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DEFORM was a 26-month project conducted to determine the social and economic costs of harmful research practices (research misconduct) and propose approaches to better identify and model these actions. It is the result of the joint work and fruitful collaboration of INSEEC U’s econometricians and data scientists and the University of Crete’s sociologists, data scientists and criminologists. The project is now finished and has had several interesting results, although some have yet to be confirmed. These results are: 1. A better knowledge of the different approaches and definition of misconduct concepts in research, 2. An enhanced knowledge of the perception of the notion of misconduct in research by the academic research sector and beyond, with a focus on linguistic reluctance with regard to certain qualifications, 3. A clearer vision of the tensions, linguistic and legal misunderstandings that make implementation of transparent and efficient tools for managing indelicate to criminal acts in R&D difficult, 4. A better knowledge of the perception of the gravity of acts committed according to pre-defined profiles, 5. A mapping of critical paths that could lead to research misconduct/fraud, 6. A full costs model of the financial impact of a research misconduct/fraud at macro, meso and micro-levels for an organisation, institution or project, 7. An actuarial model for identifying potential fraud risks by measuring productivity gaps, bearing in mind that — like any risk pricing model — this type of process is based on actuarial assumptions, and thus an estimate of an uncertain variable input into a financial model for the purposes of calculating premiums or benefits, 8. An identification of the standards that could allow a better dissemination of these models, in particular by their appropriation by the actors of the financial analysis, the valuation of assets and the notions of non-value, 9. The participation in the standardisation process (as far as possible knowing that this type of process is standardised and longer than the duration of the project), 10. An approach to the viral dissemination of lessons learned and results obtained during the project through the design of a level 1 certificate integrated into an Executive MBA associated with an app whose maintenance will be free but whose user interface must be improved, which implies working, in the future, on the business model of this type of tool. The present document summarises the most interesting findings and conclusions.

This chapter addresses a double set of issues: (1) research misconduct of persons and organisations directly engaged in the practice of scientific research and (2) responsible research, meaning activities of discovery and innovation respectful of wider societal values. These two topics are clearly intertwined; but they are not the same. Drawing on results of the European DEFORM Project, we clarify the distinction between, and the inter-relations of, these two concepts. To highlight misconduct relative to “internal” standards of good science, we look at the phenomenon of research fraud. Then we turn to the call for responsible innovation relative to contemporary ecological and societal challenges of sustainability. Although two domains engage distinct considerations of integrity and responsibility in society, we can link them with a broad vision of “social costs” provoked by non-responsible research, thus providing a unified framework for addressing quality assurance for science in society.

This paper deals with the social costs of research misconduct and is based on findings from the European DEFORM Project (2017). Responsibility in scientific research is a complex amalgam, requiring demarcations along two major axes. Who are the actors (from researchers within the science sector, to external governance agencies)? What are the key quality considerations (those “intrinsic to science”, relative to “extrinsic” societal purposes)? We then exploit this framework to motivate innovative procedures of “extended peer community” dialogue around science quality, in this way reframing public, private and collegial responsibility.

International audience; La croissance verte relève d’un développement véritablement durable dans ses dimensions économiques, sociétales et écologiques. Dans cette perspective, nous abordons la question du lien entre lutte contre le changement climatique et compétitivité économique, notamment pour le Maroc, puis lesconditions requises pour que cette croissance verte s’inscrive sur un sentier de développement durable.Cette analyse de l’innovation en vue du développement durable (ou éco-innovation) au Maroc est menée en examinant les enjeux de la ville intelligente plus souvent désignée par l’expression anglaise de smart city. Nous rappelons que le Maroc a compris que la lutte contre le changement climatique représente une sérieuse opportunité pour se positionner sur une trajectoire de croissance verte. Nous nous interrogeons sur les enjeux de ces eco-innovations et sur leurs conséquences en termes d'emplois et d'entreprenariat social au Maroc.

While research misconduct (RM) and non-responsible innovation (NRI) engage distinct considerations of integrity and responsibility, we can link them with a broad vision of values for science in society. We present a novel econometric approach, developed in the European DEFORM Project, for estimation of the incidence and direct social costs of research misconduct by analysing RM as occupational fraud. This is applied to publicly funded research in Europe, to obtain empirical estimates of the order of magnitude of financial losses to research investors due to projects tainted by RM. Turning to the societal context, notably the incitation to fraud afforded by commercial and institutional performance pressures, we discuss the example of direct and indirect social costs of RM in the 'Dieselgate' scandal. We thus situate social costs of RM as one facet of quality assurance and governance of research activity and of the uses of science in society.

Cet article traite de la dimension environnementale de la dynamique du « Grand Paris ». Il explique comment une approche d’ecologie territoriale permet d’aborder les questions de gouvernance pour la metropole Parisienne. Nous presentons, dans un premier temps, des indicateurs synthetiques comme l’« empreinte ecologique » et l’« empreinte environnementale », permettant d’apprehender l’ampleur de l’impact environnemental de la metropole. Ensuite, nous mettons en evidence, a partir d’une modelisation integree originale couplee a une analyse de scenario quantitative, le « metabolisme » du Grand Paris et, plus particulierement, les impacts de l’activite economique du bassin de la Seine en amont sur l’ecologie de l’estuaire de la Seine en aval. Les opportunites de politique territoriales suscitees par l’observation de la degradation de l’estuaire sont demontrees. La necessite d’accorder une place centrale a l’environnement dans toute vision strategique des avenirs possibles de la megapole parisienne devient alors explicite.

