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【Objective】With the continuous emergence of information-based bandwidth-consuming services such as 5th Generation Mobile Communication Technology (5G), the Internet of Things, and cloud computing, people’s demand for high-speed information transmission has increased dramatically. However, due to the inherent nonlinear effects, the transmission capacity of single-mode optical fiber has approached the Shannon limit, and it will no longer be able to meet people’s needs for ultra-high-speed and large-capacity transmission. Solving the transmission capacity problem has become a top priority. In order to solve the needs of large-capacity communication systems and long-distance high-speed transmission problems, we have built a two-mode single-channel C-band Few Mode Fiber (FMF) transmission system.【Methods】At the transmitting end, an arbitrary waveform generator is used to convert the digital signal into an electrical signal and drive the In-phase and Quadrature (IQ) modulator to modulate the optical carrier. The modulated signal is transmitted simultaneously using two multiplexing technologies: Mode Division Multiplexing (MDM) and Polarization Division Multiplexing (PDM). In order to achieve long-distance transmission of dual-mode signals of 1 000 km, we construct a dual-circulation loop system. Each time the signal passes through the loop, it will pass through a 50 km FMF. After being transmitted to the target distance, the coupler outputs the signal to the demultiplexing module, and the coherent optical receiver performs homodyne detection on the demultiplexed modulated signal. Finally, the transmitted signal is stored in an oscilloscope for offline Digital Signal Processing (DSP). The signal is sequentially subjected to frequency domain dispersion compensation, downsampling, clock recovery, and least mean square algorithm to restore the original signal.【Results】It was found that within the range of Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR) of each channel in the experiment, the Bit Error Rate (BER) under low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is close to the theoretical channel result. Under high SNR condition, the BER is 1×10-2, which is 2.5 dB away from the theoretical value. We test the BER of LP11a and LP11b modes at Back-To-Back (BTB) and 250, 500, 750 and 1 000 km transmission cases respectively. The BER at all distances are lower than the Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) soft decision threshold with 28% redundancy (5.2×10-2 Soft Decision - Forward Error Correction (SD-FEC)). The BER after 1 000 km transmission in the two modes are 1.7×10-2 and 1.8×10-2 respectively, and the total net transmission rate is 400 Gbit/s.【Conclusion】This article demonstrates the transmission of a 32 Gbaud MDM-PDM-16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) C-band signal in a 1 000 km two-mode single-channel FMF system. At the receiving end, the advanced Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)-DSP algorithm is used for channel equalization, and the obtained two-mode BER of 1.7×10-2 and 1.8×10-2 are both lower than the LDPC SD-FEC threshold with 28% redundancy. The result reachs a domestic record of 400 Gbit/s net transmission rate based on FMF transmission, and highlight the potential of FMF in large-capacity long-distance transmission.

