Search

Building upon the evidence discussed in Lynch 2022a and 2022b, this article offers the first account of the historical evolution and use of the Greek notation keys (tónoi) that bridges the gap between the Hellenistic and Imperial harmonic systems. More specifically, this article sheds light on the metamorphosis that turned the Classical Dorian-based harmonic system into the ‘Lydian’ system employed in Imperial Greek scores. In contrast with previous scholarship, the new picture offered in this article reconciles key theoretical insights provided by Ptolemy, Porphyry and other theoretical sources with documentary evidence that illustrates the structure of the Imperial harmonic system and its use in the Imperial musical documents (dDAGM). The new solution offered in this article entails a shift of a mere semitone between the tonal centre of the Classical harmonic system (DorianmésēF3) and its counterpart in the Imperial harmonic system (HypolydianmésēE3, which corresponded to the Classical modeLydistí). §§2–3 of the article show how this small shift in pitch had wide-ranging theoretical implications that affected the organisation of the Imperial harmonic system as a whole, as it undermined the central role that fourths had in the Classical system and introduced the new system described by Porphyry, which is based on a structural fifth. §4 shows how this new solution allows us to reconstruct, for the first time, a continuous, if evolving, tradition that stretches from Euripides’Orestesto late antiquity. SELECTBIBLIOGRAPHY Barker, A. (1989).Greek Musical Writings 2.Cambridge: CUP. Barker, A. (2007).The Science of Harmonics in Classical Greece.Cambridge: CUP. Barker, A. (2020). ‘Harmonics’ in Lynch, T. A.C. and Rocconi, E. (eds)A Companion to ancient Greek and Roman Music, Malden: Blackwell, 257–274. DAGM =Pöhlmann, E. and West, M.L. (2001).Documents of Ancient Greek Music: The Extant Melodies and Fragments. Oxford. dDAGM =Lynch, T.A.C. (2021).Database ‘Documents of Ancient Greek Music’.https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5181743 Hagel, S. (2010).Ancient Greek Music – A New Technical History.Cambridge Lynch, T. (2018). ‘ “Without Timotheus, much of ourmelopoiiawould not exist; but without Phrynis, there wouldn’t have been Timotheus”: Pherecrates’ twelve strings, thestrobilosand the harmonicparanomiaof the New Music’,Greek and Roman Musical Studies6.2, 290–327. Lynch, T. A.C. (2020). ‘Tuning the Lyre, Tuning the Soul:Harmoníaand thekośmosof the Soul in Plato’sRepublicandTimaeus’,Greek and Roman Musical Studies8.1, 111–55. Lynch, T . A.C. (2022a). ‘Unlocking the Riddles of Classical Greek Melodies I: Dorian Keys to the Harmonic Revolution of the New Music and the Hellenistic Musical Documents’Greek and Roman Musical Studies10.2 [preprint:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5266960] Lynch, T. A.C. (2022b). ‘Unlocking the Riddles of Classical Greek Melodies II: the Revolution of the New Music in the Ashmolean Papyri (DAGM5–6) and Athenaeus’Paean(DAGM20)’,Greek and Roman Musical Studies10.2. [preprint:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267084]. Martinelli, M.C. (2020). ‘Documenting Music’, in Lynch, T. A.C. and Rocconi, E. (eds)A Companion to ancient Greek and Roman Music, Malden: Blackwell, 103–115. West, M.L. (1994).Ancient Greek Music. Oxford: OUP.

