340 results on '"Talmadge, M."'
Search Results
2. Syngas Upgrading to Hydrocarbon Fuels Technology Pathway
- Author
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Talmadge, M., primary, Biddy, Mary J., additional, Dutta, Abhijit, additional, Jones, Susanne B., additional, and Meyer, Pimphan A., additional
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Process Design and Economics for Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol: Thermochemical Pathway by Indirect Gasification and Mixed Alcohol Synthesis
- Author
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Dutta, A, primary, Talmadge, M, additional, Hensley, J, additional, Worley, M, additional, Dudgeon, D, additional, Barton, D, additional, Groendijk, P, additional, Ferrari, D, additional, Stears, B, additional, Searcy, E M, additional, Wright, C T, additional, and Hess, J R, additional
- Published
- 2011
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4. Process Design and Economics for Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol
- Author
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Dutta, A., primary, Talmadge, M., additional, Hensley, J., additional, Worley, M., additional, Dudgeon, D., additional, Barton, D., additional, Groenendijk, P., additional, Ferrari, D., additional, Stears, B., additional, Searcy, E. M., additional, Wright, C. T., additional, and Hess, J. R., additional
- Published
- 2011
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5. Direct imaging of anisotropic minority-carrier diffusion in ordered GaInP.
- Author
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Haegel, N. M., Mills, T. J., Talmadge, M., Scandrett, C., Frenzen, C. L., Yoon, H., Fetzer, C. M., and King, R. R.
- Subjects
SCANNING electron microscopes ,HETEROSTRUCTURES ,ALLOYS ,SOLAR cells ,ANISOTROPY ,PHOSPHORS ,DIFFUSION - Abstract
An all-optical technique has been used to provide the first direct measurement of anisotropic minority-carrier diffusion in an ordered alloy of GaInP. Direct imaging of the minority-carrier diffusion distribution resulting from generation at a quasipoint source is obtained using an optical microscope coupled to a scanning electron microscope. Minority-carrier diffusion lengths ranging from 3 to 60 μm are measured by this technique in double heterostructures of GaInP, GaAs, and GaInAs, providing a key parameter of interest to the performance of state-of-the-art triple junction solar cells. Here we show a direct measurement of anisotropy in minority-carrier mobility in ordered GaInP, which is evident in the oval-shaped distribution of the recombination luminescence. A factor of 1.6 increase in minority electron mobility along the [110] major axis is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
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6. SU‐E‐P‐27: Efficient Process for AccuBoost Planning and Treatment Delivery to Minimize Patient Compression Time
- Author
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Iftimia, I, primary, Talmadge, M, additional, and Halvorsen, P, additional
- Published
- 2015
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7. A simple application of the Newman-Penrose spin coefficient formalism. I
- Author
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Davis, Talmadge M.
- Published
- 1976
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Air Force Nickel Hydrogen Cell Low Earth Orbit Life Test-Update
- Author
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Alonzo Prater, Steve Hall, Carole A. Hill, Harry Brown, Shaun House, Talmadge M Poston, and James M. Matsumoto
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Engineering ,Hydrogen ,business.industry ,Discharge efficiency ,Electrical engineering ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Nickel ,Reliability (semiconductor) ,Low earth orbit ,chemistry ,Service life ,Life test ,Aerospace engineering ,business - Published
- 1992
9. Imaging transport for the determination of minority carrier diffusion length
- Author
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Luber, D. R., primary, Bradley, F. M., additional, Haegel, N. M., additional, Talmadge, M. C., additional, Coleman, M. P., additional, and Boone, T. D., additional
- Published
- 2006
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10. Ghost neutrinos in plane-symmetric spacetimes.
- Author
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Davis, Talmadge M. and Ray, John R.
- Published
- 1975
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Results from Life Test in Progress on Eagle-Picher Nickel Cadmium Cells.
- Author
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Badcock, Charles C., primary, Donley, Samuel W., primary, Hwang, Warren G., primary, Matsumoto, James H., primary, and Poston, Talmadge M., primary
- Published
- 1988
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Traveling for Care: Factors Influencing Health Care Access for Rural Dwellers
- Author
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Horner, Sharon D., primary, Ambrogne, Janet, additional, Coleman, Martha A., additional, Hanson, Charlene, additional, Hodnicki, Donna, additional, Lopez, Sue Ann, additional, and Talmadge, M. Christine, additional
- Published
- 1994
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13. Air Force Nickel Hydrogen Cell Low Earth Orbit Life Test-Update
- Author
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Hill, Carole A., primary, Matsumoto, James M., additional, Poston, Talmadge M., additional, Prater, Alonzo, additional, Brown, Harry, additional, Hall, Steve, additional, and House, Shaun, additional
- Published
- 1992
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- View/download PDF
14. Commissioning and quality assurance for the treatment delivery components of the AccuBoost system.
- Author
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Iftimia I, Talmadge M, Ladd R, and Halvorsen P
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- Computer Simulation, Female, Humans, Iridium Radioisotopes therapeutic use, Mammography, Monte Carlo Method, Particle Accelerators instrumentation, Radiotherapy Dosage, Skin radiation effects, Brachytherapy, Breast Neoplasms diagnostic imaging, Breast Neoplasms radiotherapy, Phantoms, Imaging, Quality Assurance, Health Care, Radiometry instrumentation, Radiotherapy, Image-Guided instrumentation
- Abstract
The objective for this work was to develop a commissioning methodology for the treatment delivery components of the AccuBoost system, as well as to establish a routine quality assurance program and appropriate guidance for clinical use based on the commissioning results. Various tests were developed: 1) assessment of the accuracy of the displayed separation value; 2) validation of the dwell positions within each applicator; 3) assessment of the accuracy and precision of the applicator localization system; 4) assessment of the combined dose profile of two opposed applicators to confirm that they are coaxial; 5) measurement of the absolute dose delivered with each applicator to confirm acceptable agreement with dose based on Monte Carlo modeling; 6) measurements of the skin-to-center dose ratio using optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters; and 7) assessment of the mammopad cushion's effect on the center dose. We found that the difference between the measured and the actual paddle separation is < 0.1 cm for the separation range of 3 cm to 7.5 cm. Radiochromic film measurements demonstrated that the number of dwell positions inside the applicators agree with the values from the vendor, for each applicator type and size. The shift needed for a good applicator-grid alignment was within 0.2 cm. The dry-run test using film demonstrated that the shift of the dosimetric center is within 0.15 cm. Dose measurements in water converted to polystyrene agreed within 5.0% with the Monte Carlo data in polystyrene for the same applicator type, size, and depth. A solid water-to-water (phantom) factor was obtained for each applicator, and all future annual quality assurance tests will be performed in solid water using an average value of 1.07 for the solid water-to-water factor. The skin-to-center dose ratio measurements support the Monte Carlo-based values within 5.0% agreement. For the treatment separation range of 4 cm to 8cm, the change in center dose would be < 1.0% for all applicators when using a compressed pad of 0.2 cm to 0.3 cm. The tests performed ensured that all treatment components of the AccuBoost system are functional and that a treatment plan can be delivered with acceptable accuracy. Based on the commissioning results, a quality assurance manual and guidance documents for clinical use were developed.
