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The patient's own palm is used as a template in assessing small patchy burns and is traditionally believed to be 1% of body surface area. This does alter with the patient's age, sex and BMI and there have been suggestions that it can also differ between ethnic groups. We undertook this study to see if there were any differences in the hand surface area between Caucasians, Orientals and Asians. It was done by tracing the hand outline and calculating the surface area. The study showed that there was no significant difference between the three ethnic groups in terms of hand surface area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In estimating small areas of burns, it is traditionally taught that the patient's palm is 1% of the body surface area. Whether the palm means the palmar surface of the whole hand or palm excluding the fingers, has not been very clear and is a source of confusion to many junior doctors. The ATLS teaching has been in contradiction to the evidence from literature and hence we undertook a study to examine the evidence and practices regarding this issue. It was done through a literature search, telephonic interviews and a review of Web-pages related to burns area estimation. The results highlighted the existing confusion on the topic and the need for educating junior doctors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) outburst is still threatening global health. This highly contagious viral disease is caused by the infection of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Covid-19 and post-Covid-19 complications induce noteworthy mortality. Potential chemical hits and leads against SARS-CoV-2 for combating Covid-19 are urgently required. In the present study, a virtual-screening protocol was executed on potential Amaryllidaceae alkaloids from a pool of natural compound library against SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M pro ) and transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2). For the collected 1016 alkaloids from the curated library, initially, molecular docking using AutoDock Vina (ADV), and thereafter 100 ns molecular-dynamic (MD) simulation has been executed for the best top-ranked binding affinity compounds for both the viral and host proteins. Comprehensive intermolecular-binding interactions profile of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids suggested that phyto-compounds Galantamine, Lycorenine, and Neronine as potent modulators of SARS-CoV-2 M pro and host TMPRSS2 protein. All atomistic long range 100 ns MD simulation studies of each top ranked complex in triplicates also illustrated strong binding affinity of three compounds towards M pro and TMPRSS2. Identified compounds might be recommended as prospective anti-viral agents for future drug development selectively targeting the SARS-CoV-2 M pro or blocking host TMPRSS2 receptor, subjected to pre-clinical and clinical assessment for a better understanding of in-vitro molecular interaction and in-vivo validation.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

This study explored the alteration of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs: 226 Ra (≈ 238 U), 232 Th, 40 K) in an anthropogenically disrupted urban river-basin (Turag, Bangladesh) in terms of constitutional substances (Sc, Ti, V, Fe, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Th, U) of heavy-minerals. Average activity concentrations of 226 Ra (≈ 238 U), 232 Th, and 40 K were 41.5 ± 12.9, 72.1 ± 27.1, and 639 ± 100 Bqkg -1 , respectively which were relatively higher compared to crustal origin. ∑REEs, Ta, W, Th, and U were ~2 times higher compared to crustal values with Ce and Eu-anomalies. APCS-MLR and PMF receptor models were used to determine the various anthropogenic and/or geogenic sources of NORMs and elements. Layer-wise variations of NORMs and elements were observed to trace the response of sedimentary processes towards the incoming pollution load. Presence of REEs indicates moderate degree of ecological risk to aquatic biota. However, carcinogenic risk (3.84 × 10 -4  Sv -1 ) were significantly higher than threshold limit., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A series of boron difluoro bis(diiminate) complexes have been prepared and used to obtain triflate substituted fluoroborane complexes. The corresponding well-defined bis(borenium) cations were subsequently synthesized and structurally authenticated. We are also presenting the first experimental and theoretical study of bis(borenium) cations that are derivative of cationic borinic acid.

Groundwater salinity is a critical factor affecting water quality and ecosystem health, with implications for various sectors including agriculture, industry, and public health. Hence, the reliability and accuracy of groundwater salinity predictive models are paramount for effective decision-making in managing groundwater resources. This pioneering study presents the validation of a predictive model aimed at forecasting groundwater salinity levels using three different validation methods and various data partitioning strategies. This study tests three different data validation methodologies with different data-partitioning strategies while developing a group method of data handling (GMDH)-based model for predicting groundwater salinity concentrations in a coastal aquifer system. The three different methods are the hold-out strategy (last and random selection), k-fold cross-validation, and the leave-one-out method. In addition, various combinations of data-partitioning strategies are also used while using these three validation methodologies. The prediction model's validation results are assessed using various statistical indices such as root mean square error (RMSE), means squared error (MSE), and coefficient of determination (R 2 ). The results indicate that for monitoring wells 1, 2, and 3, the hold-out (random) with 40% data partitioning strategy gave the most accurate predictive model in terms of RMSE statistical indices. Also, the results suggested that the GMDH-based models behave differently with different validation methodologies and data-partitioning strategies giving better salinity predictive capabilities. In general, the results justify that various model validation methodologies and data-partitioning strategies yield different results due to their inherent differences in how they partition the data, assess model performance, and handle sources of bias and variance. Therefore, it is important to use them in conjunction to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the groundwater salinity prediction model's behavior and performance., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