Objective·To investigate the composition of immune cells in tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer (CRC), and examine the proportion, phenotype and effector function of natural killer (NK) cells in CRC.Methods·Fresh tumor tissues, paired normal tissues adjacent to tumor, and peripheral blood samples in the same cohort were collected from CRC patients. Tissues were digested and prepared into single cell suspension. The major immune cell lineages were detected by flow cytometry. t-Distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) and statistical analysis were used to analyze the composition of immune cells in tumor microenvironment of CRC. To analyze the phenotype of NK cells, the expression levels of activation markers, including CD16, CD27, CD69, human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR), and T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3), were detected by flow cytometry. NK cell subsets: CD38lowNK cells and CD38highNK cells were also examined by flow cytometry. To assess the effector function of NK cells, they were stimulated with cell stimulation cocktail and the expression levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were measured by flow cytometry.Results·Twenty-five pairs of fresh tumor tissues and normal tissues adjacent to tumor, and 15 peripheral blood samples in the same cohort were collected from CRC patients. The tumor microenvironment of CRC included diverse immune cell types, including T cells, B cells, NK cells and myeloid cells. The proportions of T cells (P=0.000) and myeloid cells (P=0.026) in tumor tissues were significantly higher than those in normal tissues. By contrast, the proportion of NK cells (P=0.007) in tumor was significantly reduced. The proportion of B cells was comparable between tumor and normal tissues. Compared to normal tissues, NK cells in tumor tissues expressed significantly lower CD27 (P=0.000) and CD69 (P=0.001), while the expression levels of CD16 (P=0.008), HLA-DR (P=0.000) and TIM-3 (P=0.024) were significantly elevated. The results indicated that NK cells in CRC tumor exhibited a phenotype of late activation and exhaustion. According to the expression level of CD38, NK cells could be divided into two subsets, CD38highNK cells and CD38lowNK cells. The proportion of CD38highNK cells (P=0.003) in tumor tissues was significantly lower than that in normal tissues, while the proportion of CD38lowNK cells was unaffected. Compared to CD38lowNK cells, CD38highNK cells expressed higher CD27, meanwhile significantly less CD16, NKp46, CD57, CD94, HLA-DR and CD158a (P=0.000). These results suggested that CD38highNK cells were at early differentiation state. The secretion of cytokines IFN-γ (P=0.032), TNF-α (P=0.042), and GM-CSF (P=0.019) by tumor-infiltrated NK cells was significantly decreased compared to that in normal tissues. The results showed that the function of tumor-infiltrated NK cells was impaired.Conclusion·Together, these data suggest that NK cell compartment is disrupted in tumor tissues of CRC, leading to the impaired anti-tumor immunity mediated by NK cells.

With the development of the economy and society, people pay more and more attention to physical health. In order to make the big health enterprises in the long term at the level of smooth development, it is necessary to carry out an in-depth study on the investment efficiency and potential risk of the big health industry. This study constructs an investment efficiency evaluation method based on the DEA model. Firstly, the comprehensive efficiency is decomposed through the CCR model to further obtain the output results. Then, the effectiveness of enterprise investment is evaluated. The changes in the investment efficiency of the big health industry and other sample decision-making units are analyzed through the DEA-Malmquist model to output the trend of the overall investment efficiency. Logistic regression, support vector machine, and random forest models are used to assess the risk of the large health industry, respectively, and several classifiers are trained. When predicting the final sample, the voting or mean value method is used to count the effect of classification. The overall mean value of big health enterprises hovered between 0.96 and 0.98 in five years, indicating that the comprehensive investment efficiency of the big health industry is relatively stable. The average AUC value of the random forest model is 0.635, which is 0.028 higher than the average AUC value of the support vector machine; thus, it is concluded that there is no great fluctuation in the investment efficiency of the big health industry under the background of the digital economy, and the random forest model is more suitable for the risk assessment of the big health industry.