- Published
- 2015
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15. Future Prospects of MeOH and EtOH Blending in Gasoline: A Comparative Study on Fossil, Biomass, and Renewable Energy Sources Considering Economic and Environmental Factors.
- Author
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Shi, Xiaofei, Yu, Zihao, Lin, Tangmao, Wu, Sikan, Fu, Yujiang, and Chen, Bo
- Abstract
Alcohol-blended gasoline is recognized as an effective strategy for reducing carbon emissions during combustion and enhancing fuel performance. However, the carbon footprint associated with its production process in refineries deserves equal attention. This study introduces a refinery modeling framework to evaluate the long-term economic and environmental performance of utilizing alcohols derived from fossil, biomass, and carbon capture sources in gasoline blending processes. The proposed framework integrates Extreme Learning Machine-based models for gasoline octane blending, linear programming for optimization, carbon footprint tracking, and future trends in feedstock costs and carbon taxes. The results indicate that gasoline blended with coal-based alcohol currently exhibits the best economic performance, though its carbon footprint ranges from 818.54 to 2072.89 kgCO
2 /t. Gasoline blended with biomass-based alcohol leads to a slight reduction in benefits and an increase in the carbon footprint. Blending gasoline with CCUM (CO2 capture and utilization to methanol) results in the lowest economic performance, with a gross margin of 8.91 CNY/toil at a 30% blending ratio, but achieves a significant 62.4% reduction in the carbon footprint. In long-term scenarios, the additional costs brought by increased carbon taxes result in negative economic performance for coal-based alcohol blending after 2040. However, cost reductions driven by technological maturity lead to biomass-based alcohol and CCUM blending gradually showing economic advantages. Furthermore, owing to the negative carbon emissions characteristic of CCUM, the blending route with CCUM achieves a gross margin of 440.60 CNY/toil and a gasoline carbon footprint of 282.28 kgCO2 /t at a 20% blending ratio by 2050, making it the best route in terms of economic and environmental performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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16. A Study on the Promoting Role of Renewable Hydrogen in the Transformation of Petroleum Refining Pathways.
- Author
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Shi, Xiaofei, Wang, Gang, Wang, Xiaolin, and Chen, Bo
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TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,PRODUCT life cycle assessment ,HYDROGEN production ,CARBON taxes ,LINEAR programming - Abstract
The refining industry is shifting from decarbonization to hydrogenation for processing heavy fractions to reduce pollution and improve efficiency. However, the carbon footprint of hydrogen production presents significant environmental challenges. This study couples refinery linear programming models with life cycle assessment to evaluate, from a long-term perspective, the role of low-carbon hydrogen in promoting sustainable and profitable hydrogenation refining practices. Eight hydrogen-production pathways were examined, including those based on fossil fuels and renewable energy, providing hydrogen for three representative refineries adopting hydrogenation, decarbonization, and co-processing routes. Learning curves were used to predict future hydrogen cost trends. Currently, hydrogenation refineries using fossil fuels benefit from significant cost advantages in hydrogen production, demonstrating optimal economic performance. However, in the long term, with increasing carbon taxes, hydrogenation routes will be affected by the high carbon emissions associated with fossil-based hydrogen, losing economic advantages compared to decarbonization pathways. With increasing installed capacity and technological advancements, low-carbon hydrogen is anticipated to reach cost parity with fossil-based hydrogen before 2060. Coupling renewable hydrogen is expected to yield the most significant economic advantages for hydrogenation refineries in the long term. Renewable hydrogen drives the transition of refining processing routes from a decarbonization-oriented approach to a hydrogenation-oriented paradigm, resulting in cleaner refining processes and enhanced competitiveness under emission-reduction pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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17. A simple application of the Newman-Penrose spin coefficient formalism. I
- Author
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Talmadge M. Davis
- Subjects
Physics ,General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology ,Formalism (philosophy of mathematics) ,Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous) ,General Mathematics ,Elementary particle ,Circular symmetry ,Quantum field theory ,Schwarzschild radius ,Mathematical physics - Abstract
As a simple application of the Newman-Penrose spin coefficient formalism, useful for beginners, we find the vacuum spherical symmetry (Schwarzschild) solution. The calculations also show that all spherically symmetric metrics are Petrov typeD.
- Published
- 1976
18. How Scale Influences the Resilience of Urban Water Systems: A Literature Review of Trade-Offs and Recommendations.
- Author
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Arnaud, Nicole, Poch, Manel, Popartan, Lucia Alexandra, Corominas, Lluis, and Verdaguer, Marta
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MUNICIPAL water supply ,LITERATURE reviews ,URBANIZATION ,WATER management ,WATER levels - Abstract
Climate change severely affects urban water systems (UWSs). Infrastructure historically designed for milder conditions cannot manage growing water demands and extreme events. To obtain a resilient water sector, adaptation and mitigation strategies must address rising water challenges while striving for net-zero emissions. Researchers have noted that extreme decentralization is positively associated with closing cycles while reducing transport costs. However, part of the scientific community defends centralized schemes due to economies of scale. The objective of this systematic review is to understand the trade-offs associated with the adoption of different scales at UWSs design and how this impacts system resilience. This process includes identifying different scale trade-offs and unique environmental aspects that influence the optimal scale suitability. A clear distinction was made in terms of scale concept and classification, considering different design levels. That is, considering the UWS at the city level and water management units (WMUs) at the local level. Similarly, a classification of different scales for each level, covering all water streams—supply, wastewater, and stormwater—was introduced. We defined the key environmental aspects that influence the optimal scale and location suitability: ten at the city-catchment level and eleven at the site-neighbourhood level. Scale impacts three major UWSs functionalities that have repercussions on urban resilience: net energy, net water, and ecosystem services (ES). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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19. Oilfield Brine as a Source of Water and Valuable Raw Materials—Proof of Concept on a Laboratory Scale.
- Author
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Rotko, Grzegorz, Knapik, Ewa, Piotrowski, Marcin, and Marszałek, Marta
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SALINE water conversion ,RAW materials ,SALT ,PROOF of concept ,ION exchange resins ,REVERSE osmosis - Abstract
Oilfield brine is the largest byproduct stream generated during the extraction of crude oil and natural gas and may be considered a resource for the production of potable water and valuable raw materials. The high salinity of such waters limits the application of typical membrane-based techniques. In most oilfields, waste cold energy from the process of the low-temperature separation of natural gas is available and may be used as a source of cold for the freezing desalination (FD) of brine. As a result of the FD process, two streams are obtained: partially desalinated water and concentrated brine. The partially desalinated water may be suitable for non-potable applications or as a feed for membrane desalination. The concentrated brine from the FD could be used as a feed for the recovery of selected chemicals. This paper focuses on verifying the above-described concept of the freezing desalination of oilfield brine on a laboratory scale. The brine from a Polish oilfield located in the Carpathian Foredeep was used as a feed. Four freezing–thawing stages were applied to obtain low-salinity water, which subsequently was treated by reverse osmosis. The obtained permeate meets the criteria recommended for irrigation and livestock watering. The concentrated brine enriched with iodine (48 mg/L) and lithium (14 mg/L) was subjected to recovery tests. Ion exchange resin Diaion NSA100 allowed us to recover 58% of iodine. Lithium recovery using Mn- and Ti-based sorbents varies from 52 to 93%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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20. Techno-Economic Evaluation of Jet Fuel Production via an Alternative Gasification-Driven Biomass-to-Liquid Pathway and Benchmarking with the State-of-the-Art Fischer–Tropsch and Alcohol-to-Jet Concepts.
