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Spilonota ocellana (Denis and Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) can be a serious pest of organic apples (Malus domestica Borkhausen (Rosaceae)) in British Columbia, Canada. Recent discovery that S. ocellana moths are attracted by a lure combining acetic acid (AA) and benzyl nitrile (BN), identified as a caterpillar-induced apple leaf volatile, provides an opportunity to develop bisexual mass-trapping or monitoring systems. Sticky white delta traps baited with benzyl nitrile (10 mg/red rubber septum) and an acetic-acid co-lure (3 mL AA/3-mm open 8-mL vial) caught significantly more moths than either component alone. Acetic-acid co-lures were weakly attractive but benzyl-nitrile-loaded septa were not attractive. Moth catches with AA+BN lures were unaffected by the size and type of rubber septum used to release benzyl nitrile, but catches increased with increasing loads of benzyl nitrile. Male and total moth catches were maximised using membrane release devices loaded with a mixture of benzyl nitrile and a second caterpillar-induced volatile, 2-phenylethanol (PET), in combination with an acetic-acid co-lure (AA+BN-PET). Female catches with AA+BN-PET and AA+BN lures were equivalent. Placing AA+BN lures in traps baited with female sex pheromone lures reduced male catches, but female catches were unchanged. When sticky liners were replaced weekly, white delta traps baited with AA+BN lures caught more moths than similarly baited white Multipher®-I bucket traps, or transparent UnitrapsTM. Multipher-I traps with a propylene glycol killing agent (250 mL) caught more moths than those with Vapona insecticide strips. In apple orchards treated with mating disruption sex pheromones, traps baited with AA+BN caught slightly more total moths than traps baited with sex pheromone. Weekly, total male+female moth catches with either AA+BN or sex pheromone lures showed similar seasonal patterns in both untreated and pheromone-disrupted orchards, respectively. Long-lasting release devices and an organic killing agent are needed to develop certified organic mass-trapping technologies for management of S. ocellana with the AA+BN kairomone.

In this study, we explore the low-temperature thresholds of a pest of apple (Malus pumilaMiller; Rosaceae), the eyespotted bud moth,Spilonota ocellanaDenis and Schiffermüller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in the context of spring frost.Spilonota ocellanaoverwinters as a larva, resuming activity and feeding early in the growing season when it could be vulnerable to unexpected freezing temperatures. We determined that the mean supercooling point of spring instars did not differ for larvae within or outside leaf shelters and ranged from −9.1±0.2 °C for fourth instars, to −7.9±0.2 °C for sixth instars. Larval weight increased with instar and was positively related to the supercooling point. As some insects are freeze tolerant and able to recover from freezing, we also exposed larvae to brief freeze events between −4.5 °C and −9.5 °C and found that the median lower lethal temperature, was −7.3±0.4 °C across all instars; indicating thatS. ocellanaspring instars are susceptible to freezing temperatures above their supercooling point. These low-temperature thresholds suggest that in the spring, S. ocellanalarvae are chill susceptible, and a hard frost (

To assist with plant quarantine inspections, we developed a specific primer set for use in a diagnostic polymerase chain reaction method of distinguishing the codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.). from other tortricid pests in cherries imported from western North America: Archips argyrospila (Walker), A. rosana (L.), Argyrotaenia franciscana (Walsingham), Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hubner), Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), Grapholita molesta (Busck), G. packardi Zeller, G. prunivora (Walsh), Pandemis pyrusana (Kearfott), and Spilonota ocellana (Denis and Schiffermuller). A 472-bp fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was sequenced in 3–18 specimens of each species except for A. rosana and P. pyrusana. C. pomonella demonstrated consistent and diagnostic differences from other species in two regions of the COI gene from which forward and reverse primers were designed to amplify a 326-bp segment. The primer sets were used to selectively amplify DNA from specimens obtained from various geographic origins to check for C. pomonella. This method enabled immediate and accurate identification of C. pomonella, and thus provides an effective tool for nations concerned about possible invasions of this pest.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the ban of Gusathion® (azinphosmethyl) as insecticide in Swedish apple orchards on tortricid moth population density and tortricid-induced crop damage. In addition, the effects on growers’ management strategies, such as choice of spraying dates and alternative insecticide combinations, were studied. Populations of Adoxophyes orana, Archips podana, Archips rosana, Cydia pomonella, Pandemis heparana, Hedya nubiferana, and Spilonota ocellana were monitored using sex-pheromone traps during the four consecutive seasons of 2008–2011, with annual crop damage estimates made prior to harvest. Azinphosmethyl was banned after 2008. Significantly increasing population densities were observed in A. orana, A. podana, C. pomonella, and H. nubiferana, whereas correspondingly increasing crop damage was observed only in the case of C. pomonella. The growers’ management strategies, with respect to number and timing of spray applications, did not change during the study period although the insecticides available after the ban were less persistent and more specific, i.e., either with primarily ovicidal or larvicidal effect. Analysis of a broad range of factors showed that temperatures during winter and spring, number and timing of insecticide applications, and usage of azinphosmethyl in 2008 were important factors affecting population size and the damage caused by the tortricid species studied.

