211 results on '"Surface strength"'
Search Results
2. Experimental Study for the Cementation Effect of Dust Soil by Using Soybean Urease.
- Author
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Jianwei Zhang, Yue Yin, Lei Shi, Yi Han, Mi Zhou, and Xihong Zhang
- Subjects
DUST ,CEMENTATION (Metallurgy) ,SOYBEAN ,UREASE ,HAZARDS - Abstract
Dust is an environmental and health hazard. In this study, a new technology for dust suppressant is introduced using soybean urease with an optimal cementing solution. Calcium carbonate is produced by soybean urease and cementing solution, which bonds the soil particles towards a dust suppressant. A laboratory wind tunnel test is carried out to examine its effectiveness and discover possible optimization solutions. Several factors, including soybean meal concentration, cementing solution concentration, and volume of solution per unit area, are examined to quantify their influences on soil transport mass, evaporation ratio, evaporation rate, surface strength, water retention ratio, and infiltration rate of soil treated by different dust suppressants. Field tests are conducted to explore the performance of this method in the natural environment. The results show that compared with other dust suppressants, the optimized soybean urease has the smallest evaporation rate, a moderate infiltration rate, the largest water retention ratio and surface strength. The indexes of soybean urease for dust suppressant are found to be better than traditional materials. In the natural environment, soybean urease has a stronger anti-disturbance ability. This study concludes that soybean urease dust suppressant has great application potential as a cheap and green method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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3. Experimental study on mitigating wind erosion of calcareous desert sand using spray method for microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation
- Author
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Monika Dagliya, Neelima Satyam, Meghna Sharma, and Ankit Garg
- Subjects
Control wind erosion ,Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) ,Surface strength ,Wind tunnel ,Calcite precipitation ,Engineering geology. Rock mechanics. Soil mechanics. Underground construction ,TA703-712 - Abstract
Wind erosion is one of the significant natural calamities worldwide, which degrades around one-third of global land. The eroded and suspended soil particles in the environment may cause health hazards, i.e. allergies and respiratory diseases, due to the presence of harmful contaminants, bacteria, and pollens. The present study evaluates the feasibility of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) technique to mitigate wind-induced erosion of calcareous desert sand (Thar desert of Rajasthan province in India). The temperature during biotreatment was kept at 36 °C to stimulate the average temperature of the Thar desert. The spray method was used for bioaugmentation of Sporosarcina (S.) pasteurii and further treatment using chemical solutions. The chemical solution of 0.25 pore volume was sprayed continuously up to 5 d, 10 d, 15 d, and 20 d, using two different concentration ratios of urea and calcium chloride dihydrate viz 2:1 and 1:1. The biotreated samples were subjected to erosion testing (in the wind tunnel) at different wind speeds of 10 m/s, 20 m/s, and 30 m/s. The unconfined compressive strength of the biocemented crust was measured using a pocket penetrometer. The variation in calcite precipitation and microstructure (including the presence of crystalline minerals) of untreated as well as biotreated sand samples were determined through calcimeter, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDX). The results demonstrated that the erosion of untreated sand increases with an increase in wind speeds. When compared to untreated sand, a lower erosion was observed in all biocemented sand samples, irrespective of treatment condition and wind speed. It was observed that the sample treated with 1:1 cementation solution for up to 5 d, was found to effectively resist erosion at a wind speed of 10 m/s. Moreover, a significant erosion resistance was ascertained in 15 d and 20 d treated samples at higher wind speeds. The calcite content percentage, thickness of crust, bulk density, and surface strength of biocemented sand were enhanced with the increase in treatment duration. The 1:1 concentration ratio of cementation solution was found effective in improving crust thickness and surface strength as compared to 2:1 concentration ratio of cementation solution. The calcite crystals formation was observed in SEM analysis and calcium peaks were observed in EDX analysis for biotreated sand.
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- 2022
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4. Biopolymer based stabilization of Indian desert soil against wind-induced erosion.
- Author
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Dagliya, Monika, Satyam, Neelima, and Garg, Ankit
- Subjects
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WIND erosion , *DESERT soils , *EROSION , *BIOPOLYMERS , *WIND tunnel testing , *SOIL erosion , *STABILIZING agents - Abstract
Wind-induced soil erosion is a major global misfortune, which obliterates nearly one-third of worldwide soil. The windswept sand particles cover large areas including highways, and make the visibility vague. This results in accidents, damaged infrastructure, delayed flights, and various health issues. The erosive impact of the wind can be minimized by enhancing the intactness of the soil surface. There is a prerequisite to adopt viable measures to strengthen soil against wind erosion. There are certain nature-based solutions that can fortify soil against wind erosion and the application of biopolymers is one of them. The objective of this study is to examine the viability of non-toxic biopolymers for stabilizing desert sand by improving its erosion resistance property and strength. In the present experiment, three biopolymers, sodium alginate (SA), pectin (P), and acacia gum (AG), were used with 1, 2, and 3% concentrations for 1 and 0.75 PV as stabilizing agents. The treatment with biopolymers was performed either by surficial treatment (spraying or pouring of solution) or by mixing and compact method based on the viscosity of prepared biopolymer solutions. The biotreated sand samples were tested in a wind tunnel at varying wind speeds of 10, 20, and 30 m/s to assess sand erosion. Surface strengths were assessed by measuring compressive strength using a pocket penetrometer. Crust thickness measurement was performed to check the penetration depth of biopolymer solution and binding of sand particles. All three biopolymers with 1% concentration gave a feasible solution for erosion against wind and binding of particles through SEM analysis. SA and P could not be sprayed for 2 and 3% concentrations due to high viscosity. This solution is also not feasible for the field application. Simultaneously, AG with 2 and 3% concentration was highly soluble, less viscous, and gave more surface strength due to higher percentage of biopolymer concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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5. Effect of calcium sources on enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation to solidify desert aeolian sand.
- Author
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Wu, Linyu, Miao, Linchang, Sun, Xiaohao, and Wang, Hengxing
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WIND tunnel testing , *WIND erosion , *PLANT growth , *PLANT surfaces , *WATER vapor - Abstract
Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is a promising technique for soil reinforcement. To select a suitable calcium source and a suitable solution amount for aeolian sand stabilization using EICP, specimens treated with different solution amounts (1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, and 3.5 L/m2). Surface strength, crust thickness, calcium carbonate content (CCC) and water vapor adsorption tests were performed to evaluate the effect of two calcium sources (calcium acetate and calcium chloride) on aeolian sand solidification. The plant suitability of solidified sand was investigated by the sea buckthorn growth test. The suitable calcium source was then used for the laboratory wind tunnel test and the field test to examine the erosion resistance of solidified sand. The results demonstrated that Ca(CH 3 COO) 2 -treated specimens exhibited higher strength than CaCl 2 -treated specimens at the same EICP solution amount, and the water vapor equilibrium adsorption mass of Ca(CH 3 COO) 2 -treated specimens was less, indicating that Ca(CH 3 COO) 2 -solidified sand was more effective and had better long-term stability. In addition, plants grown in Ca(CH 3 COO) 2 -treated sand had greater seedling emergence percentage and higher average height, which indicated that calcium acetate is a more suitable calcium source for EICP treatment. Furthermore, the surface strength and crust thickness of solidified sand increased with increasing the solution amount. For sand treated with 3 L/m2 of solution, the excessive strength and thickness of the crust made plants growth difficult, and the performance of sand treated with more than 2 L/m2 of solution significantly improved. Thus, the solution amount of 2–3 L/m2 is suggested for engineering applications. The sand solidified using EICP in the field could effectively mitigate wind erosion and facilitate the growth of native plants. Therefore, EICP can be combined with vegetative method to achieve long-term wind erosion control in the future. • Calcium acetate is a more suitable calcium source for aeolian sand solidification using EICP. • The EICP solution amount of 2–3 L/m2 is suggested for engineering applications. • EICP can be combined with vegetative method to achieve long-term wind erosion control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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6. 优化调整表面施胶系统提质降耗的实践.
