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292 results on '"Ruch W"'

1. National Character Does Not Reflect Mean Personality Trait Levels in 49 Cultures

Author

Terracciano, A., Abdel-Khalek, A. M., Ádám, N., Adamovová, L., Alansari, B. M., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Angleitner, A., Avia, M. D., Ayearst, L. E., Barbaranelli, C., Beer, A., Borg-Cunen, M. A., Bratko, D., Brunner-Sciarra, M., Budzinski, L., Camart, N., Dahourou, D., De Fruyt, F., de Lima, M. P., del Pilar, G. E. H., Diener, E., Falzon, R., Fernando, K., Ficková, E., Fischer, R., Flores-Mendoza, C., Ghayur, M. A., Gülgöz, S., Hagberg, B., Halberstadt, J., Halim, M. S., Hřebíčková, M., Humrichouse, J., Jensen, H. H., Jocic, D. D., Jónsson, F. H., Khoury, B., Klinkosz, W., Kneževič, G., Lauri, M. A., Leibovich, N., Martin, T. A., Marušić, I., Mastor, K. A., Matsumoto, D., McRorie, M., Meshcheriakov, B., Mortensen, E. L., Munyae, M., Nagy, J., Nakazato, K., Nansubuga, F., Oishi, S., Ojedokun, A. O., Ostendorf, F., Paulhus, D. L., Pelevin, S., Podobnik, N., Porrata, J. L., Pramila, V. S., Prentice, G., Realo, A., Reátegui, N., Rossier, J., Ruch, W., Rus, V. S., Sánchez-Bernardos, M. L., Schmidt, V., Sciculna-Calleja, S., Sekowski, A., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Shimonaka, Y., Simonetti, F., Sineshaw, T., Siuta, J., Smith, P. B., Trapnell, P. D., Trobst, K. K., Wang, L., Yik, M., Zupančič, A., and McCrae, R. R.

Published
2005

2. Assessing Character Strengths

Author

Ruch, Willibald; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5368-3616, Bakker, Arnold B, Tay, Louis, Gander, Fabian; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2204-8828, Ruch, W ( Willibald ), Bakker, A B ( Arnold B ), Tay, L ( Louis ), Gander, F ( Fabian ), Wagner, Lisa; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1925-2676, Ruch, Willibald; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5368-3616, Bakker, Arnold B, Tay, Louis, Gander, Fabian; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2204-8828, Ruch, W ( Willibald ), Bakker, A B ( Arnold B ), Tay, L ( Louis ), Gander, F ( Fabian ), and Wagner, Lisa; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1925-2676

Published
2023

3. Dyadic coping as a concept of positive psychology

Author

Ruch, Willibald; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5368-3616, Bakker, A B, Tay, L, Gander, Fabian; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2204-8828, Ruch, W ( Willibald ), Bakker, A B ( A B ), Tay, L ( L ), Gander, F ( Fabian ), Senn, M, Bodenmann, Guy; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0964-6409, Ruch, Willibald; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5368-3616, Bakker, A B, Tay, L, Gander, Fabian; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2204-8828, Ruch, W ( Willibald ), Bakker, A B ( A B ), Tay, L ( L ), Gander, F ( Fabian ), Senn, M, and Bodenmann, Guy; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0964-6409

Published
2023

4. On the Relationship Between Valence and Arousal in Samples Across the Globe

Author

Yik, M. Mues, C. Sze, I.N.L. Kuppens, P. Tuerlinckx, F. De Roover, K. Kwok, F.H.C. Schwartz, S.H. Abu-Hilal, M. Adebayo, D.F. Aguilar, P. Al-Bahrani, M. Anderson, M.H. Andrade, L. Bratko, D. Bushina, E. Choi, J.W. Cieciuch, J. Dru, V. Evers, U. Fischer, R. Florez, I.A. Garðarsdóttir, R.B. Gari, A. Graf, S. Halama, P. Halberstadt, J. Halim, M.S. Heilman, R.M. Hřebíčková, M. Karl, J.A. Knežević, G. Kohút, M. Kolnes, M. Lazarević, L.B. Lebedeva, N. Lee, J. Lee, Y.-H. Liu, C. Mannerström, R. Marušić, I. Nansubuga, F. Ojedokun, O. Park, J. Platt, T. Proyer, R.T. Realo, A. Rolland, J.-P. Ruch, W. Ruiz, D. Sortheix, F.M. Stahlmann, A.G. Stojanov, A. Strus, W. Tamir, M. Torres, C. Trujillo, A. Truong, T.K.H. Utsugi, A. Vecchione, M. Wang, L. Russell, J.A.