BACKGROUND A new mating disruption formulation for population control of a wide range of tortricid pests, including Spilonota ocellana, was tested in Swedish apple orchards during 2012–2013. Owing to the characteristics of the local agricultural landscape, mating disruption was evaluated in isolated orchards rather than through an area-wide approach. Parameters such as trap shutdown, communication disruption in field cages, damage level and dispenser emission were measured as efficacy indicators. RESULTS The test formulation reduced the catches in monitoring traps for the entire range of the tested species. In field cages, communication between sexes was disrupted for both Adoxophyes orana and Cydia pomonella. The fruit damage caused by leafrollers (including S. ocellana) was reduced by the treatment. The device showed a constant release of all components for the entire flight activity period of these pests. CONCLUSION Single-orchard experiments showed a significant effect on field populations of the leafroller species complex. While promising, in light of the variability of the result, field scouting may be required to enable practitioners to estimate the density of the pests and avoid possible unexpected attacks. Additional experiments are needed to evaluate the efficacy of the product against C. pomonella. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry

Plants release volatiles in response to caterpillar feeding that attract natural enemies of the herbivores, a tri-trophic interaction which has been considered an indirect plant defence against herbivores. The caterpillar-induced plant volatiles have been reported to repel or attract conspecific adult herbivores. To date however, no volatile signals that either repel or attract conspecific adults under field conditions have been chemically identified. Apple seedlings uniquely released seven compounds including acetic acid, acetic anhydride, benzyl alcohol, benzyl nitrile, indole, 2-phenylethanol, and (E)-nerolidol only when infested by larvae of the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana. In field tests in New Zealand, a blend of two of these, benzyl nitrile and acetic acid, attracted a large number of conspecific male and female adult moths. In North America, male and female adults of the tortricid, oblique-banded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana, were most attracted to a blend of 2-phenylethanol and acetic acid. Both sexes of the eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana, were highly attracted to a blend of benzyl nitrile and acetic acid. This study provides the first identification of caterpillar-induced plant volatiles that attract conspecific adult herbivores under natural conditions, challenging the expectation of herbivore avoidance of these induced volatiles.

Four species of the genus Spilonota Stephens, belonging to the subfamily Olethreutinae (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae), are reviewed from North Korea, based on the materials of Hungarian Natural History Museum. Among them, two species, Spilonota lechriaspis Meyrick, 1932 and Spilonota ocellana (Denis et Schiffermuller, 1775), are reported for the first time from North Korea. Photos of adults and the genitalia are provided with brief comments on the distribution. Also a key for the species is given.

During 2005–2008, the study was conducted to investigate formation of the complex of lepidopterious fauna in young apple orchard, planted in 2004 year. Specimens of families Tortricidae, Geometridae, Noctuidae, Lymantriidae, Lasiocampidae, Saturniidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae, Yponomeutidae, Choreutidae, Chimabachidae, Gelechiidae and Coleophoridae were found during the all period of the investigation. Larvae of family Tortricidae dominated in 2005 and 2006, and slightly exceeded Geometridae in 2008. Geometridae was the most numerous in 2007. Tortricidae was the richest of species and 16 leafrollers were identified belonging to Tortricinae: Acleris rhombana Den. & Schiff., A. variegana Den. & Schiff., A. holmiana L., Pandemis heparana Den. & Schiff., P. cerasana Hb., Christoneura hebenstreitella Mul., Archips crataegana Hb., A. xylosteana L., A. rosana L., A. podana Sc., Ptycholoma lecheana L., Argyrotaenia ljungiana Th., and Olethreutinae: Hedya nubiferana Hw., Spilonota ocellana Den. & Schiff., A...

