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Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) is a rare complication of Takayasu's Arteritis. We report the case of an 11-year-old girl who presented with a tonic-clonic seizure and loss of consciousness, without fever. Imaging revealed characteristic white matter edema of the occipital and parietal lobes, in keeping with PRES. Further imaging demonstrated right renal artery stenosis and wall thickening of the abdominal aorta. The combination of hypertension, the discrepancy of blood pressure recordings between upper limbs, and imaging abnormalities of the aorta and the left renal artery led to the diagnosis of PRES secondary to Takayasu's Arteritis. Treatment with oral corticosteroids, azathioprine, amlodipine, and propranolol resulted in the complete resolution of the patient's symptoms and imaging abnormalities.

We report the case of a patient with hematocolpos on hymenal imperforation, revealed following cyclic pelvic pain with primary amenorrhea associated with pelvic heaviness for one year. MRI showed significant distension of the vagina forming a pseudo mass, well limited, in T1 high signal, in moderate T2 high signal, with the presence of declining deposits in hyposignal related to hemosiderin. A hymenotomy was performed under general anaesthesia, the postoperative course was favourable. This case illustrates the particularity of suspecting a hematocolpos in the presence of a pelvic mass in a young girl with amenorrhea.

The cerebral localization of hydatid cyst is rare (2%), we report the case of an 8-year-old boy, living in a rural area who presented to the emergency room for post-traumatic headaches and a decrease in bilateral visual acuity and whose radiological workup showed a left parieto-occipital cerebral cyst, the diagnosis of hydatid cyst was retained after surgical treatment. the patient has evolved well after surgical treatment. We report an observation of a cerebral hydatid cyst revealed by a brain trauma and which evolved well clinically after surgical treatment.

We report an observation of a macro- and microcystic lymphatic malformation located in the right upper limb. This was a 5-year-old girl with no previous pathological history, followed since the age of 11 months for a congenital subcutaneous, painless and soft swelling of the right upper limb. Ultrasound of the soft tissue and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allowed the diagnosis of macro- and microcystic lymphatic malformation of the right upper limb. There is little epidemiological data on cystic lymphatic malformations (CLM). Superficial MLKs are more numerous than deep MLKs; of the superficial MLKs, nearly 75% are located in the head and neck, with an estimated incidence of 1.2 to 2.8 per 1000 births, and in the axillary hollows in 20% of cases. They affect equally males and females and different ethnic backgrounds. Involvement of the upper limb and particularly the arm is very rare. MRI plays an important role in the diagnosis and assessment of the tumor’s boundaries. Treatment can be difficult because of the location of the tumor and its extension into the surrounding tissue.

Introduction: Osteochondroma, otherwise known as osteogenic exostosis, is a benign surface tumor; it develops from an enchondral ossification bone, which and in contact with the epiphysis. Its most dreadful complication is chondrosarcoma. The aim: of our observation is to report a rare and dreadful complication of osteochondroma. Observation: This is an 08 year old female patient, without any particular pathological history, who consulted for a painful swelling of the lower extremity of the left thigh with a chronic evolution. Conclusion: Once the diagnosis of exostosis is made, an annual radiological control is mandatory. Carcinological resection is mandatory as soon as malignant transformation is suspected.

Fibrous bone dysplasia (FOD) is a benign, rare, congenital condition, underestimated because it is often asymptomatic, and of unknown cause. It is a disease in which normal bone is replaced by fibro-osseous tissue resulting in deforming bone lesions. The disease is most often monostotic, much more rarely polyostotic. We report an observation of a 10-year-old female patient who presented with a painful periorbital swelling initially labeled as orbital cellulitis. Orbital CT confirmed bilateral orbital cellulitis but also made the diagnosis of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia on the bony windows. The patient was managed by oral antibiotic therapy with incision and drainage of the orbital cellulitis.

Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) is a serious neurologic condition resulting from thiamine deficiency (vitamin B1). The majority of cases involve alcoholism; however, nonalcohol-associated WE do occur and is under-recognized. Magnetic resonance imaging is the gold standard imaging modality to confirm the diagnosis. We report two cases of young women with abundant vomiting during the first trimester of pregnancy (hyperemesis gravidarum), causing symptomatic Wernicke’s encephalopathy. The diagnostic was made by MRI showing a T2-weighted hyperintensity in the periaqueducal, thalami and mammillary bodies. However, it is imperative that WE is diagnosed and treatment is started as quickly as possible.

Gastrointestinal duplications are rare congenital malformations that can involve all digestive segments, from the mouth to the anus. These duplications can be cystic or tubular, communicating or not with the adjacent digestive tract segment. The diagnosis is increasingly suspected antenatally. In other cases, the clinical symptoms are often aspecific, depending on the anatomical region concerned and the possible occurrence of revealing complications. Imaging, and in particular ultrasound, allows the diagnosis to be evoked and to look for associated anomalies, which condition the prognosis and management. The diagnosis of certainty is most often confirmed only after excision and anatomical anatomopathological examination. Surgery is required and must be complete at best, to avoid any risk of complication or risk of complication or malignant degeneration. We report the observation of an infant who presented with a late-onset cystic ileal duplication complicated by an occlusive syndrome.

