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Scintillation-based X-ray imaging can provide convenient visual observation of absorption contrast by standard digital cameras, which is critical in a variety of science and engineering disciplines. More efficient scintillators and electronic postprocessing derived from neural networks are usually used to improve the quality of obtained images from the perspective of optical imaging and machine vision, respectively. Here, we propose to overcome the intrinsic separation of optical transmission process and electronic calculation process, integrating the imaging and postprocessing into one fused optical–electronic convolutional autoencoder network by affixing a designable optical convolutional metasurface to the scintillator. In this way, the convolutional autoencoder was directly connected to down-conversion process, and the optical information loss and training cost can be decreased simultaneously. We demonstrate that feature-specific enhancement of incoherent images is realized, which can apply to multi-class samples without additional data precollection. Hard X-ray experimental validations reveal the enhancement of textural features and regional features achieved by adjusting the optical metasurface, indicating a signal-to-noise ratio improvement of up to 11.2 dB. We anticipate that our framework will advance the fundamental understanding of X-ray imaging and prove to be useful for number recognition and bioimaging applications.

Solution‐processable perovskite‐based devices are potentially very interesting because of their relatively cheap fabrication cost but outstanding optoelectronic performance. However, the solution spin‐coating process involves complicated processes, including perovskite solution droplets, nucleation of perovskite, and formation of intermediate perovskite films, resulting in complicated crystallization pathways for perovskite films under annealing. Understanding and therefore controlling the fabrication process of perovskites is difficult. Recently, synchrotron radiation‐based in situ grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) techniques, which possess the advantages of high collimation, high resolution, and high brightness, have enabled to bridge complicated perovskite structure information with device performance by revealing the real‐time crystallization pathways of perovskites during the spin‐coating process. Herein, the developments of synchrotron radiation‐based in situ GIWAXS are discussed in the study of the crystallization process of perovskites, especially revealing the important crystallization mechanisms of state‐of‐the‐art perovskite optoelectronic devices with high performance. At the end, several potential applications and challenges associated with in situ GIWAXS techniques for perovskite‐based devices are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beamline BL08U1A is a soft X‐ray spectromicroscopy beamline at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) that exhibits the capabilities of high spatial resolution (30 nm) and high energy resolving power (over 104). As a first‐generation beamline of SSRF, owing to its continuous operation over the last ten years, an urgent upgrade of the equipment including the monochromator was deemed necessary. The upgrade work included the overall construction of the monochromator and replacement of the mirrors upstream and downstream of the monochromator. Based on its original skeleton, two elliptically cylinder mirrors were designed to focus the beam horizontally, which can increase the flux density by about three times on the exit slits. Meanwhile, the application of variable‐line‐space gratings in the monochromator demonstrates the dual functions of dispersing and focusing on the exit slits which can decrease abberations dramatically. After the upgrade of the main components of the beamline, the energy range is 180–2000 eV, the energy resolving power reaches 16333 @ 244 eV and 12730 @ 401 eV, and the photon flux measured in the experimental station is over 2.45 × 109 photons s−1 (E/ΔE = 6440 @ 244 eV). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, computed tomography experiments, carried‐out at synchrotron radiation facilities worldwide, pose a tremendous challenge in terms of the breadth and complexity of the experimental datasets produced. Furthermore, near real‐time three‐dimensional reconstruction capabilities are becoming a crucial requirement in order to perform high‐quality and result‐informed synchrotron imaging experiments, where a large amount of data is collected and processed within a short time window. To address these challenges, we have developed and deployed a synchrotron computed tomography framework designed to automatically process online the experimental data from the synchrotron imaging beamlines, while leveraging the high‐performance computing cluster capabilities to accelerate the real‐time feedback to the users on their experimental results. We have, further, integrated it within a modern unified national authentication and data management framework, which we have developed and deployed, spanning the entire data lifecycle of a large‐scale scientific facility. In this study, the overall architecture, functional modules and workflow design of our synchrotron computed tomography framework are presented in detail. Moreover, the successful integration of the imaging beamlines at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility into our scientific computing framework is also detailed, which, ultimately, resulted in accelerating and fully automating their entire data processing pipelines. In fact, when compared with the original three‐dimensional tomography reconstruction approaches, the implementation of our synchrotron computed tomography framework led to an acceleration in the experimental data processing capabilities, while maintaining a high level of integration with all the beamline processing software and systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundSynchrotron radiation experimental methods have unique advantages in studying the structure and physical properties of materials, but it is a challenge for many experimental methods to achieve synchrotron radiation in situ high temperature conditions, especially above 2 000 K. Laser heating methods can achieve rapid, micro-region extreme high temperature conditions, and have become an important tool for the study of high temperature physical properties.PurposeThis study aims to develop a portable laser heating device for Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) in situ experiments in the field of extreme high temperature research, such as high entropy alloys, turbine blades, aviation materials, etc.MethodsA 100 W continuously tunable near-infrared fiber laser was used as the heating souce, the sample was heated up by laser through the focusing lens and generated thermal radiation. The radiation spectrum was collected through the spectral collection focusing lens and measured by spectrometers. The temperature gradient and temperature stability of the sample were fitted by the blackbody radiation method. Finally, the melting experiment of pure tungsten sheets in vacuum was conducted to verify its maximum heating temperature, and the temperature gradient and stability measurement of the device were calibrated with platinum samples.ResultsWe Experimental results show that melting point of about 3 695 K for tungsten sheets in vacuum is achieved using this device, and X-ray diffraction patterns of MoS2 and CTAB-MoS2 materials under 1 608 K in situ are obtained at the surface diffraction beamline station of SSRF.ConclusionsThe laser heating method developed expands the extreme experimental conditions in SSRF, and provides an important means to study high temperature physics for materials.

The high pressure structural evolution of cubic Yb2O3 has been studied using in situ synchrotron angle dispersive x-ray diffraction in combination with diamond anvil cell techniques up to 44.1 GPa. The XRD measurements revealed an irreversible reconstructive phase transition from cubic to monoclinic Yb2O3 at 11.2 GPa and extending up to 28.1 GPa with ∼8.1% volume collapse and a subsequent reversible displacive transition from monoclinic to hexagonal phase starting at 22.7 GPa. The monoclinic phase coexists with the hexagonal phase up to 44.1 GPa. After pressure releases, the hexagonal Yb2O3 reverts to the monoclinic structure. The second-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state fit to the pressure–volume data yields a bulk modulus of 201 (4), 187 (6), and 200 (4) GPa for the cubic, monoclinic, and hexagonal phases, respectively. Furthermore, the effects of the hydrostatic pressure state on the diffraction patterns, bulk modulus, and onset transition pressure of Yb2O3 under high pressure have been discussed. It is concluded that the bulk modulus of the cubic Ln2O3 phase increases with decreasing cation radius due to lanthanide contraction. Another important work in this study is the determination of the enthalpies of the cubic to monoclinic and monoclinic to hexagonal phase transitions of Yb2O3 of 37.0 and 17.4 kJ/mol, respectively, based on the basic thermodynamic equations and using the onset transition pressures and corresponding volume changes obtained from high pressure XRD experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]