BACKGROUND With the increasing concern for food safety, especially for the elemental composition and efficacy of plant-derived foods and health products, research on the nutrient analysis of related foods is continuously carried out. At present, due to the wide variety of agricultural and health products, and the different environments in which the plant matrix grows, the elements absorbed by plants during the growth process vary greatly, making it difficult for many foods to meet the requirements of the calibration and testing system simply by using pure standards. It is necessary to combine the matrix reference materials for calibration and develop new plant-based reference materials. OBJECTIVES To improve the situation that there are few existing plant matrix reference materials, by developing 9 kinds of plant matrix reference materials for elemental analysis. Except for the reference materials for elemental analysis in notoginseng powder, all of them were developed for the first time, which supplemented the types of plant matrix elemental analysis reference materials and were mainly used in food nutrition and safety analysis and testing technology research of plant samples. METHODS In the early stage of development, the selection of candidate reference materials with the representative matrix were investigated and studied. The samples were pretreated, dried, crushed, sieved, and examined by a laser particle size analyzer before being packed in 45mL HDPE plastic bottles and inactivated by 60Co irradiation, which can be stored for a certain period of time. The samples were randomly selected from 30 bottles during the whole packing process, and the homogeneity test was performed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) and volumetric method (VOL). The long-term stability of the reference materials under the specified storage conditions and the transport stability at 60℃ were investigated and the results were evaluated by trend analysis, which showed that the samples were stable under the specified conditions. The operation guideline of reference materials characterization analysis was developed, and 11 laboratories worked together to analyze 59 elements: Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, F, Fe, Gd, Ge, Hg, Ho, I, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, N, Na, Nd, Ni, P, Pb, Pr, Rb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sm, Sn, Sr, Tb, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, Y, Yb, Zn. RESULTS The data of the developed series of reference materials were statistically judged by Grubbs and Dixon and the suspicious values were rejected, with a rejection rate of less than 3%. Shapiro-Wilk was used to test the normality of the fixed value data, in which the element Ti in red bean, Bi, I and Th in needle mushroom, Ti in tremella, and I in jasmine had a skewed distribution of the original measurement data, and no certified value was taken only as the median value for reference, and the arithmetic mean of the customized data was used as the certified value for the remaining elements. The certified values and uncertainties of the nine reference materials were above 40, among which, 53 certified values and uncertainties were given for hawthorn and notoginseng. The uncertainty of reference materials consists of homogeneity uncertainty, stability uncertainty and characterization uncertainty. This series of reference materials was developed under the concept of metrological traceability, and a variety of quality control measures were taken to ensure the accuracy and reliability of analytical results and was applied as national level reference materials in 2021. The names and number are as follows: chemical composition of red bean (GBW10228), onion (GBW10232), rape (GBW10233), needle mushroom (GBW10247), tremella (GBW10248), root starch (GBW10249), hawthorn (GBW10250), notoginseng (GBW10251), and jasmine (GBW10234).The existing plant matrix elemental analysis reference materials are mostly found in rice, wheat, tea and other major agricultural and sideline food, and the certified value elements are mainly macronutrients and heavy metals. The present series of reference materials cover agricultural and health products with a large amount of daily sampling, except for notoginseng, which is developed for the first time, supplementing the variety of relevant quality control samples in the food testing field, with 59 certified value elements, which can effectively reflect the composition of elements in relevant products.In this study, more regionally representative candidates were selected, focusing on the beneficial nutritional elements K, Ca, Na, Mg, P, Zn, Fe and harmful metal elements As, Hg, Cd, Pb, whose contents can reflect the distribution characteristics of the elements in different samples and origins, such as red beans, which is a health food, and the candidates were picked from Yi'an County in Songnen Plain (one of the important commodity grain bases in China). It contains high contents of beneficial nutrients such as K (1.392g/100g), Ca (0.104g/100g), Mg (0.165g/100g), P (0.457g/100g), Zn (24μg/g) and Fe (71μg/g), and low contents of Pb (0.033μg/g), Cd (5.4ng/g) and other harmful metal elements, which are far below the national limit standards, reflecting the fertile black soil of Songnen Plain and the effectiveness of China's land management. For elements of Cd and Pb, red beans (5.4ng/g) and (0.033μg/g), onions (17ng/g) and (0.322μg/g), needle mushroom (33ng/g) and (0.126μg/g), rape (170ng/g) and (0.9μg/g), notoginseng (311ng/g) and (0.7μg/g), jasmine (420ng/g) and (1.65μg/g) form a gradient range, which is more applicable for food testing quality control. It can be found that the content of heavy metals in health products such as notoginseng and jasmine are higher than that in vegetable products such as rape and needle mushroom, which has a certain guidance for selecting suitable quality control samples in analytical testing. This is a guideline for the selection of suitable quality control samples.Due to the progress of the current testing methods and instruments, the precision of the data for the determination of rare earths and other elements with very low contents in some samples was good, and standard values were given, such as Eu (9.4±1.7ng/g), Ge (7.8±2.3ng/g), Lu (1.7±0.5ng/g), Tb (5.3±0.9ng/g), Tm (1.8±0.6ng/g) in rape, while the previous reference materials of similar vegetable matrixes did not reach such definite levels. CONCLUSIONS The development of the series of plant matrix reference materials is supplemental and improves the existing plant matrix reference materials, with obvious distribution characteristics of elements and wide applicability of the gradient range. This series of reference substances covers lots of elements with certified values, which is suitable for the quantity transfer and quality control of biological samples analysis and provides basis for the research on the correlation between the medicinal value and elements of health products.