Summary. The purpose of the three years of studies was to establish the population structure of selected species of leaf tortricids in particular types of apple orchards on the basis of the catch into pheromone traps. Four out of the five studied species of leaf tortricids were caught in the orchard without any chemical protection. Those were: Spilonota ocellana, Adoxophyes orana, Pandemis cerasana and Pandemis heparana. On the other hand, those species were least numerous in the intensively protected orchard. The differences in the number of the caught males in those two apple orchards, which significantly differed from each other with the system of plant protection, were considerable. In each of the studied orchards the dominating species was S. ocellana.

The development time of eggs of three of the most noxious leafrollers found in Northeuropean orchards, Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermuller), Archips podana (Scopoli), and Pandemis heparana (Denis & Schiffermuller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) was recorded in the laboratory at five constant temperatures between 14 and 25 °C. In this range, developmental rates of the three species did not differ significantly. While the flight periods of these species overlap largely, a single algorithm could be used to devise optimal spraying time(s) for the three species.

During 1992–1999 the flight activity of Hedya dimidioalba, Spilonota ocellana and Pandemis heparana was investigated by pheromone traps placed in six apple orchards and a plum orchard in Central and East Bohemia. The cumulative catches of each species were plotted against time of the catch expressed as the sum of degree-days above 10°C (H. dimidioalba and S. ocellana) and 8°C (P. heparana) and approximated by Richards’ function. Common parameters of Richards’ function could be found for Hedya dimidioalba and Spilonota ocellana from all localities. In Pandemis heparana the flight pattern was different for groups of localities with similar climatic conditions. It was found that the beginning, peak and end of the flight activity of these species in the Czech Republic can be reasonably predicted.

Eyespotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermuller), is becoming an important pest of pome fruits in British Columbia because implementation of noninsecticidal controls for codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., have removed routine sprays that inadvertently controlled it. Knowing the phenology of S. ocellana could improve timing of controls for this pest. Seasonal flight activity of male, eyespotted bud moths was monitored using pheromone-baited traps hung in unsprayed apple (Malus pumila Mill.) orchards in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia from 1993 to 1996. Emergence of adult males and females and oviposition was monitored from 1994 to 1996 to establish relationships between their phenology and accumulated degree-days above 10 degrees C air temperature or number of days after the 1st moth was caught (biofix). Biofix occurred between 1-5 June, except in 1996, when it occurred 2-3 wk later, and flight activity continued until late August. Males and females emerged on the same day, 2.0 +/- 1.7 d (mean +/- SD, n = 3 yr) before biofix, and oviposition began 4.3 +/- 1.5 d after biofix. The nonlinear relationship between cumulative trap catch and d or number of degree-days after biofix was modeled with cumulative Weibull functions. A model based on data from Summerland using days after biofix as the predictor variable was more accurate at predicting the interval between biofix and 50% cumulative trap catch for independent data sets from Kelowna and Winfield than a model using degree-days after biofix as the predictor variable. However, the use of degree-days as a predictor variable has wider application to other regions and years. Similar models were used to describe the relationship between days or degree-days after biofix and cumulative emergence of males, emergence of females, and oviposition, respectively. These models will assist in the development of pheromone-based management programs for the eyespotted bud moth, and can be used to formulate control strategies for this pest.

