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6. Contributors

Author

Agapow, Paul-Michael, primary, Ashenden, Stephanie Kay, additional, Bartosik, Aleksandra, additional, Bera, Kaustav, additional, Bulusu, Krishna C., additional, Cecchi, Fabiola, additional, Corrigan, Adam M., additional, Dearden, Richard, additional, Dennis, Glynn, additional, Deswal, Sumit, additional, Dillon, Laura A.L., additional, Feldberg, Gabriela, additional, Hipp, Jason, additional, Khan, Faisal M., additional, Khosla, Sajan, additional, Kurbatova, Natalie, additional, Madabhushi, Anant, additional, Meier, Armin, additional, Owen, Stewart F., additional, Patel, Mishal, additional, Schmidt, Günter, additional, Semenova, Elizaveta, additional, Shameer, Khader, additional, Snape, Jason R., additional, Sutton, Daniel, additional, Weatherall, Jim, additional, White, Thomas, additional, Whittingham, Hannes, additional, and Zimmermann, Johannes, additional

Published
2021
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11. Meeting Report: Validation of Toxicogenomics-Based Test Systems: ECVAM-ICCVAM/NICEATM Considerations for Regulatory Use

Author

Corvi, Raffaella, Ahr, Hans-Jürgen, Albertini, Silvio, Blakey, David H., Clerici, Libero, Coecke, Sandra, Douglas, George R., Gribaldo, Laura, Groten, John P., Haase, Bernd, Hamernik, Karen, Hartung, Thomas, Inoue, Tohru, Indans, Ian, Maurici, Daniela, Orphanides, George, Rembges, Diana, Sansone, Susanna-Assunta, Snape, Jason R., Toda, Eisaku, Tong, Weida, van Delft, Joost H., Weis, Brenda, and Schechtman, Leonard M.

Published
2006

12. GREENER Pharmaceuticals for More Sustainable Healthcare

Author

Moermond, Caroline T. A., Puhlmann, Neele, Brown, A. Ross, Owen, Stewart F., Ryan, Jim, Snape, Jason, Venhuis, Bastiaan J., and Kümmerer, Klaus

Subjects
criteria, Ecology, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, pharmaceuticals, drug discovery and development, sustainability, water quality, Pollution, Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry, environment, Waste Management and Disposal, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

Medicines are essential to human health but can also impact the aquatic and terrestrial environment after use by patients and release via excreta into wastewater. We highlight the need for a GREENER approach to identify and meet important environmental criteria, which will help reduce the impact of medicinal residues on the environment. These criteria include effect reduction by avoiding nontarget effects or undesirable moieties, exposure reduction via lower emissions or environmental (bio)degradability, no PBT (persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic) substances, and risk mitigation. With all of these criteria, however, patient health is of primary importance as medicines are required to be safe and efficacious for treating diseases. We discuss the feasibility of including these criteria for green by design active pharmaceutical ingredients in the process of drug discovery and development and which tools or assays are needed to accomplish this. The integrated GREENER approach can be used to accelerate discussions about future innovations in drug discovery and development.

Published
2022

15. Predicting selection for antimicrobial resistance in UK wastewater and aquatic environments: ciprofloxacin poses a significant risk

Author

Hayes, April, Murray, Laura May, Stanton, Isobel Catherine, Zhang, Lihong, Snape, Jason, Gaze, William Hugo, Murray, Aimee Kaye, Hayes, April, Murray, Laura May, Stanton, Isobel Catherine, Zhang, Lihong, Snape, Jason, Gaze, William Hugo, and Murray, Aimee Kaye