In recent years, an increase in weed infestation, which is adversely affecting crop growth and productivity has been a major challenge facing the farmers of South Asia. The adoption of a permanent bed in combination with residue retention-based crop management practices may reduce weed abundance and increase crop productivity. In a two-year field study, we evaluated the responses of different organic weed management practices with contrasting tillage and residue (R) management strategies to weed dynamics and crop productivity under rice-maize rotation. The main plot treatments consisted of zero-tillage direct seeded rice and zero-tillage maize (ZTR fb ZTM); ZTDSR and maize both on permanent raised beds with residue (PBDSR + R fb PBDSM + R); PBDSR and PBM without residue (PBDSR-R fb PBDSM-R) and conventional tillage puddled transplanted rice and conventional tillage maize (CTR fb CTM). The subplots comprised unweeded control; vermicompost mulch; P- enriched vermicompost mulch; live mulch with Sesbania spp. in rice and Pisum sativum in maize and weed-free. Total weed density and biomass in rice and maize at 30 days after sowing (DAS) were minimum for PBDSR + R fb PBDSM + R compared to remaining tillage and residue management practices in both years. Apart from weed-free treatment, the highest weed control index was found with live mulch. Yield of rice and maize were found higher in permanent beds along with residue retention-based practices. In rice, the weed-free treatment showed the highest grain yield and live mulch reported 9.8 and 6.8 % higher grain yield than vermicompost mulch and P-enriched vermicompost mulch respectively. Our study shows that conservation agriculture practices under rice-maize rotation is one of the ways to reduce weed density and improve crop productivity in South Asia and other similar agro-ecologies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Beryllium possesses a unique amalgamation of characteristics, its electronegativity included, that not only make it a vital component in a wide range of technical sectors and consumer industries, but also make it an interesting candidate for forming covalently bonded compounds. However, the extremely toxic nature of beryllium, which can cause chronic beryllium disease, has limited the exploration of its chemistry, making beryllium one of the least studied (non-radioactive) elements. The development of selective chelating ligands, sterically encumbered substituents and, moreover, the boom of N-heterocyclic carbenes in organometallic chemistry and main group chemistry has revived the interest in beryllium chemistry. Therefore, some quite remarkable progress in the coordination and organometallic chemistry of beryllium has been made in the last two decades. For example, low oxidation state beryllium compounds, antiaromatic/aromatic beryllium compounds, where beryllium is involved in π-electron delocalization, and the isolation of beryllium-beryllium bonded species have all been achieved. This article provides an oversight over the recent developments in the organometallic chemistry of beryllium.

Background  Conflicting evidence regarding the laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy outcomes in scientific literature impacts the medical decision-making for patients with gallbladder disease. This study aimed to compare a range of primary and secondary outcomes between patients receiving laparoscopic cholecystectomy and those with open intervention. Methods  Articles published from 1993 to 2023 were explored by utilizing advanced filters of PubMed Central/Medline, Web of Science, CINAHL, JSTOR, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and EBSCO. The gallbladder disease was determined by the presence of one or more of the following conditions: 1) Gangrenous cholecystitis, 2) acute cholecystitis, 3) chronic gallbladder diseases, and 4) cholelithiasis. The primary end-point was mortality, while the secondary outcome included (1) bile leakage, 2) common bile duct injury, 3) gangrene, 4) hospital stay (days), 5) major complications, 6) median hospital stay (days), (7) pneumonia, 8) sick leaves (days), and 9) wound infection. Results  Statistically significant reductions were observed in mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 0.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.30, 0.45, p  < 0.00001), mean hospital stay duration (mean difference: -2.68, 95% CI: -3.66, -1.70, p  < 0.00001), major complications (OR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.64, p  = 0.0005), post/intraoperative wound infection (OR: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.51, p  < 0.0001), and sick leaves (OR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.80, p  = 0.01) in patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy compared with those with the open intervention. No statistically significant differences were recorded between the study groups for bile leakage, common bile duct injury, gangrene, median hospital stay days, and pneumonia ( p  > 0.05). Conclusions  The pooled outcomes favored the use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy over the open procedure in patients with gallbladder disease. The consolidated findings indicate the higher impact of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in improving patient outcomes, including safety episodes, compared with open cholecystectomy., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest None declared., (The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ).)

Guavas (Psidium guajava) are regarded as one of the most perishable commodities, primarily owing to their climacteric characteristics and heightened metabolic processes, resulting in a faster rate of softening. Edible coating is a natural ingredient that is employed as an alternative to extend the shelf life of fruits while also providing bioactive and functional compounds. Aloe vera gel is predominantly used for this purpose due to its widespread availability. Various concentrations of aloe vera-based coating formulation (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) were applied on fresh whole guava by dipping method. The guava was stored at a refrigerated condition (4°C) and weight loss, color, firmness, vitamin C, total phenol, and pH change were observed in this research. A significant effect of aloe vera coating was found over the storage period. Aloe vera treatment lowered the weight loss, and retarded the texture and color compared to the control sample throughout the 28 days of storage. Vitamin C and total phenol content remined high at 141.4 mg/100g and 219.6 mg GAE/100g respectively in a 100% aloe vera coated sample after 28 days of storage compared to the control. Among 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% aloe vera coated sample, 100% aloe vera was found to be the best coating material to prevent physical changes in fresh guava., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Dutta Roy et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs) are a family of post-translational modification enzymes that irreversibly citrullinate (deiminate) arginine residues of protein and convert them to a non-classical amino acid citrulline in the presence of calcium ions. It has five isotypes, such as PAD1, PAD2, PAD3, PAD4, and PAD6, found in mammalian species. It has been suggested that increased PAD expression in various tissues contributes to the development of multiple inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Elevation of PAD enzyme expression depends on several factors like rising intracellular Ca 2+ levels, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory cytokines. PAD inhibitors originating from natural or synthetic sources can be used as a novel therapeutic approach concerning inflammatory disorders. Here, we review the pathological role of PAD in several inflammatory disorders, factors that trigger PAD expression, epigenetic role and finally, decipher the therapeutic approach of PAD inhibitors in multiple inflammatory disorders., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