Abstract

Affect is involved in many psychological phenomena, but a descriptive structure, long sought, has been elusive. Valence and arousal are fundamental, and a key question–the focus of the present study–is the relationship between them. Valence is sometimes thought to be independent of arousal, but, in some studies (representing too few societies in the world) arousal was found to vary with valence. One common finding is that arousal is lowest at neutral valence and increases with both positive and negative valence: a symmetric Vshaped relationship. In the study reported here of self-reported affect during a remembered moment (N = 8,590), we tested the valence-arousal relationship in 33 societies with 25 different languages. The two most common hypotheses in the literature–independence and a symmetric V-shaped relationship–were not supported. With data of all samples pooled, arousal increased with positive but not negative valence. Valence accounted for between 5% (Finland) and 43% (China Beijing) of the variance in arousal. Although there is evidence for a structural relationship between the two, there is also a large amount of variability in this relation © 2022 American Psychological Association

Published
2022

15. A lifetime of fear of being laughed at: An aged perspective

Author

Platt, T., Ruch, W., Proyer, R.T., Platt, T., Ruch, W., and Proyer, R.T.

Abstract

This paper reviews recent literature on gelotophobia (i.e., the fear of being laughed at) with an emphasis on age-specific aspects. Research with two instruments, the GELOPH and PhoPhiKat questionnaires, is presented with special attention being given to sociodemographic correlates and differences in intelligence, character strengths, personality, emotion, and humor. Quite consistently gelotophobes tend to misread positively motivated smiling and laughter (e.g. in social interactions, photographs or auditorily presented) and have lower values in many, but not all, components of humor. They have a low propensity to joy and a disposition to experience shame and fear. More generally they tend to describe themselves as being introverted and neurotic, and they underestimate their own potential while not actually being less capable. Furthermore, new data are presented suggesting that age-related vulnerabilities may be additional sources of ridicule making gelotophobia more of a problem for the elderly. Finally, the prevalence of this fear over the lifespan and potential cohort effects are discussed. It is concluded that more research into this fear and its adverse impact on social interactions, even humorous ones, of the elderly is needed

Published
2018

16. Humor as a character strength among the elderly: Theoretical considerations

Author

Ruch, W., Proyer, R.T., Weber, M., Ruch, W., Proyer, R.T., and Weber, M.

Abstract

Positive psychology is a scientific approach within psychology that focuses on research on what is best in people. Within this framework, humor is understood as a character strength. The article gives a brief overview on positive psychology and implications for aging (positive aging, successful aging) with an emphasis on the contribution of humor. Humor as a strength of character and its measurement by various approaches are discussed. It is argued that there is a lack of empirical data about humor in the elderly. Potential benefits of considering humor in research but also in practice are discussed

Published
2018

17. The good character at work: an initial study on the contribution of character strengths in identifying healthy and unhealthy work-related behavior and experience patterns

Author

Gander, F., Proyer, R., Ruch, W., Wyss, T., Gander, F., Proyer, R., Ruch, W., and Wyss, T.

Abstract

Purpose: Positive psychological functioning has been related to various positive work-related outcome variables, such as job satisfaction or work engagement. The aim of the present study was to examine the relations between morally positively valued traits (i.e., strengths of character) and work-related behaviors. Method: A sample of 887 adult women completed the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS) and the Work-related Behavior and Experience Patterns Questionnaire (AVEM) in an online survey. Results: Those assigned to healthy work-related behavior and experience patterns differed in their strengths profiles from those that demonstrated unhealthy patterns (i.e., burnout type) in a predictable way. Especially the strengths of zest, persistence, hope, and curiosity seemed to play a key role in healthy and ambitious work behavior. Conclusions: The study underlines the relevance of character strengths in work settings and suggests that interventions based on character strengths could substantiate interventions already existing at the workplace in order to enhance positive work outcomes further (e.g., work satisfaction, engagement)

Published
2018

19. Treatment of Streptococcal Endocarditis with a Single Daily Dose of Ceftriaxone and Netilmicin for 14 Days: A Prospective Multicenter Study

Author

Francioli, P., Ruch, W., Stamboulian, D., Francioli, P., Ruch, W., and Stamboulian, D.

Abstract

A 2-week course of ceftriaxone (2 g) plus netilmicin (4 mglkg), administered as one short daily iv infusion, was evaluated for the treatment of streptococcal endocarditis in an open multicenter study. Of the 52 patients, 31 were infected with viridans streptococci, 18 with Streptococcus bovis, two with Gemella morbillorum, and one with group C Streptococcus; 48 patients were assessable. Infection was cured in 42 cases, 35 treated medically and seven treated both medically and surgically. Five patients died without evidence of active infection, and one relapsed. The bacteriologic failure was due to a strain of G. morbillorum against which no synergy of ceftriaxone and netilmicin was evident in vitro. The serum creatinine level increased during treatment in four cases, all involving patients >65 years old who had renal risk factors; in two of these cases, values did not return to baseline during follow-up. Of 40 patients assessed for auditory function, only one developed decreased perception of borderline significance. Other adverse reactions were mild. This regimen was efficacious, safe, and cost-effective for the treatment of streptococcal endocarditis. However, it must be used with caution for patients with preexisting renal impairment or concomitant exposure to other potentially nephrotoxic agents