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张庆进 and 夏雯雯
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INDUSTRIAL costs ,SERVICE life ,PRODUCT quality ,PRODUCT improvement ,BUSINESS enterprises - Abstract
Copyright of China Pulp & Paper Industry is the property of China Pulp & Paper Industry Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
7. Evaluation on Weathering Degree of Limestone Artifacts Considering Water Absorption Characteristics.
- Author
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Liang Ye, Mingsen Fang, Qian Pan, Xusheng Xu, Xuhui Wu, and Shanshan Yuan
- Subjects
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LIMESTONE , *LONGITUDINAL waves , *ABSORPTION , *WEATHERING , *WATER waves , *ULTRASONIC waves - Abstract
To realize the non-destructive detection of cultural relics, the limestone relics in Feilai Peak and Yue Temple area in Hangzhou, Chian were selected as inspection objects, and the relationship between the water absorption rate of limestone surface layer, ultrasonic longitudinal wave velocity and surface layer strength were investigated. The fitting model was established according to the variation characteristics among water absorption rate, ultrasonic longitudinal wave velocity, surface layer strength. The evaluation method of surface layer weathering level of limestone relics based on water absorption characteristics was also established based on the fitting model. Results show that the field test data of the superficial strength, longitudinal wave velocity and water absorption rate of limestone have an obvious negative correlation. The weathering grade evaluation method based on water absorption rate of rocks is derived from the field test data, and the rocks are classified into five grades: unweathered, slightly weathered, moderately weathered, strongly weathered and fully weathered. The corresponding water absorption rates range from 0-0.12%, 0.12-0.20%, 0.20-0.61%, 0.61-2.40% and >2.40%, respectively. The accuracy of the fitting results in the area around the seated statue of Luohan and the back of the Huangji tombstone are above 80%, so the weathering grade evaluation method is feasible. The weathering grade evaluation method is completely nondestructive and strictly conforms to the principle of minimum intervention. The conclusions obtained in this study can provide the reference for the subsequent conservation of limestone artifacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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8. Effects of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) on the Reinforcement of Sand by Microbial-Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP).
- Author
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Zhu, Wanyi, Yuan, Mengnan, He, Fanmin, Zhao, Yang, Xiao, Zhiyang, Wang, Qian, Meng, Fanyou, and Tang, Qiang
- Subjects
CALCIUM carbonate ,METHYLCELLULOSE ,WIND erosion ,SOIL cement ,REINFORCED soils ,RAINWATER - Abstract
Microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a new technology used for reinforcing soils through microbial mineralization. However, the existing MICP treatment technology is more suiTable for deeper soils due to its high permeability. In this study, HPMC, a cohesive material combined with Sporosarcina pasteurii-induced calcium carbonate precipitation was used to improve the surface layer of the soil. It was also tested in different contents of bacterial solutions and cementation solutions and with a different number of MICP treatments, and was analyzed and discussed by measuring the surface layer strength, calcium carbonate content generated in the crust, rainfall erosion resistance, wind erosion resistance, and ammonia retention rate of the specimens. The microstructure of the samples was investigated by XRD and SEM. It was shown that the addition of HPMC and increasing the number of MICP treatments were effective in the increase in the calcium carbonate content in the surface crust, but had no effect on the total amount of induced calcium carbonate. The combination of HPMC addition and MICP technology can effectively reduce rainwater scour loss and wind erosion loss, and increase its rainfall erosion resistance and wind erosion resistance. Rainfall losses were reduced by up to 30% in specimens treated with HPMC for MICP technology. When the wind speed was 12 m/s, the maximum mass loss rate of the specimens treated with HPMC for MICP was only 0.828%. The addition of HPMC can effectively improve the ammonia absorption rate and reduce the release of ammonia in the process of MICP technology, which is of great significance for environmental protection. The microstructure showed that the addition of HPMC and the increase in the number of treatments using MICP technology can make the surface structure of the specimens more compact, and the calcium carbonate can more effectively fill the pores and cement the soil particles, while the addition of HPMC may not change the calcium carbonate crystal type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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9. Evaluation of Polymer Based Dust Suppressant Mixed with Clayey Soil in Unpaved Road: Lab Experiment
- Author
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Huang, Junxin, Ho, Chun-Hsing, Gao, Yijie, Wu, Ziyan, Zhang, Yuzhi, Shehata, Hany Farouk, Editor-in-Chief, ElZahaby, Khalid M., Advisory Editor, Chen, Dar Hao, Advisory Editor, Barman, Manik, editor, Zaman, Musharraf, editor, and Chang, Jia-Ruey, editor
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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10. Non-destructive Surface Strength Test—Duroskop a Forgotten Tool; Comparison to Schmidt Hammer Rebound Values of Rocks
- Author
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Török, Ákos, Shakoor, Abdul, editor, and Cato, Kerry, editor
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- 2019
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11. Effects of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) on the Reinforcement of Sand by Microbial-Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP)
- Author
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Wanyi Zhu, Mengnan Yuan, Fanmin He, Yang Zhao, Zhiyang Xiao, Qian Wang, Fanyou Meng, and Qiang Tang
- Subjects
MICP ,calcium carbonate ,HPMC ,surface strength ,ammonia retention rate ,wind erosion resistance ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a new technology used for reinforcing soils through microbial mineralization. However, the existing MICP treatment technology is more suiTable for deeper soils due to its high permeability. In this study, HPMC, a cohesive material combined with Sporosarcina pasteurii-induced calcium carbonate precipitation was used to improve the surface layer of the soil. It was also tested in different contents of bacterial solutions and cementation solutions and with a different number of MICP treatments, and was analyzed and discussed by measuring the surface layer strength, calcium carbonate content generated in the crust, rainfall erosion resistance, wind erosion resistance, and ammonia retention rate of the specimens. The microstructure of the samples was investigated by XRD and SEM. It was shown that the addition of HPMC and increasing the number of MICP treatments were effective in the increase in the calcium carbonate content in the surface crust, but had no effect on the total amount of induced calcium carbonate. The combination of HPMC addition and MICP technology can effectively reduce rainwater scour loss and wind erosion loss, and increase its rainfall erosion resistance and wind erosion resistance. Rainfall losses were reduced by up to 30% in specimens treated with HPMC for MICP technology. When the wind speed was 12 m/s, the maximum mass loss rate of the specimens treated with HPMC for MICP was only 0.828%. The addition of HPMC can effectively improve the ammonia absorption rate and reduce the release of ammonia in the process of MICP technology, which is of great significance for environmental protection. The microstructure showed that the addition of HPMC and the increase in the number of treatments using MICP technology can make the surface structure of the specimens more compact, and the calcium carbonate can more effectively fill the pores and cement the soil particles, while the addition of HPMC may not change the calcium carbonate crystal type.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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12. Effect of heat treatment on bonding performance of poplar via an insight into dynamic wettability and surface strength transition from outer to inner layers.
