Search

RESUMEN La transexualidad, o el ser transgénero según la nomenclatura actual, describe a personas que persistentemente buscan ser aceptados como miembros del sexo opuesto, desean cambiar sus caracteres sexuales primarios y/o secundarios a través de intervenciones médicas tanto hormonales como quirúrgicas para feminizarse o masculinizarse. (Tabla 1) Esta discordancia entre su “sexo biológico” y “psicológico” genera estrés clínicamente significativo con rechazo profundo al cuerpo del sexo anatómico, al género asignado al nacer y, por ende, alteración persistente en el funcionamiento diario (mayor a 6 meses), se denomina disforia de género, sienten que nacieron en el “cuerpo equivocado”. El objetivo de la intervención médica es mejorar la disforia de género y, por consiguiente, mejora el bienestar y la calidad de vida de las personas trans. En Revista de la Sociedad Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecología Infantil y de la Adolescencia, recientemente hemos publicado dos artículos de revisión sobre la introducción a la Hormonoterapia en personas transexuales, objetivos de la terapia, transición en la adolescencia, y la transición masculino a femenino, por lo que éste escrito se concentrará sólo en la Terapia Hormonal de la transición femenino a Masculino (FTM), son personas que transitan de Mujer a Hombre, o transgénero masculino o trans masculino. (1,2) ABSTRACT Transsexuality, or being transgender according to the current nomenclature, describes people who persistently seek to be accepted as members of the opposite sex, wish to change their primary and / or secondary sexual characteristics through both hormonal and surgical medical interventions to feminize or masculinize themselves. (Table 1) This discordance between their "biological" and "psychological" sex, generates clinically significant stress with profound rejection of the body of the anatomical sex, the gender assigned at birth and, therefore, persistent alteration in daily functioning (more than 6 months), is called gender dysphoria feel that they were born in the “wrong Body”. The goal of medical intervention is to improve gender dysphoria and, consequently, improve the well-being and quality of life of transgender people. In the Journal of the Chilean Society of Obstetrics and Child and Adolescent Gynecology, we have recently published two review articles on the introduction of Hormonotherapy in transgender people, goals of therapy, transition in adolescence, and the male-to-female transition, so this paper will focus only on Hormonal Therapy of the female to male transition (FTM), are people who transit from woman to man, or male trans, male transgender. (1,2)

RESUMEN La identidad de género es la percepción intrínseca de una persona de ser hombre, mujer o alguna alternativa de género. Las personas transgénero perciben estar en un cuerpo equivocado, ya que se sienten del sexo opuesto al biológico. Cuando esta incongruencia entre identidad de género y el fenotipo físico del sexo asignado, genera gran angustia, ansiedad y malestar persistente, se denomina disforia de género. Se estima que el 0,4%- 1.3% de la población mundial experimentan distintos grados de Disforia de Género. (3), no todas las personas con disforia de género tienen las mismas necesidades, por lo que la evaluación del objetivo personal para lograr bienestar es muy importante. Todas las intervenciones médicas conllevan riesgos, por lo que, la comprensión de éstos últimos, la adherencia y el manejo por profesionales capacitados los minimiza. En Revista de la Sociedad Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecología Infantil y de la Adolescencia, recientemente hemos publicado dos artículos de revisión sobre la introducción a la Hormonoterapia en personas transgénero, objetivos de la terapia, transición en la adolescencia, y la transición masculino a femenino, por lo que éste escrito se concentrará sólo en los Riesgos de la Terapia Hormonal en la transición. (4,5) SUMMARY Gender identity is the intrinsic perception of a person to be a man, woman or some gender alternative. Transgender people feel that they are in the wrong body, since they feel the opposite sex to the assigned. When this incongruence between gender identity and the physical phenotype generates great anguish, anxiety and persistent discomfort, it is called gender dysphoria. It is estimated that 0.4% −1.3% of the world population experience different degrees of Gender Dysphoria. (3), and not all people with gender dysphoria have the same needs, so the evaluation of the personal goal to achieve well-being is very important. All medical interventions involve risks, so the understanding of the latter, adherence and management by trained professionals minimizes them. In the Journal of the Chilean Society of Obstetrics and Child and Adolescent Gynecology, we have recently published two review articles on the introduction to Hormonotherapy in transgender people, objectives of therapy, transition in adolescence, and the male to female transition, so this writing will focus only on the Risks of Hormonal Therapy in the transition. (4,5)

