincent Garonne, Sandro Palestini, E. Torró Pastor, S. N. White, Liang Li, M. I. Gostkin, G. Rahal, Benjamin Cerio, Alessio Venturini, Pamela Ferrari, Sw. Banerjee, Zvi Hirsh Citron, Leonid Gladilin, Lawrence Nodulman, Deepak Kar, A. Polini, Nikolina Ilic, Stefania Xella, Fr Pastore, Jeanette Lorenz, David Milstead, Jia Jian Teoh, Ahmed Bassalat, Jemal Khubua, Peter Wienemann, Stephen Watts, J. R. Batley, and Matthias Wittgen

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Atlas detector, Multiplicity (mathematics), 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, Azimuth, Pseudorapidity, Harmonics, 0103 physical sciences, Transverse momentum, Angular dependence, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics
Abstract

Measurements of two-particle correlation functions and the first five azimuthal harmonics, v(1) to v(5), are presented, using 28 nb(-1) of p + Pb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of root s(NN) = 5.02 TeV measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Significant long-range "ridgelike" correlations are observed for pairs with small relative azimuthal angle (|Delta phi| 2 pi/3) over the transverse momentum range 0.4 4 GeV. The v(2)(p(T)), v(3)(p(T)), and v(4)(p(T)) are compared to the v(n) coefficients in Pb + Pb collisions at root s(NN) = 2.76 TeV with similar event multiplicities. Reasonable agreement is observed after accounting for the difference in the average p(T) of particles produced in the two collision systems.

Published
2014

23. Geant4 based simulations for novel neutron detector development

Author

Richard Hall-Wilton, Mirko Boin, Karl Zeitelhack, I. Stefanescu, Thomas Kittelmann, and Kalliopi Kanaki

Subjects
History, Object-oriented programming, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Computer science, Detector, FOS: Physical sciences, Bragg's law, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph), Neutron scattering, Python (programming language), File format, Neutron temperature, Computer Science Applications, Education, Computational science, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Neutron detection, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), computer, Nuclear Experiment, Physics - Computational Physics, computer.programming_language
Abstract

A Geant4-based Python/C++ simulation and coding framework, which has been developed and used in order to aid the R&D efforts for thermal neutron detectors at neutron scattering facilities, is described. Built upon configurable geometry and generator modules, it integrates a general purpose object oriented output file format with meta-data, developed in order to facilitate a faster turn-around time when setting up and analysing simulations. Also discussed are the extensions to Geant4 which have been implemented in order to include the effects of low-energy phenomena such as Bragg diffraction in the polycrystalline support materials of the detector. Finally, an example application of the framework is briefly shown., Proceedings for the 20th International Conference on Computing in High Energy and Nuclear Physics (CHEP)

Published
2013

24. Preliminary assessment of Geant4 HP models and cross section libraries by reactor criticality benchmark calculations

Author

E. B. Klinkby, Thomas Kittelmann, Bjrn C. Hauback, Xiao Xiao Cai, Richard Hall-Wilton, Kalliopi Kanaki, Sverre Hval, Isabel Llamas-Jansa, and Steven Mullet

Subjects
Heavy water, Nuclear physics, chemistry.chemical_compound, Cross section (physics), Materials science, chemistry, Criticality, Uranium dioxide, Neutron cross section, Neutron, Zirconium hydride, Transuranium element
Abstract

Geant4 [1] is an open source general purpose simulation toolkit for particle transportation in matter. Since the extension of the thermal scattering model in Geant4.9.5 and the availability of the IAEA HP model cross section libraries, it is now possible to extend the application area of Geant4 to reactor modelling. Before version 9.5, Geant4 HP thermal scattering model (i.e. the S(α; β) model ) supports only three bounded isotopes, namely, H in water and polyethylene, and C in graphite. Newly supported materials include D in heavy water, O and Be in beryllium oxide, H and Zr in zirconium hydride, U and O in uranium dioxide, Al metal, Be metal, and Fe metal. The native HP cross section library G4NDL does not include data for elements with atomic number larger than 92. Therefore, transuranic elements, which have impacts for a realistic reactor, can not be simulated by the combination of the HP models and the G4NDL library. However, cross sections of those missing isotopes were made available recently through the IAEA project “new evaluated neutron cross section libraries for Geant4” [2].