Benign teratomas of the mediastinum are rare tumors that represent 5 to 10% of mediastinal tumors. They remain asymptomatic for a long time and their discovery often reveals their bulky size. They occur most often in young subjects. We report the observation of a 6-year-old patient with a large mediastinal teratoma revealed by rest dyspnea and chest pain in a context of asthenia who was referred to our pediatric imaging department for a thoracic CT scan. Although benign mediastinal teratomas are slow growing, they can rarely become complicated and cause symptoms. Imaging is essential to make the diagnosis and to look for possible complications. The gold standard treatment is complete surgical resection.

Cystic echinococcosis is a parasitic infestation caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus.Although adults are mostly affected, children also suffer from this disease. The lungs are the most common sites of infection in children, however involvement of other sites is also seen. Peritoneal cystic echinococcosis is rare in children even in endemic areas. Determining whether the origin of this site is primary or secondary remains controversial, especially in children. Secondary peritoneal cystic echinococcosis are expected to occur after spontaneous, traumatic or accidental rupture during surgery of primary liver or splenic cysts. Primary peritoneal cystic echinococcosis without any evidence of another organ involvement has been rarely reported. We report a case of cystic echinococcosis involving the peritoneum and scrotum presenting with a gradually increasing scrotal swelling in a 7-year-old child, along with sonographic, CT, and MRI features.

Rhabdomyosarcoma is a soft tissue highly malignant neoplasm. The most common sites in childhood are the head and neck with only 10% of all cases occurring in the orbit. Clinical manifestations are not specific which makes pre-operative diagnosis challenging. Orbital tumors are mostly detected at early stages, due to their obvious symptoms but they are characterized with a rapid growth. Imaging techniques and especially MRI are very contributive in the diagnosis process. The purpose of this review is to provide a general overview of primary orbital Rhabdomyosarcoma through a representative case of a patient that has been managed at our institute as well as a review of the literature.

Definition: Fibromatosis colli is a congenital torticollis of muscular origin. It is secondary to a unilateral retraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which appears enlarged and swollen on imaging. Radiological-Clinical Observation: It is a one month old infant who consults in the pediatric department for a cervical swelling lateralized to the right with a vicious neck attitude. Discussion: Fibromatosis colli is an infantile pseudotumor. Its incidence is approximately 0.4% of live births. Its exact etiology is still unknown. This condition is often unilateral. Ultrasound is the examination of choice for the exploration of this disease. In case of diagnostic doubt, a cytopunction may be indicated. The treatement is generally conservative and based on motor physiotherapy. Surgical treatment is sometimes necessary in case of persistence of the lesion. Spontaneous evolution can lead to an almost total cure by the age of 24 months in most cases. Conclusion: Fibromatosis colli is considered among the rare causes of cervical masses in infants and newborns. Imaging plays an important role in its diagnosis and post-treatment follow-up. Its treatment is often conservative and the evolution is favorable.

Le pseudo anevrysme de l´arcade palmaire superficielle est une entite rare et seuls quelques cas ont ete decrits dans la litterature. La majorite se developpe apres une lesion de l´artere suite a un traumatisme penetrant, a une intervention chirurgicale anterieure ou a une ponction arterielle. Le diagnostic repose sur une suspicion clinique elevee, notamment en presence d´une masse pulsatile. Ci-dessous, nous presentons le cas d´un faux anevrisme de l´arcade palmaire superficielle chez un enfant de 3 ans a la suite d´une blessure par du verre brise.

Fibromatosis colli is a rare, usually self-limiting condition caused by a benign tumor in the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The tumor occurs most often during infancy and can be clinically associated with torticollis. Accurate diagnosis of fibromatosis colli is important to avoid unnecessary invasive interventions. Ultrasound is considered the radiological examination of choice for diagnosis, as it is noninvasive, inexpensive, and has 100% sensitivity. We discuss the case of a one-month old child who presented with a head tilt and had ultrasound imaging that favore diagnosis of fibromatosis colli.

First described by the French surgeon Maurice Morel-Lavallee in 1853, Morel-Lavallee syndrome (MLS) is a serolymphatic effusion resulting from tangential injury to richly vascularized tissues. The imaging characteristics may be variable over time due to lesion progression and the eventual organization of a fibrous capsule. We report a case of extensive MLS in the lower leg of a 12-year-old child. We discuss the ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging findings and describe the differential diagnoses. LEARNING POINTS The diagnosis of Morel-Lavallee syndrome is based on clinical examination and imaging techniques. The post-traumatic context is important for diagnosis. Morphological aspects depend on lesion progression and the eventual organization of a fibrous capsule.