Telmatobius pefauri Veloso & Trueb, 1976 (Arica���s water frog) Topotype: DBGUCH-1501049, adult female collected at Quebrada Murmuntani (18��20���55������S, 69��34���12������W, 3300 m elevation), Provincia de Parinacota, Regi��n de Arica y Parinacota, Chile, on 26 January 2015 by H. Salinas, F. Cruz and M. Sallaberry. Description (Figures 2 and 3; Table 1) of the topotype: moderate-sized adult female, SVL 57.13 mm (Figure 2 D). Large depressed head (HL/SVL=0.26), wider than longer (HL/HW=0.73), with an elliptic dorsal profile of the snout. The lateral profile has a long and sloping snout from the orbital region to the subacuminate end (Figure 2 A), and flared lips. Small nostrils, barely protuberant, with flanges, located slightly closer to the eyes than to the tip of the snout, with a flat internarial region and a concave loreal zone. Cantus rostralis poorly defined. Tympanic ring is less evident externally on the right side and not distinguishable on the left. Supratympanic fold poorly developed on the right side, extending from the posterior border of the orbit to the shoulder on the left side, granular. Large eyes (diameter = 5.23 mm) positioned in the front of the head with frontal orientation. Developed maxillary and pre-maxillary teeth, curved towards the tongue and embedded in the labial mucosa, only the tip protruding in the buccal cavity. Very reduced dentigerous processes of the prevomers, distinguishing only one vestigial tooth on the left, situated about halfway between the choanae. Large subcircular choanae, widely separated in the middle. Large circular tongue with the posterior border free and unnotched. Forelimbs are robust, without a dermic fold on the wrist, with a relative finger length I>IIIV (Figure 2 B). Palmar webbing is absent and tip of fingers slightly expanded in spherical pads. Lateral margins of digits have differentiated fringes distinguishable along toes II and III. Inner palmar tubercles are large, elliptic and depressed. Outer palmar tubercles are prominent and quadrangular. One large subarticular tubercle is present on each of the first two fingers; two smaller rounded subarticular tubercles are on fingers III and IV. Supernumerary palmar tubercles present and well developed. Hindlimbs and toes are long and thin (Figure 2 C). Relative toe length IV. Webbing of toes is concave, decreasing distally to shape wide fringes along the lateral margins of the toes. Tips of toes are expanded and spherical. Internal metatarsal tubercles are small, elliptic and elevated. Outer metatarsal tubercles are slightly evident, rounded and small. Subarticular tubercles are present, but small in size; distribution of subarticular tubercles in toes I(1)-II(1)- III(2)-IV(3)-V(2). Tiny tubercles are present on the ventral surface of tarsus. Postfemoral fold scarcely developed. Tarsal fold reduced to a fringe along the tarsus and decreasing distally towards the fringe of the internal margin of the first toe. ���Bagginess��� is absent. Dorsal skin is smooth. Small dispersed tubercles are present in the presacral region. There is profusion of small tubercles on flanks, ventral surface of forearms, knees, external surfaces of tibias and tarsi and posteroventral surfaces of the thigh. Ventral surface is smooth, except for the tubercles in the cloacal region. Cloacal aperture is directed posteriorly at the dorsal level of thighs, and discretely ornamented below with folded skin and small tubercles. Dorsal surface is olive brown, with brown mottling and small cream-colored dispersed spots (Figure 3 B). Ventral surface of the body is cream to yellow in color. Dorsal region of arms and legs have brown mottling, that are extended to the ventral surface of the tibia: ventral region is orange-yellow, with apricot-colored blotches (Figure 3 C), which continue to the tibio-tarsus. Dorsal region of head and face have a color pattern similar to the dorsum. Lips are cream with brown spots. Throat is yellow-cream. Flanks are dark mottling. Iris is grey with dark reticulation (Figure 3 A). Body measurements are shown in Table 1., Published as part of Fibla, Pablo, S��ez, Paola A., Salinas, Hugo, Araya, Carolina, Sallaberry, Michel & M��ndez, Marco A., 2017, The taxonomic status of two Telmatobius frog species (Anura: Telmatobiidae) from the western Andean slopes of northernmost Chile, pp. 301-314 in Zootaxa 4250 (4) on pages 304-305, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4250.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/495270, {"references":["Veloso, A. & Trueb, L. (1976) Description of a new species of Telmatobiine frog, Telmatobius (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) from the Andes of northern Chile. Ocassional papers of the Museum of Natural History the University of Kansas, 62, 1 - 10."]}

Regression analysis is a technique widely used in different areas of human knowledge, with distinct distributions for the error term. It is the case, however, that regression models with the error term following a bimodal distribution are not common in the literature, perhaps due to the lack of simple to deal with bimodal error distributions. In this paper, we propose a simple to deal with bimodal regression model with a symmetric-asymmetric distribution for the error term for which for some values of the shape parameter it can be bimodal. This new distribution contains the normal and skew-normal as special cases. A real data application reveals that the new model can be extremely useful in such situations. El análisis de regresión es una técnica muy utilizada en diferentes áreas de conocimiento humano, con diferentes distribuciones para el término de error, sin embargo los modelos de regresión con el termino de error siguiendo una distribución bimodal no son comunes en la literatura, tal vez por la simple razón de no tratar con errores con distribución bimodal. En este trabajo proponemos un camino sencillo para hacer frente a modelos de regresión bimodal con una distribución simétrica - asimétrica para el término de error para la cual para algunos valores del parámetro de forma esta puede ser bimodal. Esta nueva distribución contiene a la distribución normal y la distribución normal asimétrica como casos especiales. Una aplicación con datos reales muestra que el nuevo modelo puede ser extremadamente útil en algunas situaciones.