International audience

Cet article traite des consequences economiques du changement climatique qui servent de base a la conference sur le climat de Paris (COP 21). Apres un rappel du cadre, de l'historique et des enjeux du processus international de decisions sur le climat, les couts de son changement sont exposes. Il s'agit a la fois des couts des impacts et des couts des politiques d'adaptation. Les couts et les benefices des politiques d'attenuation sont ensuite analyses, et des recommandations en faveur d'une decarbonisation de l'economie sont proposees.

Purpose – This paper aims to identify and to characterize the current evolution of “sustainable mobility” solutions. After considering this trend as an expression of eco-innovation, the authors look at the impacts of the emerging business models for the introduction of these eco-innovations, on the wider “eco-system” of mobility. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses both an abductive as well as a inductive approach of responsible innovation. To assume contextualization of responsible innovation, the authors choose eco-innovation in the mobility sector that impacts as much on business models as on industrial organizations and as a global value chain. Findings – Eco-mobility is defined as a disruptive innovation that must be understood as a responsible innovation. The importance of social and institutional dimensions defining acceptance and uptake of the innovation is integrated in innovation characterization. Modifying the perception of eco-innovation, the e-mobility business model has to be reinvented. Doing this, impacts on global value chain of the mobility sector organization have to be analysed. Research limitations/implications – If the academic literature proposes a satisfactory analysis of the determinants of eco-innovation, the presentation of the “smart mobility” ecosystem as an open and shared innovation remains limited, compared with the question of value creation. The business models which are at present under development will deepen these questions. Practical implications – This paper discusses inputs for decision-makers in climate change policy and insights for reorganization of the global value chain in the car manufacturing sector. Social implications – This paper presents solutions to reduce the negative externalities (social and environmental) of the car manufacturing sector with good possibilities of mobility, inputs to accelerate new markets and new jobs in mobility sector and adequation of mobility services to social demand. Originality/value – Mixed analyses of sustainable development economics, innovation economics and organization management, and elements to build new business models in eco-mobility as a first step for the question of the adequate business models for “Smart Cities” – an application sector of functionality or service economy – have been presented.

The Future studies have made a remarkable comeback under the label of foresight. Future technology studies no longer claim to predict the future, but are seen as a strategic tool for improving strategic interaction between key actors and for anticipatory policy making, particularly in the field of environment. They can be defined as a “process by which one comes to a fuller understanding of the forces shaping the long term future which should be taken into account in policy formulation, planning and decision making” ( Coates, 1985 ). They widely recognize limitations of the traditional linear model of innovation where the emphasis for technological innovation is just on the constituent actors within that system-firms, universities, government research laboratories an so on, but more importantly on the relationships and linkages between them. In short, foresight opens up the possibility of negotiating a new and more fruitful relationship or ‘social contract’ between science and technology, on the one hand, and society on the other. The focal point has moved from merely scientific and technological insights to social demand, in order to influence the broad technological orientations. In other words, the objective is to favour the expression of citizens. This paper proposes a reflection on the introduction of methods and tools of “concertative foresight” on the one hand for the scientific and technological policies and on the other hand for the environmental policies. © 2000 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. Tous droits reserves.

International audience; An evolutionary economics perspective between technological innovation and public policy is applied to analyse the relationships between technological change, sustainable development and industrial competitiveness. This leads us to emphasise the fundamental role that firm's strategies vis-à-vis the endogenisation of technological change can play for giving effect to `win-win' strategies. However, allowing industrial competition to become the only factor determining `win-win' strategies could lead to `locked' technological and social options being chosen which do not contribute to overall goals of ecological, social and economic sustainability. For this reason we introduce, as complements to competitiveness, the requirement of new forms of governance in pursuit of ecological-economic sustainability.

In the process which has led to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the European Union played an active role. In those years, the long-run perspective of European climate policy was geared to the idea of a carbon tax, while the US and OPEC formed a blocking coalition. Meanwhile, the US has adopted a more open attitude to climate policy, but it is highly unlikely that a substantial carbon tax will be implemented in the US in the foreseeable future. Forming a political consensus around this instrument has proved very difficult in Europe as well. Clearly, a fresh approach to climate policy is warranted. We argue that this approach should consist of putting into place a process of sequential decision making which is flexible, innovative and participatory. Such a process would lead beyond existing alternatives of taxation and regulation as defined by a seemingly omniscient political authority. Its rationale lies in the recognition of a ‘cost barrier’ which can be surmounted by the combination of patient multilateral negotiation, innovative business initiatives, and resonance with public opinion. The European Union is in an excellent position to take on a leading role in establishing such a process. Europe's special opportunity lies in the fact that her citizenry is supportive of ambitious climate policy as nowhere else in the world. Furthermore, the current situation of the European economies invites, and even demands, fresh thinking about the economic opportunities offered by a transition to sustainability.