The pandemic situation of COVID-19 has caused global alarm in health care, devastating loss of lives, strangled economy, and paralysis of normal livelihood. The high inter-individual transmission rate created havoc in the global community. Although tremendous efforts are pitching in from across the globe to understand this disease, the clinical features seemed to have a wide range including fever, cough, and fatigue are the prominent features. Congestion, rhinorrhea, sore throat, and diarrhea are other less common features observed. The challenge of this disease lies in the difficulty in maneuvering the clinical course causing severe complications. One of the major causative factors for multi-organ failure in patients with severe COVID-19 complications is systemic vasculitis and cytokine-mediated coagulation disorders. Hence, effective markers trailing the disease severity and disease prognosis are urgently required for prompt medical treatment. In this review article, we have emphasized currently identified inflammatory, hematological, immunological, and biochemical biomarkers of COVID-19. We also discussed currently available biosensors for the detection of COVID-19-associated biomarkers & risk factors and the detection methods as well as their performances. These could be effective tools for rapid and more promising diagnoses in the current pandemic situation. Effective biomarkers and their rapid, scalable, & sensitive detection might be beneficial for the prevention of serious complications and the clinical management of the disease., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Authors.)

The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the most promising opportunities for sustainable biofuel generations in Bangladesh. Many researchers provide their opinions with their experimental results, but there has been no overall statistics and potentiality for the sustainable production of biofuel such as bioethanol and biodiesel in Bangladesh. The paper reviews the recent statistical conditions and the potential of biodiesel and bioethanol production in Bangladesh compared to other countries. Basically, the paper focuses on the potentiality of various biofuel feedstocks like as soybean oil, mustard oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil, algae, rubber seed oil, jatropha, karanja oil, castor, bahera, neem, rice bran oil, pitraj and also different types of residues, crops, fruits, wastes. Among these reviewed papers, it is revealed that Bangladesh can generate annually about 0.16 million tons of edible oil. In addition, Bangladesh has the ability to produce about 1001881 tons of biodiesel from 2387500 tons of non-edible oil. Also, 0.04 million metric tons of biodiesel can be made from rubber seed oil. On the other hand, about 32 metric tons of bioethanol from 65.36 metric tons of agricultural crop residues, and about 143670082.36 gallons of bioethanol from 10.22 million metric tons of potato that is enough to meet the demand of 5% bioethanol blend annually. Furthermore, Bangladesh can produce 31.65 million metric tons of bioethanol from rice residue and 1.34 million metric tons of crude rice bran oil from rice husk of the paddy. It is conjectured that these annual production of various feedstocks can be used as major sources of biofuel and also can meet the demands of biofuel in Bangladesh., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2022 The Author(s).)

Introduction: The aetiological factors of dental fear include negative information, witnessing or having a bad experience, and negative conditions related to periodontal treatment. Modified Dental Anxiety Scale Nepali version, is one of the tools used in epidemiological studies to measure dental anxiety in adults. The objective was to find out the prevalence of anxiety among dental patients visiting for periodontal therapy in a tertiary care hospital., Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among patients visiting for periodontal therapy from November 2020 to January 2021 at a tertiary care dental hospital. Ethical clearance from Institutional Review Committee (Reference no. 0311202001) was taken before the study. Convenient sampling was done. A standard questionnaire for dental anxiety was used for data collection after receiving informed consent from the participants. Data were entered and analyzed in Microsoft Excel Sheet. Descriptive data are presented as means, standard deviations, frequencies, and percentages., Results: Among a total of 311 participants visiting for periodontal therapy, 297 (95.49%) (92.57-97.42 at 95% Confidence Interval) were having anxiety. Among total patients, 113 (36.33%) were fairly anxious, 111 (35.69%) were slightly anxious, 62 (19.94%) very anxious and 11 (3.54%) were extremely anxious. Majority of males 54 (17.36%) were slightly anxious while most females 67 (21.54%) were fairly anxious. Mean Modified Dental Anxiety Scale-Nepali score of all the participants was 11.59±3.808. Extreme dental anxiety was observed in 11 (3.54%) participants 7 (2.25%) females; 4 (1.29%) males., Conclusions: The prevalence of anxiety among patients visiting for periodontal therapy in this study was found to be higher compared to other studies done in similar settings.

The coordination of an element-element σ bond to a transition metal (TM) is both a fundamentally intriguing binding mode and of critical importance to metal-mediated bond activation mechanisms and catalysis, particularly the hotly contested field of C-H activation. TM σ complexes of dihydrogen (i.e., H-H) and silanes (H-SiR 3 ) have been extensively studied, the latter being of interest as models for the (generally unstable and unisolable) σ complexes of alkanes (i.e., H-CR 3 ). TM σ complexes of hydroboranes and hydroborates (i.e., H-BR 2 , H-BR 3 , (H-) 2 BR 2 ) are somewhat less well studied but similarly have relevance to catalytic borylation reactions that are of high current interest to organic synthesis. Our two research groups have made significant contributions to elaborating the family of σ-borane/-borate complexes using two distinct approaches: while the Ghosh group generally starts from hydrogen-rich tetracoordinate boron species such as borates, the Braunschweig group starts from hypovalent and/or hypocoordinate boron building blocks. Through these two approaches, a wide range of species containing one or two σ-bound B-H ligands have been prepared, some with additional chelating donor sites. Over the past 2 years, the body of work on σ-borane/-borate complexes from our two research groups has significantly expanded, with a combined nine published articles in 2019-2020 alone. Very recent work from the Braunschweig group has led to the synthesis of the first bis(σ)-borane complexes of group 6 metals, as well as the synthesis of a series of novel bis(σ)-borane and bis(σ)-borate complexes of ruthenium and iridium, the former being useful precursors for pentacoordinate borylene complexes of Ru. Recent work from the Ghosh group has uncovered a remarkable diversity of structures with σ(B-H)-bound ligands from the combination of borohydrides and nitrogen/chalcogen-containing groups and heterocycles. These reactions, while in some cases producing conventional scorpionate-type chelating products, more frequently undergo fascinating rearrangements with unpredictable outcomes. This Account aims to highlight this recent acceleration of research progress in this area, particularly the distinct but related approaches of-and complexes produced by-our two research groups, in addition to relevant works from other groups where appropriate.

