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Significant advances are being made in the incorporation of enzymes into functional materials, which leverage their inherent substrate specificity, efficient catalytic activity, and sustainable origin. These engineered "dead" materials, however, lack the incredible systems‐level control of enzyme activity that living organisms have evolved over millennia. This gap is now being bridged by the rapidly emerging field of engineered living materials (ELMs), which couples the tools of advanced synthetic biology with modern materials science. In this review, the impressive array of methodologies used to fabricate the extensive library of functional enzyme‐based dead materials is discussed, and the design strategies that facilitate their creation unpacked. The spectacular suite of natural and synthetic genetic and post‐translational control systems for enzymes in living organisms is then described. Finally, key recent examples of ELMs that utilize enzyme activity are reviewed, highlighting the central role of the living component in providing responsivity and adaptability to this new class of materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of a porous shape‐changing interpenetrating network (IPN) bioink for the fabrication of large‐scale (cm) reversibly thermosensitive structures is described. The poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) IPN is generated in situ within an ionically crosslinked alginate hydrogel at room temperature and under aerobic conditions using a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/glucose oxidase (GOx) bienzymatic initiation system. Mechanical testing assessment of the IPN hydrogels confirm mechanical reinforcement via covalent single network interdigitation. Furthermore, the thermosensitive bioink can be used to print biohybrid reactors containing genetically engineered phosphotriesterase‐expressing E. coli capable of hydrolyzing toxic organophosphorus compounds. Herein, increasing the bioink pore size using the contractile‐thermosensitive response of the IPN improves the temperature‐dependent theoretical mass‐transfer‐limited enzyme catalyzed reaction rate, providing a plausible route to externally regulated enzymatic catalysis within bioprinted structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterial composition, morphology, and mechanical performance are critical parameters for tissue engineering. Within this rapidly expanding space, tubular nanomaterials (TNs), including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), titanium oxide nanotubes (TNTs), halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), silica nanotubes (SiNTs), and hydroxyapatite nanotubes (HANTs) have shown significant potential across a broad range of applications due to their high surface area, versatile surface chemistry, well-defined mechanical properties, excellent biocompatibility, and monodispersity. These include drug delivery vectors, imaging contrast agents, and scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. This review is centered on the recent developments in TN-based biomaterials for structural tissue engineering, with a strong focus on bone tissue regeneration. It includes a detailed literature review on TN-based orthopedic coatings for metallic implants and composite scaffolds to enhance in vivo bone regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This phenomenological inquiry sought to understand the impact that the alignment of a leader's espoused and practiced values has on an employee's organizational identification. The theoretical construct that undergirded this study was the social identity approach (SIA), which is composed of social identity theory (SIT) and self-categorization theory (SCT). We used a qualitative phenomenological inquiry to explore the lived experience of followers and revealed how they responded to the alignment/misalignment of their leaders' espoused and practiced values. We interviewed 10 participants from a multinational bank, with participants split equally between the staff in Ghana and Nigeria. The findings of this study helped explain the impact the alignment of leaders' values has on employees' organizational identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study sought to answer how organizational support plays a positive role in followership skills development. In-depth interview data collected from 12 senior training program leaders from Lagos, Ibadan, and Abuja, Nigeria, not only answered the question but provided an interesting problem that warrants additional study. We learned that follower skills development is not as common as leadership development. Participants collectively described 27 important followership skills. What was unexpected was that participants said that their organizations had difficulties with subordinates following the leaders. Thus, organizational leadership should develop followership, then focus on the 27 followership behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]