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Background Short wave (SW), a pattern of electromagnetic therapy, achieves an oscillating electromagnetic field. It has been reported that it may have a potential effect on cerebral injury. The present study was designed to investigate the potential role and possible mechanism of SW in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Secretory pathway Ca 2+ /Mn 2+ ATPase isoform 1 is a major component of Golgi apparatus stress. It has been reported as representative of Golgi apparatus stress. Methods Up to 120 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion injury was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Different sessions of SW daily were administered over head after reperfusion from day 1 to day 7. Functional recovery scores, survival rates, infarct volume analysis, electron microscope test, and western blotting studies were used to analyze the therapy. Results SW protected against neuronal death and apoptosis in cornu ammon 1 region of hippocampus by reducing neuronal deficit, infarct volume, and ultrastructure. SW partly inhibited upregulation of caspase3. In addition, the expression of secretory pathway Ca 2+ -ATPase isoform 1 (SPCA1) was upregulated by SW. Conclusions Our data indicate that SW can be protected against focal cerebral I/R injury, and the influence on Golgi apparatus stress might provide us a new perspective in further study. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report using SW to increase expression of SPCA1 indicating modulate Golgi apparatus stress in MCAO and reperfusion model.

This article introduces the reader to the development of the Chinese International Speech, Language and Hearing Association. It also provides an overview of the education models for speech language pathology professionals as well as information regarding the diverse needs and practice issues for the profession. The results of a survey completed by individuals practicing speech language pathology in China yield insight to perceived issues and needs for service delivery and practice parameters.

To investigate the effect of high frequency electrotherapy (HFE) on rat hippocampus after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Methods: A rat model of cerebral I/R injury was established. The rats were randomly divided into a sham group, an I/R group and an HFE group. The HFE group received thearapy daily for different sessions for 1, 3, 7 d. Neuronal deficit score,neuron ultra microstructure in the hippocampus and caspase-3 protein expression were measured on 1 st, 3 th and 7th d. Results: Compared with the I/R group, the HFE group showed the decreased neurological deficit scores, with significant differences between the 2 groups (P0.05). The injury in HFE group was reduced compared with that in the I/R group based on the electron microscope test, with significant difference. Caspase-3 protein in brain tissue in the HFE group also downregulated compared with that in the I/R group (P0.05). Conclusion: High frequency electrotherapy can improve neural function, suppress caspase-3 expression and apoptosis in nerve cells and improve the ultra microstructure of neurons, displaying a protective effect on cerebral I/R injury in rats.目的：观察高频电疗对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后caspase-3和海马神经细胞超微结构的影响。方法： 线栓法制备大鼠一侧大脑中动脉缺血再灌注(middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion，MCAO/R)模型。采用Zea-Longa评分法评定神经功能缺损程度。将符合条件的大鼠随机分成假手术组、模型组及高频电疗组。1，3，7 d后取标本，电镜观察海马神经元细胞超微结构，Western印迹检测caspase-3蛋白的表达。结果：电镜示假手术组海马CA1区神经细胞完整，各细胞器结构、形态正常。模型组海马神经元肿胀、坏死，细胞器碎裂，神经细胞损伤严重。高频电疗后海马神经元损伤均较模型组减轻。同时间点(3，7 d)高频电疗组caspase-3升高程度较模型组降低 (P0.05 )。结论：高频电疗可改善脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠的神经功能，抑制caspase-3及脑神经细胞凋亡，减轻神经元超微结构损伤，有一定的脑保护作用。.

To study the reliability and validity of the Chinese Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10) in evaluation of acute stroke patients with dysphagia. The inpatients of stroke were assessed with Chinese EAT-10. As a golden standard for evaluation of dysphagia, videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) test was used to judge the reliability and validity of EAT-10. A total of 130 qualified questionnaires were collected. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for Chinese EAT-10 scale was 0.845. The total score of each item was related. The lowest or highest correlation coefficient for the item 2 or 3 was 0.271 or 0.772. The retest reliability was greater than 0.7, which met the requirements. According to the investigator consistency reliability test, the value collected from the investigator in the item 2 kept constant. The consistent correlation coefficient of the remaining nine items was more than 0.7. The consistency between each item and the mean score was high. The EAT-10 with the cut-off point at 1 was an optimal cut-off point. With the cut-off value of 1 (EAT-10 score ≥ 1), the sensitivity and specificity for EAT-10 was 77.9% and 66.1%, respectively. The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative value (NPV) was 71.6% and 73.2%, respectively, with 2.30 LHR+ and 0.33 LHR- for dysphagia. The Chinese EAT-10 has a good reliability and validity in evaluation of the acute stroke patients with dysphagia. The sensitivity and negative value are the best with the cut-off value of 1 (EAT-10 score ≥ 1). It offers a good way to discriminate dysphagia, impaired efficacy, penetrations, and aspirations in acute stroke patients.目的：探讨进食评估问卷调查工具-10(eating assessment tool-10，EAT-10)中文版在急性期脑卒中后吞咽障碍评估中的信度和效度。方法：选择急性期脑卒中后住院患者180例，采用EAT-10中文版量表进行筛查评估，并用吞咽障碍的诊断金标准——视频透视吞咽功能检查(videofluoroscopic swallow study，VFSS)为效标进行检验。结果：180名入选患者中有130名问卷合格并顺利行VFS检查，EAT-10中文版总量表Cronbach’s α=0.845，各条目与总分均存在相关，相关系数最低的为条目2(r=0.271)，相关系数最高的为条目3(r=0.772)，重测信度均为0.7以上，重测信度符合要求。经调查员一致性信度检验，条目2有一位调查员的结果是恒定值，量表其余9个条目的一致相关系数均0.7，各亚项和总分均值间一致性较高。分别对EAT-10分界值3，2，1进行效度检验，发现分界值1为最理想分界值，灵敏度及阴性预测值最高，判断吞咽障碍的灵敏度为77.9%，特异度为66.1%，阳性预测值71.6%，阴性预测值73.2%，阳性似然比2.30，阴性似然比0.33。结论：EAT-10中文版仅适用于已有饮水和进食经历的患者，EAT-10中文版对评估急性期脑卒中患者有良好的信度和效度，当分界值为1，EAT-10总分≥1时灵敏度和阴性预测值最佳，能够较好地预测急性期脑卒中患者吞咽障碍、吞咽能力受损、渗透和误吸。.