The concepts of aromaticity and antiaromaticity have a long history, and countless demonstrations of these phenomena have been made with molecules based on elements from the p, d, and f blocks of the periodic table. In contrast, the limited oxidation-state flexibility of the s-block metals has long stood in the way of their participation in sophisticated π-bonding arrangements, and truly antiaromatic systems containing s-block metals are altogether absent or remain poorly defined. Using spectroscopic, structural, and computational techniques, we present herein the synthesis and authentication of a heterocyclic compound containing the alkaline earth metal beryllium that exhibits significant antiaromaticity, and detail its chemical reduction and Lewis-base-coordination chemistry., (© 2020 The Authors. Angewandte Chemie International Edition published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Indigenous preparations(IPs) for a male child is reported from some parts of India. The present study aims to explore the effects of IPs for sex selection or sex selection drugs (SSDs) on pregnancy outcomes in rat models. SSDs contain Bryonia laciniosa, Quercus infectoria and Putranjiva roxburghii along with other ingredients., Methods: An experimental design with successfully mated female rats were randomized into control and treatment groups. Phase 1 had 2 interventional arms while phase 2 had 3 interventional arms (12 rats/arm) besides control arm. In phase-1, pregnant females were dosed two SSDs(1000 mg/kg) on gestation days 1-5 whereas, in phase-2, on gestation days 6-19 to correlate the effect of the SSDs (500/1000/1500 mg/kg) consumption during different stages of pregnancy. Pregnant females were observed for clinical signs following treatment. The rats were sacrificed one day before expected day of delivery for evaluation. Pregnancy rate, gestation index, number of corpora lutea, and litter size were assessed. Foetuses were examined for sex, skeletal and soft tissue alterations., Discussion and Conclusion: In phase 1, no appreciable findings were there with SSD exposure. In phase 2, intrauterine growth and survival of foetuses were affected when SSDs were administered during organogenesis period. Decreased number of live foetuses and increased incidence of early and late resorption, reduced fetal growth with significant alteration in skeleton and viscera were found in treatment groups in a dose-dependent manner. This correlates well with findings from observational studies in pregnant women. However, such treatment at any dose did not effect sex differentiation., (© 2019 Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University. Production and hosting by Elsevier Taiwan LLC.)

This cross sectional comparative study was conducted in the Nephrology and Medicine outdoor and in-patients department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh from April 2014 to March 2015. A total of 100 patients with CKD and 100 healthy subjects were included in the study. Data were collected by interview of the patients, clinical examination and laboratory investigations using a semi-structured case record form. Among all subjects, 50.0% had no CKD and 50.0% patients had CKD: Stage 3 CKD were 8.5%, CKD Stage 4 CKD were 21.0%, CKD Stage 5 CKD were 20.5%. Serum creatinine was 4.32±3.08mg/dl in patients with CKD and 1.00±0.22mg/dl was in healthy subjects. Mean±SD of CCR/ml/min was found 17.67±11.63ml/min in patients with CKD and 79.31±13.31ml/min was found in healthy subjects. On the other hand, Mean±SD CCCR/ml/m/1.73m² was found 19.79±12.85 ml/m/1.73m² in patient with CKD and healthy subjects had 83.83±13.33 ml/m/1.73m². Urinary creatinine was 45.59±15.63 & 57.66±11.45mg/dl respectively. CKD-EPI eGFR was 22.10±15.02 & 90.61±23.27ml/m/1.73m²; MDRD eGFR was 22.15±14.18 & 89.35±26.19 ml/m/1.73m² respectively. Difference between all the variables between CKD group and healthy group was found statistically significant (p<0.001). CKD-EPIeGFR and MDRDeGFR were increased both in CKD patients and healthy subjects in respect to CCR and CCCR. There was a strong positive correlation between CCCR (ml/m/1.73m2) and CKD-EPI (ml/m/1.73m²) among all patients (r=0.934 and p<0.001) and also a positive correlation of CCCR with MDRD among all patients (r=0.913 and p<0.001). A positive correlation of CCCR was found with CKD-EPIeGFR among CKD patients (r=0.848 and p<0.001). A positive correlation of CCCR was also found with MDRDeGFR among CKD patients (r=0.841, p<0.001). There are positive correlations between CCCR and CKD/EPI among healthy subjects (r=0.616 and p<0.05) and between CCCR with MDRD among healthy subjects (r=0.568 and p<0.05). Various formulae were used to calculate GFR on the basis of serum creatinine levels. The Overall correlation of population (healthy and CKD patients) between CCCR and CKD EPI and MDRD formula was (r=0.93 and 0.91) respectively, among CKD patients it was (r=0.848 and r=0.841) in healthy subjects it was (r=0.616 and r=0.568) respectively. CKD EPI eGFR and MDRD eGFR formula had fairly good correlation with conventional 24 hours creatinine clearance in both CKD patient and healthy subjects, there was even more strong correlation especially in CKD patients. The performance of CKD-EPI equation is better than MDRD equation to estimate the eGFR in both CKD patients and healthy subjects.