- Author
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Chu, Demiao, Mu, Jun, Avramidis, Stavros, Rahimi, Sohrab, Lai, Zongyuan, and Ayanleye, Samuel
- Subjects
- *
HEAT treatment , *CYTOCHEMISTRY , *WETTING , *TREATMENT effectiveness , *POPLARS - Abstract
Heat treatment (HT) is thought to degrade wood surface wettability and cause gluing problems; this study focused on wettability and surface strength of the surface layer on heat-treated wood. The outer and inner surfaces formed by removing the 1-, 2- and 3-mm surface layers of heat-treated poplar on the tangential section were investigated. Dynamic wetting was analyzed according to the sessile drop method. The bonding failure models on different surfaces were also discussed based on both images of macro- and microscopic fracture interfaces. Using Fourier-transform near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR), the cell wall chemistry on both outer and inner surfaces were analyzed. The results showed that the bonding strength of the outer surface was mainly affected by wettability, whereas the surface strength became the key factor for the inner layers. The removal of the first 1 mm of the surface layer enhanced the wetting process and transferred the failure mode from the glue line to the wood itself. FT-NIR revealed that the intensity of the thermal degradation on inner layers was alleviated with the removal depth; wettability and surface strength were enhanced compared with the outer surface. Surface abrasion and hardness declined, decreasing the surface strength and bonding capacity. This study indicates that the bonding of heat-treated wood is truly affected by the surface strength of the inner layers, in addition to the wettability on the outer surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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13. Підвищення міцності деталей екструдера методом напилення
- Author
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Чемерис, Андрій Олегович
- Subjects
міцність поверхні ,extruder ,spraying ,екструдер ,surface strength ,напилення ,numerical modelling ,числове моделювання ,поліпропілен ,polypropylene - Abstract
Об’єкт дослідження: міцнісні характеристики деталей екструдера після обробки поверхні шляхом напилення. Предмет дослідження: залежності строку служби шнеку екструдера при абразивному впливі наповнювачів, які включаються в перероблюваний мате-ріал для підвищення його механічних характеристик. За результатами магістерської дисертації отримано: 1) Проаналізовано сучасний стан та актуальність підвищення міцності деталей екструдера. 2) На основі методу дискретної фази було проведено моделювання процесу проходження розплаву з наповнювачами по каналу екструдера. 3) За результатами чисельного моделювання отримали діаграми впливу наповнювачів на ерозію, діаграму відносних значень терміну служби шнека екструдера в залежності від матеріалу наповнювачів в розплаві полімеру при напиленні хромом у порівнянні з деталлю без напилення. Research object: strength characteristics of extruder parts after surface treatment by spraying. The subject of the research: dependence of the service life of the extruder screw under the abrasive effect of fillers, which are included in the processed material to improve its mechanical characteristics. According to the results of the master's thesis, the following were obtained: 1) The current state and relevance of increasing the strength of extruder parts were analyzed. 2) On the basis of the discrete phase method, the process of the passage of the melt with fillers through the extruder channel was modeled. 3) Based on the results of numerical modeling, we obtained diagrams of the effect of fillers on erosion, a diagram of the relative values of the service life of the extruder screw depending on the material of the fillers in the polymer melt when sputtering with chromium compared to the part without sputtering.
- Published
- 2023
14. Research on improving the surface hydrophobicity of paper coated by poly-vinyl alcohol -itaconic acid grafting copolymer.
- Author
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Ni, Yeyan and Yi, Jing
- Subjects
- *
POLYVINYL alcohol , *FOURIER transform infrared spectroscopy , *ITACONIC acid - Abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights • Biodegradable surface sizing agent(poly-vinyl alcohol/itaconic acid/acrylamide)was synthesized via radical polymerization with MINITAB software'DOE. • PVA/IA/AM could form the hydrophobic coating layer with a spatial network structure on the surface of paper. • It not only improve the hydrophobicity of paper but also increase the paper surface strength. • The copolymer had better forming film characteristic and lower property of penetrating into the interior of paper than PVA. Abstract Biodegradable surface sizing agent(poly-vinyl alcohol/itaconic acid/acrylamide)was synthesized via radical polymerization with MINITAB software. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the structure of the surface sizing agent. In the meantime, a thin layer of PVA or PVA/IA/AM was coated on the surface of paper. The strength and water resistance of paper were studied and compared. The optimization experiment condition for the surface sizing agent was determined by Design of Experiment (DOE). It indicated that PVA/IA/AM copolymer not only improve the hydrophobicity of paper but also increase the paper surface strength. It was attributed that PVA/IA/AM could form the hydrophobic coating layer with spatial network structure on the surface of paper and increase the number of hydrogen bonding between the copolymer and fiber. Furthermore, the copolymer had better forming film characteristic and lower property of penetrating into the interior of paper than PVA when they were coated on the surface of paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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15. Comparison of jack bean and soybean crude ureases on surface stabilization of desert sand via enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation.
- Author
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Liu, Lingxiao, Gao, Yufeng, Geng, Weijuan, Song, Jian, Zhou, Yundong, and Li, Chi
- Subjects
- *
WIND erosion , *SOIL stabilization , *SAND , *CARBONATES , *DESERTS - Abstract
• Jack bean and soybean crude ureases were used for topsoil stabilization. • Organic matter in crude urease affected soil mechanical properties markedly. • Jack bean presented a greater potential in topsoil stabilization than soybean. • Optimum bean dosages were proposed at 40 g/L jack bean and 80 g/L soybean. • The cost of using crude ureases was greatly reduced compared to commercial urease. Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is a prominent biogeotechnical technique for soil stabilization to address desert invasion and dust emission issues. This study investigates the bio-cementation efficacy of EICP mediated by jack bean crude urease (JCU) and soybean crude urease (SCU) on surface stabilization of aeolian sand from Tengger Desert. Topsoil properties of the EICP-treated sand including CaCO 3 , organic matter content, surface strength, and wind erosion resistance were evaluated. The urease activity of JCU was 3.4 times higher than SCU, resulting in a higher CaCO 3 content and surface strength of JCU-treated topsoil. The optimum bean dosages were observed at 40 g/L jack bean and 80 g/L soybean for achieving maximum CaCO 3 content and surface strength, respectively. EICP-treatments with excessive bean dosages would decrease the surface strength due to the interference of organic matter precipitation on effective bridging between the generated CaCO 3 crystals and the sand particles. Wind erosion resistance was evaluated under wind-sand flow condition at a wind speed of 13.8 m/s, which was positively correlated with surface strength. JCU presented an overall greater stabilization potential of topsoil than SCU. Additionally, the urease costs of EICP-treatments with JCU and SCU were reduced by about 380–1400 times compared with commercially available ureases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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16. SURFACE STRENGTH OF NOVIKOV CONVEXO-CONCAVE GEARS
- Author
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Michał BATSCH
- Subjects
surface strength ,Novikov convexo-concave gear ,Hertz theory ,deviation ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Transportation engineering ,TA1001-1280 - Abstract
Article presents the algorithm for obtaining maximum surface stresses for Novikov gears. Described surface strength calculation method is based on Hertz theory of two bodies being in point contact. What’s more the influence of gear position errors on maximum contact stresses has been presented. Also the comparison of Hertz stresses for Novikov and involute gears has been made.
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- 2016
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17. Synthesis and Application of a Multifunctional Fluorescent Polymer Based on Coumarin
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Guanghua Zhang, Hua Zheng, Guojun Liu, Peng Wang, and Rui Xiang
- Subjects
Light stability ,7-Amino-4-methyl coumarin ,Surface strength ,High-yield pulp ,Multifunctional fluorescent polymer ,Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 - Abstract
A multifunctional fluorescent polymer based on coumarin (MFPC) was synthesized using a four-step synthetic route. To obtain the target compound, 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin, coumarin fluorescent monomer (CFM), and ultraviolet absorber monomer (UVAM) were prepared. By the reaction of CFM, UVAM, trimethyl-2-methacroyloxyethylammonium chloride (DMC), and acrylamide (AM) as a linker, a new multifunctional fluorescent polymer was synthesized. The structure of the MFPC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopies. The optical properties of MFPC were measured by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and fluorescence spectroscopies, in aqueous solution. The integration effect between MFPC and paper was tested by scanning electron microscopy. The application performance of MFPC on paper was evaluated by measuring the surface strength, smoothness, and whiteness using the printability tester and the UV accelerated aging test. Results indicated that the MFPC had good solubility in water. It also exhibited a positive effect on the light stability and surface strength of paper as a light stabilizer, fluorescent brightener, and surface sizing agent.
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- 2015
- Full Text
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18. A novel electropulsing treatment to improve the surface strength and repair the pore of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V alloy.
