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This Thünen Report investigates households’ residential location decisions as recurrent negotiation processes over the life course regarding a subjectively appropriate residential location. Besides residential mobility (migration across municipal boundaries or relocation within a municipality), staying in one place of residence is considered as an equally important option of decision-making. As further options, multi-local living and return migration are taken into account. The study is based on an analysis of 30 semi-structured interviews, half of which were conducted in rural communities and smaller towns and half in large cities in 2019 and 2020. Our research perspective focuses on how residential location decisions are embedded in residential biographies. Decisions on where to live are not seen as singular events. Rather, they are recurring over the life course. At the same time, they are adaptable decisions made in the context of biographical experiences, subjective interpretations, occupational and cultural resources and social embeddedness. Against this backdrop and based on the identified research gaps, the following report addresses four research questions: 1. How do housing demands change over the life course? 2. What role do factors besides life course events or status transitions play in residential location decisions? 3. How do decision-making processes related to staying or leaving take place in households? 4. What is the meaning of the subjectively perceived spatial categories ‘city/urban’ and ‘country/rural’ in housing biographies and residential location decisions? Concluding, we found that chronological life events (biographical status transitions such as leaving the parental home, starting or extending a family and transition into retirement) are of lasting importance for residential location decisions. They build a supra-individual framework, but each residential biography is unique, because further unexpectable events and occasions change housing needs. Housing and residential location decisions are strongly influenced by normative beliefs. The idea of a housing career in the life course, i.e. the constant improvement of the housing situation, as well as the goal of home ownership are particularly powerful. In subjective perceptions, the spatial categories ‘city/urban’ and ‘country/rural’ are related to specific locational utilities and qualities. From a methodological point of view, we argue for a combination of biographical and geographical approaches as well as for interviews with more than one member of one household in order to better reflect the complexity of residential location decisions.

Was wir über Kleinstädte (nicht) wissen, wird in einer Querschnittsbetrachtung dieses Sammelbands resümierend und reflektierend aufgezeigt. Ausgehend von verschiedenen Erzählungen, Perspektiven, Differenzierungen und Dynamiken von Kleinstädten werden soziale, demographische und ökonomische Aspekte erörtert sowie Probleme der Datenverfügbarkeit und Methoden aufgezeigt. Anschließend werden Kleinstädte konzeptionell verortet und Aspekte von räumlicher Planung, Government und Governance sowie von Mobilität und Digitaler Transformation beleuchtet. Mit einem konstruktiv ausblickenden Fazit wird zugleich ein Plädoyer für eine zeitgemäße Kleinstadtforschung formuliert. A review of this volume summarises and reflects upon what we (do not) know about small towns. Based on various narratives, perspectives, differentiations and dynamics concerning small towns, the discussion covers social, demographic and economic aspects and problems concerning data availability and methods. Next, small towns are conceptionally positioned, and aspects of spatial planning, government and governance, mobility and digital transformation are highlighted. A constructive, forwardlooking conclusion also calls for up-to-date research into small towns.

Kleinstädte sind mehr als nur "klein", und doch ist dieses Merkmal wesentlich zur näheren Bestimmung des Gegenstands. Die Kleinstadt ist einerseits gegenüber größeren und Großstädten abzugrenzen, doch auch von ländlichen Siedlungstypen - insbesondere vom Dorf - zu unterscheiden. Diese Einführung in den Sammelband reflektiert zunächst historisch, statistisch und sprachlich über die Bestimmung und Bedeutung der Kleinstadt bzw. von Kleinstädten. Im zweiten Teil des Beitrags erfolgt eine Erweiterung des Blicks um ausgewählte internationale Perspektiven, und es werden morphologische, administrative und funktionale Bestimmungsansätze aufgezeigt. Small towns are more than just 'small', and yet this characteristic is central to a more precise definition of the research object. The small town must, on the one hand, be distinguished from larger towns and cities but, on the other hand, also from rural types of settlement - particularly from villages. This introduction to the volume opens with a reflection on the historical, statistical and linguistic aspects of the definition and significance of small towns. In the second part of the article a wider view is taken to include selected international perspectives, and morphological, administrative and functional definitional approaches are presented.