The paper's main concern is with different decision-making models for environmental issues and with the hypotheses of rationality underlying such models. The hypothesis supported here is that most environmental problems are in a context of uncertainty, of irreversibility and of complexity. We shall explain why stressing the role of these elements implies a reversal of the traditional attitude towards decision-making. This presupposes a paradigm of economic rationality much broader that that of orthodox economics, called “procedural rationality”. Our paper is in two parts. The first part concerns the limits of the stochastic environmental approaches based on the Bayesian decision theory and on a substantive rationality hypothesis. The second part concerns the decision-making analyses based upon a procedural rationality, as well as their ability to take account of the interactions between uncertainty, irreversibility and complexity.

This article aims to help the decision-making process in the matter of sustainable development. The real dividing lines between different analyses of sustainable development are drawn on the basis of two methodological questions. The first concerns the effective inclusion or exclusion of the ecological dimension; the second concerns the choice of a rationality hypothesis. From this perspective, we explain that neoclassical theory and conventional ecology are both insufficient because they rest respectively on an economic or ecological substantive rationality. Then we posit that the analysis of the London School constitutes an attempt to combine the ecological and economic dimensions of development. However, this approach does have its limitations, ultimately using an hypothesis of expanded economic rationality that nevertheless remains basically substantive. Last, we show how an “ecological-economic” approach based on a procedural conception of rationality also employing economic- and energy-based valuation methods seems to cover more comprehensively the issues of sustainable development involving the coordination of diverse rationalities and diverse dimensions of sustainability.

Cet article s'adresse à la caractérisation des défis de l'innovation technologique, des choix énergétiques et de la gouvernance pour un développement durable. Appréhendant la production de tels déchets comme le " revers " de la grandeur énergétique et industrielle -- et, plus particulièrement, le défi d'une veille sociétale sur les déchets radioactifs de très longue durée -- nous présentons les décisions énergétiques contemporaines comme des processus de " choix social " à la fois complexes et controversés. Reprenant le thème d'une "démocratie cognitive" cher à Jacques Theys, la prospective énergétique et environnementale est formulée comme une problématique d'évaluation multi-acteurs et multicritères dont les dimensions symbolique, existentielle et éthique sont au moins aussi prégnantes que les questions de performance technologique et financière.

This paper briefly describes the relation between growth and environment in the history of economic theory (from Physiocrats to neo-classical economists) and situates this relation as a theme in the development of the environmental economics literature. It then compares two paradigms of the economics of the environment (environmental economics broadly defined versus ecological economics) and the resulting approaches of weak and strong sustainability. It confronts these two paradigms about growth and the Environmental Kuznets Curve and undertakes an empirical analysis of that curve and the resulting presence or absence of decoupling for carbon dioxide in Belgium and in various other countries, so as to draw contemporary conclusions about the growth and environment relation., Cet article aborde brièvement la relation entre croissance et environnement dans l'histoire de la théorie économique (des physiocrates aux néo-classiques) et situe cette relation comme un thème dans le développement de la littérature en économie environnementale. Il expose ensuite de manière comparative deux paradigmes de l'économie environnementale (économie de l'environnement au sens large versus économie écologique) et donc les approches faible et forte de la soutenabilité. Il confronte ensuite ces deux paradigmes à propos de la croissance et de la courbe environnementale de Kuznets et réalise une analyse empirique de cette courbe et des découplages éventuels qu'elle pourrait induire pour le dioxyde de carbone en Belgique et dans d'autres pays, pour en tirer des conclusions contemporaines quant à la relation entre croissance et environnement.

This article treats the environmental dimension of the Greater Paris system. It shows how a territorial ecology approach permits the cogent investigation of governance principles and policy options for the Greater Paris region. First we present estimates of synthetic indicators such as the ecological footprint and the environmental footprint that allow us to quantify the scale of environmental impact of the mega-city. Then we consider, with an integrated modeling and scenario analysis, the "metabolism" of Greater Paris as illustrated by the impacts of economic activity in the Seine River catchment on the Seine Estuary downstream. This example highlights the important scope for territorial policies based on ecosystem quality considerations and, more widely, the need to accord a central place to the environmental dimension for strategic visions of possible futures of the Paris mega-city., Cet article traite de la dimension environnementale de la dynamique du " Grand Paris ". Il explique comment une approche d'écologie territoriale permet d'aborder les questions de gouvernance pour la métropole Parisienne. Nous présentons, dans un premier temps, des indicateurs synthétiques comme l'" empreinte écologique " ou l'" empreinte environnementale ", permettant d'appréhender l'ampleur de l'impact environnemental de la métropole. Ensuite, nous mettons en évidence, à partir d'une modélisation intégrée originale couplée à une analyse de scénario quantitative, le " métabolisme " du Grand Paris et, plus particulièrement, les impacts de l'activité économique du bassin de la Seine en amont sur l'écologie de l'estuaire de la Seine en aval. Les opportunités de politique territoriales suscitées par l'observation de la dégradation de l'estuaire sont démontrées. La nécessité d'accorder une place centrale à l'environnementdans toute vision stratégique des avenirs possibles de la mégapole parisienne devient alors explicite.

