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Late advances in the computerized genuine astute system (CPSG) have engaged a wide extent of new contraptions reliant upon the information and correspondence development (ICT). Regardless, these ICT-enabled contraptions are feeble to a creating risk of computerized genuine attacks. This paper plays out a serious review of the top tier computerized genuine security of the astute system. By focusing in on the real layer of the CPSG, this paper gives a distracted and bound together state-space model, in which advanced genuine attack and security models can be effectively summarized. The ongoing computerized real attacks are arranged to the extent that their objective parts. We then discuss a couple of practical and explaining security pushes toward that present the current status of-the-workmanship in the field. Finally, we look at troubles and future opportunities related with the quick framework digital actual security. Digital actual frameworks (CPSs) are savvy frameworks that incorporate designed interfacing organizations of physical and computational parts. The thoroughly interconnected and coordinated frameworks contribute new functionalities to empower mechanical improvement in basic foundations, for example, electric power frameworks, water organizations, transportation, home mechanization, and medical services. A CPS incorporates complex frameworks of control, mindfulness, figuring, and correspondence.

Democratic voting is a crucial and serious event in a country. The most common way in a country votes through a paper based system, but is it not time to bring voting into the 21st century of modern technology Digital voting system uses electronic devices such as voting machines or an internet browser to cast votes. These are sometimes referred to as e-voting where voting use a machine in a polling station and i-voting when using a web browser. Security of digital voting is always the biggest concern to implement a digital voting system. One way the security issues can be potentially solved through the technology of block chain. Block chain technology originates from the architectural design of the cryptocurrency bitcoin. With the use of block chains a secure and robust system for 4 digital voting can be devised. The report outlines our idea of how block chain technology could be used to implement a secure digital voting system.

Numerous theoretical models and techniques to assess human error were developed since the 60's. Most of these models were developed for the nuclear, military, and aviation sectors. These methods have the following weaknesses that limit their use in industry: the lack of analysis of underlying causal cognitive mechanisms, need of retrospective data for implementation, strong dependence on expert judgment, focus on a particular type of error, and/or analysis of operator behaviour and decision-making without considering the role of the system in such decisions. The purpose of the present research is to develop a qualitative prospective methodology that does not depend exclusively on retrospective information, that does not require expert judgment for implementation and that allows predicting potential sequences of accidents before they occur. It has been proposed for new (or existent) small and medium- scale facilities, whose processes are simple. To the best of our knowledge, a methodology that meets these requirements has not been reported in literature thus far. The methodology proposed in this study was applied to the methanol storage area of a biodiesel facility. It could predict potential sequences of accidents, through the analysis of information provided by different system devices and the study of the possible deviations of operators in decision-making. It also enabled the identification of the shortcomings in the human-machine interface and proposed an optimization of the current configuration. Fil: Calvo Olivares, Romina Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ingenieria. Instituto de Capacitación Especial y Desarrollo de Ingeniería Asistida por Computadora; Argentina Fil: Rivera, Selva Soledad. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ingenieria. Instituto de Capacitación Especial y Desarrollo de Ingeniería Asistida por Computadora; Argentina Fil: Núñez Mc Leod, Jorge Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ingenieria. Instituto de Capacitación Especial y Desarrollo de Ingeniería Asistida por Computadora; Argentina