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a threat to human and animal health, with the environment increasingly recognised as playing an important role in AMR evolution, dissemination, and transmission. Antibiotics can select for AMR at very low concentrations, similar to those in the environment, yet their release into the environment, e.g., from wastewater treatment plants, is not currently regulated. Understanding the selection risk antibiotics pose in wastewater and receiving waters is key to understanding if environmental regulation of antibiotics is required. We investigated the risk of selection occurring in UK wastewater and receiving waters by determining where measured environmental concentration data (n = 8187) for four antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin) collected in England and Wales 2015–2018 (sites n = 67) exceeded selective concentration thresholds derived from complex microbial community evolution experiments undertaken previously. We show that selection for AMR by ciprofloxacin is likely to have occurred routinely in England and Wales wastewater during the 2015–2018 period, with some seasonal and regional trends. Wastewater treatment reduces the selection risk posed by ciprofloxacin significantly, but not completely, and predicted risk in surface waters remains high in several cases. Conversely, the potential risks posed by the macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin) were lower than those posed by ciprofloxacin. Our data demonstrate further action is needed to prevent selection for AMR in wastewater, with environmental quality standards for some antibiotics required in the future, and that selection risk is not solely a concern in low/middle income countries.

Published
2022

16. Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment: What Are the Big Questions?

Author

Boxall, Alistair B.A., Rudd, Murray A., Brooks, Bryan W., Caldwell, Daniel J., Choi, Kyungho, Hickmann, Silke, Innes, Elizabeth, Ostapyk, Kim, Staveley, Jane P., Verslycke, Tim, Ankley, Gerald T., Beazley, Karen F., Belanger, Scott E., Berninger, Jason P., Carriquiriborde, Pedro, Coors, Anja, DeLeo, Paul C., Dyer, Scott D., Ericson, Jon F., Gagné, François, Giesy, John P., Gouin, Todd, Hallstrom, Lars, Karlsson, Maja V., Larsson, D. G. Joakim, Lazorchak, James M., Mastrocco, Frank, McLaughlin, Alison, McMaster, Mark E., Meyerhoff, Roger D., Moore, Roberta, Parrott, Joanne L., Snape, Jason R., Murray-Smith, Richard, Servos, Mark R., Sibley, Paul K., Straub, Jürg Oliver, Szabo, Nora D., Topp, Edward, Tetreault, Gerald R., Trudeau, Vance L., and Van Der Kraak, Glen

Published
2012

17. Integrating Omic Technologies into Aquatic Ecological Risk Assessment and Environmental Monitoring: Hurdles, Achievements, and Future Outlook

Author

Van Aggelen, Graham, Ankley, Gerald T., Baldwin, William S., Bearden, Daniel W., Benson, William H., Chipman, J. Kevin, Collette, Tim W., Craft, John A., Denslow, Nancy D., Embry, Michael R., Falciani, Francesco, George, Stephen G., Helbing, Caren C., Hoekstra, Paul F., Iguchi, Taisen, Kagami, Yoshi, Katsiadaki, Ioanna, Kille, Peter, Liu, Li, Lord, Peter G., McIntyre, Terry, O'Neill, Anne, Osachoff, Heather, Perkins, Ed J., Santos, Eduarda M., Skirrow, Rachel C., Snape, Jason R., Tyler, Charles R., Versteeg, Don, Viant, Mark R., Volz, David C., Williams, Tim D., and Yu, Lorraine

Published
2010
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24. Investing in Nature to Transform the Post COVID-19 Economy : A 10-point Action Plan to create a circular bioeconomy devoted to sustainable wellbeing

Author

Palahi, Mark, Pantsar, Mari, Costanza, Robert, Kubiszewski, Ida, Potocnik, Janez, Stuchtey, Martin, Nasi, Robert, Lovins, Hunter, Giovannini, Enrico, Fioramonti, Lorenzo, Dixson-Decleve, Sandrine, McGlade, Jacqueline, Pickett, Kate, Wilkinson, Richard, Holmgren, Jennifer, Wallis, Stewart, Ramage, Michael, Berndes, Goran, Akinnifesi, Festus, Safanov, Georgy, Nobre, Antonio, Nobre, Carlos, Muys, Bart, Trebeck, Katherine, Ragnarsdottir, Kristin Vala, Ibanez, Daniel, Wijkman, Anders, Snape, Jason, and Bas, Luc

Published
2020

26. Developing the OECD 106 fate testing protocol for active pharmaceuticals in soil

Author

Lees, Katherine E., Fitzsimons, Mark F., Snape, Jason, Tappin, Alan, and Comber, Sean D. W.