Los autores revisan acuciosamente el concepto "desarrollo sostenible", mismo que encuentra aceptación debido a que ubica al crecimiento económico y a la preservación del ambiente como complementarios. Analizando los problemas ambientales desde la perspectiva neoclásica de la Teoría del Capital, Faucheux y O'Connor caracterizan los "límites ambientales" para las actividades económicas, precisando las medidas tendientes a buscar la sostenibilidad económica. Asimismo plantean la importancia de los indicadores no monetarios de sostenibilidad

This article is in support of the development of an ecological economic framework. It discusses, from an interdisciplinary perspective, the increasing use of green IT and their applications (IT for green). IT and sustainable development have had a concomitant rise and reach. The future world emerging from their respective interpretations enables, in both cases, a shift from today's questionable industrial capitalism towards post-industrial capitalism. This paper addresses the following questions: What is known about green IT and IT for green? Are smart solutions (buildings, energy grids, transport) always beneficial to an ecological economy? And, if so, in what ways? In the first part of this article, we analyse the economic, social and environmental impact of IT and argue for the need for green applications of green IT in order to achieve sustainable outcomes. The second part focuses on the managerial dimension of eco-innovation theory and presents one of the distinctive features of green applications of green IT: the collective organisation of innovation. A typology of eco-innovation aimed at reconciling IT development and green growth is then proposed explicitly addressing four kinds of changes towards sustainable development: technological, social, institutional and organisational innovation.

In the mid 80s, with the emergence of planetary threats, the type of envi- ronmental risks from anthropic activities has changed. The management of this global pollution, particularly the greenhouse effect due to CO2 emissions, appears as a challenge for standard environmental economics. Only instruments linking economic calculation and energy calculation are able to be helpful for a greenhouse regulation policy. Our proposal of an excise tax on optimal potential energy savings allows reaching a target of energy consumption decrease. This target is given by energy calculation and the economic calculation is used to get it with maximum economic efficiency. Une première version en langue anglaise de cet article a fait l'objet d'une communication des auteurs le 13 juin 1991 à Stockholm (Annual Meeting of the European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists)., Avec l'émergence des menaces planétaire, la nature des risques auxquels est confronté l'environnement du fait de l'activité humaine a changé au cours des années 1980. La gestion de ce type de pollution, en particulier celle représentée par l'accroissement de l'effet de serre dû aux émissions de CO2, représente un défi pour l'analyse économique standard de l'environnement. Seuls des instruments articulant calcul économique et calcul énergétique sont susceptibles d'agir efficacement dans le cadre d'une politique de lutte contre l'effet de serre. Notre proposition de taxe assise sur le potentiel optimal d'économies d'énergie permet d'atteindre avec le maximum d'efficience économique un objectif de réduction de la consommation énergétique donné par le calcul énergétique., Faucheux Sylvie, Noël Jean-François. Le calcul économique peut-il venir au secours d'une politique de lutte contre l'effet de serre ?. In: Revue française d'économie, volume 7, n°1, 1992. pp. 35-84.

International audience; Les preuves scientifiques sont maintenant accablantes : le changement climatique constitue une menace planétaire grave et exige une réponse mondiale immédiate. L'engagement pour la réduction des impacts liés au réchauffement climatique test prioritaire. Mais interpréter cette politique de réduction des risques environnementaux uniquement en termes de coûts serait restrictif. Cette lutte peut représenter aussi des opportunités économiques sous certaines conditions.

International audience; Nous sommes entrés dans l'ère du risque, qu'il est difficile d'établir une comparaison entre risques réels et risques perçus, et d'identifier quels sont les acteurs qui peuvent intervenir dans ce débat "risque et société". A. Giddens, sociologue britannique, affirme que ce qui différencie le risque moderne des dangers pré-modernes, c'est d'abord la conscience du risque en tant que conséquence d'un savoir développé et appliqué par les hommes dans leurs sociétés. Comment la société et plus particulièrement les entreprises (acteur social essentiel aujourd'hui) peuvent elles affronter cette nouvelle situation ? Comment collaborer ensemble à l'évaluation et la gestion du risque environnementale ? Quel serait le rôle qui reviendrait à la puissance publique pour assurer la couverture des risques ?Deux options sont souvent mises en place pour répondre aux enjeux posés par la nouvelle problématique du risque : mise en place d'une communication nouvelle ou transfert de responsabilité sur d'autres acteurs parties prenantes.

Comment s’organisent les politiques de lutte contre les changements climatiques a l’echelle mondiale ? En quoi les prospectives scientifiques justifient-elles la priorite accordee a ces politiques ? Quels en sont les couts ? Quels sont les fonctionnements et les perspectives du nouveau marche international du carbone ? En quoi les strategies des investisseurs s’en trouvent-elles modifiees ? Quelles sont les futures innovations technologiques pour tenter d’enrayer le phenomene ? Ce livre propose de repondre a ces questions sous un angle economique, mais il expose egalement les socioeconomiques, geopolitiques et technologiques lies a ces changements climatiques et a leurs regulations. Il analyse en particulier les strategies d’acteurs dans une optique Nord/Sud ainsi que les enjeux des instruments de flexibilite du protocole de Kyoto.