- Author
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Yan, Xudong, Xu, Xiaofeng, Wu, Chao, Zhao, Yang, Li, Dongdong, Zhou, Yachong, Wu, Zhicheng, and Wei, Lai
- Subjects
- *
ELECTRON beam furnaces , *FATIGUE life , *ALLOYS , *PHASE transitions - Abstract
The surface strength and pore content in electron beam melted (EBM) Ti-6Al-4V alloy play a key role in its tribological performance and fatigue life. In this study, a novel surface electropulsing treatment was applied to generate local phase transformation strengthening on the surface of EBM Ti-6Al-4V while simultaneously repairing the pores in the hardened zone. The surface microhardness was enhanced by 36 % from ∼260 HV 0.2 to ∼355 HV 0.2 when electropulsing treated for 120 ms, and keep the hardness with the prolongation of time to 240 ms. The thickness of the hardened surface increased from 1.3 mm to 1.7 mm with the increase in processing time. In addition, the hardened zone showed much fewer pores than the matrix. Mathematical simulation indicated that the high cooling rate in the treated zone was sufficient to result in a martensite transformation, and the compressive stress induced by thermal stress and electrode loading could cause deformation and furtherly improve the strength. More importantly, the combination of the large-scale compressive stress with the current crowding effect induced compression in the hardened zone is a benefit for repairing the pore. Predictably, this novel electropulsing treatment can be extended to other AM α + β Ti alloy systems and AM martensite steel systems for strengthening and pore repair. • Electropulsing was proposed to improve the surface strength of the EBM Ti alloy. • Pores in the hardened zone were repaired simultaneously. • A mathematical simulation was applied to study the temperature change. • The hardened surface showed a high thickness (≥1.3 mm). • The surface hardness could be enhanced by around 36 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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19. Technology of increasing the surface strength of optical elements by means of carbon nanostructures coating
- Author
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K. A. Stepanova, F. A. Akhmedov, K. A. Sukhorukov, A. I. Kuzin, A. N. Mazurkevich, V. A. Ermakov, I. Yu Kinzhagulov, and A. V. Egorov
- Subjects
Carbon nanostructures ,Nanostructure ,Materials science ,Diamond-like carbon ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metals and Alloys ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Nanotechnology ,engineering.material ,Coating ,chemistry ,Mechanics of Materials ,engineering ,Surface strength ,Carbon coating ,Carbon - Abstract
The increasing technology of the optical elements surface strength on the example of mirrors coated with Al and Cu by applying carbon diamond-like nanostructures is developed. A method of pulsed la...
- Published
- 2021
20. Characteristics of multi strike surface strength of stones, concrete and bricks used for historical structures since Meiji era in Japan
- Author
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Y. Inaba, Shogaki Consulting Office, and T. Shogaki
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Engineering ,business.industry ,Forensic engineering ,Surface strength ,business ,Meiji period - Abstract
Historical structures are part of the heritage humankind hands down to posterity. As records, they not only describe past construction technologies, but they also carry information about the social system and culture of their time. Many historical civil engineering structures constructed during and after the Edo era still remain in Japan. Some of these structures, such as the Yokosuka dry docks, played an important role in the fate of the nation (Shogaki, 2014). However, such sites have not been the subject of systematic geotechnical research or publicity. The strength of construction materials at historical sites built since the Meiji era was investigated using the rebound hammer test (JGS 2013) and evaluated with regard to construction age, facility use, and material. The tested materials were rocks (andesite, granite, and sandstone) at 10 sites, concrete at 6, and brick at 3.
- Published
- 2021
21. Data Level Comparison of Surface Classification and Gradient Filters
- Author
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Kim, Kwansik, Wittenbrink, Craig M., Pang, Alex, Hansmann, W., editor, Purgathofer, W., editor, Sillion, F., editor, Mueller, Klaus, editor, and Kaufman, Arie E., editor
- Published
- 2001
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22. P-208: High Strength Technology Apply to One Glass Solution for Touch Panel.
- Author
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Zeng, Ting, Shao, Xibin, guo, Zongjie, Hu, Ming, Xie, Taofeng, Zhang, Lei, Gu, Xiaofang, and Xie, Xiaodong
- Subjects
SURFACES (Technology) ,MATRICES (Mathematics) - Abstract
The paper is proposed that adding OC layer after black matrix process during sensor can improve surface strength of TLCM and surface strength will be better with the increasing thickness of OC layer. The result is suggested that slimming OC0 thickness (<0.8um) significantly sloved optical problem-rainbow issue caused by the wrinkle of OC from ITO sputtering at high temperature (≥230°C); When OC0 thickness exceed over 0.8um, we can adopt lower temperature (<180 °C) ITO sputtering to eliminate rainbow. The paper is also shown to optimize index matching layer to adjust chromaticity and pattern shadow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. 酶转化淀粉在无碳复写纸原纸中的应用.
- Author
-
齐云洹, 张杨, and 丁雪峰
- Abstract
Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. A novel polymeric fluorescent brightener agent based on 4,4′-diamino-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid-triazine structure: synthesis, characterization, photo-property, and performance on paper as light stabilizer, fluorescent brightener, and surface-sizing agent
- Author
-
Zhang, Guanghua, Zheng, Hua, Guo, Mingyuan, Du, Lun, Liu, Guojun, and Liu, Jing
- Abstract
In this work, a novel polymeric fluorescent brightener agent based on 4,4′-diamino-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid-triazine structure has been synthesized by radical polymerization. The structure of 4,4′-diamino-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid -based polymeric fluorescent brightener agent was characterized by Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopy, HNMR, and gel permeation chromatography. Photo-property was measured and analyzed by the ultraviolet-vis spectra and fluorescence spectra. The performance on paper was evaluated by determining the surface strength and smoothness, the brightness degree, and the post color number value of paper. Results showed that 4,4′-diamino-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid-based polymeric fluorescent brightener agent had a better light stability in water solution than that of 4,4′-diamino-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid-based fluorescent monomer as light stabilizer. Through the surface-sizing experiment and ultraviolet aging experiment, the 4,4′-diamino-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid-based polymeric fluorescent brightener agent not only enhanced the surface strength and smoothness of paper as a surface-sizing agent, but also had a better effect on anti-ultraviolet aging than that of 4,4′-diamino-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid-based fluorescent monomer as a light stabilizer and fluorescent brightener agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Experimental and numerical investigation into surface strength of mine tailings after biopolymer stabilization.