Solid pseudopapillary tumors (SPTs) constitute 0.2 to 2.7% of non-endocrine primary tumors of the pancreas and comprise the majority (70%) of pediatric pancreatic neoplasms. These tumors are of unclear pathogenesis, low malignancy and favorable prognosis. Surgical resection offers an excellent chance for longterm survival, even in the presence of distant metastasis. The objective of this study is to review our experience in the management of SPT in a 12 years old girl at the pediatric hospital of the University hospital of Casablanca, in Morocco and provide an update on current management in pediatric population.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a fairly rare complication, and even more so in children. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the reference examination to evoke this diagnosis. We report the case of a 7-year-old boy presenting with a reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome secondary to malignant arterial hypertension complicating CKD on congenital nephropathy, which presented with a tonic-clonic seizure and loss of consciousness, with a BP of 190/130mmHg in an apyretic context . Imaging revealed characteristic edema of the white and gray matter in the form of multiple areas of T2 hyper signal and cortico-subcortical cortical temporo-occipital and frontal, of the caudate nucleus and bilateral lenticulars, of the brain stem and cerebellum in relation to the PRES given the clinico radiological context. The course of action was hospitalization in intensive care with stabilization and conditioning, and was put on antihypertensive and anticonvulsant drugs A rigorous monitoring was required in our patient and the evolution was very favorable.

According to the World Health Organization, medulloepithelioma belongs to the embryonal neoplasm entity. It is a very rare, highly malignant tumor typically affecting infants and young children. Usually, the tumor arises in the eye or in the central nervous system; a peripheral location has been rarely reported without an established treatment. The recognition and separation of this neoplasm from other differential tumors are mandatory for better understanding of its biology and determination of optimal treatment. This paper reports a case of an ectopic intrapelvic medulloepithelioma with liver metastasis in a 3-year-old girl.

Cause importante de retard psychomoteur et de convulsions de l´enfant, les malformations corticales cerebrales sont mal connues par les equipes non specialisees. Leur reconnaissance et leur identification reviennent en grande partie a l´imagerie qui conditionne le conseil genetique. L´objectif de ce travail est de montrer l´importance de l´imagerie dans le diagnostic de ces malformations ainsi que la semiologie radiologique (TDM et IRM) des malformations les plus frequentes. Il s´agit d´une etude retrospective portant sur une serie de 43 patients pris en charge au service de neurologie de l´hopital d´enfants Abderrahim Harrouchi de Casablanca, pour dysgenesies corticales. Tous les patients ont beneficie d´une imagerie cerebrale en coupe TDM ou IRM au sein du service de radiologie pediatrique. 35 de nos patients ont ete suivis pour epilepsie, 4 enfants pour anomalie de developpement psychomoteur et 4 cas de retard mental. Dans notre serie, les anomalies corticales etaient reparties comme suit: 8 cas de pachygyrie, 7 cas de polymicrogyrie et 2 cas d´heterotopie de la substance grise dont une etait nodulaire et l´autre en bande, 2 cas d´hemimegalencephalie. Les dysplasies corticales focales retrouvees dans 2 cas, 13 cas de schizencephalie a fente ouverte dans 10 cas et fermee dans les 3 autres cas, 3 cas de lissencephalie et 6 cas de sclerose tubereuse de Bourneville. L´IRM, par la qualite de son etude multiplanaire et la meilleure differenciation substance blanche-substance grise (SB-SG), permet un diagnostic plus precis des dysgenesies corticales, necessaire pour planifier le traitement et pour donner un conseil genetique.

Les tumeurs osseuses bénignes sont beaucoup plus fréquentes que les tumeurs malignes en milieu pédiatrique. L’exostose (ostéchondrome) en est la plus fréquente. Les différentes techniques d'imagerie occupent une place déterminante dans l'étude de ses tumeurs notamment la radiographie standard. Le but de ce travail est de souligner l’intérêt de l’imagerie dans la prise en charge diagnostique des tumeurs bénignes osseuses chez l’enfant à travers une étude rétrospective portant sur 169 patients. Tous ces patients ont été explorés par la radiographie standard, un complément scanner avec reconstruction multiplanaires avant et après injection de PDC et/ouune IRM 1.5 Tesla a été réalisé en fonction de l’indication. L’âge moyen est de 6 ans avec une légère prédominance masculine. Cliniquement, la tuméfaction est présente dans 35% des cas. La douleur dans 29 %des cas. La localisation la plus fréquente est la métaphyse sur les os long: fémur: 25% des cas, humérus: 17 % des cas, tibia: 21% des cas. Les principales tumeurs bénignes retrouvées sont l’exostose (20,12 %), le kyste osseux (31,95%) et l’ostéoblastome (16, 57%). L’imagerie permet de préciser la topographie et l’extension de la lésion dans l’os, apporter des arguments en faveur de la bénignité et parfois, en faveur de l’origine de la lésion. La radiographie standard seule permet souvent de poser un diagnostic de certitude dans certains cas.The Pan African Medical Journal 2016;24

Joint Bone Spine - In Press.Proof corrected by the author Available online since mercredi 8 fevrier 2017