Published
2017

21. Heiterkeit und Humor im Alter

Author

Ruch W and Hirsch Rd

Subjects
Issues, ethics and legal aspects, Health (social science), Geriatrics and Gerontology, Current (fluid), Psychology, Gerontology, Developmental psychology
Published
2010

26. ILHAIRE Laughter Database

Author

McKeown, Gary, Cowie, Roddy, Curran, William, Ruch, W., and Douglas-Cowie, Ellen

Published
2012

27. Breaking ground in cross-cultural research on the fear of being laughed at (gelotophobia): A multi-national study involving 73 countries

Author

Proyer, R. T., Ruch, W., Ali, N. S., Al-Olimat, H. S., Amemiya, T., Adal, T. A., Ansari, S. A., Arhar, P., Asem, G., Baudin, N., Bawab, S., Bergen, D., Brdar, I., Brites, R., Brunner-Sciarra, M., Carrell, A., Dios, H. C., Celik, M., Ceschi, G., Chang, K., Guo-Hai, C., Cheryomukhin, A., Chik, M. P. Y., Chlopicki, W., Cranney, J., Dahourou, D., Doosje, S., Dore, M., El-Arousy, N., Fickova, E., Führ, M., Gallivan, J., Geling, H., Germikova, L., Giedraityte, M., Goh, A., González, R. D., Ho, S. K., Hrebícková, M., Jaime, B., Kaare, B. H., Kamble, S., Kazarian, S., Kerkkänen, P., Klementová, M., Kobozeva, I. M., Kovjanic, S., Kumaraswamy, N., Lamport, Mark A., Liao, C. -C, Levesque, M., Loizou, Eleni, Díaz Loving, R., Lyttle, J., MacHline, V. C., McGoldrick, S., McRorie, M., Min, L., Mõttus, R., Munyae, M. M., Navia, C. E., Nkhalamba, M., Pedrini, P. P., Petkova, M., Platt, T., Popa, D. -E, Radomska, A., Rashid, T., Rawlings, D., Rubio, V. J., Sander, Angelle M., Sarid, O., Shams, S., Sisokohm, S., Smári, J., Sneddon, I., Snikhovska, I., Stephanenko, E. A., Stokenberga, I., Stuer, H., Tanoto, Y. S. R., Tapia, L., Taylor, J., Thibault, P., Thompson, A., Thörn, H., Toyota, H., Ujlaky, J., Vanno, V., Wang, J., Van Der Westhuizen, B., Wijayathilake, D., Wong, P. S. O., Wycoff, E. B., Yeun, E. J., and Loizou, Eleni [0000-0002-9805-241X]

Subjects
Linguistics and Language, Humor, Sociology and Political Science, media_common.quotation_subject, Gelotophobia, Single item, Language and Linguistics, Laughter, ddc:150, Multidimensional scaling analysis, medicine, Local language, General Psychology, media_common, Cross-cultural comparisons, Katagelasticism, medicine.disease, Cross-cultural studies, ddc:128.37, Multi-national study, Multi national, cross-cultural comparisons Gelotophobia, humor, laughter, multi-national study, Psychology, Social psychology
Abstract

The current study examines whether the fear of being laughed at (gelotophobia) can be assessed reliably and validly by means of a self-report instrument in different countries of the world. All items of the GELOPH (Ruch and Titze, GELOPH〈46〉, University of Düsseldorf, 1998; Ruch and Proyer, Swiss Journal of Psychology 67:19–27, 2008b) were translated to the local language of the collaborator (42 languages in total). In total, 22,610 participants in 93 samples from 73 countries completed the GELOPH. Across all samples the reliability of the 15-item questionnaire was high (mean alpha of .85) and in all samples the scales appeared to be unidimensional. The endorsement rates for the items ranged from 1.31% through 80.00% to a single item. Variations in the mean scores of the items were more strongly related to the culture in a country and not to the language in which the data were collected. This was also supported by a multidimensional scaling analysis with standardized mean scores of the items from the GELOPH〈15〉. This analysis identified two dimensions that further helped explaining the data (i.e., insecure vs. intense avoidant-restrictive and low vs. high suspicious tendencies towards the laughter of others). Furthermore, multiple samples derived from one country tended to be (with a few exceptions) highly similar. The study shows that gelotophobia can be assessed reliably by means of a self-report instrument in cross-cultural research. This study enables further studies of the fear of being laughed at with regard to differences in the prevalence and putative causes of gelotophobia in comparisons to different cultures.