- Author
-
Chen, Rui, Ding, Xiaobin, Zhang, Lianyang, Ramey, Dan, and Lee, Ilsu
- Subjects
- *
BIOPOLYMERS , *DISCRETE element method , *METAL tailings , *SOIL penetration test , *DUST control - Abstract
Penetration test has been a promising technique for characterizing the surface strength of a crusted surface. This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation of using a flat-ended penetrometer to evaluate the surface strength of mine tailings (MT) treated with biopolymer solutions of different concentrations. The experimental results show that the infiltration depth of biopolymer solution into dry MT decreases with the increase in biopolymer concentration. Biopolymer stabilization effectively increases the surface strength and cracking resistance of MT, and the increase is greater when the biopolymer concentration is higher. To further explore how biopolymer stabilization increases the surface strength and crack resistance of MT, numerical simulations using discrete element method were carried out to study the penetration tests on MT treated with biopolymer solutions of different concentrations. The simulation results show that the inter-particle tensile and shear strengths both increase with higher biopolymer concentration, indicating that more biopolymer induces larger inter-particle bonding and thus increases the surface strength of MT. The simulation results also confirm the delayed formation of cracks on MT after biopolymer stabilization from a microscale perspective, leading to a better understanding of biopolymer stabilization of MT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Adaptation of structures of steel laser hardening zones to friction conditions
- Author
-
A. V. Brover
- Subjects
Materials science ,laser irradiation ,Laser ,wear resistance ,law.invention ,machine building materials ,law ,structural adjustability ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Hardening (metallurgy) ,surface strength ,TA401-492 ,Composite material ,Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials - Abstract
Introduction. The structural state of the surface layers of engineering products manufactured through laser processing under various irradiation modes is considered. Structures with the highest possible stability with respect to external action under friction conditions, or with the possibility of optimal adjustment and additional hardening during operation by the formation of secondary structures, were implemented. Under the operating conditions, under the impact of mechanical and thermal pulses, an express rearrangement of one structure to another occurs, which is stable at a higher level of load-speed conditions. Thus, the phenomenon of structural-energy adaptability is realized. The resulting adapt-able structures most efficiently dissipate the energy introduced into the tribosystem, and minimize the wear of friction pairs.Materials and Methods. We studied samples of P6M5 steel using the following equipment:• Kvant-16 processing station with a power density of 100 MW/m2 for pulsed laser irradiation of samples;• Neophot-21 optical microscope for metal physical studies;• DRON-0.5 diffractometer for phase composition identification.Results. It is established that the material of the samples after laser treatment is able to efficiently dissipate the energy supplied during friction through its transformations at various structural levels. As a result, it becomes possible to control the surface strength and wear resistance of materials using the concept of structural adaptability of friction pairs, which extends their range of performance. Wear resistance of the irradiated steels is determined by both their initial hardness and the work-hardenability during friction. It is established that the thermal-strength loading of the steel sur-face irradiated layers during friction destabilizes austenite to the γ→α transformation, i.e., it contributes to its transformation into deformation martensite.Discussion and Conclusions. In relation to the specific loading conditions, it is required to regulate the amount and degree of stability of the residual austenite in laser-hardened steels and alloys, which provides the necessary operational properties.
- Published
- 2020
27. Effect of heat treatment on bonding performance of poplar via an insight into dynamic wettability and surface strength transition from outer to inner layers
- Author
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Sohrab Rahimi, Demiao Chu, Jun Mu, Stavros Avramidis, Samuel Ayanleye, and Zongyuan Lai
- Subjects
040101 forestry ,Biomaterials ,Materials science ,Chemical engineering ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Industrial chemistry ,Surface strength ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,Wetting ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Heat treatment (HT) is thought to degrade wood surface wettability and cause gluing problems; this study focused on wettability and surface strength of the surface layer on heat-treated wood. The outer and inner surfaces formed by removing the 1-, 2- and 3-mm surface layers of heat-treated poplar on the tangential section were investigated. Dynamic wetting was analyzed according to the sessile drop method. The bonding failure models on different surfaces were also discussed based on both images of macro- and microscopic fracture interfaces. Using Fourier-transform near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR), the cell wall chemistry on both outer and inner surfaces were analyzed. The results showed that the bonding strength of the outer surface was mainly affected by wettability, whereas the surface strength became the key factor for the inner layers. The removal of the first 1 mm of the surface layer enhanced the wetting process and transferred the failure mode from the glue line to the wood itself. FT-NIR revealed that the intensity of the thermal degradation on inner layers was alleviated with the removal depth; wettability and surface strength were enhanced compared with the outer surface. Surface abrasion and hardness declined, decreasing the surface strength and bonding capacity. This study indicates that the bonding of heat-treated wood is truly affected by the surface strength of the inner layers, in addition to the wettability on the outer surface.
- Published
- 2020
28. Influence of water content of surrounding soil on surface strength of cement-treated soil
- Author
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Masahiko Yoshida, Hidefumi Izuo, Masato Kiyota, and Kenichiro Nakarai
- Subjects
Cement ,Metallurgy ,Environmental science ,Surface strength ,Water content - Published
- 2019
29. SURFACE SIZING APPLICATION OF WATERBORNE EPOXY RESIN ON LOW BASIS WEIGHT PAPER
- Author
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Zhengjun Zhu, Li Wan, Hongqi Dai, and Yuanyuan Li
- Subjects
Waterborne epoxy resin ,Surface sizing ,Tensile strength ,Stiffness ,Surface strength ,Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 - Abstract
Reducing basis weight could lead to huge savings of forest resources as well as energy consumption and waste treatment in the papermaking process. However, low basis weight paper generally lacks normal strength and stiffness. The lower the basis weight of the paper, the more important is surface sizing. Highly cross-linked cured epoxy resin, due to its epoxy group and phenyl group, has gained such outstanding mechanical properties and dimensional stability that it could be utilized to enhance paper strength and stiffness through surface sizing when incorporated with oxidized starch. In this study, the impacts of sizing volume, fluid temperature, curing agent, and curing system dosage on sizing were investigated. Our results indicated that a rigid resin layer and interpenetrating polymer network formed on the surface and in the inner layer of the paper, respectively. The formed resin layers strongly support the paper and thus resulted in the improvement of strength and stiffness.
- Published
- 2011
30. Synthesis of polymeric fluorescent brightener based on coumarin and its performances on paper as light stabilizer, fluorescent brightener and surface sizing agent.
- Author
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Zhang, Guanghua, Zheng, Hua, Guo, Mingyuan, Du, Lun, Liu, Guojun, and Wang, Peng
- Subjects
- *
COUMARINS , *STABILIZING agents , *OPTICAL brighteners , *SURFACE active agents , *AMMONIUM chloride - Abstract
In this work, a novel polymeric fluorescent brightener based on coumarin (PFBC) was synthesized, using three-step synthetic route, from 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin, coumarin monomer (FBC), Acrylamide (AM) and methacrylatoethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC). The structure of PFBC was characterized by FT-IR, 1 HNMR and GPC. PFBC was applied to paper fiber as light stabilizer, fluorescent brightener and surface sizing agent and its performances were evaluated by measuring the UV–vis, fluorescence, thermal stability, the cationic degree, surface strength and smoothness of paper, the brightness degree of paper and the PC value of paper. Results showed that PFBC had better solubility in water than that of FBC, by measuring the optical properties. Through the surface sizing experiment and UV aging experiment, PFBC not only enhanced the surface strength and smoothness of paper as a surface sizing agent, but also had better effect on anti-UV aging than that of FBC as light stabilizer and fluorescent brightener. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Synthesis and Application of a Multifunctional Fluorescent Polymer Based on Coumarin.
- Author
-
Guanghua Zhang, Hua Zheng, Guojun Liu, Peng Wang, and Rui Xiang
- Subjects
- *
HETEROCYCLIC compounds synthesis , *COUMARINS , *FLUORESCENT polymers , *ACRYLAMIDE , *FOURIER transform infrared spectroscopy , *SOLUBILITY - Abstract
A multifunctional fluorescent polymer based on coumarin (MFPC) was synthesized using a four-step synthetic route. To obtain the target compound, 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin, coumarin fluorescent monomer (CFM), and ultraviolet absorber monomer (UVAM) were prepared. By the reaction of CFM, UVAM, trimethyl-2-methacroyloxyethylammonium chloride (DMC), and acrylamide (AM) as a linker, a new multifunctional fluorescent polymer was synthesized. The structure of the MFPC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopies. The optical properties of MFPC were measured by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and fluorescence spectroscopies, in aqueous solution. The integration effect between MFPC and paper was tested by scanning electron microscopy. The application performance of MFPC on paper was evaluated by measuring the surface strength, smoothness, and whiteness using the printability tester and the UV accelerated aging test. Results indicated that the MFPC had good solubility in water. It also exhibited a positive effect on the light stability and surface strength of paper as a light stabilizer, fluorescent brightener, and surface sizing agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Thermal Healing of Realistic Flaws in Glass.