- Author
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Detsios, Nikolaos, Maragoudaki, Leda, Rebecchi, Stefano, Quataert, Koen, De Winter, Karel, Stathopoulos, Vassilis, Orfanoudakis, Nikolaos G., Grammelis, Panagiotis, and Atsonios, Konstantinos
- Subjects
JET fuel ,DISCOUNTED cash flow ,AIRCRAFT fuels ,SYNTHESIS gas ,PLANT capacity ,CARBON emissions - Abstract
Around 65% of the mitigation needed for the targeted net-zero carbon aviation emissions in 2050 is expected to come from Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs). In this study, an alternative gasification-driven Biomass-to-Liquid (BtL) concept for the production of SAFs is introduced and evaluated. In particular, a fuel synthesis scheme based on the double-stage fermentation of the produced syngas (syngas → acetic acid → TAGs) is assessed instead of the conventional Fischer-Tropsch (FT) or Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) synthesis. The objective of the present work is the techno-economic evaluation of a large-scale (200 MWth) replication of the mentioned BtL concept, whose performance has been simulated in Aspen Plus
TM (V.11) with reasonable upscaling considerations and models validated at a pilot scale. The estimated baseline Total Capital Investment (TCI) of €577 million lies in the typical range of €500–700 million that many recent techno-economic studies adopt for gasification-driven BtL plants of similar capacity, while the estimated annual operating costs of €50 million correspond to a 15–40% OpEx reduction compared to such plants. A discounted cash flow analysis was carried out, and a baseline Minimum Jet Selling Price (MJSP) equal to 1.83 €/L was calculated, while a range of 1.38–2.27 €/L emerged from the sensitivity analysis. This study sets the biological conversion of gasification-derived syngas into triglycerides (TAGs) as a promising alternative route for the production of SAFs. In general, gasification-driven BtL pathways, led by the relatively mature FT and AtJ technologies, are capable of thriving in the coming years based on their capability of advanced feedstock flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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21. Results from Life Test in Progress on Eagle-Picher Nickel Cadmium Cells
- Author
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Warren G Hwang, James H. Matsumoto, Samuel W Donley, Charles C Badcock, and Talmadge M Poston
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Nickel cadmium ,Cadmium ,Overcharge ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Metallurgy ,Discharge efficiency ,Electrical engineering ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Life testing ,Nickel ,chemistry ,Service life ,Life test ,business - Abstract
This report summarizes the results from low-earth-orbit life testing on Eagle Picher nickel cadmium cells of nominal 50 Ah capacity that have been undergoing testing since 1983. As these cells have limited ability to withstand overcharge, a V-T charging scheme was adopted at the outset after careful determination of safe peak charge voltages at the two operating temperatures of 0 and 20 C. Of the original 30 cells put on life cycling under a complex load profile (10 cells each of 0 C/25% maximum depth-of-discharging (DOD), O C/40% maximum DOD, and 20 C/25% maximum DOD), both cell packs at 0 C were discontinued after less than 5000 pack at 20 C has exceeded 15,000 cycles (in May 1987), with no evidence of voltage spreading or other serious decline in performance. The original V-T level selected for this pack has not required adjustment. Keywords: Nickel, Cadmium, Batteries.
- Published
- 1988
22. Development of Environmentally Friendly Fuel Mixtures Based on Tamanu Oil and Pertasol, as Well as Performance Testing on Gasoline Engines.
- Author
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Budianto, Agus, Setyono, Gatot, Sumari, Sumari, Aini, Hana Nur, and Kusdarini, Esthi
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SPARK ignition engines ,ENGINE testing ,CARBON dioxide mitigation ,BASE oils ,VEGETABLE oils - Abstract
Attention to greenhouse gases is carried out by reducing CO2 emissions. Emission reduction is achieved using mixed fuels, primarily derived from plant oils. The pertasol-diethyl ether and tamanu oil (PDETO) fuel mixture were tested using a spark ignition engine. The research objective is to obtain fuel specifications and test engine performance using the resulting fuel. Mixed fuels were created from various compositions with codes ranging from BE0 to BE10. Performance testing was conducted using a 110-cc gasoline engine with specific specifications using mixed fuels and compared to commercial gasoline. The research results indicate that engine torque, power, and MeP are higher when using mixed fuels BE0 - BE10 than retail gasoline. The maximum torque that can be achieved is 8.51 NM at 5000 rpm using BE10 mixed fuel, higher than the maximum torque of commercial gasoline, which is 6.81 NM. The highest full power is generated by BE10 fuel, at 7.75 HP at an engine speed of 7000 rpm. The minimum capacity is produced by BE0 fuel, with a power of 6.78 HP at an engine speed of 7000 rpm. Optimal SFC occurs in the BE0 fuel mixture at 7000 rpm engine speed at 0.25 kg/Hp·h. BE10 thermal efficiency reached 31.8%, which is better than commercial gasoline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Optimization-based analysis of integrated lignocellulosic biorefineries in Spain focusing on building blocks.
- Author
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Rodriguez-Fernandez, Silvia, Díaz, Ismael, González-Miquel, María, González, Emilio J., and Rodriguez, Manuel
- Abstract
Spain, in the framework of the European Green Deal, has set ambitious climate and energy goals for 2030. Lignocellulosic biorefineries can make a strong contribution to these goals; however, advanced biofuels generally cannot be produced in a profitable way compared to fossil and first-generation fuels. To address this problem, the efficient production of a wide range of bioproducts, not only biofuels and bioenergy, may be the solution. Therefore, a systematic evaluation of the near-term economic potential bio-building blocks (xylitol, sorbitol, succinic, glutamic, glucaric, levulinic, lactic, and itaconic acids) is presented. Many possible combinations of feedstock and conversion technologies can be considered feasible pathways to manufacture advanced biofuels and bio-based building blocks. To map the optimal groups of technologies in the framework of Spain's biorefineries, we apply a methodology based on a network optimization approach that combines minimum cost and energy criteria together with feedstock availability and demand constraints. The feedstocks analyzed are pine and eucalyptus residues and olive tree pruning wastes, being three largely available agroforesty residues in Spain. The results show that building blocks show good economic and energy performance compared to advanced transportation biofuels, and although their demand is much lower, they should be considered to improve the profitability of biorefineries. Secondly, advanced gasoline, bioethanol, hydrogen, and building blocks demands can be satisfied with pine, eucalyptus, and olive residues available in Spain. Finally, lactic acid production is profitable, but the remaining routes do not reach the break-even point, suggesting that further research is still needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Current Status and Future Prospects of Air Quality and Management in Petroleum Refineries: A Review.