Social responsibility in the construction of indicators : the European steel industry experience. This paper presents methodological aspects and the main empirical results of a research study whose purpose was to define stakes and methods and propose appropriate indicators for defining and developing corporate social responsibility strategies for aluminium industry companies in Europe. Experimental empirical work for the testing of procedures for developing corporate social responsibility indicators was carried out at three industrial sites in France. At each of the three pilot sites, "focus groups" were constituted, one or two groups with "internal" stakeholders as employees, other groups with "ex- ternal" stakeholders. The work of the groups generated indicator proposals, which were then classified in two ways. First, stakeholders' suggestions were gathered under categories established at international level covering both 'social' and 'environmental' dimensions of company responsibility. Second, the indi- cator suggestions were organised into a matrix with reference to (1) the category of stakeholder making the suggestion; (2) the site at which the suggestion was made; (3) the generic character versus specificity of the indicator. On the basis of this experience, recommendations for general application for the European aluminium industry are outlined.

International audience

This paper presents a reflection on the introduction of methods and tools of "participative foresight" for scientific and technology policy as well as environmental policy fields. Future studies have recently made a comeback under the label of foresight. Future technology studies no longer claim to forecast the future, but are presented as a strategic tool for improving interaction between key actors and for anticipatory policy making. They can be defined as a "process by which one comes to a fuller understanding of the forces shaping the long term future which should be taken into account in policy formulation, planning and decision-making" [Foresight in Federal Government Policymaking, Futures Res. Quart. (1985) 29]. We discuss applications of this approach for perspectives on environmental policy and sustainable development. Foresight opens up the possibility of negotiating a new and more fruitful relationship or 'social contract' between science and technology, on the one hand, and society on the other. The focus has moved from merely scientific and industrial insights to social demand, thus emphasizing the importance of both the production and "supply" of innovation, and the "demand" as signaled in the views of citizens.

After a 15-year period of regression, global oil refining capacity has begun to increase again since the end of the 1990s. This global change conceals considerable variance among the oil-refining countries of the world, since there are notable differences between local markets. While this growth is mainly to be found in the Asia-Pacific region, American refining capacity has remained constant, and Europe has entered a phase of reduction.

The future studies have made a remarkable comeback under the label of foresight (Martin and Irvine, 1989). The aera where these future studies have gained a new ground are foresight processes at the intersection of environmental policy and technology policy to initiate technological innovations that contribute to the fulfilment of environmental objectives, like reducing emissions, prevent pollution and cleaning industrial processes. The two linked and ambiguous questions at the heart of these foresights are the following one: 1. Which new environmental problems could stimulate technological innovation? 2. Which new technologies might contribute significantly to the solution of environmental problems?

International audience

All human activity brings about environmental changes, but the expansion of industrial economic activity has brought the scale of actual and potential harmful impacts to unprecedented levels and intensity. Three broad dimensions of environmental damage may be identified. The first is the threat posed to human life, health and continuing economic activity impairments to the functional, productive and assimilative capacities of ecological systems. The second is the threat to the natural world — the loss of biodiversity, the disappearance of particular habitats and the extinction, local and global, of particular species of flora and fauna. The third is the threat to socially, aesthetically and culturally significant environments, both rural and urban.

In the 1980s, confronted with the emergence of global environmental problems, new practices have highlighted the question of how to reconcile the attainment of economic goals with environmental protection. Firms play a fundamental role through the endogenisation of technological change, within the perspective of implementing win-win strategies. We question the role of environmental technological innovation and the conditions of their implementation. However, allowing competition among firms to become the only factor determining environmental strategies could possibly lead to lock-in situations, where technological and social options have been chosen, which may in the long term be non-sustainable. It is for this underlying reason that we introduce as complements to competitiveness, the requirement for new forms of governance., Avec l'émergence de problèmes globaux d'environnement dans les années 1980, de nouvelles pratiques visent à réconcilier l'activité économique et la préservation de la qualité environnementale. Les firmes jouent un rôle fondamental vis-à-vis d'une endogénéisation du changement technologique dans le cadre de stratégies « win-win ». Nous nous interrogeons sur le rôle de l'innovation technologique environnementale et sur les conditions de sa mise en oeuvre. Laisser l'initiative des choix stratégiques en matière environnementale à la seule compétitivité industrielle peut conduire à des options technologiques et sociales « verrouillées » loin de toute trajectoire de soutenabilité. Aussi, à côté de la compétitivité d'autres notions comme la « gouvernance » sont-elles introduites., Faucheux Sylvie, Nicolai Isabelle. Les firmes face au développement soutenable : changement technologique et gouvernance au sein de la dynamique industrielle. In: Revue d'économie industrielle, vol. 83, 1er trimestre 1998. Dynamique industrielle et contraintes environnementales, sous la direction de Gérard Mondello. pp. 127-146.

