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Global crises have forced the healthcare sector to advance the way they practise. Patient empowerment has emerged as one of the solutions to face these challenges. Nevertheless, patient empowerment is still lacking for accepted conditions, making it difficult to effectively promote within the healthcare system. This study aims to systemically map the concept of patient empowerment using principles of systems thinking with the Boardman Soft Systems Methodology that enables a graphical visualization (i.e., Systemigrams). This includes levels of patient empowerment and their relationship with other concepts such as health literacy, health providers, self‐management, patient characteristics and healthcare outcomes. This study contributes to the literature by (a) articulating a set of conditions to enable patient empowerment, (b) identifying the key concept that might influence the level of patient empowerment and (c) providing guidance and propositions for future research that can promote and further study patient empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Byline: Brian J. Sauser, Jose E. Ramirez-Marquez, Devanandham Henry, Donald DiMarzio In the United States (USA) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the USA Department of Defense (DoD) the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scale is a measure of maturity of an individual technology, with a view towards operational use in a system context. A comprehensive set of concerns becomes relevant when this metric is abstracted from an individual technology to a system context. This paper proposes the development of a system-focused approach for managing system development and making effective and efficient decisions during a systems engineering life cycle. This paper presents a System Readiness Level (SRL) index that incorporates both the current TRL scale and an Integration Readiness Level (IRL) and provides a method for determining readiness of a system in the systems engineering life cycle. This paper concludes with a general discuss of the implication of the proposed SRL and how this may be applied to four case examples.

Access to government funding is one of the most effective ways to enhance the resilience for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SME) community after a disaster. Along these lines, a major focus of SME resiliency research has been on examining factors needed to keep an SME open after a disaster. This makes sense as SMEs are critical to community recovery. It seems logical that the severity of a disaster would indicate the impact to a community. Using a systems thinking methodology, we developed a hypothesis that this correlation of severity to impact breaks down over time, causing the community to quickly spiral into trouble. This paper presents an agent-based model to test our hypothesis. The results indicate the impact to a community becomes much more extreme after a threshold or 'tipping point' is crossed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Systems of Systems Engineering, Boardman and Sauser presented a set of characteristics based on an integrative review of the literature. These characteristics are the foundation of the Boardman–Sauser system of systems (SoS) theory. We accept this theory as the basis of collaborative SoS and desire a means to validate this assertion. While numerous simulations have been published, the target SoS is usually a specific implementation. These specialized simulations produce results applicable primarily to the system under study but not necessarily SoS in general. Simulating the mathematical model of the Boardman–Sauser SoS theory in the form of an agent-based model produces results that can be compared with chemical reactions. This paper contends that the formation of molecules from atoms is an analog of systems forming any collaborative SoS, which we call our molecule organization model. The result is a supported logical argument that validates the Boardman–Sauser SoS theory as definitive of a generic SoS with behavior applicable to collaborative SoS. This paper seeks to provide a unique contribution to the SoS body of knowledge by increasing our understanding of collaboration in an SoS, so we may better understand their health, maintenance, replication, and evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]