Through optimizing and improving the guide system and atomizer, the spherical TiAl alloy powders with low oxygen content and high fine powder yield were prepared by water-cooled copper crucible vacuum induction melting gas atomizing technology, using the TiAl alloy blocks as the raw materials. In the results, the graphite guide base with good thermal conductivity and the BN ceramic guide core with erosion resistance can not only ensure the heating of guide pipe, but also effectively prevent the erosion of molten metal. The spiral nozzle atomizer moves the atomization point downward, and the position of reflux area is far away from the outlet of guide pipe, which solves the problem of liquid column backflow. The spiral distribution tube can effectively restrain the atomized gas, reduce the kinetic energy loss, and significantly improve the yield of fine powders by more than 20%. The fluidity of the spherical TiAl alloy powders prepared in the experiment is 27.7 [s·(50 g)‒1], the sphericity is more than 90%, and the oxygen incremental is small, which are suitable for the 3D printing and injection molding.

The spherical Ti‒1Al‒8V‒5Fe alloy (Ti185) powders used for the additive manufacturing were prepared by plasma rotating electrode atomization (PREP), using the high temperature forged Ti185 rods with the diameter of 100 mm as the electrode bar, using the Ti185 alloy ingots without “βspots” prepared by vacuum consumable arc melting as the raw materials. The properties of the Ti185 powders were characterized by vibration sieving, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In the results, the particle size distribution of the Ti185 powders is wide, mainly in the range of 44~150 μm. The powder yield with the particle size less than 44 μm is 11.6%. The oxygen content of the powders (mass fraction) is less than 0.14%. The powder fluidity with the particle size less than 150 μm is 24.79 [s∙(50 g)‒1], the bulk density is 2.79g∙cm‒3, and the tap density is 2.99 g∙cm‒3. The Ti185 powders are composed of β phase due to the rapidly cooling during the PREP process. The powders exhibit the high sphericity without the satellite powders. The powders with the particle size larger than 124 μm show the cellular dendrite structure with the small amount of rough and uneven micro pores on the surface of powders. The internal organization of the powders shows the characteristics of multi-point nucleation with the cellular structure and coarse grains after the rapid solidification. With the decrease of particle size and the increase of cooling rate, the cellular dendrite structure on the surface of powders decreases gradually, showing the smooth surface for the powder particle size less than 44 μm. Meanwhile the internal organization of the powders shows a radial growth trend and significant refinement.

The monitoring and conversion of photonic orbital angular momentum (OAM) play fundamental and important roles for both classic and quantum technologies, especially in low-loss transmission media such as ring-core fibers (RCFs), which make many OAM applications practical or vastly more flexible. However, in a RCF, the modes associated with different OAM states are highly overlapping due to the circular refractive index distribution structure, which makes it difficult to distinguish and monitor the OAM modes and in turn limits its inline conversion. Here, we report the first experimental realization of mode monitoring in a RCF using mode filters (MFs), which takes advantage of the difference in the mode adiabatic evolution and the higher-order mode cutoff conditions in tapered RCFs. Different-order OAM can be filtered using MFs with different geometric parameters, as demonstrated by the linearly polarized mode intensity. Combined the mode manipulations in RCF and single-mode fiber, the fundamental mode coupling efficiency can reach 90%, the RCF mode conversion monitoring through inline transmission spectrum evolution can be realized, and the inline fabrication of RCF grating, which couples one mode to a desired mode, can be demonstrated by the fabricating process of three long-period fiber gratings. The mode conversion efficiency between 0-order and 1, 2- or 3-order OAM modes exceeds 96%. Our work provides an efficient approach to monitor and convert OAM modes in higher-order mode supporting RCFs and even other special fibers and further promotes the improvement of the capacity of OAM transmission in RCFs.