Published
2009

28. Geographic Distribution of Big Five Personality Traits: Patterns and Profiles of Human Self-Description Across 56 Nations

Author

Schmitt, D. P., Allik, J., McCrae, R. R., Benet-Martínez, V., Alcalay, L., Ault, L., Austers, I., Bennett, K. L., Bianchi, G., Boholst, F., Cunen, M. A. Borg, Braeckman, J., Jr, E. G. Brainerd, Caral, L. G. A., Caron, G., Casullo, M. Martina, Cunningham, M., Daibo, I., Backer, C. De, Souza, E. De, Diaz-Loving, R., Diniz, G., Durkin, K., Echegaray, M., Eremsoy, E., Euler, H. A., Falzon, R., Fisher, M. L., Foley, D., Fry, D. P., Fry, S., Ghayur, M. Arif, Golden, D. L., Grammer, K., Grimaldi, L., Halberstadt, J., Haque, S., Herrera, D., Hertel, J., Hoffmann, H., Hooper, D., Hradilekova, Z., Hudek-Kene-evi, J., Jaafar, J., Jankauskaite, M., Kabangu-Stahel, H., Kardum, I., Khoury, B., Kwon, H., Laidra, K., Laireiter, A.-R., Lakerveld, D., Lampert, A., Lauri, M., Lee, S.-J., Leung, L. Chung, Locke, K. D., Locke, V., Luksik, I., Magaisa, I., Marcinkeviciene, D., Mata, A., Mata, R., McCarthy, B., Mills, M. E., Mkhize, N. J., Moreira, J., Moreira, S., Moya, M., Munyae, M., Noller, P., Opre, A., Panayiotou, Alexia, Petrovic, N., Poels, K., Popper, M., Poulimenou, M., P'Yatokha, V., Raymond, M. A., Reips, U.-D., Reneau, S. E., Rivera-Aragon, S., Rowatt, W. C., Ruch, W., Rus, V. S., Safir, M. P., Salas, S., Sambataro, F., Sandnabba, K. N., Schulmeyer, M. K., Schutz, A., Scrimali, T., Shackelford, T. K., Shaver, P. R., Sichona, F., Simonetti, F., Sineshaw, T., Speelman, T., Spyrou, S., Sumer, H. Canan, Sumer, N., Supekova, M., Szlendak, T., Taylor, R., Timmermans, B., Tooke, W., Tsaousis, I., Tungaraza, F. S. K., Vandermassen, G., Vanhoomissen, T., Overwalle, F. Van, Vanwesenbeeck, I., Vasey, P. L., Verissimo, J., Voracek, M., Wan, W. W. N., Wang, T.-W., Weiss, P., Wijaya, A., Woertman, L., Youn, G., Zupaneie, A., Sharan, M. B., Lavallée, M., Panayiotou, Alexia [0000-0001-6351-4883], Echegaray, Marcela, and Herrera, Dora

Subjects
Agreeableness, Cultural Studies, Cultura, Social Psychology, media_common.quotation_subject, Culture, Big Five model, 050109 social psychology, Personality -- Case studies, Big Five personality traits and culture, Big Five, Cross-cultural psychology, Personality traits, Hierarchical structure of the Big Five, Social psychology, ddc:150, 0502 economics and business, Openness to experience, Personality, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Anthropology, Big Five personality traits, Personalidad, Psicología social, media_common, 05 social sciences, Conscientiousness, personality traits, cross-cultural psychology, Big Five, Psicología / Psicología de la conducta, Facet (psychology), Ethnopsychology, Psychology, Personality assessment, 050203 business & management
Abstract

The Big Five Inventory (BFI) is a self-report measure designed to assess the high-order personality traits of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness. As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, the BFI was translated from English into 28 languages and administered to 17,837 individuals from 56 nations. The resulting cross-cultural data set was used to address three main questions: Does the factor structure of the English BFI fully replicate across cultures? How valid are the BFI trait profiles of individual nations? And how are personality traits distributed throughout the world? The five-dimensional structure was robust across major regions of the world. Trait levels were related in predictable ways to self-esteem, sociosexuality, and national personality profiles. And people from the geographic regions of South America and East Asia were significantly different in openness from those inhabiting other world regions. The discussion focuses on limitations of the current data set and important directions for future research., peer-reviewed

Published
2007
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31. Patterns and universals of adult romantic attachment across 62 cultural regions: Are models of self and of other pancultural constructs?