Published
2013

25. An alternative small angle neutron scattering detector

Author

Jens Birch, Andrew Jackson, Thomas Kittelmann, Scott Kolya, F. Piscitelli, Carina Höglund, Lars Hultman, Oliver Kirstein, Richard Hall-Wilton, and Kalliopi Kanaki

Subjects
Physics, Optics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Scattering, business.industry, Monte Carlo method, Detector, Neutron detection, Neutron, Spallation, Neutron scattering, business, Small-angle neutron scattering
Abstract

An alternative detector design for Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) applications is currently under development at the European Spallation Source (ESS). Given the unavailability and high price of 3He, this detector design utilizes gaseous detectors with 10B as neutron converter and is ideally suited for a SANS instrument at the ESS. The novel aspects of the geometry, exploiting the properties of the converting material, in combination with the performance of the detector are addressed by means of analytical calculations, as well as detailed Monte Carlo simulations using a customized version of Geant4. Last but not least, the progress on the conceptual prototype design is presented.

Published
2013

27. Detectors for the European Spallation Source

Author

Thomas Kittelmann, Oliver Kirstein, Richard Hall-Wilton, Julius Scherzinger, Carina Höglund, Kalliopi Kanaki, Björn Nilsson, Anton Khaplanov, and Mewlude Imam

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear physics, Exploit, Suite, Detector, Systems engineering, Neutron detection, Neutron source, Timeline, Spallation, Technical design
Abstract

The European Spallation Source (ESS) in Lund, Sweden will become the world's leading neutron source for the study of materials by 2025. First neutrons will be produced in 2019. It will be a long pulse source, with an average beam power of 5 MW delivered to the target station. The pulse length will be 2.86 ms and the repetition rate 14 Hz. The ESS is presently in a design update phase, which ends in February 2013 with a Technical Design Report (TDR). Construction will subsequently start with the goal of bringing the first seven instruments into operation in 2019 at the same time as the source. The full baseline suite of 22 instruments will be brought online by 2025. These instruments present numerous challenges for detector technology in the absence of the availability of Helium-3, which is the default choice for detectors for instruments built until today. Additionally a new generation of source requires a new generation of detector technologies to fully exploit the opportunities that this source provides. This contribution presents briefly the current status of the ESS, and outlines the timeline to completion. The number of instruments and the framework for the decisions on which instruments should be built are shown. For a conjectured full instrument suite, which has been chosen for demonstration purposes for the TDR, a snapshot of the current expected detector requirements is presented. An outline as to how some of these requirements might be tackled is shown. Given that the delivery of the ESS TDR is only a few months away, this contribution reflects strongly the content of the TDR.

Published
2012

28. High energy particle background at neutron spallation sources and possible solutions

Author

Richard Hall-Wilton, Kenneth W. Herwig, Uwe Filges, Phillip M. Bentley, Kalliopi Kanaki, Robert Connatser, Thomas Kittelmann, Nataliia Cherkashyna, Georg Ehlers, Pascale P. Deen, J. Carpenter, and G. Greene

Subjects
Physics, History, High energy particle, Proton, Neutron scattering, Computer Science Applications, Education, Nuclear physics, Physical Sciences, Electromagnetic shielding, Fysik, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Neutron detection, Neutron source, Spallation, Neutron, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

Modern spallation neutron sources are driven by proton beams ∼ GeV energies. Whereas low energy particle background shielding is well understood for reactors sources of neutrons (∼20 MeV), for high energies (100s MeV to multiple GeV) there is potential to improve shielding solutions and reduce instrument backgrounds significantly. We present initial measured data on high energy particle backgrounds, which illustrate the results of particle showers caused by high energy particles from spallation neutron sources. We use detailed physics models of different materials to identify new shielding solutions for such neutron sources, including laminated layers of multiple materials. In addition to the steel and concrete, which are used traditionally, we introduce some other options that are new to the neutron scattering community, among which there are copper alloys as used in hadronic calorimeters in high energy physics laboratories. These concepts have very attractive energy absorption characteristics, and simulations predict that the background suppression could be improved by one or two orders of magnitude. These solutions are expected to be great benefit to the European Spallation Source, where the majority of instruments are potentially affected by high energy backgrounds, as well as to existing spallation sources. Export Date: 16 October 2014

Published
2014

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