Spatial division multiplexed optical transmission over a multi-ring-core orbital angular momentum (OAM) fibre is reported for the first time. The seven cores in the fibre each supports OAM modes belonging to mode groups (MGs) of topological charge |l| = 0–4. The MGs of |l| = 1–4 each contains four near-degenerate OAM modes that carry the combinations of opposite orbital and spin angular momenta. The weak coupling between these higher-order MGs as well as between the cores enables the simultaneous transmission of 56 OAM mode channels (two MGs per core of the topological charges |l| = 2 and 3) over the 60-km span, while only requiring modular 4 × 4 multi-input multi-output (MIMO) signal processing to equalize the mixing among the four mode channels in each MG that are strongly coupled – a feature that also minimizes the number of filter taps. The mode channels are launched using seven-core single-mode fibre fan-in devices, with the light in all seven cores converted into OAM modes via specially designed plates that carry seven off-axis-compensated phase masks matching the hexagonal configuration of the multi-core fibres. Each mode channel carries 10 WDM wavelengths, equivalently aggregating to a capacity of 31.4 Tbit/s (net 25.1 Tb/s) and a spectral efficiency (SE) of 62.7 bit/s/Hz (net 50.2 bit/s/Hz) with 28-GBaud QPSK modulation per data channel.

Abstract The body area network (BAN) is composed of every wearable device network on the body to share information and data, which is applied in medical and health, especially in the direction of intelligent clothing. A wearable device is an integrated body of multi‐sensor fusion. At the same time, the multi‐dimensional needs of users and the unique problems of sensors appear. How to solve the problems of wearable sensors and sustainable design is the research focus. Based on the wearable sensor in the critical factor of wearable device fusion, this paper analyses the classification, technology, and current situation of a wearable sensor, discusses the problems of a wearable sensor for BAN from the aspects of human–computer interaction experience, data accuracy, multiple interaction modes, and battery power supply, and summarizes the direction of multi‐sensor fusion, compatible biosensor materials, and low power consumption and high sensitivity. The sustainable design direction of visibility design, identification of use scenarios, short‐term human–computer interaction, interaction process reduction, and integration invisibility are introduced. The integration research of wearable sensors is the future trend, and it has been widely used in medical and health, intelligent clothing, wireless communication, military, automobile, and other fields.

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a zoonotic pathogen commonly found in humans and animals all over the world. Here, we investigated the occurrence and genotype constitute of E. bieneusi among the individuals from Haikou city of Hainan, China. A total of 1,264 fecal samples of humans were collected, including 628 samples from patients with diarrhea (325 adults and 303 children) and 636 samples from the asymptomatic population (383 college students and 253 kindergarten children). E. bieneusi was detected using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using a neighbor-joining tree construction method. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi was 3.7% (47/1,264), while it was 5.6% in the patients with diarrhea (5.8% in adults and 5.3% in children) and 1.9% in the asymptomatic population (2.9% in college students and 0.4% in kindergarten children). The prevalence of E. bieneusi in humans with diarrhea was significantly higher than that in the asymptomatic population (χ2 = 36.9; P < 0.05). A total of 28 genotypes were identified, including ten known genotypes: CHG2 (n = 3), CHG3 (n = 5), CHG5 (n = 10), CM21 (n = 1), EbpA (n = 1), EbpC (n = 1), PigEBITS4 (n = 1), PigEBITS7 (n = 1), SHR1 (n = 4), Type IV (n = 2), and 18 novel genotypes (HNH-1 to HNH-18; one each). All these genotypes were categorized into three groups, including group 1 (n = 6), group 2 (n = 14), and group 13 (n = 8). This was the first study on the identification of E. bieneusi among humans in Hainan, China. The correlation between E. bieneusi infection and diarrhea was observed. The high diversity and distinctive distribution of E. bieneusi genotypes found in this study reflected the unique epidemic genetic characteristics of E. bieneusi in humans living in Hainan.