In this paper, a new 5.8 kW solar biomass gasification reactor is modeled by means of Monte-Carlo ray-tracing method and computational fluid dynamics. The reactor is coupled to the cylindrical cavity receiver of a parabolic-dish solar concentrator, where the incoming solar heat flux is concentrated. The absorbed heat flux distribution (flux density map) at each receiver surface is determined with the ray-tracing software SolTrace®. The sensitivity of the flux distribution to three uncertain variables is evaluated: the receiver solar absorptance, the receiver reflection type and the tracking error. It was found that the tracking error causes a pronounced increase in the flux peak at the cylindrical surface, while reflection scattering greatly reduces the flux peak at the bottom surface. Solar absorptance redirects the flux from every surface to the cylindrical surface, and so, it increases its flux peak. Reflection scattering reduces reflection losses. Two extreme flux concentration cases were found: 0.95 absorptance and 0.5° tracking error produce a 231 kW/m2 peak at the cylindrical surface; 0.25 absorptance, no tracking error and specular reflection produce a 250 kW/m2 peak at the bottom surface. The heat transfer within the reactor is modeled with ANSYS® CFX® with the flux distributions of the extreme cases as boundary conditions. The receiver temperature contours were obtained. Peak temperature locations coincided with the peak flux locations. For a 1200 K gas outlet temperature, peak temperatures of up to 1470 K were found, which exceed the material limit (1273 K). This issue is avoided by selecting suitable surface properties: solar absorptance 0.42 and a Gaussian specularity error > 300 mrad.

In this paper, a new 5.8 kW solar biomass gasification reactor design is proposed. It is meant for energetic exploitation of grape marc, a residue of the wine-making industry. The design couples the reactor with a 3.0 m diameter Parabolic Dish Solar Concentrator, and contemplates controlling its temperature by manipulating the biomass inlet rate. This work aims to establish an upper limit on the reactor syngas yield under actual solar and environmental conditions, to determine the optimal dimensions of the reactor, and to evaluate the feasibility of the temperature control system. Also, a process is proposed for industrial application and practical implications are considered. The performance of the reactor was numerically simulated employing 1-min solar irradiance data, heat transfer models, reaction models and enthalpy balances. The reactor dimensions that maximize syngas production were determined. Simulation results showed an upper limit of 73 gdry basis/min for the grape marc inlet rate (stationary regime), and of 3180 Nm3 (36.68 GJ) for the total syngas yield on the grape marc production season. Solar irradiance peaks were compensated, which supports the proposed temperature control system. Several design aspects were found to have substantial impact on the reactor performance, which contributes towards prototype manufacturing.

The applications and contributions of fuzzy set theory to human reliability analysis (HRA) are reassessed. The main contribution of fuzzy mathematics relies on its ability to represent vague information. Many HRA authors have made contributions developing new models, introducing fuzzy quantification methodologies. Conversely, others have drawn on fuzzy techniques or methodologies for quantifying already existing models. Fuzzy contributions improve HRA in five main aspects: (1) uncertainty treatment, (2) expert judgment data treatment, (3) fuzzy fault trees, (4) performance shaping factors, and (5) human behaviour model. Finally, recent fuzzy applications and new trends in fuzzy HRA are herein discussed.

The purpose of the present research is to collect information about accidents and incidents that have occurred at fuel ethanol facilities from 1998 to October 2014, and to keep complete unified records of them in a database. The developed database contains general information about the accident or incident, its sequence, mitigation measures, its causes and consequences for humans, environment and for the plant. Until now, this information is not available. The work consisted in gathering information from different documental sources and subsequent organization in a database. It complements the previous work made for biodiesel industry and fills the existing gap in the field of ethanol. Knowledge about this information enables us to manage plant risks, since the accidents that are more likely to occur and the main sources of risk can be easily identified. Also, it makes it possible to exchange information with interested third parties. Statistical analysis shows that accident frequency has an oscillatory behavior, rising in the last year. Fire is the most common type of accident, while equipment mechanical failure is the main cause of accident. Partial material loss has been identified as the most common consequence. Finally, some conclusions are obtained concerning to the importance of having an updated and complete accident and incident database. Fil: Calvo Olivares, Romina Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentina Fil: Rivera, Selva Soledad. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentina Fil: Núñez Mc Leod, Jorge Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentina

During the last decade biodiesel production facilities have had a fast growth all over the world. Production levels and installed capacity have increased continuously to respond the demands of renewable oils. This growth has been accompanied by increasing accident rates. This fact raises the necessity of understand accidental causes in order to eliminate or diminish them. The present study applies the Reason’ Swiss Cheese model of Human Error to a series of accidents that have taken place at biodiesel facilities in the period 2003 to January 2014. It allows identifying the unsafe acts and latent conditions that have conducted to accidents, and implementing tools to manage them.