Author

Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allensworth, M., Allik, J., Ault, L., Austers, I., Bennett, K. L., Bianchi, G., Boholst, F., Cunen, M. A. B., Braeckman, J., Jr, E. G. Brainerd, Caral, L. G. A., Caron, G., Casullo, M. M., Cunningham, M., Daibo, I., Backer, C. De, Souza, E. De, Diaz-Loving, R., Diniz, G., Durkin, K., Echegaray, M., Eremsoy, E., Euler, H. A., Falzon, R., Fisher, M. L., Foley, D., Fowler, R., Fry, D. P., Fry, S., Ghayur, M. A., Giri, V. N., Golden, D. L., Grammer, K., Grimaldi, L., Halberstadt, J., Haque, S., Herrera, D., Hertel, J., Hitchell, A., Hoffmann, H., Hooper, D., Hradilekova, Z., Hudek-Kene-Evi, J., Huffcutt, A., Jaafar, J., Jankauskaite, M., Kabangu-Stahel, H., Kardum, I., Khoury, B., Kwon, H., Laidra, K., Laireiter, A.-R., Lakerveld, D., Lampert, A., Lauri, M., Lee, S.-J., Leung, L. C., Locke, K. D., Locke, V., Luksik, I., Magaisa, I., Marcinkeviciene, D., Mata, A., Mata, R., Mccarthy, B., Mills, M. E., Mkhize, N. J., Moreira, J., Moreira, S., Moya, M., Munyae, M., Noller, P., Olimat, H., Opre, A., Panayiotou, Alexia, Petrovic, N., Poels, K., Popper, M., Poulimenou, M., P'yatokha, V., Raymond, M. A., Reips, U.-D., Reneau, S. E., Rivera-Aragon, S., Rowatt, W. C., Ruch, W., Rus, V. S., Safir, M. P., Salas, S., Sambataro, F., Sandnabba, K. N., Schleeter, R., Schulmeyer, M. K., Schutz, A., Scrimali, T., Shackelford, T. K., Lavallée, M., Panayiotou, Alexia [0000-0001-6351-4883], Echegaray, Marcela, and Herrera, Dora

Subjects
Cultural Studies, Social psychology (sociology), Cultura, Social Psychology, Apego (Psicología), Culture, Amor, 050109 social psychology, Human sexuality, Ciencias sociales / Estudios culturales, Interpersonal relations -- Case studies, Social psychology, Human mating strategies, Internal working models, Romantic attachment, Anthropology, 050105 experimental psychology, Developmental psychology, Psicología / Procesos afectivos, ddc:150, Attachment theory, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Sociocultural evolution, 05 social sciences, Interpersonal relations and culture, Romance, Problem of universals, Normative, Psychology
Abstract

As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, a total of 17,804 participants from 62 cultural regions completed the Relationship Questionnaire (RQ), a self-report measure of adult romantic attachment. Correlational analyses within each culture suggested that the Model of Self and the Model of Other scales of the RQ were psychometrically valid within most cultures. Contrary to expectations, the Model of Self and Model of Other dimensions of the RQ did not underlie the four-category model of attachment in the same way across all cultures. Analyses of specific attachment styles revealed that secure romantic attachment was normative in 79% of cultures and that preoccupied romantic attachment was particularly prevalent in East Asian cultures. Finally, the romantic attachment profiles of individual nations were correlated with sociocultural indicators in ways that supported evolutionary theories of romantic attachment and basic human mating strategies., peer-reviewed

Published
2004

32. Are men universally more dismissing than women? Gender differences in romantic attachment across 62 cultural regions

Author

Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allensworth, M., Allik, J., Ault, L., Austers, I., Bennett, K. L., Bianchi, G., Boholst, F., Cunen, M. A. Borg, Braeckman, J., JR, E. G. Brainerd, Caral, L. G. A., Caron, G., Casullo, M. M., Cunningham, M., Daibo, I., Backer, C. De, Souza, E. De, Diaz-Loving, R., Diniz, G., Durkin, K., Echegaray, M., Eremsoy, E., Euler, H. A., Falzon, R., Fisher, M. L., Foley, D., Fowler, R., Fry, D. P., Sirpa, F. R. Y., Ghayur, M. A., Giri, V. N., Golden, D. L., Grammer, K., Grimaldi, L., Halberstadt, J., Haque, S., Herrera, D., Hertel, J., Hitchell, A., Hoffmann, H., Hooper, D., Hradilekova, Z., Hudek-Kene-Evi, J., Huffcutt, A., Jaafar, J., Jankauskaite, M., Kabangu-Stahel, H., Kardum, I., Khoury, B., Kwon, H., Laidra, K., Laireiter, A.-R., Lakerveld, D., Lampert, A., Lauri, M., Suk-Jae, L. E. E., Leung, L. C., Locke, K. D., Locke, V., Luksik, I., Magaisa, I., Marcinkeviciene, D., Mata, A., Mata, R., Mccarthy, B., Mills, M. E., Mkhize, N. J., Moreira, J., Moreira, S., Moya, M., Munyae, M., Noller, P., Olimat, H., Opre, A., Panayiotou, Alexia, Petrovic, N., Poels, K., Popper, M., Poulimenou, M., P'Yatokha, V., Raymond, M. A., Reips, U.-D., Reneau, S. E., Rivera-Aragon, S., Rowatt, W. C., Ruch, W., Rus, V. S., Safir, M. P., Salas, S., Sambataro, F., Sandnabba, K. N., Schleeter, R., Schulmeyer, M. K., Schutz, A., Scrimali, T., Shackelford, T. K., Lavallée, M., Echegaray, Marcela, Herrera, Dora, and Panayiotou, Alexia [0000-0001-6351-4883]