Abstract

The ability to determine accurately the fate of APIs in soil is essential for rigorous risk assessment associated with wastewater reuse or biosolid recycling to land, particularly in lower income countries where water and fertiliser is scarce. Four APIs (naproxen, ofloxacin, propranolol and nevirapine) with wide ranging functionality were used as examples in the development of the OECD 106 soil partitioning and/or degradation study, with naproxen used to illustrate applying the full methodology. The data showed key methodological criteria require careful consideration and testing to generate accurate and consistent results. Only glass fibre membranes were suitable for all APIs, without unduly adsorbing APIs to their surface, thus effectively restricting the minimum practical pore size to 0.7 µm. Polypropylene plastic centrifuge tubes were shown to be suitable, with careful determination of recoveries. Direct injection liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry could reliably resolve all 4 APIs down to less than µg L−1 in soil solutions, although allowance for matrix effects via standard additions was required in some cases. Greatest analytical challenges were found for the highest molecular weight API with the greatest affinity for sorption to surfaces (ofloxacin). Key variables that can impact on partitioning such as solution pH and dissolved organic carbon concentrations were shown to vary within tests over time and should be accounted for.

Published
2020
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28. Critical knowledge gaps and research needs related to the environmental dimensions of antibiotic resistance

Author

Larsson, D.G. Joakim, Andremont, Antoine, Bengtsson-Palme, Johan, Brandt, Kristian Koefoed, de Roda Husman, Ana Maria, Fagerstedt, Patriq, Fick, Jerker, Flach, Carl-Fredrik, Gaze, William H., Kuroda, Makoto, Kvint, Kristian, Laxminarayan, Ramanan, Manaia, Celia M., Nielsen, Kaare Magne, Plant, Laura, Ploy, Marie-Cécile, Segovia, Carlos, Simonet, Pascal, Smalla, Kornelia, Snape, Jason, Topp, Edward, van Hengel, Arjon J., Verner-Jeffreys, David W., Virta, Marko P.J., Wellington, Elizabeth M., Wernersson, Ann-Sofie, Sub RIVM, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, Horizon 2020, Sub RIVM, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, Department of Microbiology, Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Antibiotic resistance in human impacted environments, Doctoral Programme in Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Gothenburg (GU), Infection, Anti-microbiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME (UMR_S_1137 / U1137)), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, University of Exeter, Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (CDDEP), Anti-infectieux : supports moléculaires des résistances et innovations thérapeutiques (RESINFIT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-CHU Limoges, Instituto de Salud Carlos III [Madrid] (ISC), Ampère, Département Bioingénierie (BioIng), Ampère (AMPERE), École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institute for Plant Virology, Microbiology and Biosafety, Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Berlin and Braunschweig (BBA), Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), JRC Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements [Geel] (IRMM), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Geel] (JRC), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. H2020, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC), CHU Limoges-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), and Veritati - Repositório Institucional da Universidade Católica Portuguesa

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Value (ethics), Antimicrobial resistance markers, Psychological intervention, Infektionsmedicin, POLICY INTERVENTIONS, Environmental pollution, 010501 environmental sciences, Antimicrobial resistance, 01 natural sciences, HORIZONTAL GENE-TRANSFER, Environmental Microbiology, lcsh:Environmental sciences, Risk management, Risk assessment, General Environmental Science, lcsh:GE1-350, 2. Zero hunger, PROTECTION GOALS, Bacterial Infections, Anti-Bacterial Agents, 3. Good health, Risk assessments, ESCHERICHIA-COLI, BACTERIA, Infectious diseases, RISK-ASSESSMENT, Infectious Medicine, 030106 microbiology, Resistance (psychoanalysis), 03 medical and health sciences, Antibiotic resistance, WASTE-WATER, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Animals, Humans, Environmental planning, 1172 Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, PATHOGENS, Bacteria, business.industry, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, Research needs, EVOLUTION, 13. Climate action, business
Abstract