- Author
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Qarahgouli, Amjed R., Sukkar, Khalid A., and Ali, Alaa M.
- Subjects
AIR quality management ,PETROLEUM refineries ,AIR filters ,PETROLEUM ,PETROLEUM waste - Abstract
The air quality in petroleum refineries is one of the most critical factors in the petroleum refining processes. Several parameters in the air usually have a direct influence on human health and the environment, including poisoning gases, vapors, and particulate matter (PMs). In the present study, the air quality was evaluated in petroleum refineries sites to provide more understanding of the effect of the presence of such polluted materials on the environment and the operator's health in the refinery. It was found that petroleum refineries produce a series of fatal compounds such as sulfur compounds hydrocarbons (gases and vapors), and PM
0.1 , PM2.5 , and PM10 . All these materials have a solid impact on human health. It was found that they used many types of air filters, such as personal masks or central air filtration units reducing the concentration of such polluted material dramatically. Also, the results showed that the used crude oil (API) and sulfur contents are the main two important factors that reflect air quality. The high API crude oil with low sulfur compounds produces low polluted material in the air. Moreover, it was found that the modern refineries that used Euro-5 (eco-friendly design) produced fewer emissions with a cleaner environment in comparison with old versions of the refining design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Neutrinos in cylindrically−symmetric spacetimes
- Author
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Talmadge M. Davis and John R. Ray
- Subjects
Physics ,Physics::General Physics ,Spacetime ,Field (physics) ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,High Energy Physics::Phenomenology ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology ,symbols.namesake ,Theoretical physics ,Classical mechanics ,Exact solutions in general relativity ,Gravitational field ,Dirac equation ,Einstein field equations ,symbols ,High Energy Physics::Experiment ,Tensor ,Neutrino ,Mathematical Physics - Abstract
An exact solution to the Einstein−Dirac equations is presented for a static, cylindrically−symmetric spacetime. The neutrino field is nonzero and corresponds to a neutrino current in the radial direction. The neutrinos yield a zero energy−momentum tensor and therefore the gravitational field is the same as for the vacuum case. The neutrinos in these static cylindrically−symmetric spacetimes can exist only if the spacetimes are locally equivalent to static plane−symmetric spacetimes. This type of ’’ghost neutrino’’ solution is already known to exist in plane−symmetric spacetimes.
- Published
- 1975
26. Neutrinos in cylindrically-symmetric spacetimes.
- Author
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Davis, Talmadge M. and Ray, John R.
- Published
- 1975
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27. A Study on Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Seawater Desalination Systems: Seawater Reverse Osmosis Integrated with Bipolar-Membrane-Enhanced Electro-Dialysis Process.
- Author
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Musharavati, Farayi
- Abstract
A lot of research has been carried out to improve the sustainability of seawater desalination. Despite progress, relatively few studies have analyzed the sustainability of seawater desalination processes integrated on two fronts, i.e., (i) process integration and (ii) energy integration. In addition, life cycle assessment studies on multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination often neglect the impact of the disposed brine by assuming that dilution of the discharged brine impacts on ecological systems less. The present study contributes to these omissions by exploring the environmental sustainability of seawater desalination systems using life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). More specifically, the LCIA of Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) integrated with (i) an Electro-Dialysis (EDBMED) process and (ii) solar photovoltaics (PV) is investigated. Life cycle analysis was used to identify pertinent indicators of the LCIA and their implications in SWRO. The comparative analysis reveals that the advantage of SWRO as compared to other technologies such as MSF is energy efficiency, at estimated levels of 75.0%. The study concludes that despite the technological challenges associated with sustainable desalination and sustainable brine management, integrating renewable energy into seawater desalination can contribute to the sustainability improvements of seawater desalination systems. The findings of this paper provide an initial assessment of the ecological footprints of seawater desalination systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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28. Kinetic laws of dimethyl ether synthesis reaction.
- Author
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Shukurov, Jasur and Fayzullaev, Normurot
- Published
- 2023
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29. Comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of biofuel production via corn stover: fermentation to ethanol, pyrolysis to bio-oil, and gasification to jet fuel.
- Author
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Sun, Haoran, Luo, Zhongyang, Li, Simin, Xue, Shuang, Zhou, Qingguo, Wei, Tingyu, and Du, Liwen
- Abstract
A comprehensive life cycle assessment was conducted on fermentation, pyrolysis, and gasification systems to compare their environmental performance of converting corn stover to biofuels. In addition, the normalization method was applied to compare different environmental impact categories. The differences and similarities in their environmental performance were explored, and the reasons for the differences were discussed. Comparatively, based on 1 GJ biofuel consumed, fermentation performs poorly on almost all environmental impact categories, while the equivalent CO
2 emission of pyrolysis is the highest. Comparing with pyrolysis, the equivalent CO2 emission reductions can be more than 50% for the other systems. There are also similar regularities in the environmental performance of the three systems. The acidification potential is the most arresting impact category. Biofuel production and agriculture are identified as the processes that mainly affect the environment. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis on all 5 impact categories was conducted, demonstrating that biofuel yield is the most sensitive factor to nearly all impact categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
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30. Catalytic pyrolysis as a platform technology for supporting the circular carbon economy.
- Author
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Wrasman, Cody J., Wilson, A. Nolan, Mante, Ofei D., Iisa, Kristiina, Dutta, Abhijit, Talmadge, Michael S., Dayton, David C., Uppili, Sundararajan, Watson, Michael J., Xu, Xiaochun, Griffin, Michael B., Mukarakate, Calvin, Schaidle, Joshua A., and Nimlos, Mark R.
- Published
- 2023
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31. Hydrothermally stable mesoporous aluminosilicates as superior FCC catalyst: From laboratory to refinery.
- Author
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Hong-Tao Liu, Jiu-Jiang Wang, Fang-Ming Xie, Yun-Chuang Li, Hai-Yan Li, Hai-Yan Liu, Yuan-Yuan Yue, Xiao-Tong Mi, Xiong-Hou Gao, and Hong-Hai Liu
- Subjects
ALUMINUM silicates ,CATALYTIC cracking ,HEAVY oil ,ZEOLITE Y ,CATALYSTS - Abstract
Well-ordered aluminosilicates (MAs) were prepared by in-situ assembly of pre-crystallized units of zeolite Y precursors at a commercial scale, and applied in an industrial fluid catalytic cracking unit for the first time. Compared with incumbent equilibrium catalyst, the surface area of trial equilibrium catalysts (30% inventory ratio) increased from 110 m² g
-1 to 120 m² g-1 . Moreover, a significant increase of the mesoporous surface area of trial equilibrium catalysts (30% inventory ratio) from 33 m² g-1 to 40 m² g-1 (22% increase). Furthermore, the equilibrium catalyst that contain 80% LPC-65 yields significantly lower heavy oil (0.23%) and higher total liquids (0.53%) compared with LDO-70. The industrial results demonstrated excellent hydrothermal stability and superior catalytic cracking properties, showing the promising future in the industrial units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
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32. Standard-Compliant Gasoline by Upgrading a DTG-Based Fuel through Hydroprocessing the Heavy-Ends and Blending of Oxygenates.