The potential for pheromone-based mating disruption of eye-spotted bud moth (ESBM), Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermuller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apple orchards in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia was examined in small-plot trials. In a preliminary experiment, treatment of the orchard atmosphere with a 99:1 blend of Z8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8-14:OAc) and Z8-tetradecenyl alcohol (Z8-14:OH) completely inhibited captures of male ESBM in pheromone-baited traps, but treatment with Z8-14:OAc alone did not. Therefore, all subsequent trials used the two-component blend as a disruptant. Mean catches of male ESBM in traps baited with 0.1, 1, 10, or 20 mg of 99:1 Z8-14:OAc and Z8-14:OH were significantly reduced (81-97%) in pheromone-treated plots relative to similar traps placed in control plots. In both control and treated plots, there was a significant positive relationship between trap bait dose and trap catch. In pheromone-treated plots, this suggests that high doses of trap baits override the camouflage effect of disruption or overcome the effect of sensory adaptation and habituation. The number of virgin-female baited traps capturing at least one male ESBM was reduced by 96%, and mating of virgin females on mating tables was reduced by 95% in plots treated with the two-component pheromone. The total amount of Z8-14:OAc released from pheromone disruption dispensers during the latter field trials was estimated to average 6.4 g ha -1 over 11 days or 26.4 mg ha -1 h -1 . The low levels of Z8-14:OH released from disruption dispensers could not be estimated by GC analysis. Dispensers loaded with a 99:1 blend of Z8-14:OAc and Z8-14:OH were highly attractive to males in baited traps, indicating that they have the potential to induce false trail following.

Response of male eye-spotted bud moth,Spilonota ocellana (Denis and Schiffermüller), to different ratios of synthetic sex pheromone components, (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8-14:OAc) and (Z)-8-tetradecenyl alcohol (Z8-14:OH), were compared in four North American locations and in one location in The Netherlands. In British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Michigan, and The Netherlands, a 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH captured significantly more maleS. ocellana thanZ8-14:OAc alone or binary blends containing 10-50%Z8-14:OH. In Ontario, where population sizes were low compared to the other four locations, trends in trap catches were similar, and there was no indication that maleS. ocellana responded differently to the tested pheromone blends. A 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH should be most effective in pheromone-based control programs ofS. ocellana in North America and in The Netherlands. Our results confirm earlier studies that a 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH captures significantly more maleS. ocellana thanZ8-14:OAc alone. However, our finding that a 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH is significantly more attractive than binary blends containing 10-50%Z8-14:OH differs from previous findings in Germany and Switzerland.

Z8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8-14OAc andZ8-tetradecenyl alcohol (Z8-14OH) were identified as sex pheromone components of the eyespotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (Denis and Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). Compounds were identified by gas chrornatographic-eleclroantennographic (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectroscopic analyses and field tested in apple orchards in the Okanagan Valley, B.C. Although Z8-14OAc alone was attractive to male S. ocellana, the addition of 1–5% Z8-14OH strongly synergized its attraction. Field tests comparing the attractiveness of virgin female S. ocellana with various doses of a 99:1 blend of Z8-14OAc and Z8-14OH indicated the natural sex pheromone has only two significant components. A 99:1 blend of Z8-14OAC and Z8-14OH is suggested for monitoring and control of S. ocellana populations in British Columbia.