Hypatia, M.S. 370(?) yılında İskenderiye'de doğmuştur. İlk kadın matematikçidir. Aynı zamanda astronom ve filozoftur. İskenderiye'de yaşadığı dönemde en eğitimli kişi ve aynı zamanda matematikçi olan Theon'un kızıdır. Hypatia eğitimini tamamlamak için Atina'ya giderek Platonculuk okulundan dersler almıştır. Eğitimini tamamlayıp İskenderiye'ye dönerek üniversitede matematik ve astronomi üzerine dersler vermeye başlamıştır. Hypatia'nın öğrencileri arasında İskenderiye Valisi Orestes de bulunmaktadır ve Hypatia ile Orestes yakın arkadaştır. Orestes, Hypatia'ya bilimsel konularda danışmaktadır. Hypatia, Ptolemy'nin Almagest adlı eseri üzerine bir derleme, Diophantus'un Arithmetica, Apollonius'un Konikler eseri üzerine yorumlamalarda ve katkılarda bulunmuştur. Cyril'in İskenderiye başpiskoposu olmasıyla birlikte İskenderiye'de Hristiyan paganlar toplumda baskın konuma gelmişlerdir. Bu durumu kullanmak isteyen Cyril, dini gücünü siyasi güçle birleştirmek istemiş ve Orestes'in yerini almak istemiştir. Orestes'in buna şiddetle karşı çıkmasının arkasında ise tüm dinlere bilmesine rağmen herhangi bir dine mensup olmayan ve Orestes'in de yakın arkadaşı olan Hypatia'yı sorumlu olarak görmüştür. Cyril halkı Hypati'ya karşı kışkırtmaya başlamıştır. Halkın galeyana gelmesiyle Hypatia, Hristiyan paganlar tarafından taşlanarak linç edilmiştir. Eserleri ise İskenderiye kütüphanesinde çıkan yangında yok olmuştur. Bu sebeple günümüze kadar ulaşan eseri bulunmamaktadır. Hypatia'nın bilim uğruna kurban edilmesi pek çok sanatçıya ilham kaynağı olmuştur. Adına şiirler yazılmış, linç edilme anı resmedilmiş ve 2009 yılında Hypatia'nın hayatını konu alan "Agora" isimli bir film yapılmıştır. Hypatia verimli sayılabilecek yaşta katledilmeseydi hem bilime daha fazla katkısı olabilecekti hem de eserlerinin günümüze ulaşması ve böylece bilimin ilerlemesi daha kolay sağlanabilecekti Hypatia was born in A.C. 370(?) in Alexandria. She is the first woman mathematician. She is also astronomer and philoshopher. She is the daughter of Theon who is the most educated man in Alexndria during his life. Hypatia has lessons on Platonism in Athens. She goes back to Alexandria after she completed her education and teaches maths and astronomy in Alexandria. One of her students is Orestes who is the governer of Alexandria. Orestes and Hypatia are close friends. Orestes consults to Hypatia about scientific works. Hypatia takes a compilation onPtolemy’s Almagest. She also makes contribution on Diophantus’s Arithmetica and Apollonius’s Conics. With the result of Cyril’s being bishop Christian pagans are dominated on society. Cyril wants to power of goverment with the religious authority but Orestes does not. Cyril thinks that Hypatia conducts Orestes. Even though Hypatia knows every religion, she has no religion. Cyril provocates people about Hypatia so that people lynch Hypatia with stones. Her pieces are destroyed on the fire in Alexandria. Hypatia influences artists. Poets are written about Hypatia. Paintings are painted. The film is made about Hypatia’s life “Agora” in 2009. If Hypatia had not been killed on her fruitful age, she would have made contribution to science and science would have made progress easily

« Theon of Samos and the art of painting in music ». The painter Theon of Samos wanted to get through the sound of the trumpet when he unveiled his painting of a hoplite combat. This use of music is to be compared with the characteristics of the painter''s art as in the ancient sources (Quintilian, Pliny, Ælian) : the enargeia and phantasia. It is not impossible that Theon was also inspired by the theatrical devices, especially by the sound of trumpet that came from the skene. As a matter of fact, this painting of Theon is closer to the «painting of battle» by artists of the entourage of Alexander and his immediate successors, whose purpose is to magnify the andreia of rulers., Le peintre Théon de Samos avait fait jouer un rôle au son de la trompette lors du dévoilement de son tableau représentant un hoplite au combat. Cette utilisation de la musique est à mettre en rapport avec les caractéristiques de l’art du peintre selon les sources anciennes (Quintilien, Pline, Élien) : l’enargeia et la phantasia. Théon pourrait aussi s’inspirer des procédés théâtraux, notamment de la sonnerie de trompette venant de la skénè. Par ailleurs, le type de peinture que réalise Théon doit être rapproché de la «peinture de bataille » pratiquée par les artistes de l’entourage d’Alexandre et de ses successeurs immédiats dont le but est de magnifier l’andreia des souverains., Robert Renaud. Théon de Samos et la peinture en musique. In: Les sons du pouvoir dans les mondes anciens. Actes du colloque international de l’Université de La Rochelle 25-27 novembre 2010. Besançon : Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité, 2012. pp. 245-262. (Collection « ISTA », 1244)