- Author
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Zaccaria, Marco and Overend, Mauro
- Subjects
- *
GLASS , *RESIDUAL stresses , *STRENGTH of material testing , *STRAINS & stresses (Mechanics) , *FATIGUE crack growth - Abstract
For any given environmental conditions the tensile strength of glass is a function of the geometry of the critical flaw and the residual stresses in the vicinity of the flaw. The strength of heat treated glass is conventionally considered to be equal to the sum total of the residual stress and the extrinsic strength of annealed glass. Recent experiments suggest that there is an additional contribution to strength attributable to crack healing. To quantify it, uniaxial and equibiaxial strength tests on both as-received and carefully annealed glass specimens were performed for different edge geometries and edge finishes. The results show that strength recovery attributable to healing is significant, and this strength gain appears to correlate with the quality of the edge finish. Possible explanations of this phenomenon are provided. Independently of healing effects, it was also found that the edge quality has a marginal effect on the mean strength but has a significant positive effect at low fractile values often used in design applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Internal Quenching: Ideal Heat Treatment for Difficult to Access Component Sections∗
- Author
-
Fabian Muehl, Volker Schulze, and Stefan Dietrich
- Subjects
Alternative methods ,Quenching ,Common rail ,Ideal (set theory) ,Materials science ,Component (thermodynamics) ,High pressure ,Materials Chemistry ,Metals and Alloys ,Treatment method ,Surface strength ,Composite material ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering - Abstract
The heat treatment method Internal Quenching constitutes an alternative method to increase the surface strength of internally loaded high pressure steel components like common rail parts, pipelines, or valves. With the prototypic Internal Quenching device, which was built up at IAM-WK, it is possible to generate hardened surfaces and influence residual stresses in the inner surface of through-drilled parts. This is reached through an austenitisation followed by an internal quenching step, which leads to a martensitic microstructure and compressive residual stresses. Furthermore, it is possible to heat the outer surface by inductive heating during the quenching process which helps to avoid a through hardening of the parts. Due to that various heat treatment strategies can be realized and the residual stresses in the inner surface could be tailored to the load situation.
- Published
- 2019
34. INFLUENCE OF SURFACE STRENGTH ON SCATTERING ENERGY IN STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
- Author
-
A. S. Stolyarchuk and M. D. Romanenko
- Subjects
Structural material ,Materials science ,Scattering ,Surface strength ,Composite material ,Energy (signal processing) - Published
- 2019
35. A nanotwinned surface layer generated by high strain-rate deformation in a TRIP steel.
- Author
-
Xie, P., Wu, C.L., Chen, Y., Chen, J.H., Yang, X.B., Duan, S.Y., Yan, N., Zhang, X.A., and Fang, J.Y.
- Subjects
- *
STRAIN rate , *DEFORMATIONS (Mechanics) , *MATERIAL plasticity , *GRINDING & polishing , *THERMAL stability - Abstract
Gradient nanotwinned layers (GNTLs) with high hardness of approximately 500 HV and good thermal stability were produced in a Fe–20Mn–3Al–3Si TRIP steel by means of a high strain-rate surface mechanical grinding treatment (SMGT). The effect of the strain-rate on the plasticity-enhancing mechanisms in steels was investigated. It is found that although it primarily exhibits transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) when cold-rolled, this steel shows twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) during the SMGT process, illustrating that the steel may undergo a transition from TRIP to TWIP under high-strain-rate deformation. The martensite induced by deformation is thermally unstable and can easily transform back to austenite during annealing. In contrast, the deformation twins (DTs) are thermally much stable, since de-twinning, which plays a key role in the recovery of DTs, is more difficult to occur during thermal annealing. As such, undergoing the same annealing at 600 °C for 1 h, the GNTLs containing a great many of DTs maintain high hardness, whereas the cold-rolled counterpart samples containing deformation-induced martensite softens drastically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Biopolymer Stabilization of Mine Tailings for Dust Control.
- Author
-
Chen, Rui, Lee, Ilsu, and Zhang, Lianyang
- Subjects
- *
WIND erosion , *METAL tailings , *BIOPOLYMERS , *DUST control , *PUBLIC health , *SCANNING electron microscopy - Abstract
Mine tailings, or mill tailings (MTs), are highly susceptible to wind erosion (dust) and have brought about different environmental and safety concerns. Many efforts have been attempted to stabilize MTs for dust control, but all have drawbacks. The current study investigates the feasibility of using two natural and renewable biopolymers, xanthan gum and guar gum, to stabilize MTs for dust control. Moisture retention and wind tunnel tests were performed to evaluate, respectively, the enhancement of water retention capacity and the improvement of resistance to wind dispersal after MTs were treated with biopolymer solutions of different concentrations. Because the resistance to the formation of dust is closely related to how easy the particles can be detached from the surface, a flat-ended cylindrical penetrometer was manufactured and used to evaluate the surface strength (maximum penetration force) of dry MT specimens treated with biopolymer solutions of different concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy imaging was also performed to investigate the evolvement of the microstructure of MTs after biopolymer treatment. The results indicate that both xanthan gum and guar gum are effective in enhancing the moisture retention capacity, improving the dust resistance, and increasing the surface strength of MTs beyond that of water wetting. This is mainly because the biopolymers form coatings on MT particles and create bonding between them. The results also demonstrate that the flat-ended cylindrical penetrometer is a promising technique for characterizing the dust resistance of MTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Study on curing process, surface strength and thermal diffusivity of epoxy nanocomposites.
- Author
-
Xu, F., Han, Z. D., and Zhou, H.R.
- Abstract
This paper aims at improving the surface strength properties and thermal conductivity of epoxy resin by adding two kinds of nano-particles, inorganic alumina nano-particles and organic nitrile rubber nano-powders. The curing process of epoxy based nanocomposites was investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The surface strength properties and thermal diffusivity were evaluated by dynamic ultra-micro hardness tester and laser flash method, respectively. The results indicated that the curing reaction of nanocomposites was influenced by the addition of nano-particles. Alumina nano-particles exerts stronger influence on the curing reaction than nitrile rubber nano-powders by showing higher curing temperature. Compared with pure epoxy resin, the nanocomposites with mixed nano alumina and nitrile rubber have lower curing temperature. When using these two kinds of nano-particles together, the surface hardness and the elastic modulus were improved, meanwhile, the creep-resistant and deformation-resistant properties were enhanced. As a result, the surface strength property of epoxy composites was improved with addition of nano-powders. Meanwhile, the thermal diffusivity of nanocomposites was enhanced with the addition of alumina. The nanocomposites with rubber nano-powders and alumina nano-particles have the similar thermal diffusivity with those with 20 wt% alumina nano-particles. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Methods for testing the quality of lightweight cellular concrete during pouring
- Author
-
Ke Sheng, Pu Shikun, Xiaoxu Qian, Xin Liu, Baoning Hong, and Sun Dongning
- Subjects
business.industry ,Computer science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Building and Construction ,Structural engineering ,Interval (mathematics) ,Subgrade ,Measuring instrument ,General Materials Science ,Surface strength ,Quality (business) ,business ,Single layer ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,media_common - Abstract
Lightweight cellular concrete (LCC) has been widely used as a subgrade filling. The quality test of LCC during the pouring impacts the construction quality control and saves time, while few studies have been conducted on it. This study proposed the surface strength and strength along the depth of LCC in situ test devices and methods. Based on a practical engineering case in Guangdong Province, the quantitative measurement pouring interval between layers and the reasonable pouring thickness of a single layer was determined by the proposed measuring devices and methods.