The reactivity of a diruthenium tetrahydride complex towards three selected dihydroboranes was investigated. The use of [DurBH 2 ] (Dur=2,3,5,6-Me 4 C 6 H) and [(Me 3 Si) 2 NBH 2 ] led to the formation of bridging borylene complexes of the form [(Cp*RuH) 2 BR] (Cp*=C 5 Me 5 ; 1 a: R=Dur; 1 b: R=N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ) through oxidative addition of the B-H bonds with concomitant hydrogen liberation. Employing the more electron-deficient dihydroborane [3,5-(CF 3 ) 2 -C 6 H 3 BH 2 ] led to the formation of an anionic complex bearing a tetraarylated chain of four boron atoms, namely Li(THF) 4 [(Cp*Ru) 2 B 4 H 5 (3,5-(CF 3 ) 2 C 6 H 3 ) 4 ] (4), through an unusual, incomplete threefold dehydrocoupling process. A comparative theoretical investigation of the bonding in a simplified model of 4 and the analogous complex nido-[1,2(Cp*Ru) 2 (μ-H)B 4 H 9 ] (I) indicates that there appear to be no classical σ-bonds between the boron atoms in complex I, whereas in the case of 4 the B 4 chain better resembles a network of three B-B σ bonds, the central bond being significantly weaker than the other two., (© 2019 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.)

The steric and electronic properties of aryl substituents in monoaryl borohydrides (Li[ArBH 3 ]) and dihydroboranes were systematically varied and their reactions with [Ru(PCy 3 ) 2 HCl(H 2 )] (Cy: cyclohexyl) were studied, resulting in bis(σ)-borane or terminal borylene complexes of ruthenium. These variations allowed for the investigation of the factors involved in the activation of dihydroboranes in the synthesis of terminal borylene complexes. The complexes were studied by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction analysis, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The experimental and computational results suggest that the ortho-substitution of the aryl groups is necessary for the formation of terminal borylene complexes., (© 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

The physical systems with ferromagnetism and 'bad' metallicity hosting unusual transport properties are playgrounds of novel quantum phenomena. Recently EuTi 1-x Nb x O 3 emerged as a ferromagnetic system where non-trivial temperature dependent transport properties are observed due to coexistence and competition of various magnetic and non-magnetic scattering processes. In the ferromagnetic state, the resistivity shows a T 2 temperature dependence possibly due to electron-magnon scattering and above the Curie temperature [Formula: see text], the dependence changes to T 3/2 behaviour indicating a correlation between transport and magnetic properties. In this paper, we show that the transport spin-polarization ([Formula: see text]) in EuTi 1-x Nb x O 3 , a low Curie temperature ferromagnet, is as high (∼40%) as that in some of the metallic ferromagnets with high Curie temperatures. In addition, owing to the low Curie temperature of EuTi 1-x Nb x O 3 , the temperature (T) dependence of [Formula: see text] could be measured systematically up to [Formula: see text] which revealed a proportionate relationship with magnetization [Formula: see text] versus T. This indicates that such proportionality is far more universally valid than the ferromagnets with ideal parabolic bands. Furthermore, our band structure calculations not only helped to understand the origin of such high spin polarization in EuTi 1-x Nb x O 3 but also provided a route to estimate the Hubbard U parameter in complex metallic ferromagnets in general using experimental inputs.

Eventration of diaphragm is an abnormal elevation of diaphragmatic musculature while retaining normal attachments to the sternum, ribs and dorsolumber spine. It is a rare anomaly where the continuity of diaphragm remains intact. Pathological process can affect either all or only a portion of hemidiaphragm. Symptoms vary according to size of the defect. Large defect may mimic diaphragmatic hernia. The present case represents a full term female newborn that developed respiratory distress, cyanosis and feeding difficulties since 1st day of life. Clinical features and chest imaging of this case was assumed to be left sided diaphragmatic hernia which was found wrong in the operation theater. She was found to have left sided eventration of diaphragm to create symptom. Successful plication of ipsilateral diaphragm was done on 13th day of life. Supervised post operative ventilatory support along with other postoperative care improved the condition of this neonate. A large defect with eventration of diaphragm may be life threatening but a timely good management can save neonate from such condition.

A series of bis(σ)-borane complexes of Group 6 transition metals were prepared by direct dihydroborane coordination to the metal center. Reaction of [M(CO) 3 (PCy 3 ) 2 ] and two dihydroboranes [DurBH 2 ] and [(Me 3 Si) 2 NBH 2 ] (Dur=2,3,5,6-Me 4 C 6 H) yielded bis(σ)-borane complexes fac-[M(CO) 3 (PCy 3 ){η 2 -(H 2 BR)}] (R=Dur; 1: M=Cr, 2: M=W; R=N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ; 3: M=Cr, 4: M=W). In the case of molybdenum, we have isolated an arene complex (5) with [DurBH 2 ] in which the Dur group acts as a η 6 -bound ligand, and with [(Me 3 Si) 2 NBH 2 ] a similar bis(σ)-borane complex was isolated, cis,trans-[Mo(CO) 2 (PCy 3 ) 2 {η 2 -(H 2 BN(SiMe 3 ) 2 }] (6), with a different pattern of auxiliary ligands. The complexes were investigated by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction analysis, and computational methods. Quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) calculations demonstrated that the borane complexes may be described as pure bis(σ)-borane complexes rather than elongated or stretched examples given that the calculations do not show the presence of a ring-critical point (RCP) at the ring formed by the interactions of the B-H with metal center., (© 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

A range of mono- and bis-adducts of beryllium dichloride with cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAAC), cyclic diamidocarbene (DAC), and carbodiphosphorane (CDP) are prepared, and their reactions with nucleophiles are studied. Salt elimination with Yamashita and Nozaki's lithium diazaborolide reagent led to the isolation of an unsymmetrical beryllium diazaborolyl complex and a base-stabilized diazaborolyl beryllium chloride. From structural and spectroscopic analyses, the Be-B bonding in these compounds was determined to be polar covalent in character. In addition, the nucleophilic addition of magnesium anthracenediyl to one of the adducts resulted in the isolation of an interesting tetracyclic beryllium-bridged molecule.