There is growing understanding that the environment plays an important role both in the transmission of antibiotic resistant pathogens and in their evolution. Accordingly, researchers and stakeholders world-wide seek to further explore the mechanisms and drivers involved, quantify risks and identify suitable interventions. There is a clear value in establishing research needs and coordinating efforts within and across nations in order to best tackle this global challenge. At an international workshop in late September 2017, scientists from 14 countries with expertise on the environmental dimensions of antibiotic resistance gathered to define critical knowledge gaps. Four key areas were identified where research is urgently needed: 1) the relative contributions of different sources of antibiotics and antibiotic resistant bacteria into the environment; 2) the role of the environment, and particularly anthropogenic inputs, in the evolution of resistance; 3) the overall human and animal health impacts caused by exposure to environmental resistant bacteria; and 4) the efficacy and feasibility of different technological, social, economic and behavioral interventions to mitigate environmental antibiotic resistance.1. The workshop was organized and supported by the Joint Programming Initiative on Antimicrobial Resistance (JPIAMR), the Swedish Research Council (SRC) and the Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (CARe). This project received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement JPI-EC-AMR No 681055. Individual member states of the JPIAMR also covered travel costs for participants. Sí

Published
2018

29. Development of a rapid assay for determining the relative abundance of bacteria

Author

Rowan, Arlene K., Davenport, Russell J., Snape, Jason R., Fearnside, David, Barer, Michael R., Curtis, Thomas P., and Head, Ian M.

Subjects
Microbial populations -- Research, Microbial populations -- Control, Bacteriology -- Cultures and culture media, Bacteriology -- Genetic aspects, Biological sciences
Abstract

A sandwich hybridization assay for high-throughput, rapid, simple, and inexpensive quantification of specific microbial populations is explored. The RNA assay has good specificity, permitted discrimination of rRNA sequences that differed by a 2-bp mismatch in the probe target region and distinguished the sizes of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) populations in nitrifying and nonnitrifying wastewater treatment plants.

Published
2005

30. Simultaneous fluorescent gram staining and activity assessment of activated sludge bacteria

Author

Forster, Scott, Snape, jason R., Lappin-Scott, Hilary M., and Porter, Jonathan

Subjects
Sludge -- Analysis, Microbial populations -- Measurement, Bacteria -- Analysis, Biological sciences
Abstract

Results show that staining with the fluorescent dye hexidium iodide measures Gram status with both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial levels ranging from 1.5% in activated sludge flocs to 16% in the activated sludge fluid. The method enables a rapid, quantitative determination of Gram status linked with in situ activity of the bacterial populations within wastewater systems.

Published
2002

38. Multi-laboratory Validation of a New Marine Biodegradation Screening Test for Chemical Persistence Assessment

Author

Ott, Amelie, primary, Martin, Timothy J., additional, Acharya, Kishor, additional, Lyon, Delina Y., additional, Robinson, Nik, additional, Rowles, Bob, additional, Snape, Jason R., additional, Still, Ian, additional, Whale, Graham F., additional, Albright, Vurtice C., additional, Bäverbäck, Petra, additional, Best, Nicola, additional, Commander, Ruth, additional, Eickhoff, Curtis, additional, Finn, Sarah, additional, Hidding, Björn, additional, Maischak, Heiko, additional, Sowders, Katherine A., additional, Taruki, Masanori, additional, Walton, Helen E., additional, Wennberg, Aina Charlotte, additional, and Davenport, Russell J., additional

Published
2020
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43. Application Of Genomics To Screening

Author

Snape, Jason, primary, Huggett, Duane, additional, Euling, Susan, additional, Zacharewski, Timothy, additional, Kennedy, Sean, additional, Kanno, Jun, additional, and Coen, L Wim De, additional

Published
2007
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46. Purification, properties, and sequence of glycerol trinitrate reductase from Agrobacterium radiobacter

Author

Snape, Jason R., Walkley, Neal A., Morby, Andrew P., Nicklin, Stephen, and White, Graham F.