International audience

The emergence of the sustainable development concept has forced economists and public decision makers to question themselves about the ability of National Accounting Systems for considering the concerns of ecological sustainability. Some propositions of rectified aggregates, or of « Sustainable National Income » are examined. Two important approaches can be distinguished : one which belongs to the theory of capital and the other which falls within the province of a normative framework. On the one hand, we put forward that ecologico-economic sustainability is apprehended, in the weak sense by the first approach, and in the strong sense by the second analysis. On the other hand, we explain why « Sustainable National Income », whatever the methodology by which it is determined, does not, strictly speaking, make up an indicator of sustai- nability. Lastly, we show that complementarity is required between these two approaches., L'émergence du concept de développement soutenable a conduit les économistes et les décideurs publics à s'interroger sur la capacité des Systèmes de Comptabilité Nationale à tenir compte des préoccupations de soutenabilité écologique. Les propositions d'agrégats rectifiés, ou encore de « Revenu National Soutenable » sont examinées. Deux grandes approches sont distinguées : celles s 'inscrivant dans la lignée de la théorie du capital et celles relevant d'un cadre normatif. D'une part, nous montrons que la soutenabilité écologico-économique est appréhendée au sens faible par la première et au sens fort par la seconde. D'autre part, nous expliquons en quoi le « Revenu National Soutenable », quelle que soit la méthode à partir de laquelle il est obtenu, ne constitue pas à proprement parler un indicateur de soutenabilité. Enfin, nous avançons que ces deux approches gagneraient à être utilisées de façon complémentaire., Faucheux Sylvie, Froger Géraldine. Le « revenu national soutenable » peut-il être un indicateur de soutenabilité ?. In: Revue française d'économie, volume 9, n°2, 1994. pp. 3-35.

Economic methods for evaluating environmental change have been identified, presented and discussed in the early chapters of this book. It would now be appropriate to round up these views with an addendum on energy-based valuation methods.

The previous chapter explained how energy-based valuation methods allow to determine and measure the contribution of the environment to economic production. In this chapter we demonstrate how these energy-based valuation methods can fournish new tools to measure sustainability and to implement sustainable development policies.

International audience; This paper discusses the stakes, opportunities and methods appropriate for developing a strategy of corporate social responsibility within the aluminium industry companies in Europe. It draws on institutional and documentary analysis, as well as on results from empirical work testing participatory procedures for development of corporate social responsibility strategies and performance indicators carried out at three industrial sites in France. Arguments are presented to justify the development of a proactive strategy of corporate social responsibility for European aluminium enterprises. Distinct models of social responsibility that might be adopted by European aluminium companies as a function of differences in institutional, geographical and other contextual variables are then outlined. Empirical findings from the work on pilot sites in France reinforce our recommendations based on institutional and theoretical considerations that the "extended stakeholder participation" model is an appropriate one for European aluminium companies to follow. The participatory approach unites "top-down" and "bottom-up" styles of management, and provides flexibility for innovation in response to emerging problems and new challenges.

This paper contains a synthesis report of four research/policy interface workshops organised by the European Commission. The workshops were designed to provide direct and timely support for the development of the European Commission's approach to the Kyoto Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in December 1997, and to its follow-up. The workshops addressed in particular: the issues and the options for greenhouse gases abatement, the assessment of policies and measures, criteria and instruments for flexibility and differentiation, and comprehensive approaches and implementation review issues.

This thesis calls for a better understanding of the challenges surrounding thedevelopment of innovative integrated transport projects in the territories, oftencharacterized by eco-mobility. By implementing new behaviors for users, but also bycreating new relationships between actors, both users, companies, and local authorities, these projects call for a rethinking of the logics of performance and evaluation in a broader perspective. The traditional tools used in the economic field do not seem to grasp sufficiently the complexity inherent in these programs, so it is appropriate to develop new perspectives more oriented in a multidisciplinary approach.For this, we will support our reflection by crossing two programs located in the Yvelines area. Indeed, this territory seems to be the breeding ground for many initiatives in recent years. The results obtained from a fieldwork meeting with a wide range of stakeholders will help to improve the knowledge base of these emerging programs and to draw lessons for future projects., Cette thèse invite à mieux comprendre les enjeux autour du développement des projets innovants de transports intégrés dans les territoires, souvent caractérisés d’écomobilité. Par la réalisation de nouveaux comportements pour les usagers, mais aussi par de nouvelles relations entre acteurs, à la fois usagers, entreprises et collectivités, ces projets invitent à repenser dans une perspective plus large les logiques de performances et d’évaluation. Les outils traditionnels utilisés dans le champ économique ne semblent pas suffisamment saisir la complexité inhérente à ces programmes, il est donc opportun de développer de nouvelles pistes davantage orientées dans une approche ouverte et pluridisciplinaire. Pour cela, nous appuierons notre réflexion par le croisement entre deux programmes situés dans les Yvelines. En effet, ce territoire semble le terreau de nombreuses initiatives au cours des dernières années. Les résultats obtenus à l’issue d’un travail de terrain ayant permis de rencontrer un large panel d’acteurs, permettront d’améliorer le champ des connaissances de ces programmes émergeants et de tirer des enseignements dans le cadre de futurs projets.