The present study was designed to investigate the potential role of secretory pathway Ca(2+)-ATPase isoform 1(SPCA1) in experimental focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2h s in Sprague-Dawley rats, and then the expression levels of SPAC1 mRNA and protein were determined. Results showed that SPCA1 level was transiently increased 1 day after reperfusion in peri-infarction area, while markedly increased in infarction core on 3day and 7 day after reperfusion. Then a SPCA1 lentivirus was used to achieve knockdown of SPCA1 gene: Ca(2+) transporting type 2C, member 1 (ATP2C1) gene. It has been observed that SPCA1 knockdown by lentivirus markedly increased cerebral infarction volume in vivo. Meanwhile, SPCA1 knockdown also facilitated per-oxidative production, including nitric oxide (NO) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and decreased the expression of total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Moreover, in vitro study showed that SPCA1 knockdown increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage dose-dependently, and elevated caspase3 level in neuro-2a (N2a) cells. In addition, SPCA1 knockdown increased H2O2-induced production of nitric oxide and 3-NT dose-dependently, and reversed the increased activity of total SOD and MnSOD in neuro-2a cells. In conclusion, the present study indicated that SPCA1 could suppress over active Golgi apparatus (GA) stress thus attenuate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

To investigate the surgical strategy of repeated microscopic transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) for treatment of pituitary adenoma, surgical techniques and treatment outcomes for 29 patients with pituitary adenoma were reviewed and analyzed. There were 17 patients who underwent TSS 18 times and 12 patients who underwent TSS 13 times. The interval between each TSS ranged from 3 months to 18 years, with a median time of 4 years. The tumor height was 15 to 45 mm on the last surgery. Among the 29 patients, 16 patients underwent total tumor resection, 11 patients underwent subtotal resection, and 2 patients underwent partial resection. Cerebrospinal fluid leak occurred in 10 patients. Among 24 patients who were followed up effectively, 1 patient developed abducens paralysis after surgery, 1 patient had chronic diabetes insipidus, and 1 patient received steroid-dependent alternative treatment. The repeated TSS may present satisfied outcomes in experienced hands. The upper edge of the posterior choanae should be identified to ensure the right orientation. The openings of the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus and the sellar floor should be appropriately expanded to improve tumor exposure. The artificial materials should be identified and removed carefully. Intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage should be managed well.

The sphenoid sinus occupies a central location in transsphenoidal surgery (TSS). It is important to identify relevant anatomical landmarks to enter the sphenoid sinus and sellar region properly. The aim of this study was to identify anatomical landmarks and their value in single-nostril endonasal TSS. A retrospective study was performed to review 148 cases of single-nostril endonasal TSS for pituitary lesions. The structure of the nasal cavities and sphenoid sinus, the position of apertures of the sphenoid sinus and relevant arteries and the morphological characteristics of the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus and sellar floor were observed and recorded. The important anatomical landmarks included the mucosal aperture of the sphenoid sinus, a blunt longitudinal prominence on the posterior nasal septum, the osseocartilaginous junction of the nasal septum, the ‘bow sign’ of the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus, the osseous aperture and its relationship with the nutrient arteries, the bulge of the sellar floor and the carotid protuberance. These landmarks outlined a clear route to the sella turcica with an optimal view and lesser tissue damage. Although morphological variation may exist, the position of these landmarks was generally consistent. Locating the sphenoid sinus aperture is the gold standard to direct the surgical route of TSS. The ‘bow sign’ and the sellar bulge are critical landmarks for accurate entry into the sphenoid sinus and sella fossa, respectively.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text, Olfactory outcomes as well as oronasal postoperative complications of transsphenoidal pituitary surgery have not been well studied. The objective of this study was to investigate nasal symptoms including olfactory function as well as quality of life following transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. The study is designed as a prospective cohort study set in a single tertiary hospital. A total of 53 patients with pituitary adenomas were included. All patients underwent pituitary surgery with the right-sided endonasal transsphenoidal approach. Outcomes were assessed with the Chinese version of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36) to survey patient health, the Chinese version of the 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22), and a Toyota and Takagi (T&T) olfactometer. Assessments were carried out before surgery and at 1 week, and 1 and 4 months after surgery. The overall SF-36 scores were significantly lower, but the SNOT-22 scores were higher at 1 week and 1 month postoperatively compared with baseline (all P