- Author
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Graf, David, Neuner, Philipp, and Rauch, Reinhard
- Subjects
OXYGENATED gasoline ,TOLUENE ,CRYSTALLIZATION ,FISCHER-Tropsch process ,VAPOR pressure - Abstract
Methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) and dimethyl ether-to-gasoline (DTG) fuels are rich in heavy aromatics such as 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene, resulting in low volatilities due to a lack of light ends, increased emission tendencies and drivability problems due to crystallization. Approaches addressing these issues mainly focus on single aspects or are optimized for petroleum-based feedstocks. This research article introduces an upgrading strategy for MTG and DTG fuels through hydroprocessing (HP) heavy-ends and applying a sophisticated blending concept. Different product qualities were prepared by HP heavy gasoline (HG) and Fischer-Tropsch wax using commercially available Pt/HZSM-5 and Pt/SAPO-11 catalysts in a fixed-bed reactor. The products were used for blending experiments, focusing on gasoline volatility characteristics. Accordingly, methanol, ethanol, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) were evaluated in a second blending experiment. The results were finally considered for preparing blends meeting EN 228. HP of HG was found to improve the amount of light-ends and the vapor pressure of the DTG fuel with increasing reaction temperature without, however, satisfying EN 228. The front-end volatility was further improved by blending methanol due to the formation of near-azeotropic mixtures, while ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) considerably supported the mid-range volatility. A final blend with an alcohol content of less than 3 vol.%, mostly meeting EN 228, could be provided, making it suitable even for older vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Metal ion-induced enhanced oxidation of organic contaminants by ferrate: a review.
- Author
-
Marbaniang, Christopher V., Sathiyan, Krishnamoorthy, McDonald, Thomas J., Lichtfouse, Eric, Mukherjee, Poulami, and Sharma, Virender K.
- Subjects
ORGANIC water pollutants ,POLLUTANTS ,IRON ,COPPER ,WATER purification - Abstract
The global contamination of water resources by organic contaminants such as pharmaceuticals and pesticides is calling for advanced remediation techniques, yet conventional water treatments are incomplete or generate toxic byproducts such as chlorinated compounds. As a consequence, safer methods such as treatment with ferrate are needed. Here, we review the utilization of ferrate(VI), the tetraoxy anion FeO
4 2− , with emphasis on synthesis and activation of ferrate. Ferrate synthesis is done by wet, thermal, and electrochemical processes. An increase in the oxidation capacity can be obtained by activation of ferrate(VI), which generates highly reactive high-valent iron species such as iron(V) and iron(IV) species. We present activation of ferrate(VI) by iron(III), copper(II), and colloidal Mn(IV), which are present in natural minerals. We compare various ferrate(VI)–metal ion systems to reveal the most effective systems to remove organic contaminants from contaminated water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Effects of ZSM-5 Morphology and Fe Promoter for Dimethyl Ether Conversion to Gasoline-Range Hydrocarbons.
- Author
-
Ali, Mansoor, Kim, Jong Jin, Zafar, Faisal, Shen, Dongming, Wang, Xu, and Bae, Jong Wook
- Subjects
METHYL ether ,HYDROCARBONS ,BRONSTED acids ,SURFACE reactions ,SURFACE cracks ,AROMATIC compounds - Abstract
The synthesis of gasoline-range hydrocarbons by gas-phase dimethyl ether (DME) conversion was investigated on various ZSM-5 zeolites with different morphologies and Fe contents. The different morphologies of ZSM-5 significantly altered the distributions of the acidic sites, which showed different selectivities to gasoline-range hydrocarbons. Nanostructured ZSM-5 (N-ZSM-5) revealed the highest C
5+ selectivity of 41.7% with an aromatics selectivity of 23.6% at ~100% DME conversion. The superior catalytic activity of N-ZSM-5 was attributed to the largest strong Brønsted acidic sites and smaller crystallite sizes, which were beneficial for the faster removal rate of heavy hydrocarbons due to its shorter diffusion pathlength compared to conventional ZSM-5 (C-ZSM-5). In addition, 10 wt% Fe-impregnated N-ZSM-5 revealed an enhanced C5+ selectivity of 60.6% with a smaller C1 –C4 selectivity of 21.9%, which were attributed to the adjusted acidic sites by suppressing the cracking reactions of the surface intermediates, which are responsible for the selective formation of smaller light hydrocarbons. However, the excess amount of Fe on N-ZSM-5 showed a lower DME conversion of 83.5% with a lower C5+ selectivity of 38.5% due to the blockages of the active acidic sites. Nanostructured N-ZSM-5 possessing a larger amount of strong Brønsted acid sites with 10 wt% Fe modification clearly showed a higher formation rate of gasoline-range hydrocarbons due to an enhanced secondary oligomerization of surface intermediates to form heavier aromatic hydrocarbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Multi-scale planning model for robust urban drought response.
- Author
-
Zaniolo, Marta, Fletcher, Sarah, and Mauter, Meagan S
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. C,N co-doped TiO2 hollow nanofibers coated stainless steel meshes for oil/water separation and visible light-driven degradation of pollutants.
- Author
-
Wang, Chunyu, Liu, Yingze, Han, Hao, Wang, Desheng, Chen, Jieyi, Zhang, Renzhi, Zuo, Shixiang, Yao, Chao, Kang, Jian, and Gui, Haoguan
- Subjects
STAINLESS steel ,POLLUTANTS ,DOPING agents (Chemistry) ,NANOFIBERS ,ADDITION polymerization ,OIL spill cleanup - Abstract
Complex pollutants are discharging and accumulating in rivers and oceans, requiring a coupled strategy to resolve pollutants efficiently. A novel method is proposed to treat multiple pollutants with C,N co-doped TiO
2 hollow nanofibers coated stainless steel meshes which can realize efficient oil/water separation and visible light-drove dyes photodegradation. The poly(divinylbenzene-co-vinylbenzene chloride), P(DVB-co-VBC), nanofibers are generated by precipitate cationic polymerization on the mesh framework, following with quaternization by triethylamine for N doping. Then, TiO2 is coated on the polymeric nanofibers via in-situ sol–gel process of tetrabutyl titanate. The functional mesh coated with C,N co-doped TiO2 hollow nanofibers is obtained after calcination under nitrogen atmosphere. The resultant mesh demonstrates superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic property which is promising in oil/water separation. More importantly, the C,N co-doped TiO2 hollow nanofibers endow the mesh with high photodegradation ability to dyes under visible light. This work draws an affordable but high-performance multifunctional mesh for potential applications in wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Production of Sustainable Aviation Fuels from Lignocellulosic Residues in Brazil through Hydrothermal Liquefaction: Techno-Economic and Environmental Assessments.