This thesis calls for a better understanding of the challenges surrounding thedevelopment of innovative integrated transport projects in the territories, oftencharacterized by eco-mobility. By implementing new behaviors for users, but also bycreating new relationships between actors, both users, companies, and local authorities, these projects call for a rethinking of the logics of performance and evaluation in a broader perspective. The traditional tools used in the economic field do not seem to grasp sufficiently the complexity inherent in these programs, so it is appropriate to develop new perspectives more oriented in a multidisciplinary approach.For this, we will support our reflection by crossing two programs located in the Yvelines area. Indeed, this territory seems to be the breeding ground for many initiatives in recent years. The results obtained from a fieldwork meeting with a wide range of stakeholders will help to improve the knowledge base of these emerging programs and to draw lessons for future projects.; Cette thèse invite à mieux comprendre les enjeux autour du développement des projets innovants de transports intégrés dans les territoires, souvent caractérisés d’écomobilité. Par la réalisation de nouveaux comportements pour les usagers, mais aussi par de nouvelles relations entre acteurs, à la fois usagers, entreprises et collectivités, ces projets invitent à repenser dans une perspective plus large les logiques de performances et d’évaluation. Les outils traditionnels utilisés dans le champ économique ne semblent pas suffisamment saisir la complexité inhérente à ces programmes, il est donc opportun de développer de nouvelles pistes davantage orientées dans une approche ouverte et pluridisciplinaire. Pour cela, nous appuierons notre réflexion par le croisement entre deux programmes situés dans les Yvelines. En effet, ce territoire semble le terreau de nombreuses initiatives au cours des dernières années. Les résultats obtenus à l’issue d’un travail de terrain ayant permis de rencontrer un large panel d’acteurs, permettront d’améliorer le champ des connaissances de ces programmes émergeants et de tirer des enseignements dans le cadre de futurs projets.

The creation of economic value is a process resting on territorial heritage, which comprises ecologic, technical and social functions that articulate the various elements of the productive capital and guarantee its continued availability. Added value is a monetary representation of its effects on the individual activity of the entities of this territory. However, this heritage is a common good. A collective and multicriteria evaluation would provide a better view of its intrinsic qualities.Functional economy takes into account the maintenance of that heritage at the root with the cooperative design of “product service” offers agreed between the territory’s entities. Micro and macroeconomic accounting could adapt to this representation of the productive system.The study of the energetic retrofit of private tertiary buildings and of the sourcing of construction aggregates in the region of Paris show the relevance of an integrated governance. Multicriteria and multi stake-holder deliberations enable to generate development scenarios that enhance the economic interests of all parties concerned and facilitate the maintenance of the territorial heritage.The relevant information needed for those representations and scenarios to emerge could be made available at all levels of assessment, throughout the process of deliberation, contract-making and valorization. It is key to economic innovation and more sustainable territorial development. The systems and practices involved in managing information can thus be seen as having a productive and heritage value., Le processus de création de valeur économique repose sur un patrimoine territorial constitué de fonctions écologiques, techniques et sociales qui articulent les éléments du capital productif et en assurent la disponibilité pérenne. La valeur ajoutée est une représentation monétaire de ses effets sur l’activité individuelle des entités du territoire. Cependant, ce patrimoine est un bien commun. Une évaluation collective et multicritère permettrait d’en représenter les caractéristiques intrinsèques.Le modèle d’Economie de la fonctionnalité intègre la maintenance de ce patrimoine dès la conception coopérative de solutions "produits-services" contractualisées entre entités du territoire. Les comptabilités microéconomiques et les comptes nationaux pourraient s’adapter à cette représentation du système productif.L’étude des filières franciliennes de la rénovation énergétique des bâtiments tertiaire privé et de l’approvisionnement en granulats de construction révèle l’intérêt de leur gouvernance intégrée à l’échelle régionale. Des délibérations multicritères multi-acteurs permettent d’établir des scénarios de développement favorables aux intérêts économiques réciproques de ces filières et à la maintenance du patrimoine territorial.La disponibilité de l’information nécessaire à l’émergence de ces représentations et scénarios est souhaitable à chaque échelle d’évaluation, tout au long du processus de délibération, contractualisation et valorisation. Sa qualité conditionne l’innovation économique pour un développement territorial plus soutenable. Les systèmes et pratiques associés à sa gestion ont alors une valeur patrimoniale et productive.