Long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) is accompanied by low-grade intraperitoneal inflammation and may eventually lead to peritoneal membrane injury with a high solute transport rate and ultrafiltration failure. Osteopontin (OPN) is highly expressed through the stimulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in many cell types. This study aimed to investigate the potential of OPN as a new indicator of peritoneal deterioration. One hundred nine continuous ambulatory PD patients were analyzed. The levels of OPN and IL-6 in peritoneal effluents or serum were analyzed by ELISA kits. The mean effluent OPN concentration was 2.39 ± 1.87 ng/mL. The OPN levels in drained dialysate were correlated with D/P Cr (p < 0.0001, R = 0.54) and D/D0 glucose (p < 0.0001, R = 0.39). Logistic regression analysis showed that the OPN levels in peritoneal effluents were an independent predictive factor for the increased peritoneal solute transport rate (PSTR) obtained by the peritoneal equilibration test (p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of OPN was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.75–0.92) in predicting the increased PSTR with a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 67%. The joint utilization of effluent OPN with age, effluent IL-6, and serum albumin further increased the specificity (81%). Thus, OPN may be a useful indicator of peritoneal deterioration in patients with PD.

This study attempts to find out the impact of organizational justice on the innovative work behavior of employees working in Chinese telecommunication sector, while analyzing the mediating role of knowledge sharing between the independent and dependent variables of this study. In order to test the study hypotheses, a data of 345 respondents working in Chinese telecommunication industry was collected. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested a good model fit, while structural equation model provided significant and positive effect of organizational justice on the employee innovative work behavior and knowledge sharing. Knowledge sharing mediated the relationship between organizational justice and employee innovative work behavior. Managerial and practical implications of the study are also provided. Keywords: Organizational justice, Knowledge sharing, Employee innovative work behavior, China

With the popularity of the concept of big health and the important role of wearable devices in medical health, users pay more attention to the collection and acquisition of physiological data, but wearable devices attached to human users are independent, and the degree of data sharing is low. Improving the data sharing, accuracy, and reliability of wearable device monitoring is a problem that the article needs to study and solve. Specifically, the researcher summarizes the characteristics of the physiological monitoring smart clothing, and the basic physiological data parameters of human body, and analyzes the collection of three basic signals of electrocardiogram, body temperature, and human movement. This article summarizes the requirements and key technologies of body area network transmission of smart clothing, and studies the body area network node design, energy consumption optimization mode, and network architecture of physiological monitoring smart clothing. At the same time, based on the previous research, the multi-interaction process of smart clothing is formed, and then the standard evaluation system of smart clothing body domain network for evaluation is proposed. The results show that the optimized structure of the body area network of smart clothing proposed by the researchers is efficient, convenient, and mobile, and meets the characteristics of safety, reliability, low power consumption, and portability of smart clothing, especially in the field of physiological monitoring. The standard evaluation system of smart clothing body area network provides a practice-oriented theoretical reference for the current research of smart clothing body area network.

At present, China’s digital economy is booming, and the digitization of the financial system is gradually changing the internal structure of macro economy and finance, which has an impact on the first market of monetary policy transmission, the interbank market, and affects the transmission of monetary policy. Based on the case of inter-bank market friction, this paper constructs an IS-LM-CC model to deeply analyze the micro-effect mechanism of digital finance affecting credit channel transmission. The panel data of China’s provincial level from 2011 to 2020 are selected to construct a fixed effect model to empirically test the impact of digital finance on monetary policy through credit channels. Using micro data at the enterprise level, we further test whether the development of digital finance affects the dependence of enterprises on bank credit. The results show that the development of digital finance has alleviated the friction in the interbank market, significantly weakened the transmission effect of monetary policy bank credit, and reduced the dependence of enterprises on bank credit. Therefore, this paper proposes to rationally plan the statistical scope of credit scale and correctly guide the development of digital finance.

With the development of economy, the middle class families have become the backbone of the society, and efficient family financial asset allocation is undoubtedly of great significance for their realization of wealth creation, preservation and transmission. Based on the CHFS database, this paper empirically examines the impact of digital finance development on the efficiency of financial asset allocation of middle class households and the transmission path. It is found that the development of digital finance can significantly improve the financial asset allocation efficiency of middle class families mainly through promoting social interaction, improving financial literacy and increasing risk appetite.