A carbene-stabilised neutral boryl radical and a boryl anion are isolated via selective one- and two-electron reduction of a diamidocarbene (DAC) adduct of dibromo(pentafluorophenyl)borane. Both the radical and the anion have been characterised by various spectroscopic techniques in solution, while the structures have been ascertained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In contrast, the reduction of the analogous cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbene (CAAC) adduct yields a C-H activation product.

The reliable and accurate indoor pedestrian positioning is one of the biggest challenges for location-based systems and applications. Most pedestrian positioning systems have drift error and large bias due to low-cost inertial sensors and random motions of human being, as well as unpredictable and time-varying radio-frequency (RF) signals used for position determination. To solve this problem, many indoor positioning approaches that integrate the user's motion estimated by dead reckoning (DR) method and the location data obtained by RSS fingerprinting through Bayesian filter, such as the Kalman filter (KF), unscented Kalman filter (UKF), and particle filter (PF), have recently been proposed to achieve higher positioning accuracy in indoor environments. Among Bayesian filtering methods, PF is the most popular integrating approach and can provide the best localization performance. However, since PF uses a large number of particles for the high performance, it can lead to considerable computational cost. This paper presents an indoor positioning system implemented on a smartphone, which uses simple dead reckoning (DR), RSS fingerprinting using iBeacon and machine learning scheme, and improved KF. The core of the system is the enhanced KF called a sigma-point Kalman particle filter (SKPF), which localize the user leveraging both the unscented transform of UKF and the weighting method of PF. The SKPF algorithm proposed in this study is used to provide the enhanced positioning accuracy by fusing positional data obtained from both DR and fingerprinting with uncertainty. The SKPF algorithm can achieve better positioning accuracy than KF and UKF and comparable performance compared to PF, and it can provide higher computational efficiency compared with PF. iBeacon in our positioning system is used for energy-efficient localization and RSS fingerprinting. We aim to design the localization scheme that can realize the high positioning accuracy, computational efficiency, and energy efficiency through the SKPF and iBeacon indoors. Empirical experiments in real environments show that the use of the SKPF algorithm and iBeacon in our indoor localization scheme can achieve very satisfactory performance in terms of localization accuracy, computational cost, and energy efficiency.

Cardiac valve surgery is considered one of the most frequent surgical procedures in which AKI is a common & serious complication. Although serum creatinine is routinely used as a marker of renal function, it poorly reflects the immediate post operative period renal function. Within minutes to few hours after a renal insult, plasma neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (pNGAL) is released. The aim of this study was to assess the superiority of pNGAL over serum creatinine in detecting AKI in early post operative period. This prospective observational study was carried out in the Department of Nephrology of National Institute of Kidney Diseases & Urology in collaboration with National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD) & Dhaka Shisu Hospital (DSH) from January 2015 to December 2016. Total 120 patients were selected from inpatient ward of cardiovascular surgery department. According to inclusion & exclusion criteria total 80 patients were included who was undergone cardiac valve surgery. Serum samples for pNGAL were collected from study population 6 hours after completion of surgery & stored at -80°C, serum samples were also collected for serum creatinine day before surgery, in 1st post operative day (POD1) & 2nd post operative day (POD2). Total 79 patients undergoing cardiac surgery, who met the inclusion & exclusion criteria, were consecutively included. There were 44 male (55.69%) and 35 female (40.31%) ranged from 15-60 years, with mean age of 36 years. pNGAL level in the blood of AKI patients (244.19±59.61ng/ml) 6 hours after completion of surgery was significantly higher from the non AKI patients (171.73±68.63ng/ml). A positive significant correlation was found between pNGAL 6 hours after completion of surgery & serum creatinine at POD1, POD2. This study demonstrated that level of pNGAL concentration 6 hours after completion of cardiac valve surgery increased before the rise of serum creatinine level & can thus AKI can be detected earlier by pNGAL.

Background: In general, mandibular canines have a single root and a single canal. The occurrence of two roots and two canals is a rare entity ranging from 1 to 5%. The anatomy of root canal morphology plays a decisive role in determining the conditions under which endodontic treatment can be performed effectively. Successful endodontic treatment comprises proper diagnosis, meticulous cleaning and shaping followed by three dimensional obturation. Failure to do so may lead to postoperative diseases, pain and further complications. This paper reports successful management of a mandibular canine with two roots and two canals., Case Presentation: 45-year-old Nepalese women with a non-significant medical history presented with a chief complaint of pain in a lower left front tooth. The pain disturbed her sleep and lingered for several minutes even after removal of a thermal stimulus. Clinical examination and testing revealed generalized severe attrition with tenderness to percussion in the mandibular left canine. Electric pulp test for all the mandibular anteriors revealed almost no response in the mandibular left canine. Intraoral periapical radiographs in different angulations were taken which revealed two roots and two canals. A clinical diagnosis of chronic irreversible pulpitis with symptomatic apical periodontitis was made and root canal therapy was performed following the standard protocols., Conclusion: Although the prevalence of two roots and two canals in mandibular canine is very low, the clinician should always be mindful of variations in the number of roots and canals for proper management of such cases.