The present paper describes the development of an accident and incident database for the Biodiesel Industry for the period 2003-November 2013. The work performed is related to the collection of data from different documental sources and the subsequent setting of a database containing general information about adverse events, its sequence, mitigation, causes, and human, environmental and material consequences occurred in biodiesel facilities during the last ten years. This database came to fill a gap existing in this field. Availability of these data will allow applying risk analysis tools, having a management tool to check organization performance, generating lessons learned to avoid accident recurrence and identifying those accidents more likely to occur. Data statistical analysis shows that the frequency of accidents in biodiesel plants has an increasing tendency, being fires and explosions the main type of accidents that occurred. Inmediate causes and consequences of the accidents have also been analized. Finally, some conclusion are drawn concerning the need of maintaining an update accidental and incidental database and improving biodiesel plants safety based on information obtained. Fil: Calvo Olivares, Romina Daniela. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ingenieria. Instituto de Capacitación Especial y Desarrollo de Ingeniería Asistida por Computadora; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza; Argentina Fil: Rivera, Selva Soledad. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ingenieria. Instituto de Capacitación Especial y Desarrollo de Ingeniería Asistida por Computadora; Argentina Fil: Núñez Mc Leod, Jorge Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ingenieria. Instituto de Capacitación Especial y Desarrollo de Ingeniería Asistida por Computadora; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza; Argentina

Construction of the CAREM-25 full-size prototype, a very low power nuclear power station [25 MW(electric)], is scheduled to begin in Argentina in 2001. The CAREM-25 is designed based on principles of inherent safety, passive safety functions, and ease of operation. This paper analyzes the safety philosophy from the point of view of risk by performing a level-III probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) of this prototype. The specific PSA steps are discussed, including a specially developed method to obtain representative initiating events, system analysis by fault trees, event development in event trees, plant and containment response analysis, containment event tree development, consequence calculations, and risk representation. The PSA results are presented and discussed in terms of their own values as well as in comparison to other PSA results performed for larger nuclear power plants (NPPs). The advantages of the CAREM-25 from the risk point of view are studied in terms of the effective reduction of both the probability of severe accident sequences and the potential consequences of such sequences (radiological and emergency preparedness impact). The risk point of view also provides a perspective to analyze the impact of several design modifications in order to further reduce the residual risk of the NPP.more » These design modifications, several of which have already been included in the prototype, are discussed and evaluated.« less

The most important issues in human reliability analysis (HRA) are the analysis of the information gotten from the task, its uncertainty and its treatment while using accurate techniques. This leads to a quantification of the performance shaping factors (PSFs) and then to human reliability quantification. The purpose of this paper is to compare the information required by the classical and the second generation model, especially the unified reliability model, to highlight the importance of cognitive task analysis. This newest approach proves to be more accurate in quantifying human performance by focusing on analyzing both the task cognition and physical demand and the operator resources. The bases for a task analysis in the unified reliability model, its source or collecting method and its uncertainty treatment will be established. Also, the dimensions of the unified task analysis and its relation with human error will be presented.

The process to obtain biodiesel is simple, however it is a chemical process in which toxic and flammable substances are used or variables like temperature or pressure should be controlled to avoid any kind of incident. Literature report accidents where most human errors are related to the confidence of operators by this simplicity. Much of these accidents are influenced by a number of factors involved constituting latent failures. This paper presents a summary of latent failures identified on biodiesel plants and a description of their causes and the accepted practices to eliminate them. Fil: Rivera, Selva S.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ingenieria. Instituto de Capacitación Especial y Desarrollo de Ingeniería Asistida Por Computadora; Argentina Fil: Núñez Mc Leod, Jorge Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ingenieria. Instituto de Capacitación Especial y Desarrollo de Ingeniería Asistida Por Computadora; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Calvo Olivares, Romina Daniela. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ingenieria. Instituto de Capacitación Especial y Desarrollo de Ingeniería Asistida Por Computadora; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mendoza; Argentina