In the context of the transition of societies towards sustainable development, the role of universities is increasingly highlighted. In this respect, assessment, as a support tool for organizations whishing to improve their performance, can be of great assistance. Opportunities for the application of assessment remains however limited. The university and sustainability are normative objects and their definition is subject to considerable opposition. In addition, their reality is progressive and characterized by high levels of uncertainty and paradoxical complexity.This work aims to determine the conditions under which assessment practices can support, or otherwise hinder, the performances of universities toward sustainability. It comes in two parts.The first part focuses on the theoretical construction of an evaluation norm for the "sustainable performances of universities". It is based on a comprehensive review of the specific features of the university and sustainability, as well as on an analysis of several best practices identified internationally. The second part compares and strengthens those findings by focussing on the design of an operational assessment methodology. This research was conducted through a multi- stakeholder participatory process that led to the building of a multidimensional framework comprising more than 50 indicators. This tool aims to be a contribution to the development of assessment methods for academic actors willing to identify ways of improving their performances with respect to sustainability.; Dans le cadre de la transition des sociétés vers le développement durable, le rôle des universités est de plus en plus mis en évidence. A cet égard, l’évaluation, en tant qu’outil d’accompagnement des organisations pour l’amélioration de leurs performances, peut s’avérer d’une aide précieuse.Le potentiel d’application de l’évaluation reste toutefois limité. L’université et la durabilité apparaissent comme des objets normatifs dont la définition du contenu est source de nombreuses oppositions. En outre, leur réalité est évolutive et sujette à d’importants degrés d’incertitude et de complexité paradoxale.Le présent travail vise à déterminer les conditions à travers lesquelles l’évaluation peut apporter un avantage, sinon constituer un frein, à l’amélioration des performances des universités en matière de durabilité. Il se présente en deux grandes parties.La première porte sur la construction théorique de la norme d’évaluation des « performances durables de l’université». Elle repose sur l’examen approfondi des spécificités de l’université et de la durabilité ainsi que sur une analyse empirique de plusieurs cas pratiques relevés à l’international.La deuxième partie confronte et consolide les enseignements de la première en se concentrant sur le développement d’une méthodologie opérationnelle d’évaluation. Pour ce faire, un processus participatif multi-parties prenantes a été mis en œuvre et a conduit à la construction d'un dispositif multidimensionnel regroupant plus de 50 indicateurs. Cet outil se veut être une contribution à l’édification de systèmes d’évaluation mis à disposition des acteurs académiques pour l’identification de pistes d’amélioration de leurs performances au regard du développement durable.

In order to prevent groundwater resources from overexploitation and conflicts between water users, two main solutions have been traditionally proposed by economists: market and State regulation. However, such a dichotomy seems to have lost its relevance, as a result of an increasing implication of resource users in the management of water. In this context, our research aims to study the governance of groundwater resources in asustainable way. Governance is defined as a compromise between the coordination of individual actions (i.e. the market) and two distinct forms of collective action: collective action for public interest (i.e. State intervention) and collective action for community interest. The first part presents a critical survey of two theoretical approaches, the property rights theory and the ‘‘new resource economics'' and stresses the contradictions between empirical studies conducted on water markets by various researchers. The study of collective action for public interest helps us to identify three forms: hierarchical, incentive-based and participatory. The second part mobilizes Institutional Economics and the growing literature focusing on Common Pool Resources, to define collective action for community interest and to determine the existing modes of governance in different countries. Finally, we take the governance of groundwater resources in France (the Beauce aquifer more specifically), as a case study. The need for information and communication between the various users of the aquifer is characterized as a crucial element of governance. It leads us to the construction and use of the NAPTIC software, aiming at confronting values and practices, so as to become acompanion of dialogue on sustainable governance of groundwater resources.; Afin de prévenir la surexploitation des eaux souterraines et de résoudre les conflits d'usage, deux solutions ont traditionnellement été proposées par les économistes : le marché et l'Etat. Aujourd'hui, compte tenu de l'implication croissante des usagers dans la gestion de l'eau, une telle dichotomie ne semble plus opérante. Face à cette mutation, notre recherche vise à reconsidérer la gouvernance des eaux souterraines, dans une perspective de développement durable. Nous appelons gouvernance, le compromis qui s'établit entre la coordination des actions individuelles (approche marchande) et deux formes distinctes d'action collective que nous dénommons action collective d'intérêt public (intervention publique) et action collective d'intérêt communautaire. La coordination des actions individuelles est analysée sous l'angle d'une critique de la théorie des droits de propriété et de la ‘‘nouvelle économie des ressources'', puis par le biais d'une confrontation de points de vue sur le fonctionnement des marchés de l'eau. Par ailleurs, l'examen attentif de l'action collective d'intérêt public nous permet d'identifier trois formes distinctes : hiérarchique, incitative et participative. Nous engageons ensuite une réflexion sur l'action collective d'intérêt communautaire, en mobilisant conjointement l'institutionnalisme et le courant de la propriété commune. L'étude de la gouvernance des eaux souterraines en France (et plus particulièrement de la nappe de Beauce) révèle la nécessité d'organiser l'information et de favoriser la communication au sein des communautés d'usagers. A cette fin, nous proposons la construction et l'utilisation du logiciel NAPTIC, qui cherche à confronter les valeurs et les pratiques, pour accompagner la concertation sur la gouvernance durable des eaux souterraines.

The most important limit to growth, in traditional as well as more recent growth models, is the shortage of primary factors. This implies a lower growth rate unless technical progress makes it possible to partially release the primary resource constraint. However, this divertes the attention from the crucial aspects of dynamic processes : structural aspects and, paramount, the time structure of production. This paper is an attempt to construct a model of change, in a neo-austrian perspective, in which the sequential character of production appears as the truly essential limit to growth