A series of NHC-supported 1,2-dithienyldiborenes was synthesized from the corresponding (dihalo)thienylborane NHC precursors. NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopic data, as well as X-ray crystallographic analyses, were used to assess the electronic and steric influences on the B=B double bond of various NHCs and electron-donating substituents on the thienyl ligands. Crystallographic data showed that the degree of coplanarity of the diborene core and thienyl groups is highly dependent on the sterics of the substituents. Furthermore, any increase in the electron-donating ability of the substituents resulted in the destabilization of the HOMO and greater instability of the resulting diborenes., (© 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

This cross sectional observational study was done in the Department of Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH), Mymensingh, Bangladesh from May 2013 to April 2014 to find out the proportion of acute kidney injury among patients with acute viral hepatitis and to identify risk factors associated with development of acute kidney injury (AKI). A total of 100 patients with acute viral hepatitis were included purposively as study subjects. Among them 61 were male and 39 were female. They were divided into AKI group (n=6) and non-AKI group (n=94) on the basis of development of AKI. There was no significant difference in mean age (39.0±13.1 years vs. 32.2±10.8 years, p=0.335) and sex (67% vs. 61% & 33.0% vs. 39.0%) p=0.769) between AKI group and non-AKI group. There were 27% acute viral hepatitis A, 21% acute viral hepatitis B and 52% acute viral hepatitis E but no case of acute viral hepatitis C was found in this study. Acute kidney injury (AKI) developed in 6 of 27 patients with acute viral hepatitis A. This study showed that 22.2% patients with acute viral hepatitis A developed acute kidney injury but patients with acute viral hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis E (HEV) did not develop acute kidney injury. Majority of the patients with acute kidney injury were smokers and hypertensive with elevated mean arterial pressure (p=0.0001) at presentation and had higher total bilirubin (p=0.0001), alanine aminotranseferase values (p=0.040), prolonged prothrombin time (INR) {p=0.0001}, lower albumin (p=0.0001), lower haematocrit level (p=0.0001), high CRP concentration (p=0.0001), leucocytosis (p=0.0001) and thrombocytopenia (p=0.0001) at presentation than patients without acute kidney injury. It is evident from the study that acute kidney injury is not a rare complication in patients with acute viral hepatitis.

A series of novel isocloso-diiridaboranes [(Cp*Ir)2B6H6], 1, 2; [1,7-(Cp*Ir)2B8H8], 4; [1,4-(Cp*Ir)2B8H8], 5; [(Cp*Ir)2B9H9], 8; isonido-[(Cp*Ir)2B7H7], 3; and 10-vertex cluster [5,7-(Cp*Ir)2B8H12], 6 (Cp* = η(5)-C5Me5) have been isolated and structurally characterized from the pyrolysis of [Cp*IrCl2]2 and BH3·thf. On the other hand, the corresponding rhodium system afforded 10- and 11-vertices clusters [5-(Cp*Rh)B9H13)], 7, and [(Cp*Rh)2B9H9], 9, respectively. Clusters 1 and 2 are topological isomers. The geometry of 1 is dodecahedral, similar to that of its parent borane [B8H8](2-), in which two of the [BH] vertices are replaced by two [Cp*Ir] fragments. The geometry of 2 can be derived from a nine-vertex tricapped trigonal prism by removing one of the capped vertices. Compounds 4 and 5 are 10-vertex isocloso clusters based on a 10-vertex bicapped square antiprism structure. The only difference between them is the presence of a metal-metal bond in 5. The solid-state structures of 8 and 9 attain an 11-vertex geometry in which a unique six-membered B6H6 moiety is bonded to the metal center. In addition, quantum-chemical calculations have been used to provide further insight into the electronic structure and stability of the clusters. All the compounds have been characterized by IR and (1)H, (11)B, and (13)C NMR spectroscopy in solution, and the solid-state structures were established by X-ray crystallographic analysis.

A series of agostic σ-borane/borate complexes have been synthesized and structurally characterized from simple borane adducts. A room-temperature reaction of [Cp*Mo(CO)3 Me], 1 with Li[BH3 (EPh)] (Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, E=S, Se, Te) yielded hydroborate complexes [Cp*Mo(CO)2 (μ-H)BH2 EPh] in good yields. With 2-mercapto-benzothiazole, an N,S-carbene-anchored σ-borate complex [Cp*Mo(CO)2 BH3 (1-benzothiazol-2-ylidene)] (5) was isolated. Further, a transmetalation of the B-agostic ruthenium complex [Cp*Ru(μ-H)BHL2 ] (6, L=C7 H4 NS2 ) with [Mn2 (CO)10 ] affords a new B-agostic complex, [Mn(CO)3 (μ-H)BHL2 ] (7) with the same structural motif in which the central metal is replaced by an isolobal and isoelectronic [Mn(CO)3 ] unit. Natural-bond-orbital analyses of 5-7 indicate significant delocalization of the electron density from the filled σBH orbital to the vacant metal orbital., (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

A high-yielding synthetic route for the preparation of group 9 metallaboratrane complexes [Cp*MBH(L)2], 1 and 2 (1, M=Rh, 2, M=Ir; L=C7H4NS2) has been developed using [{Cp*MCl2}2] as precursor. This method also permitted the synthesis of an Rh-N,S-heterocyclic carbene complex, [(Cp*Rh)(L2)(1-benzothiazol-2-ylidene)] (3; L=C7H4NS2) in good yield. The reaction of compound 3 with neutral borane reagents led to the isolation of a novel borataallyl complex [Cp*Rh(L)2B{CH2C(CO2Me)}] (4; L=C7H4NS2). Compound 4 features a rare η(3)-interaction between rhodium and the B-C-C unit of a vinylborane moiety. Furthermore, with the objective of generating metallaboratranes of other early and late transition metals through a transmetallation approach, reactions of rhoda- and irida-boratrane complexes with metal carbonyl compounds were carried out. Although the objective of isolating such complexes was not achieved, several interesting mixed-metal complexes [{Cp*Rh}{Re(CO)3}(C7H4NS2)3] (5), [Cp*Rh{Fe2(CO)6}(μ-CO)S] (6), and [Cp*RhBH(L)2W(CO)5] (7; L=C7H4NS2) have been isolated. All of the new compounds have been characterized in solution by mass spectrometry, IR spectroscopy, and (1)H, (11)B, and (13)C NMR spectroscopies, and the structural types of 4-7 have been unequivocally established by crystallographic analysis., (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