Die Kleinstadt als Siedlungstyp "zwischen" Dorf und Großstadt ist ein etablierter Topos in der Forschungsliteratur. Ihre eigene Urbanität ist konzeptionell unterlegt und teils auch empirisch untersucht worden. Durch den fast ausschließlichen Fokus der (deutschen) Stadtforschung, insbesondere der Stadtsoziologie, auf die Großstadt und ihr überwiegend normatives Urbanitätsverständnis erscheint die Kleinstadt wahlweise als defizitär oder ländlich. In der wissenschaftlichen Praxis seltener und in ihren Ergebnissen weniger eindeutig ist die Forschung zur Ruralität kleiner Städte. Hier reicht das Verständnis von einer Konzeptualisierung als "bessere" Stadt bis hin zu Tendenzen einer politisch vorangetriebenen "Verländlichung". Wie es sich empirischlebensweltlich - jenseits siedlungsstruktureller und baulicher Charakteristika - mit kleinstädtischer Urbanität und Ruralität sowie deren Verhältnis zueinander verhält, bleibt ein Forschungsdesiderat. Zusammenfassend wird als These formuliert, dass eine integrierte Urbanitäts- und Ruralitätsperspektive auf kleine Städte - trotz der nicht vollständig auflösbaren Unbestimmtheit dieser Konzepte - Erkenntnisgewinne über Lebensrealitäten und soziale Praktiken jenseits der etablierten Stadt-Land- Dichotomie und frei von Werturteilen erbringen kann. The small town as a type of settlement 'between' the village and the city is an established topos in the research literature. Its specific urbanity is conceptually underpinned and has been, to a certain extent, empirically investigated. The almost exclusive focus of (German) urban research, especially urban sociology, on the city and its primarily normative understanding of urbanity leads to the small town appearing either as deficient or as rural. In scientific practice, research into the rurality of small towns is more seldom and its findings are less clear cut. Here understandings range from conceptualising small towns as 'better' places to tendencies towards policydriven 'ruralisation'. A research desideratum concerns the empirical lifeworld - beyond the settlement structure and characteristics of built form - of the urbanity and rurality of small towns and the relationship between the two. By way of conclusion, it is proposed that taking an integrated urbanity and rurality perspective on small towns - despite the fact that both concepts inevitably remain somewhat vague - can result in knowledge gains about realities of life and social practices that extend beyond the established urban-rural dichotomy and are free from value judgments.

Der Beitrag widmet sich den Sozialstrukturen und sozialen Beziehungen in Kleinstädten: Es werden die zentralen Begrifflichkeiten geklärt, ein Überblick über den bisherigen Forschungsstand gegeben sowie offene Fragen für die Kleinstadtforschung benannt. Der Beitrag zeigt auf, dass sozialstrukturelle Aspekte in aktuellen Kleinstadtstudien kaum eine Rolle spielen und an vielversprechende frühere Detailuntersuchungen nur selten angeknüpft wird. Die sozialen Beziehungen sind zwar öfter Thema in wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen, doch bleiben diese häufig tradierten Beschreibungen von Kleinstädten als besonders eng vernetzte und sozial überschaubare Vergesellschaftungsform verhaftet. The article considers social structures and social relations in small towns. Central terms are explained, an overview of the state of research is given and open research questions for small towns are identified. The article shows that socio-structural factors scarcely play a role in current research on small towns and that promising indepth investigations conducted in the past have seldom been further developed. Social relations are usually included in scientific research but these often traditional descriptions tend to cling to the image of small towns as being particularly close-knit and characterised by a specific social narrowness.

Kleinstädte befinden sich in einer systematischen Aufmerksamkeitslücke der Raum- und Sozialwissenschaften. Stereotype Vorstellungen über "die" Kleinstadt konnten sich so seit Langem relativ unhinterfragt halten. Was wissen wir über Kleinstädte - und was nicht? In diesem Kompendium wird die Kleinstadtforschung in Deutschland aus verschiedenen Perspektiven beleuchtet und ein umfassender Überblick zum aktuellen Stand in unterschiedlichen Themenfeldern gegeben. Grundlegende Begrifflichkeiten, Methoden und Daten werden dabei ebenso adressiert wie konzeptionelle Fragen von Urbanität und Ruralität sowie Zentralität und Governance. Von besonderem Interesse ist das Leben in Kleinstädten, und so werden soziodemographische, sozialräumliche und wirtschaftliche Strukturen und Entwicklungen sowie Aspekte von Mobilität und Digitalisierung in Kleinstädten betrachtet. Die insgesamt 17 Beiträge dieses Kompendiums geben vertiefende Einblicke in ein weites, sich neu konstituierendes Forschungsfeld und benennen Wissensdefizite. There is a systematic perception gap regarding small towns in spatial and social sciences. Stereotypical ideas about 'the' small town have thus remained relatively unchallenged for a long time. What do we know about small towns - and what not? This compendium sheds light on small town research in Germany from various perspectives and provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research in various fields. A range of topics is addressed, from basic terms and delimitations, methods and data to conceptual questions of urbanity and rurality as well as of centrality and governance. Life in small towns is of particular interest, and thus socio-demographic, socio-spatial and economic structures and developments as well as issues of mobility and digital transformation in small towns are considered. The 17 contributions to this compendium provide deeper insights into a wide, newly constituting field of research and address open questions.

The aim of this Working Paper is to introduce a conceptual model and study design for researching social disadvantage in rural peripheries, focusing on the interplay of social disadvantage and spatial disadvantage. The paper presents the theoretical concepts, understandings, and definitions, as well as the research design we draw on in the international research project 'Social disadvantage in rural peripheries in Czechia and eastern Germany: opportunity structures and individual agency in a comparative perspective.' The project investigates the multifaceted relationships between social disadvantage, local and regional opportunity structures, and individual agency in rural peripheries in Czechia and eastern Germany from a comparative perspective. It focuses on two sets of research questions. The first set concerns the quantitative patterns of social disadvantage and spatial disadvantage in rural areas. The second set asks about the impact of opportunity structures as part of the residential context on particularly disadvantaged groups in four case study regions. The project applies theories of peripheralization and rural restructuring, and considers social networks and individual agency. Area-level secondary data and accessibility analyses and qualitative case studies, including ego-centered network analyses and GPS mapping of time-space activity patterns, are used.