Subjects
Glycerol -- Research, Oxidation-reduction reaction -- Research, Nitrites -- Research, Nitrogen -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

Research was conducted to study the purification, gene isolation and characterization of the NADH-dependent glycerol trinitrate (GTN) reductase from Agrobacterium radiobacter. Standard assay conditions were used to determine GTN reductase activity while nitrate esters were evaluated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Results indicated that the initial step in the bacterial denitration of GTN is reductive, producing nitrite as the first-released nitrogenous product.

Published
1997

47. Biodegradation of glycerol trinitrate and pentaerythritol tetranitrate by Agrobacterium radiobacter

Author

White, Graham F., Snape, Jason R., and Nicklin, Stephen

Subjects
Bacteria, Nitrifying -- Research, Alcohols -- Research, Biodegradation -- Analysis, Biological sciences
Abstract

Agrobacterium radiobacter stoichiometrically reduces glycerol trinitrate (GTN) to glycerol 1,3- and 1,2-dinitrate. The reaction shows regioselectivity for the formation of glycerol 1,3-dinitrate. The dinitrates are reduced to glycerol 1- and 2-mononitrates which are not degraded further. The bacteria also reduce pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). The activity of the enzyme involved in the biodegradation of GTN and PETN increases in the presence of NADP.

Published
1996

48. Spatially Explicit Large-Scale Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in Surface Water in China

Author

Zhu, Ying, Snape, Jason, Jones, Kevin, Sweetman, Andrew, Zhu, Ying, Snape, Jason, Jones, Kevin, and Sweetman, Andrew

Abstract

With improving healthcare and an aging population, the consumption of human pharmaceuticals in China has been increasing dramatically. Environmental risks posed by many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are still unknown. This study used a spatially explicit dilution-factor methodology to model predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) of 11 human-use APIs in surface water for a preliminary environmental risk assessment (ERA). Median PECs in surface water across China range between 0.01 and 8.0 × 103 ng/L for the different APIs, under a moderate patient use scenario. Higher environmental risks of APIs in surface water are in regions with high water stress, e.g., northern China. Levonorgestrel, estradiol, ethinyl estradiol and abiraterone acetate were predicted to potentially pose a high or moderate environmental risk in China if consumption levels reach those in Europe. Relative risks of these four APIs have the potential to be among those chemicals with the highest impact on surface water in China when compared to the risks associated with other regulated chemicals, including triclosan and some standard water quality parameters including BOD5 (5-day biological oxygen demand), COD (chemical oxygen demand), Cu, Zn, and Hg and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate. This method could support the regulation of this category of chemicals and risk mitigation strategies in China.

Published
2019

50. Comparison of pathways for biodegradation of monomethyl sulphate in Agrobacterium and Hyphomicrobium species

Author

Higgins, Timothy P., Snape, Jason R., and White, Graham F.

Subjects
Agrobacterium tumefaciens -- Physiological aspects, Biodegradation -- Observations, Biological sciences
Abstract

The role of oxygen in the biodegradation pathways of monomethyl sulphate (MMS) is studied for Agrobacterium sp. and Hyphomicrobium sp. by growing them in an electrode chamber. Hyphomicrobium sp. Ms223 is obligatory in its need for O2 for MMS degradation, and this contradicts earlier studies on the organism. Unlike Agrobacterium, the Hyphomicrobium sp. grows on methanol and the cells oxidize methanol but not MMS. Hyphomicrobium MS223 shows a pathway that appears to lack methanol for the biodegradation of MMS and possibly possesses an oxidative mechanism for biodegradation initiation.

Published
1993

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