This work describes the synthesis, structural characterizations, and electronic structures of a series of novel homometallic cubane clusters [(Cp*Ru)2{Ru(CO)2}2BH(μ3-E)(μ-H)B(μ-H)3M], (2, M = Cp*Ru, E = CO; 3, M = Ru(Cp*Ru)2(μ-CO)3(μ-H)BH), E = BH), [(Cp*Ru)3(μ3-CO)(BH)3(μ3-H)3], 4, and [(Cp*Ru)2(μ3-CO){Ru(CO)3}2(BH)2(μ-H)B], 5 (Cp* = η(5)-C5Me5). These cubane clusters have been isolated from a thermally driven reaction of diruthenium analogue of pentaborane(9) [(Cp*RuH)2B3H7], 1, and [Ru3(CO)12]. Structural and spectroscopic studies revealed the existence of triply bridged hydrogen (μ3-H) atoms that participate as a vertex in the cubane core formation for compounds 2, 3, and 4. In addition, the crystal structure of these clusters clearly confirms the presence of an electron precise borane ligand (borylene fragment) which is triply bridged to the trimetallic units. Bonding of these novel complexes has been studied computationally by DFT methods, and the studies demonstrate that the cubane clusters 2 and 3 possess 60 cluster valence electrons (cves) with six metal-metal bonds. All the new compounds have been characterized in solution by mass spectrometry; IR; and (1)H, (11)B, and (13)C NMR studies, and the structural types were unequivocally established by crystallographic analysis of compounds 2-5.

Building upon our earlier results on the synthesis of electron-precise transition-metal-boron complexes, we continue to investigate the reactivity of pentaborane(9) and tetraborane(10) analogues of ruthenium and rhodium towards thiazolyl and oxazolyl ligands. Thus, mild thermolysis of nido-[(Cp*RuH)2B3H7] (1) with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2-mbtz) and 2-mercaptobenzoxazole (2-mboz) led to the isolation of Cp*-based (Cp* = η(5)-C5Me5) borate complexes 5 a,b [Cp*RuBH3L] (5 a: L = C7H4NS2; 5 b: L = C7H4NOS)) and agostic complexes 7 a,b [Cp*RuBH2(L)2], (7 a: L = C7H4NS2; 7 b: L = C7H4NOS). In a similar fashion, a rhodium analogue of pentaborane(9), nido-[(Cp*Rh)2B3H7] (2) yielded rhodaboratrane [Cp*RhBH(L)2], 10 (L = C7H4NS2). Interestingly, when the reaction was performed with an excess of 2-mbtz, it led to the formation of the first structurally characterized N,S-heterocyclic rhodium-carbene complex [(Cp*Rh)(L2)(1-benzothiazol-2-ylidene)] (11) (L = C7H4NS2). Furthermore, to evaluate the scope of this new route, we extended this chemistry towards the diruthenium analogue of tetraborane(10), arachno-[(Cp*RuCO)2B2H6] (3), in which the metal center possesses different ancillary ligands., (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

We report the synthesis, isolation and structural characterization of several moderately air stable nido-metallaboranes that represent boron rich open cage systems. The reaction of [Cp*CoCl]2, (Cp* = η(5)-C5Me5), with [BH3·thf] in toluene at ice cold temperature, followed by thermolysis in boiling toluene produced [(Cp*Co)B9H13], 1 [(Cp*Co)2B8H12], 2 and [(Cp*Co)2B6H10] 3. Building upon our earlier reactivity studies on rhodaboranes, we continue to explore the reactivity of dicobalt analogues of octaborane(12) cluster 3 with [Fe2(CO)9] and [Ru3(CO)12] at ambient conditions that yielded novel fused clusters [Fe2(CO)6(Cp*Co)2B6H10], 4 and [Ru4(CO)11(Cp*Co)2B3H3], 5 respectively. In an attempt to synthesize a heterometallic metallaborane compound we performed the reaction of [(Cp*Rh)2B6H10], 6 with [Cp*IrH4] that yielded a Ir-Ir double bonded compound [(Cp*Ir)2H3][B(OH)4], 7. All the new compounds have been characterized by IR, (1)H, (11)B, (13)C NMR spectroscopy, and the molecular structures were unambiguously established by X-ray diffraction analysis.

The reaction of metal carbonyl compounds with group 6 and 8 metallaboranes led us to report the synthesis and structural characterization of several novel mixed-metal chalcogenide tetrahedral clusters. Thermolysis of arachno-[(Cp*RuCO)2B2H6], 1, and [Os3(CO)12] in the presence of 2-methylthiophene yielded [Cp*Ru(CO)2(μ-H){Os3(CO)9}S], 3, and [Cp*Ru(μ-H){Os3(CO)11}], 4. In a similar fashion, the reaction of [(Cp*Mo)2B5H9], 2, with [Ru3(CO)12] and 2-methylthiophene yielded [Cp*Ru(CO)2(μ-H){Ru3(CO)9}S], 5, and conjuncto-[(Cp*Mo)2B5H8(μ-H){Ru3(CO)9}S], 6. Both compounds 3 and 5 can be described as 50-cve (cluster valence electron) mixed-metal chalcogenide clusters, in which a sulfur atom replaces one of the vertices of the tetrahedral core. Compounds 3 and 5 possess a [M3S] tetrahedral core, in which the sulfur is attached to an exo-metal fragment, unique in the [M3S] metal chalcogenide tetrahedral arrangements. All the compounds have been characterized by mass spectrometry, IR, and (1)H, (11)B and (13)C NMR spectroscopy in solution, and the solid state structures were unequivocally established by crystallographic analysis of compounds 3, 5 and 6.