Abstract Background The aim of the present study was to establish an animal model of Yang-Monti ileal ureter-bladder anastomosis and Yang-Monti ileal ureter-ureteral anastomosis and compare the advantages and disadvantages of the two surgical methods. Methods Fourteen 12-month-old male Chinese miniature pigs weighing 21 ± 1.38 kg were randomly divided into two groups. Group A (n = 7) underwent end-to-end anastomosis of the left Yang-Monti ileal ureter, left ileal ureter and left lower ureter; group B (n = 7) underwent anastomosis of the left Yang-Monti ileal ureter, left ileal ureter and bladder. In both groups, the contralateral kidney was removed at 1 week postoperatively. The incision length and operation time of the two groups were compared. Changes in serum creatinine and urea nitrogen were observed preoperatively, and at 2, 6 and 12 weeks postoperatively. Venous pyelography and cystography were performed at 12 weeks postoperatively to determine the ureteral patency and vesicoureteral reflux. At 12 months postoperatively, urinary culture was performed, and the diameter and histological changes of the intestinal ureter were assessed. Results Surgery was successfully completed in all 14 pigs. In group A, one pig died due to an anesthetic accident, and one pig died from a lung infection on postoperative day 4. In group B, one pig died from adhesive intestinal obstruction on postoperative day 7. The overall survival rate was 78.6%, and the 11 surviving pigs had no urinary or intestinal fistulae. Compared with group B, group A had a significantly longer surgical incision (30.86 ± 2.41 cm versus 26.71 ± 3.64 cm; p = 0.01) and shorter operation time (181.29 ± 15.10 min versus 157.71 ± 20.49 min; p = 0.02). The serum creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations did not significantly differ between groups. All pigs had normal renal function pre- and postoperatively. There was no stenosis or obstruction on venous pyelography. The narrowest diameter of the ureter was significantly smaller in group B (5.90 ± 0.30 mm) than in group A (7.26 ± 1.06 mm; p = 0.01), but no contrast agent returned to the upper urinary tract in either group. Escherichia coli was detected on urine culture. In group A, one pig had obstruction of the ureteral ureter, while another had stenosis of the lower ureteral anastomosis. In group B, one pig had pelvic and intestinal ureteral dilatation; however, all anastomoses were patent. The ileal ureteral diameter was significantly larger in group A (9.40 ± 2.35 mm) than group B (6.62 ± 0.37 mm; p = 0.02). Two pigs in group A had separation of the transitional epithelium and columnar epithelial mucosa, with granulation tissue hyperplasia. The pigs with stenosis and obstruction had smooth fibrous tissue and smooth muscle of the anastomosis. In both groups, the two types of epithelial tissue were close together, and the intestinal villi were mildly atrophied and shortened. Conclusions An animal model of Yang-Monti ileal ureter-bladder anastomosis was successfully established. Compared with Yang-Monti ileal ureter-ureteral anastomosis, Yang-Monti ileal ureter-bladder anastomosis is simpler, more reliable, and results in fewer complications.

This study assessed the impact of organizational justice on knowledge sharing among employees of Chinese telecommunications firms. The study focused on five forms of organizational justice (distributive, procedural, interactional, temporal, and spatial) and two forms of knowledge sharing (donating and collecting). A self-administered questionnaire yielded data for 245 employees. The data were analyzed using a two-step process in Amos 21. First, the measurement model was determined through CFA. Second, SEM was applied to test the hypotheses. The results suggest that if employees have positive perceptions of distributive, procedural, interactional, and temporal justice, they are intrinsically encouraged to share their knowledge with colleagues. Spatial justice, however, was found to affect knowledge sharing negatively and significantly. In an organizational work context, each form of organizational justice has a unique contribution toward knowledge sharing. Therefore, all forms of organizational justice should be considered.