Orthaga euadrusalis Walker (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) is leaf webber of mango Margifera indica. It is most active from August to December. However, it found on the crop throughout the year and completes many overlapping generations. Duration of immature stages under laboratory conditions (24±1oC, 70-75% RH & 12 hr photoperiod) was 46 days. Its longevity and oviposition days averaged 4.21 and 3.60 days respectively. Intrinsic rate of increase was 0.09, maximum progeny production 'mx' (30.6) was on 2nd day, first mortality in female was observed on 4th day. Its population multiply 69.6 times in mean generation time 'T' of 47.14 days. INTRODUCTION The control of insect pests of economic importance is the most pressing problem of recent years and for this the essential objects are to make the estimates of the rate of growth of the pests (Howe, 1953). The inherent characteristics of the animals are collectively called the “innate capacity for increase”. Thompson (1924) for the first time developed mathematical model for population dynamics of insects. Later, Lotka (1925) investigated a function for “the intrinsic rate of natural increase, rm”. However, Birch (1948) applied this function for the first time to insects. Mango leaf webber Orthaga euadrusalis Walker (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) is potential pest of mango Mangifera indica (Verma & Singh, 2010). It is most active from August to December in Kolhapur region on Hapus, Ratnagiri and some hybrid varieties of mango. Review of literature indicates that Morris & Millar (1954), Stark (1959), Le Roux et al. (1963), Bains & Shukla (1976), Bilapate & Pawar (1980), Reddy & Bhattacharya (1988) etc. worked on life tables and intrinsic rate of increase in lepidopteran pests. MATERIALS AND METHODS Life tables for O. euadrusalis (Fig. 1) were constructed as per the method given by Birch (1948) and elaborated by Watson (1964). Initial culture of O. euadrusalis was maintained in the laboratory by collecting the caterpillars from the field. Newly emerged adults were caged separately in plastic containers and confined in the pair (1 male and 1 female) into the glass cage (25 x 25 x 25 cm in length, width and height) for mating. Mated females were used for calculating fecundity and constructing life tables. Observations were also made on immature stages, longevity, oviposition days and sex ratio of the species. The leaf weebers were reared at laboratory conditions (24±1oC, 70-75% RH & 12 hr photoperiod) by providing mango leaves. The life tables were prepared with the help of fecundity data and later intrinsic rate of increase was calculated. RESULTS The results are recorded in tables 1 to 3 and figure 1. Longevity of ovipositing females ranged from 4 to 5 days (average 4.21). The number of progeny production ranged from 112 to 147 with an average of 134.7 individuals. The male : female offsprings averaged 1 : 1.07. The average period of immature stages was 46 days. The first adult mortality was noted on the 4th day and maximum mean progeny production per day, ‘mx’ was 30.6 on 2 nd day. The intrinsic rate of increase was found to be 0.09 (fig. 2 ) per female per day and population multiplied 69.6 times in generation time ‘T’ of 47.14 days. DISCUSSION At global scenario, life table statistics and intrinsic rates of increase have been studied by sizable workers in lepidopterious insect pests. The contribution of Morris and Miller (1954) on Choristoneura fumiferana, Stark (1959) on Recurva starki and LeRoux et al. (1963) on Spilonota ocellana are prominently figured in the review of literature. From India, Bains & Shukla (1976) studied the life tables and intrinsic rate of increase in Chilo partellus (Swin.) wherein the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) were in assending order at different temperatures. They reported 30oC temperature as optimum for multiplication of this pest species. Their further observations on the finite rate of increase per week were 4.67, 15.59, 21, 3.177 and 1.002 at 25oC, 30oC, 32.5oC and 35oC respectively. In Helicoverpa (Heliothis) armigera (Hubn.) the value of Ro indicated that 285.06 females were produced per female during one generation. The innate capacity and finite rate for increase in numbers were 0.1210 and 1.1260 respectively. The mean duration of a generation was 46.71 days. Under conditions of abundant space, the daily finite rate of increase of H. armigera was 1.1286 which enabled the insect to multiply 2.3322 times every week (Bilapate & Pawar, 1980). Reddy & Bhatacharya (1988) studied the age specific survival /mortality life table and age specific survival and fertility life table of H. armigera on four semisynthetic diets. Various parameters of these diets revealed that soaked form

In orchards, insect pests are increasingly controlled using integrated pest management (IPM) (Blommers, 1994). Among insect pests, tortricids (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) are frequent all around the world and sometimes are very abundant (e.g. Dickler, 1991), including the codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.), the summer fruit tortrix (Adoxophyes orana F.v.R.), the eyespotted budmoth (Spilonota ocellana E), Pandemis heparana Den. & Schiff., the green budmoth (Hedya nubiferana Haw.), the European leafroller (Archips rosana L.), the fruit tree tortrix (A. podana Scop.), the brown oak tortrix (A. xylosteana L.), A. crataegana Hbn., and the small fruit tortrix (Grapholita lobarzewskii Nowicki). The bionomics of these species are usually very well known (Balachowsky, 1966; Chambon, 1986; Dickler, 1991). Distribution and movement patterns into and from the orchard have been investigated with marking-recapture methods, using pheromone traps or alimentary baits (Mani & Wildbolz, 1977; Sziraki, 1984; Brunner et al., 1988; Fassotte et al.,1992). Similarly, movements between agroecosystems and their surroundings have been studied for surface-dwelling carabids, spiders, etc. and aerial plankton (Altieri & Schmidt, 1986; Duelli et al., 1989; Duelli et al., 1990).

The sex pheromones of Spilonota ocellana D. & S. and Spilonota laricana Hein. (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) were identified by chemical analysis and field trapping. Female moths of the two species produce (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-tetradecen-1-ol and dodecyl acetate in almost the same proportions (98:1:1 and 97:3:1). Males of both species were best attracted to a blend of 10:1 to 1:1 Z8-14Ac:Z8-14OH. This indicates that mating barriers other than sex pheromones exist between sympatric populations.