- Author
-
Deuber, Raquel de Souza, Bressanin, Jéssica Marcon, Fernandes, Daniel Santos, Guimarães, Henrique Real, Chagas, Mateus Ferreira, Bonomi, Antonio, Fregolente, Leonardo Vasconcelos, and Watanabe, Marcos Djun Barbosa
- Subjects
BIOMASS liquefaction ,AIRCRAFT fuels ,SUSTAINABILITY ,SUGARCANE ,FOSSIL fuels ,JET fuel - Abstract
Decarbonization of the aviation sector relies on deployment of sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) at commercial scale. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) has been recognized as a promising technology to help supply the increasing projected SAF demand. High availability of agro-industrial residues, combined with a well-established biorefinery system, makes the sugarcane industry in Brazil a good option for HTL technology deployment. Moreover, challenges regarding the economic feasibility of SAF from HTL could be partially addressed by the RenovaBio policy, a market-driven incentive mechanism of carbon credits implemented in Brazil. This study investigated both the techno-economic and life cycle assessment of SAF production from sugarcane lignocellulosic residues, considering HTL integrated to a first-generation ethanol distillery and a HTL stand-alone facility. The evaluated scenarios showed great climate mitigation potential, reaching a reduction of up to 73–82% when compared to fossil jet fuel. The minimum fuel selling price of SAF at 15.4 USD/GJ indicated potential of economic competitiveness with fossil jet fuel in the best integrated scenario. The economic benefits obtained from carbon credits are not enough to enable feasibility of HTL in the stand-alone scenarios, even with carbon prices projected at 125 USD/tonne CO
2 -eq avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Conversion of Sugar Di-Ketals to Bio-Hydrocarbons through Catalytic Cracking over Beta Catalysts in Fixed and Fluidized Catalytic Beds.
- Author
-
Cardoso, Cristiane, Lam, Yiu L., de Almeida, Marlon B. B., and Pereira, Marcelo Maciel
- Subjects
CATALYTIC cracking ,FIXED bed reactors ,CATALYSTS ,COKE (Coal product) ,SUGAR - Abstract
Second-generation biomass (BM) can be produced in amounts that meet worldwide fuel demands. However, BM favors parallel and undesirable reactions in its transformation chain. We circumvent this problem by first modifying BM by ketalization, giving a user-friendly liquid we named BP (bio-petroleum). This study converted a representative compound of BP, DX (1,2:3,5-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-xylofuranose), mixed with n-hexane by beta zeolites and catalysts containing beta zeolite. Beta zeolite showed low coke and high liquid product yields in converting this mixture (having 30 wt. % DX) into hydrocarbons in a fixed-bed reactor at 500 °C with a space velocity of 16 h
−1 (0.3 catalyst/feed). Its performance was further improved by steam treatment (lowering the coke yield by lowering the acid site density) or incorporation into a catalyst (improving DX participation due to the active sites in the matrix). Further, by changing the conversion process from a fixed bed to a fluidized cracking unit, a much larger amount of the deactivated catalyst could be used (catalyst/feed = 3), remarkably reducing oxygenates and fully converting DX. Additionally, the green hydrocarbon efficiency (olefin, aromatics, furans, and cyclo-alkanes) of DX was approximately 77%. Hence, beta catalysts were shown to have a great potential to provide green fuels for future bio-refineries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage in Extractive Industries for Methanol Production.
- Author
-
Peppas, Antonis, Kottaridis, Sotiris, Politi, Chrysa, and Angelopoulos, Panagiotis M.
- Subjects
CARBON sequestration ,MINERAL industries ,METHANOL production ,METHANOL industry ,GREENHOUSE effect ,METHANOL as fuel - Abstract
The elevated increase of CO
2 emissions related to activities of the extractive industry is becoming a challenging issue gradually affecting climate change and global warming. In this frame, the effective utilisation of CO2 through the techniques of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) as well as Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) can alleviate the greenhouse effect. Converting CO2 into a value-added chemical or liquid fuel (e.g., methanol, hydrocarbons, propylene, dimethyl ether, ethylene, etc.) is a promising approach in this regard. Methanol (MeOH) synthesis offers a key feedstock for industries, being both an industrial commodity for several chemical products and an efficient transportation fuel. This article presents a review of the CCS and CCU technologies for the production of MeOH in extractive industries. The CCS technologies investigated in this framework are the amine-based absorption and the WGS-enhanced CCS. The CCU technologies are CO2 hydrogenation and enhanced CO2 transformation by the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. Incorporating these systems for the processing of the flue-gases of the extractive industries significantly reduces the CO2 emissions, while creating new revenues by the production of valuable MeOH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. How Can We Adapt Together? Bridging Water Management and City Planning Approaches to Climate Change.
- Author
-
Vinagre, Vítor, Fidélis, Teresa, and Luís, Ana
- Subjects
URBAN planning ,WATER management ,CLIMATE change ,WATER reuse ,SUSTAINABILITY ,MUNICIPAL water supply ,WATER shortages - Abstract
Different dynamics of climate change, population growth, and urbanisation challenge water service providers (WSPs) and those managing urban planning. The scientific community has been evidencing the concept of sustainable urban water management (SUWM) as a driver to foster the integration of the urban water cycle with its environmental, economic, and social sustainability dimensions. This article studies the approaches addressed by recent research on sustainable urban water management, focusing on the attention given by the scientific community to the way WSPs and city planners address the new challenges brought by climate change. A systematic review of existing literature shows how emergent challenges address the articulation between urban water cycle management and city planning. The results underline the need for the technical and economic evaluation of the overarching concept of SUWM systems, integrating values that go beyond financial issues; the need to address water scarcity not only from the supply side but also from the demand point of view; and the deepening of the relationship between new sources of water, such as the reuse, with the city planning in a context of climate change. Nevertheless, strategies for collaboration are still poorly addressed. The insights and gaps emerging from the analysis suggest new paths for research and practice in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Cancer and COVID-19 as Associated with Oxidative Stress.
- Author
-
Andrés, Celia María Curieses, Pérez de la Lastra, José Manuel, Juan, Celia Andrés, Plou, Francisco J., and Pérez-Lebeña, Eduardo
- Subjects
MYELOID-derived suppressor cells ,CYTOTOXIC T cells ,KILLER cells ,CANCER cells ,OXIDATIVE stress - Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells MDSCs are a heterogeneous population of cells that expand beyond their physiological regulation during pathologies such as cancer, inflammation, bacterial, and viral infections. Their key feature is their remarkable ability to suppress T cell and natural killer NK cell responses. Certain risk factors for severe COVID-19 disease, such as obesity and diabetes, are associated with oxidative stress. The resulting inflammation and oxidative stress can negatively impact the host. Similarly, cancer cells exhibit a sustained increase in intrinsic ROS generation that maintains the oncogenic phenotype and drives tumor progression. By disrupting endoplasmic reticulum calcium channels, intracellular ROS accumulation can disrupt protein folding and ultimately lead to proteostasis failure. In cancer and COVID-19, MDSCs consist of the same two subtypes (PMN-MSDC and M-MDSC). While the main role of polymorphonuclear MDSCs is to dampen the response of T cells and NK killer cells, they also produce reactive oxygen species ROS and reactive nitrogen species RNS. We here review the origin of MDSCs, their expansion mechanisms, and their suppressive functions in the context of cancer and COVID-19 associated with the presence of superoxide anion
• O2 − and reactive oxygen species ROS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Partial deoxygenation of pyrolysis intermediates toward fossil fuel miscible bioliquids.