Subjects
Gender equity, Social Psychology, media_common.quotation_subject, Apego (Psicología), Human sexuality, Relaciones de pareja, Social role -- Case studies, Ciencias sociales / Estudios culturales, Interpersonal relations -- Case studies, Developmental psychology, Psicología / Procesos afectivos, Attachment behavior, ddc:150, Sex differences, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Couple relationships, Social role, Life-span and Life-course Studies, Sociocultural evolution, health care economics and organizations, media_common, Survey research, Research findings, Romance, humanities, Anthropology, Ideology, Psychology, Social psychology
Abstract

The authors thank Susan Sprecher (USA), Del Paulhus (Canada), Glenn D. Wilson (England), Qazi Rahman (England), Alois Angleitner (Germany), Angelika Hofhansl (Austria), Tamio Imagawa (Japan), Minoru Wada (Japan), Junichi Taniguchi (Japan), and Yuji Kanemasa (Japan) for helping with data collection and contributing significantly to the samples used in this study., Gender differences in the dismissing form of adult romantic attachment were investigated as part of the International Sexuality Description Project—a survey study of 17,804 people from 62 cultural regions. Contrary to research findings previously reported in Western cultures, we found that men were not significantly more dismissing than women across all cultural regions. Gender differences in dismissing romantic attachment were evident in most cultures, but were typically only small to moderate in magnitude. Looking across cultures, the degree of gender differentiation in dismissing romantic attachment was predictably associated with sociocultural indicators. Generally, these associations supported evolutionary theories of romantic attachment, with smaller gender differences evident in cultures with high–stress and high–fertility reproductive environments. Social role theories of human sexuality received less support in that more progressive sex–role ideologies and national gender equity indexes were not cross–culturally linked as expected to smaller gender differences in dismissing romantic attachment., peer-reviewed

Published
2003

33. Universal sex differences in the desire for sexual variety : tests from 52 nations, 6 continents, and 13 islands

Author

Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Ault, L., Austers, I., Bennett, K. L., Bianchi, G., Boholst, F., Cunen, M. A. Borg, Braeckman, J., Jr, E. G. Brainerd, Caral, L. G. A., Caron, G., Casullo, M. Martina, Cunningham, M., Daibo, I., Backer, C. De, Souza, E. De, Diaz-Loving, R., Diniz, G., Durkin, K., Echegaray, M., Eremsoy, E., Euler, H. A., Falzon, R., Fisher, M. L., Foley, D., Fry, D. P., Fry, S., Ghayur, M. Arif, Golden, D. L., Grammer, K., Grimaldi, L., Halberstadt, J., Herrera, D., Hertel, J., Hoffmann, H., Hooper, D., Hradilekova, Z., Hudek-Kene-evi, J., Jaafar, J., Jankauskaite, M., Kabangu-Stahel, H., Kardum, I., Khoury, B., Kwon, H., Laidra, K., Laireiter, A.-R., Lakerveld, D., Lampert, A., Lauri, M., Lee, S.-J., Leung, L. Chung, Locke, K. D., Locke, V., Luksik, I., Magaisa, I., Marcinkeviciene, D., Mata, A., Mata, R., McCarthy, B., Mills, M. E., Moreira, J., Moreira, S., Moya, M., Munyae, M., Noller, P., Opre, A., Panayiotou, Alexia, Petrovic, N., Poels, K., Popper, M., Poulimenou, M., P'yatokha, V., Raymond, M. A., Reips, U.-D., Reneau, S. E., Rivera-Aragon, S., Rowatt, W. C., Ruch, W., Rus, V. S., Safir, M. P., Salas, S., Sambataro, F., Sandnabba, K. N., Schulmeyer, M. K., Schutz, A., Scrimali, T., Shackelford, T. K., Shaver, P. R., Sichona, F., Simonetti, F., Sineshaw, T., Speelman, T., Spyrou, S., Sumer, H. C., Sumer, N., Supekova, M., Szlendak, T., Taylor, R., Timmermans, B., Tooke, W., Tsaousis, I., Tungaraza, F. S. K., Vandermassen, G., Vanhoomissen, T., Overwalle, F. Van, Vanwesenbeeck, I., Vasey, P. L., Verissimo, J., Voracek, M., Wan, W. W. N., Wang, T.-W., Weiss, P., Wijaya, A., Woertman, L., Youn, G., Zupaneie, A., Lavallée, M., Panayiotou, Alexia [0000-0001-6351-4883], Echegaray, Marcela, Herrera, Dora, Personality and Social Psychology, and Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Subjects
Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Male, Time Factors, Social Psychology, Sociology and Political Science, sociale roles, Sexual Behavior, Culture, Poison control, Human sexuality, Interpersonal relations, Female, Humans, Sex Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Mujeres-Conducta sexual, Conducta sexual, Interpersonal relationship, Mate selection -- Case studies, ddc:150, Sex differences, East Asia, Psychosexual behavior, Men-Psychosexual behavior, Sexual differentiation, International Sexuality Description Project, Women-Psychosexual behavior, Physical attractiveness, Evolutionary psychology, Psicología / Psicología de la conducta, Mate choice, Hombres-Conducta sexual, Psychology, Social psychology, Demography
Abstract