- Published
- 2022
39. Quantitative analysis of visible surface defect risk in tablets during film coating using terahertz pulsed imaging.
- Author
-
Niwa, Masahiro and Hiraishi, Yasuhiro
- Subjects
- *
QUANTITATIVE research , *SURFACE defects , *DRUG tablets , *SUBMILLIMETER wave imaging , *COATING processes , *THIN films , *SURFACE roughness , *TENSILE strength , *SPATIAL distribution (Quantum optics) - Abstract
Highlights: [•] TPI could provide spatial distribution of surface density/roughness of core tablet. [•] Tensile strength, friability provided no information on visible surface defect risk. [•] TPI helped in estimating tablet abrasion risk prior to film coating. [•] TPI revealed the relationship between surface strength and blending condition. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Control and Stabilization of Fugitive Dust: Using Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Materials
- Author
-
Pedram Ghassemi and Vahab Toufigh
- Subjects
Sustainable materials ,Long term durability ,010102 general mathematics ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Environmental engineering ,Soil Science ,02 engineering and technology ,complex mixtures ,01 natural sciences ,Environmentally friendly ,Soil water ,Erosion ,Environmental science ,Soil treatment ,Surface strength ,0101 mathematics ,Wind tunnel test ,021101 geological & geomatics engineering - Abstract
Untreated soil is prone to erosion and dust generation that result in various environmental and health hazards. The addition of additives has been used as a soil treatment method to tackle...
- Published
- 2020
41. An artificial impact on the asteroid (162173) Ryugu formed a crater in the gravity-dominated regime
- Author
-
Yuya Mimasu, Yasuhiro Yokota, Satoru Nakazawa, Hajime Hayakawa, Akira Miura, T. Takahashi, Naoya Sakatani, Sei-ichiro Watanabe, Satoshi Tanaka, Osamu Mori, Yuri Shimaki, Tatsuaki Okada, Martin Jutzi, Stefania Soldini, Shota Kikuchi, Yuichiro Cho, Tomohiro Yamaguchi, Kent Yoshikawa, Hirotaka Sawada, Hajime Yano, Masahiro Hayakawa, Ryudo Tsukizaki, Toshihiko Kadono, H. Imamura, Kei Shirai, Atsushi Fujii, M. Ozaki, Rie Honda, Seiji Sugita, Moe Matsuoka, Yuto Takei, P. Michel, Go Ono, Tomokatsu Morota, Kohei Kitazato, Takanao Saiki, Chikako Hirose, C. Honda, Naoko Ogawa, Fuyuto Terui, Naru Hirata, Ko Ishibashi, Koji Wada, Rina Noguchi, Takanobu Shimada, Shogo Tachibana, Y. Takagi, Shingo Kameda, Masanao Abe, Noriyuki Namiki, Manabu Yamada, Yuichi Tsuda, Eri Tatsumi, Takahiro Iwata, Kazunori Ogawa, Yuichi Iijima, Hiroshi Takeuchi, C. Okamoto, H. Ikeda, Toru Kouyama, S. Kimura, Tomoaki Toda, Kosuke Yoshioka, Masahiko Arakawa, Makoto Yoshikawa, Yukio Yamamoto, Satoshi Hosoda, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency [Sagamihara] (JAXA), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Gravity (chemistry) ,Multidisciplinary ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,[SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph] ,[SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP] ,Geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Deposition (aerosol physics) ,Impact crater ,13. Climate action ,Asteroid ,[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics] ,0103 physical sciences ,Surface strength ,Ejecta ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Geology ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Blowing a crater in asteroid Ryugu The Hayabusa2 spacecraft was designed to collect samples from the nearby asteroid (162173) Ryugu and return them to Earth for laboratory analysis. Arakawa et al. describe how the spacecraft's Small Carry-on Impactor was fired into the asteroid's surface, producing an artificial impact crater. Analysis of the resulting plume of ejecta, recorded by a remote camera, sets an upper limit on the strength of the rubble-pile surface. The crater has a semicircular shape, probably due to a large boulder buried close to the impact location. The crater exposed material from Ryugu's subsurface, which has not been subjected to space weathering, that is suitable for collection by Hayabusa2. Science , this issue p. 67
- Published
- 2020
42. Stabilisation of iron mine tailings through biocalcification
- Author
-
OommenThomas, ZwisslerBonnie E, SeagrenEric A, VittonStanley, and BuikemaNoah D
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Mining engineering ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,Environmental Chemistry ,Soil properties ,Surface strength ,Waste Management and Disposal ,021101 geological & geomatics engineering ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Nature and Landscape Conservation ,Water Science and Technology ,biology ,Moisture ,Environmental engineering ,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology ,biology.organism_classification ,Tailings ,Sporosarcina pasteurii ,Calcium carbonate ,chemistry ,Geology - Abstract
Mine tailings consist of fine-grained particles that are deposited into large impoundments. Seasonal temperature and moisture fluctuations can result in dust emissions, an environmental hazard. Accordingly, there is a need for efficient and economical means for controlling dust emissions. Biogeotechnics provides one innovative approach to modifying soil properties. For example, Sporosarcina pasteurii has been studied for its ability to promote biocalcification in sand-sized particles by way of ureolysis. The application of this process to fine-grained materials, however, poses unique challenges. The goal of this work was to demonstrate biocalcification in fine-grained mine tailings to promote the formation of a crust that increased the surface strength of the tailings. Soil box experiments coupled with multiple lines of evidence collected using novel analytical techniques were used to confirm (a) the successful formation of the surface crust by way of ureolysis mediated by inoculated S. pasteurii and native urea-degrading microbes and (b) the impact of the crust on the surface strength of tailings. The crust formation and increased surface strength demonstrated in tailings inoculated with S. pasteurii and with native microbes provide a foundation for further research to advance the application of biogeotechnics in fine-grained materials for purposes such as dust mitigation.
- Published
- 2018
43. SURFACE SIZING APPLICATION OF WATERBORNE EPOXY RESIN ON LOW BASIS WEIGHT PAPER.
- Author
-
Yuanyuan Li, Hongqi Dai, Li Wan, and Zhengjun Zhu
- Subjects
- *
PAPERMAKING , *EPOXY resins , *FOREST products , *ENERGY consumption , *WASTE treatment , *SURFACES (Technology) , *STIFFNESS (Mechanics) - Abstract
Reducing basis weight could lead to huge savings of forest resources as well as energy consumption and waste treatment in the papermaking process. However, low basis weight paper generally lacks normal strength and stiffness. The lower the basis weight of the paper, the more important is surface sizing. Highly cross-linked cured epoxy resin, due to its epoxy group and phenyl group, has gained such outstanding mechanical properties and dimensional stability that it could be utilized to enhance paper strength and stiffness through surface sizing when incorporated with oxidized starch. In this study, the impacts of sizing volume, fluid temperature, curing agent, and curing system dosage on sizing were investigated. Our results indicated that a rigid resin layer and interpenetrating polymer network formed on the surface and in the inner layer of the paper, respectively. The formed resin layers strongly support the paper and thus resulted in the improvement of strength and stiffness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
44. Effectiveness of a new organic polymer sand-fixing agent on sand fixation.
- Author
-
Liu, Jin, Shi, Bin, Lu, Yi, Jiang, Hongtao, Huang, He, Wang, Gonghui, and Kamai, Toshitaka
- Subjects
POLYMER research ,WIND erosion ,VINYL acetate ,SAND dunes ,SIMULATION methods & models - Abstract
Sand erosion due to wind is a serious problem in the relatively arid and semiarid areas. A new organic polymer sand-fixing agent (PVIN), polymerized by the monomer of vinyl acetate, initiator and cross-linking agent, is introduced in this study. To understand the effect of PVIN on sand fixation, the strength test, water-retaining test and wind erosion test were performed. The results indicated that the presence of PVIN could improve the structural strength, water retaining and anti-wind erosion ability. When the sand-fixing agent was applied on the sand surface, the crust in surface layer was produced. The structural strength variations determined by micropenetrometer indicated that the specimens treated with concentrations of 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20% PVIN have produced the crusts with thickness being approximately 1, 2, 4-5, 5, and 5-6 mm and the strength being around 1, 4.5, 18, 26 and 41, respectively. This crust has a good water-absorption, water-retaining and anti-evaporation properties. It can also improve the anti-wind erosion ability, and also prevent the loose sand surface from forming a sand dune in the wind erosion conditions. Additionally, this sand-fixing agent has a low cost, it is easier to produce and apply and also produces no additional pollution. Therefore, this can be considered as an ideal soil-fixing agents to control sand erosion in the relatively arid and semiarid areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Influence of pigment blends of different shapes and size distributions on coated paper properties.