- Author
-
Santander, José A., Diez, Alejandra, Gutierrez, Victoria, and Volpe, María Alicia
- Subjects
FOSSIL fuels ,PYROLYSIS ,FIXED bed reactors ,ALDOL condensation ,DEOXYGENATION ,MISCIBILITY - Abstract
Catalytic fast pyrolysis of sunflower seed shells was performed using a two‐stage fixed bed reactor to produce partially deoxygenated bio‐oils. Ketonization and aldol condensation reactions were performed in a dual bed reactor using a CeO2 catalyst followed by a bifunctional Cu/Ni/ZrO2 catalyst. An ethanol‐saturated N2 stream was supplied to increase the H/C ratio of the pyrolysis intermediates. The oxygen content decreased from 23 to 13 wt % over the CeO2 fixed‐bed due to the almost complete conversion of methoxy phenols and the formation of ketones and alkyl‐substituted phenols. The Cu/Ni/ZrO2 catalyst in the presence of ethanol vapor increased the fraction of alkanes in the condensed product and favored the formation of larger ketones and higher molecular weight species. Miscibility tests showed that the partially upgraded bio‐oil could be homogeneously blended with fossil fuel oil in a 1:4 mass ratio. The oily fraction of the non‐catalytic pyrolysis bioliquid (oxygen content up to 23 wt %) was also partially miscible with the petroleum‐derived fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Photovoltage-induced blockade of charge and spin diffusion in semiconducting thin films.
- Author
-
Park, S., Paget, D., Berkovits, V. L., Ulin, V. P., Alekseev, P. A., Kaliuzhnyi, N. A., Mintairov, S. A., and Cadiz, F.
- Subjects
NUCLEAR spin ,SEMICONDUCTOR films ,THIN films ,CARRIER density - Abstract
In semiconductors under tightly-focused photocarrier excitation, the lateral variation of carrier concentration induces a lateral variation of photovoltage. In chemically-passivated p-type GaAs films at 300 K, we show experimentally and theoretically that the photovoltage lateral dependence is able to block the photoelectron diffusion, thus reducing the effective charge diffusion constant by a factor of ≈ 5 with respect to surface-free conditions and producing a self-trapping of photoelectrons. This effect is not present for surface-free and for oxidized samples, for which the photovoltage magnitude is strongly reduced. The photovoltage lateral variation also induces a coupling between charge and spin diffusion. Because of this coupling, the effective spin diffusion constant is significantly larger than the effective charge one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Spray characterization of DMC and MeFo on multi-hole injectors for highly boosted DISI combustion engines.
- Author
-
Plaß, Alexander, Maliha, Malki, Kubach, Heiko, and Koch, Thomas
- Abstract
In the future, synthetic fuels could replace fossil fuels to minimize the CO
2 emissions of combustion engines. Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and methyl formate (MeFo) represent not only possible synthetic fuels but, due to their oxygen content, also have properties to reduce the pollutant emissions. For a good combustion process, the spray targeting and evaporation properties are important. Due to the less known injection behavior of DMC and MeFo, the spray characteristics were examined in a pressure chamber. The penetration depth, projected spray area, and spray angle were investigated at injection pressures of 100 and 200 bar, chamber pressures of 1 and 2.5 bar, and a temperature variation of up to 90°C for two different injector spray angles and flow rates in comparison with gasoline E5. The spray was recorded with a high-speed camera in a constant-volume chamber with a N2 environment. Both fuels showed a faster evaporation than E5 even with a higher injection mass due to their lower LHV. MeFo showed extreme spray collapse and flash boiling effects, which lead to even faster evaporation rates and higher penetration velocities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Power Plant Cycles: Evolution towards More Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Technologies.
- Author
-
Meana-Fernández, Andrés, González-Caballín, Juan M., Martínez-Pérez, Roberto, Rubio-Serrano, Francisco J., and Gutiérrez-Trashorras, Antonio J.
- Subjects
PLANT evolution ,THERMODYNAMIC cycles ,POWER resources ,RANKINE cycle ,POWER plants ,ENERGY consumption - Abstract
The scarcity of energy and water resources and rising temperatures due to climate change has set the focus on improving the energy efficiency of power plant thermodynamic cycles to adapt to higher heat sink temperatures and use fewer resources for energy production. In this work, a review of power production thermodynamic cycles is presented: from Brayton to Rankine and combined cycles, alongside particular cycles such as Organic Rankine Cycles, Kalina, Goswami or the more recently developed Hygroscopic Cycle. The efficiency of these cycles and their possible improvements are considered, as well as their environmental impact. Costs associated with existing power plants found in the literature have also been included in the study. The main existing facilities for each cycle type are assessed, and the most sustainable options in terms of resource consumption (fuel, water, etc.) and future perspectives to ensure both their energy efficiency and sustainability are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Hydrodeoxygenation of Bio-oil Components Containing a Guaiacol Fragment in the Presence of a Ruthenium-Suppoting Mesoporous Aluminosilicate Catalyst.
- Author
-
Roldugina, E. A., Kardashev, S. V., Maksimov, A. L., and Karakhanov, E. A.
- Subjects
GUAIACOL ,MESOPOROUS silica ,CATALYST testing ,RUTHENIUM catalysts ,CATALYSTS ,WATER pressure ,NICKEL phosphide ,POROUS polymers - Abstract
A ruthenium catalyst based on hexagonal mesoporous silica modified with aluminum (Al-HMS structural type) of a Si/Al ratio equal to 10 was studied in the hydrodeoxygenation reaction of bio-oil components containing a guaiacol fragment. The catalyst was tested in the hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol, methoxyguaiacol, formylguaiacol, and propylguaiacol in the presence of water at a hydrogen pressure of 6.0 MPa and a temperature of 250°C. The effect of the substrate structure on the conversion and selectivity of hydrotransformation towards fully hydrogenated and deoxygenated products is shown. The effect of temperature in the range of 210–290°C on the conversion and distribution of guaiacol hydrodeoxygenation products at various hydrogen pressures (2.5 and 6.0 MPa) is demonstrated. Experiments were carried out on the hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol in a mixture with water, n-dodecane, and methanol at a hydrogen pressure of 6.0 MPa and a temperature of 250°C. The effect of the model mixture composition on the conversion and distribution of guaiacol hydrodeoxygenation products is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. A separations and purification process for improving yields and meeting fuel contaminant specifications for high‐octane gasoline produced from dimethyl‐ether over a Cu/BEA catalyst.
- Author
-
Dutta, Abhijit, Ruddy, Daniel A., Nash, Connor P., Harris, Kylee, Christensen, Earl D., Dupuis, Daniel P., and Tan, Eric C.D.