Evolutionary psychologists have hypothesized that men and women possess both long-term and short-term mating strategies, with men's short-term strategy differentially rooted in the desire for sexual variety. In this article, findings from a cross-cultural survey of 16,288 people across 10 major world regions (including North America, South America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, South/Southeast Asia, and East Asia) demonstrate that sex differences in the desire for sexual variety are culturally universal throughout these world regions. Sex differences were evident regardless of whether mean, median, distributional, or categorical indexes of sexual differentiation were evaluated. Sex differences were evident regardless of the measures used to evaluate them. Among contemporary theories of human mating, pluralistic approaches that hypothesize sex differences in the evolved design of short-term mating provide the most compelling account of these robust empirical findings., peer-reviewed

Published
2003

34. The Attractive Female Body Weight and Female Body Dissatisfaction in 26 Countries Across 10 World Regions: Results of the International Body Project I

Author

Viren, S., Frederick, D.A., Aavik, T., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Anderson, D., Andrianto, S., Arvind, A., Brännström, Å., Cunningham, J., Danel, D., Doroszewicz, K., Forbes, G.B., Furnham, A., Greven, C.U., Halberstadt, J., Hao, S., Haubner, T., Hwang, C.S., Inman, M., Jaafar, J.L., Johannsson, J., Jung, J., Keser, A., Kretzschmar, U., Lachenicht, L., Li, N.P., Locke, K., Lonnqvist, J.-E., Lopex, C., Loutzenhiser, L., Maisel, N.C., McCabe, M.P., McCreary, D.R., McKibbin, W.F., Mussap, A., Neto, F., Nowell, C., Alampay, L.P., Pillai, S.K., Pokrajac-Bulian, A., Proyer, R.T., Quintelier, K., Ricciardelli, L.A., Rozmus-Wrzesinska, M., Ruch, W., Russo, T., Schutz, A., Shackelford, T.K., Shashidharan, S., Simonetti, F., Sinniah, D., Swami, M., Vandermassen, G., van Duynslaeger, M., Verkasalo, M., Voracek, M., Yee, C.K., Zhang, E.X., Zhang, X., Zivcic-Becirevic, I., Viren, S., Frederick, D.A., Aavik, T., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Anderson, D., Andrianto, S., Arvind, A., Brännström, Å., Cunningham, J., Danel, D., Doroszewicz, K., Forbes, G.B., Furnham, A., Greven, C.U., Halberstadt, J., Hao, S., Haubner, T., Hwang, C.S., Inman, M., Jaafar, J.L., Johannsson, J., Jung, J., Keser, A., Kretzschmar, U., Lachenicht, L., Li, N.P., Locke, K., Lonnqvist, J.-E., Lopex, C., Loutzenhiser, L., Maisel, N.C., McCabe, M.P., McCreary, D.R., McKibbin, W.F., Mussap, A., Neto, F., Nowell, C., Alampay, L.P., Pillai, S.K., Pokrajac-Bulian, A., Proyer, R.T., Quintelier, K., Ricciardelli, L.A., Rozmus-Wrzesinska, M., Ruch, W., Russo, T., Schutz, A., Shackelford, T.K., Shashidharan, S., Simonetti, F., Sinniah, D., Swami, M., Vandermassen, G., van Duynslaeger, M., Verkasalo, M., Voracek, M., Yee, C.K., Zhang, E.X., Zhang, X., and Zivcic-Becirevic, I.

Abstract

This study reports results from the first International Body Project (IBP-I), which surveyed 7,434 individuals in 10 major world regions about body weight ideals and body dissatisfaction. Participants completed the female Contour Drawing Figure Rating Scale (CDFRS) and self-reported their exposure to Western and local media. Results indicated there were significant cross-regional differences in the ideal female figure and body dissatisfaction, but effect sizes were small across high-socioeconomic-status (SES) sites. Within cultures, heavier bodies were preferred in low-SES sites compared to high-SES sites in Malaysia and South Africa (ds = 1.94-2.49) but not in Austria. Participant age, body mass index (BMI), and Western media exposure predicted body weight ideals. BMI and Western media exposure predicted body dissatisfaction among women. Our results show that body dissatisfaction and desire for thinness is commonplace in high-SES settings across world regions, highlighting the need for international attention to this problem.