- Author
-
Kumar, Nitin, Bhardwaj, Nishi, and Chakrabarti, Swapan
- Subjects
PIGMENTS ,CALCIUM carbonate ,PAPER coatings ,CALCITE ,ARAGONITE - Abstract
Paper coating pigment plays an essential role in the achievement of the desired end paper qualities. Different pigment varieties are available for paper coating. Ground calcium carbonate (GCC) is the major one used frequently in coating formulations. Precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) is gradually gaining importance in paper coating, as it can be prepared in different shapes and sizes. The present study was carried out to determine the influence of PCC pigments with different shapes and sizes on paper properties, and their limitations and advantages when blended with finer grade GCC. PCC pigments of calcite and aragonite crystalline polymorphs having rhombohedral, orthorhombic, and scalenohedral habits were selected for the study. It was observed that the viscosity and water-holding capacity of the coating color was reduced with the introduction of PCC in the coating formulation. The PCC pigments showed greater light scattering, opacity, and smoothness of the coated paper as compared to the GCC pigment. The clustered (rosette) shape of scalenohedral habit calcite PCC results in the greatest light scattering, opacity, and surface strength amongst all PCCs. The aragonite PCC of orthorhombic habit and calcite PCC of rhombohedral habit show an almost similar trend in coated paper properties with the greatest smoothness and paper gloss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. The Evaluation of Micro-Pit Life with the DBR method for Rolling-Sliding Contact.
- Author
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Moon, S.M., Kim, Y.K., Kim, T.W., and Cho, Y.J.
- Abstract
Abstract: In this study, we evaluate the effect of supplied oil quantity and contact bulk temperature on micro-pitting life using two-roller contact machine. To quantify the failure rate of damaged surfaces of micro-pitting occurrence, the DBR(Dark and Bright Ratio) method was effectively implemented for observing not a sudden occurrence of macro-pitting but the transition of micro-pitting growth. The failure criterion is set as 4% micro-pitting on contact surfaces, which is adopted from precedent researches. The change of surface damaged area was measured by an optical microscope and calculated by the use of dark and bright ratio of test specimen pictures taken by optical microscope. The optimum oil quantity was determined to obtain the minimum oil quantity with no change in bulk temperature despite of increasing the supplied oil quantity. In conclusion, the influence of supplied oil quantity and contact bulk temperature on micro-pitting lifetime and the surface contact strength by the S-N curves of failure rate are quantitatively reported and expressed as empirical formulas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. A phenomenological model for non-Faradaic material loss in flowing electrolyte without solid particle
- Author
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Lu, Baotong and Luo, Jingli
- Subjects
- *
ELECTROLYTES , *SURFACE chemistry , *CORROSION & anti-corrosives , *EROSION , *STEEL , *ELECTROCHEMISTRY - Abstract
Abstract: The non-Faradaic material loss is the difference between the material loss measured by the weight loss method and the one determined by Faraday''s secondary law. Being observable in flowing corrosive electrolytes, it is promoted by increasing wall shear stress and anodic dissolution, is reduced by the increasing strength of electrode, and disappears in quiescent electrolytes or under cathodic protection. Therefore, the non-Faradaic material loss is likely a result of certain corrosion-aided mechanical damage mechanisms. A phenomenological model is proposed for the quantitative evaluation of the non-Faradaic material loss. The applicability of this model has been verified by the test data measured in both aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Surface strength of silicon nitride in relation to rolling contact performance measured on ball-on-rod and modified four-ball tests
- Author
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Wang, Wei, Hadfield, Mark, and Wereszczak, Andrew A.
- Subjects
- *
SURFACES (Technology) , *SILICON nitride , *ROLLING contact , *BARS (Engineering) , *TURBOMACHINES , *AUTOMOBILE industry , *ELECTRIC utilities , *FRICTION - Abstract
Abstract: Silicon nitride (Si3N4) has been used in various rolling contact applications in turbomachinery, automotive and power industry. It is favoured to replace conventional steel due to its low density, low friction, corrosion resistance and good performance under extreme condition. However, a major limitation of its wider application is its high material and machining cost, especially the cost associated with the finishing process. In the present study, a low cost sintered and reaction bonded silicon nitride (SRBSN) is used to study the surface machining effects on its rolling contact performance. Attempt has been made to link the surface strengths of Si3N4 derived from half-rod and C-sphere flexure strength specimens to the rolling contact lifetimes of Si3N4 rod and ball specimens. The rolling contact fatigue tests are carried out on ball-on-rod and modified four ball machines. Three types of surfaces with coarse, fine and conventional finishing conditions are examined. Flexure strength tests on half-rod and C-sphere show an increasing surface strength from specimens with coarse, fine to conventionally machined conditions. During rolling contact fatigue test of as-machined specimens, there are no failures observed on both ball-on-rod and four ball tests after 100 million stress cycles. However, there is a trend of decreasing wear volumes measured on the contact path of rods and balls with coarse, fine and conventional conditions. In four ball test, spall failures are observed on pre-crack specimens. There is a trend of increasing rolling contact fatigue lifetime from pre-cracked specimens with coarse, fine to conventional machining conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Development of Strong Surfaces Using Functionally Graded Composites Inspired by Natural Teeth — Finite Element and Experimental Verification.
- Author
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Zisis, Th., Kordolemis, A., and Giannakopoulos, A. E.
- Subjects
- *
FUNCTIONALLY gradient materials , *MATERIAL fatigue , *FRACTURE mechanics , *MICROSTRUCTURE , *FINITE element method - Abstract
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are composite materials that exhibit a microstructure that varies locally in order to achieve a specific type of local material properties distribution. In recent years, FGMs appear to be more interesting in engineering application since they present an enhanced performance against deformation, fracture, and fatigue. The purpose of the present work is to present evidence of the excellent strength properties of a new graded composite that is inspired by the human teeth. The outer surface of the teeth exhibits high surface strength while it is brittle and wear resistant, whereas the inner part is softer and flexible. The specific variation in Young modulus along the thickness of the presented composite is of particular interest in our case. The present work presents a finite element analysis and an experimental verification of an actual composite with elastic modulus that follows approximately the theoretical distribution observed in the teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Development of Strong Surfaces Using Functionally Graded Composites Inspired by Natural Teeth — A Theoretical Approach.
- Author
-
Giannakopoulos, A. E., Kordolemis, A., and Zisis, Th.
- Subjects
- *
TOOTH sensitivity , *TOOTH loss , *HYDROXYAPATITE coating , *TOOTH abrasion , *PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of collagen , *BIOMIMETIC chemicals - Abstract
In recent years functionally-graded composites have been proposed to develop strong surfaces that can withstand high contact and frictional forces. The present work presents a new graded composite that can be used for the development of surfaces with excellent strength properties. The composite is inspired by the human teeth, which nature builds as a hard and tough functionally-graded composite. The outer surface of teeth is of enamel, composed of prismatic hydroxyapatite crystallites, whereas the inner part of teeth is of dentine, composed collagen fibrils and hydroxyapatite. Enamel is hard, brittle, and wear resistant, while dentine is softer and flexible. The dentine-enamel junction is formed as a region at which enamel mixes with dentine in a continuous way. The nanomechanical properties of the transition zone have been recently revealed. Of particular interest in this investigation is the variation in the elastic modulus from the pure enamel to the pure dentine material, which leads to biomimetic graded composites that exhibit higit surface strength. This work presents analytical solutions for the stress and displacement fields on an actual composite substrate, which is loaded by a line load. The elastic modulus of the substrate follows approximately the theoretical distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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