Synthetic sex pheromones were evaluated in apple orchards against the pests Spilonota ocellana (D. & S.), Archips argyrospilus (Walker), Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), and Pandemis limitata (Robinson). Significant correlations between spring larval counts and captures of males in summer in pheromone traps occurred only at moderate to high population levels. Correlations between captures of males in summer and fruit damage occurred only with S. ocellana. The attractants for S. ocellana, A. argyrospilus, and C. rosaceana appear satisfactory but that for P. limitata, possibly due to species identification uncertainty and low populations, requires further evaluation.

Lepidoptera larvae on highbush blueberry fed more frequently in flower and fruit clusters than in leafrolls during April, May, and early June. Their feeding reduced the harvest from individual clusters to about half of that of undamaged clusters. Larval feeding caused losses of production in blueberry fields of from 2.5 to 7% depending on leafroller densities. Insecticide treatments in experimental plots decreased leafroller populations and increased cluster yields.

Colpoclypeus florus Walk, is a gregarious ectoparasite of tortricids. Details of biology and annual cycle in orchards in the Netherland are reported. It has four to five generations per year, but only females of the second generation, and some of the third, meet with abundant hosts (Adoxophyes orana F.v.R.) of the proper size. Therefore, the parasite is scarce to virtually absent from Duth orchards except in July and August. A technique for mass-rearing of C. florus is described, producing 6 000 wasps per week. 16 000–28 000 wasps/ha were released in spring, in order to control leafrollers. Although all important leafroller species were parasitized, the rate of parasitization was too low to be effective. RESUME Colpoclypeus florus (Hym. Eulophidae), parasite de tordeuses dans les vergers: techniques d'elevage, biologie et experiences de lutte biologique Colpoclypeus florus Walk., ectoparasite gregaire de Tortricidae, est capable de provoquer un taux de parasitisme eleve dans plusieurs types de cultures, y compris dans les vergers de pommiers. Dans les vergers aux Pay-Bas, ce parasite n'abonde qu'en ete sur la premiere generation d'Adoxophyes orana. Les autres tortricides echappent a ses attaques, parce qu'elles ne peuvent ětre attaquees qu'au printemps. Le but de ces etudes etait donc la mise au point d'une technique d'elevage de masse de C. florus, pour relacher ce parasite en grand nombre dans les vergers au printemps. La technique decrite a permis de produire plusieurs milliers de parasites par semaine. Des lachers de 16 000–28 000 parasites par ha dans un verger soumis a un programme de lutte integree, bien que faisant des victimes parmi toutes les especes importantes de tortricides presentes, etaient loin d'occasionner le taux de parasitisme escompte. Le nombre de degres-jours necessaire au developpement des differents stades de C. florus a ete determine au laboratoire, et son cycle evolutif, inconnu aux Pays-Bas, puisque le parasite ne se trouve qu'en ete, a ete calcule et compare aux observations faites en elevages en plein air. C. florus a de 4 a 5 generations par an, et la comparaison de sa phenologie avec celle des differentes tordeuses explique son absence hors de l'ete. Au laboratoire, Archips podana etait plus parasite, et Pandemis heparana moins parasite qu'A. orana. Le nombre moyen de descendants produits par femelle de C. florus et par chenille-hote variait selon les hotes, dependant probablement de la taille des chenilles. Bien qu'A. orana n'ait pas produit le plus grand nombre de parasites par chenille, elle a ete neanmoins preferee aux autres tortricides comme hote pour les elevages.

Over 36 species of foliage-feeding Microlepidoptera and 13 species of Macrolepidoptera were found during 2 years of sampling in 17 southern Michigan apple orchards. Most of these were in the family Tortricidae. Among the most abundant and widely distributed species, especially in abandoned orchards, were the tortricids Pseudexentera mali Freeman, Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermuller), and Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris). The choreutid Choreutis pariana (Clerck) was abundant in some abandoned orchards, but was virtually absent from commercial orchards. The species sampled in commercial orchards tended to be those that were most widely distributed and abundant in abandoned orchards. Microlepidoptera found in commercial orchards were a subsample of the species in abandoned orchards. Thus, an understanding of the factors that control Microlepidoptera distribution and abundance in abandoned orchards, along with information on responses to pesticides, will help predict future species trends in commercial orchards.