- Subjects
ANTIKNOCK gasoline ,METHYL ether ,GASOLINE ,FUEL quality ,AIRCRAFT fuels ,FISCHER-Tropsch process ,CHEMICAL industry - Abstract
We have been developing a three‐step conversion of biomass‐derived syngas to methanol to dimethyl‐ether (DME) to non‐aromatic hydrocarbons for use as high‐octane gasoline and sustainable aviation fuel. This process produces branched alkanes from DME using a Cu/BEA catalyst and is a promising alternative to other syngas conversion processes such as Fischer–Tropsch to linear alkanes and traditional ZSM‐5 catalyzed methanol to aromatic gasoline. In this short article we describe some advances in our understanding related to separation and purification via the use of more detailed experimental speciation in an updated process model involving multiple‐phase equilibrium‐based separation steps. The primary modeled reactor outlet constituents (and wt%) are: C3 and lighter hydrocarbon gases (11.1%), C4s (54.5%), H2 (1.2%), CO2 (2.9%), water (5.0%), unreacted DME (16.5%), methanol (2.3%) and C5+ hydrocarbons (6.4%). Dimethyl‐ether (the primary reactant) and H2 recycling and reuse are important for the overall process efficiency, and the recycling of C4s is important to increase the C5+ yield via reactivation and homologation. Thus H2, C4s and DME are targeted for recycling, while methanol and water need to be removed from the product to conform with fuel specifications. Model predictions from Aspen Plus using the NRTL‐RK property method indicate a fuel composition with a C5+ content of 97.1 wt%, with the minor constituents 2.4 wt% C4s, 0.3 wt% methanol, 0.1 wt% DME, 0.03 wt% water and 0.01 wt% C3s. These ranges of minor components conform with fuel quality requirements, and the modeled product is amenable for unconstrained blending to boost gasoline octane ratings. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Toward carbon‐neutral ethylene production: assessment of the application potential of bio‐ethylene production pathways in China.
- Author
-
Li, Haoran, Zhang, Shuyuan, Zhou, Jian, Wang, Zhiyin, Zhao, Xuebing, and Qiu, Tong
- Subjects
GREENHOUSE gas mitigation ,CARBON offsetting ,ETHYLENE ,SCIENTIFIC literature ,ETHYLENE industry ,CARBON emissions - Abstract
The production of bio‐ethylene is a promising way to replace fossil‐based ethylene production, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and working towards China's carbon neutrality goals. This study elaborates on five bio‐ethylene technological pathways: first‐ and second‐generation bioethanol dehydration, direct and indirect thermochemical synthesis, and methanol‐to‐olefins (MTO). It retrieves information about them from commercial patents and the scientific literature, and comprehensively assesses their potential for application in large‐scale ethylene production in China. The techno‐economic feasibility of these five technological pathways is discussed in terms of feedstock availability, investment level, technological development level, and political issues such as the carbon neutrality goal to which China's government is committed. Overall, two pathways (indirect thermochemical synthesis and MTO) exhibited competitive minimum ethylene selling prices at 5243 yuan/t (822 USD t–1) and 6767 yuan/t (1061 USD t–1), respectively, of which both are lower than the average ethylene market price of 7000 yuan/t (1098 USD t–1). In comparison with the conventional fossil‐derived ethylene, bio‐ethylene could decrease carbon emission by 3.2%–15.1% under a scenario of 20% bio‐ethylene substitution in 2019, showing promising potential for decarbonizing the ethylene industry and contributing to the achievement of China's carbon neutrality goals. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Optimized utilization of Salix—Perspectives for the genetic improvement toward sustainable biofuel value chains.
- Author
-
Rönnberg‐Wästljung, Ann Christin, Dufour, Louis, Gao, Jie, Hansson, Per‐Anders, Herrmann, Anke, Jebrane, Mohamed, Johansson, Ann‐Christine, Kalita, Saurav, Molinder, Roger, Nordh, Nils‐Erik, Ohlsson, Jonas A., Passoth, Volkmar, Sandgren, Mats, Schnürer, Anna, Shi, Andong, Terziev, Nasko, Daniel, Geoffrey, and Weih, Martin
- Subjects
VALUE chains ,RENEWABLE energy sources ,WILLOWS ,BIOMASS energy ,PLANT breeding ,GREENHOUSE gas mitigation - Abstract
Bioenergy will be one of the most important renewable energy sources in the conversion from fossil fuels to bio‐based products. Short rotation coppice Salix could be a key player in this conversion since Salix has rapid growth, positive energy balance, easy to manage cultivation system with vegetative propagation of plant material and multiple harvests from the same plantation. The aim of the present paper is to provide an overview of the main challenges and key issues in willow genetic improvement toward sustainable biofuel value chains. Primarily based on results from the research project "Optimized Utilization of Salix" (OPTUS), the influence of Salix wood quality on the potential for biofuel use is discussed, followed by issues related to the conversion of Salix biomass into liquid and gaseous transportation fuels. Thereafter, the studies address genotypic influence on soil carbon sequestration in Salix plantations, as well as on soil carbon dynamics and climate change impacts. Finally, the opportunities for plant breeding are discussed using willow as a resource for sustainable biofuel production. Substantial phenotypic and genotypic variation was reported for different wood quality traits important in biological (i.e., enzymatic and anaerobic) and thermochemical conversion processes, which is a prerequisite for plant breeding. Furthermore, different Salix genotypes can affect soil carbon sequestration variably, and life cycle assessment illustrates that these differences can result in different climate mitigation potential depending on genotype. Thus, the potential of Salix plantations for sustainable biomass production and its conversion into biofuels is shown. Large genetic variation in various wood and biomass traits, important for different conversion processes and carbon sequestration, provides opportunities to enhance the sustainability of the production system via plant breeding. This includes new breeding targets in addition to traditional targets for high yield to improve biomass quality and carbon sequestration potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. A Detailed Process and Techno-Economic Analysis of Methanol Synthesis from H 2 and CO 2 with Intermediate Condensation Steps.
- Author
-
Lacerda de Oliveira Campos, Bruno, John, Kelechi, Beeskow, Philipp, Herrera Delgado, Karla, Pitter, Stephan, Dahmen, Nicolaus, and Sauer, Jörg
- Subjects
CARBON dioxide ,CONDENSATION ,STREAMFLOW ,METHANOL ,HEAT exchangers ,METHANOL as fuel - Abstract
In order to increase the typically low equilibrium CO
2 conversion to methanol using commercially proven technology, the addition of two intermediate condensation units between reaction steps is evaluated in this work. Detailed process simulations with heat integration and techno-economic analyses of methanol synthesis from green H2 and captured CO2 are presented here, comparing the proposed process with condensation steps with the conventional approach. In the new process, a CO2 single-pass conversion of 53.9% was achieved, which is significantly higher than the conversion of the conventional process (28.5%) and its equilibrium conversion (30.4%). Consequently, the total recycle stream flow was halved, which reduced reactant losses in the purge stream and the compression work of the recycle streams, lowering operating costs by 4.8% (61.2 M€·a−1 ). In spite of the additional number of heat exchangers and flash drums related to the intermediate condensation units, the fixed investment costs of the improved process decreased by 22.7% (94.5 M€). This was a consequence of the increased reaction rates and lower recycle flows, reducing the required size of the main equipment. Therefore, intermediate condensation steps are beneficial for methanol synthesis from H2 /CO2 , significantly boosting CO2 single-pass conversion, which consequently reduces both the investment and operating costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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