Published
2010

35. Charakterstärken und ihr Zusammenhang mit Berufen und Interessen

Author

Jungo, D, Ziehlmann, R, Ruch, Willibald, Jungo, D ( D ), Ziehlmann, R ( R ), Ruch, W ( Willibald ), Harzer, Claudia, Jungo, D, Ziehlmann, R, Ruch, Willibald, Jungo, D ( D ), Ziehlmann, R ( R ), Ruch, W ( Willibald ), and Harzer, Claudia

Published
2008

36. Profile verschiedener Berufe

Author

Jungo, D, Ziehlmann, R, Ruch, Willibald, Jungo, D ( D ), Ziehlmann, R ( R ), Ruch, W ( Willibald ), Harzer, Claudia, Jungo, D, Ziehlmann, R, Ruch, Willibald, Jungo, D ( D ), Ziehlmann, R ( R ), Ruch, W ( Willibald ), and Harzer, Claudia

Published
2008

49. A temperament approach to humor

Author

Ruch, Willibald, Ruch, W ( Willibald ), Köhler, G, Ruch, Willibald, Ruch, W ( Willibald ), and Köhler, G

Published
2007

50. National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures

Author

Terracciano, Antonio, Abdel Khalek, A.M., Adam, N, Adamovova, L, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alansari, B.M., Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Angleitner, A, Avia, M.D., Ayearst, L.E., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Beer, A, Borg Cunen, M.A., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Budzinski, L, Camart, N, Dahourou, D, De Fruyt, Filip, de Lima, Margarida P., del Pilar, GEH, Diener, E, Falzon, R., Fernando, K, Fickova, Emilia, Fischer, R, Flores-Mendoza, C, Ghayur, MA, Gulgoz, Sami, Hagberg, B, Halberstadt, Jamin, Halim, M.S., Hrebickova, Martina, Humrichouse, J, Jensen, HH, Jocić, DD, Jonsson, FH, Khoury, B, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Lauri, MA, Leibovich, N, Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Matsumoto, D, McRorie, M, Meshcheriakov, B, Mortensen, EL, Munyae, M, Nagy, J, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Oishi, S, Ojedokun, AO, Ostendorf, F, Paulhus, DL, Pelevin, S, Petot, JM, Podobnik, N, Porrata, Jose, Pramila, V.S., Prentice, G, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Ruch, W, Rus, VS, Sánchez-Bernardos, M.L., Schmidt, Vanina, Sciculna-Calleja, S, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Sineshaw, T, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Trapnell, PD, Trobst, K.K., Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, Zupančić, A, McCrae, RR, Terracciano, Antonio, Abdel Khalek, A.M., Adam, N, Adamovova, L, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alansari, B.M., Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Angleitner, A, Avia, M.D., Ayearst, L.E., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Beer, A, Borg Cunen, M.A., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Budzinski, L, Camart, N, Dahourou, D, De Fruyt, Filip, de Lima, Margarida P., del Pilar, GEH, Diener, E, Falzon, R., Fernando, K, Fickova, Emilia, Fischer, R, Flores-Mendoza, C, Ghayur, MA, Gulgoz, Sami, Hagberg, B, Halberstadt, Jamin, Halim, M.S., Hrebickova, Martina, Humrichouse, J, Jensen, HH, Jocić, DD, Jonsson, FH, Khoury, B, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Lauri, MA, Leibovich, N, Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Matsumoto, D, McRorie, M, Meshcheriakov, B, Mortensen, EL, Munyae, M, Nagy, J, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Oishi, S, Ojedokun, AO, Ostendorf, F, Paulhus, DL, Pelevin, S, Petot, JM, Podobnik, N, Porrata, Jose, Pramila, V.S., Prentice, G, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Ruch, W, Rus, VS, Sánchez-Bernardos, M.L., Schmidt, Vanina, Sciculna-Calleja, S, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Sineshaw, T, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Trapnell, PD, Trobst, K.K., Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, Zupančić, A, and McCrae, RR

Abstract

Most people hold beliefs about personality characteristics typical of members of their own and others' cultures. These perceptions of national character may be generalizations from personal experience, stereotypes with a "kernel of truth," or inaccurate stereotypes. We obtained national character ratings of 3989 people from 49 cultures and compared them with the average personality scores of culture members assessed by observer ratings and self-reports. National character ratings were reliable but did not converge with assessed traits. Perceptions of national character thus appear to be unfounded stereotypes that may serve the function of maintaining a national identity.

Published
2005

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