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It is widely accepted that the cerebellar and basal ganglia control circuits contribute to the programming of movement. Converging evidence from neuroimaging, limb control, and neuropsychological studies suggests that (1) people with cerebellar disease have reduced ability to program movement sequences in advance of movement onset and (2) people with Parkinson's disease are unable to maintain a programmed response or to rapidly switch between responses. Despite a substantial supporting literature, no studies have addressed these potential areas of speech programming disruption for speakers with ataxic and hypokinetic dysarthria. Control participants and adults with dysarthria completed speech reaction time protocols designed to capture these aspects of utterance preparation. Results provided initial support for processing deficits in speakers with ataxic and hypokinetic dysarthria that are separable from motor execution impairments.

Research was conducted to examine the potential importance of muscle glycogen in the inhibited glucose transport response to hypoxia. Glucose transport and glycogen responses to hypoxia were studied in rat skeletal muscle after muscle glycogen level was manipulated by food restriction and exercise training. Results indicate the existence of a strong inverse relationship between hypoxia-stimulated glucose transport activity and glycogen.

Skeletal muscle satellite cell proportions and morphology were assessed in healthy, sedentary young and older men and women in response to heavy resistance strength training (HRST). Fourteen young (20-30 years) men (n = 7) and women (n = 7) and 15 older (65-75 years) men (n = 8) and women (n = 7) completed 9 weeks of unilateral knee extension exercise training 3 days per week. Muscle biopsies were obtained from each vastus lateralis before and after training, with the nondominant leg serving as an untrained control. All four groups demonstrated a significant increase in satellite cell proportion in response to HRST (2.3 [+ or -] 0.4% vs 3.1 [+ or -] 0.4% for all subjects combined, before and after training, respectively; p [is less than] .05), with older women demonstrating the greatest increase (p [is less than] .05). Morphology data indicated a significant increase in the proportion of active satellite cells in after-training muscle samples compared with before-training samples and with control leg samples (31% vs 6% and 7%, respectively; p [is less than] .05). The present results indicate that the proportion of satellite cells is increased after HRST in young and older men and women, with an exaggerated response in older women. Furthermore, the proportion of satellite cells that appear morphologically active is increased as a result of HRST.

The effect of surfactant type and concentration on a bland soap formulation's ability to remove bacteria from hands remains largely unstudied. Several combinations of surfactants and water were combined to test bacterial removal efficacy using a hand-washing device (two pieces of pig skin and a mechanical motor) to simulate a hand wash. A nalidixic acid-resistant, nonpathogenic strain of Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229) was used. Two anionic surfactants, sodium lauryl sulphate and sodium stearoyl lactylate, and two nonionic surfactants, poloxamer 407 and sorbitan monostearate, each in concentrations of 2, 5 and 10% were studied. A slight positive ( r2 = 0·17) but significant ( P = 0·03) correlation was observed between hydrophile-lipophile balance value and mean log reduction. No correlation was observed between pH of the treatment solution and the mean log reduction ( r2 = 0·05, P = 0·25). A 10% sodium lauryl sulphate mixture showed the highest log reduction ( [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assesses ultrastructural muscle damage in young and old men after chronic heavy-resistance strength training. Disruption of muscle fibers; Presence of smaller areas of Z-disk; Performance of unilateral leg-extension program.

Presents an abstract of the study 'Provision of External Cues and Movement Sequencing in Parkinson's Disease,' submitted to the Fifteenth International Australasian Winter Conference on Brain Research in Queenstown, New Zealand in August to September 1997.

Presents an abstract of the study 'Bimanual Co-ordination in Parkinson's Disease,' submitted to the Fifteenth International Australasian Winter Conference on Brain Research in Queenstown, New Zealand in August to September 1997.

Initially created to control expenditures, PMSI (the French medical hospital information system) describes hospital activity through coding of diagnostics and acts. Hospital stays are given a value as Diagnosis Related Groups. The PMSI is not meant as a fine epidemiological tool (specificity and precision of data collection, specificity and sensibility of the response, real time reactivity). Its current state, however, allows the definition of tendencies. Only one code gives information on the nosocomial nature of an infection, except for a few cases for which there is a diagnostic or therapeutic act complication code. The presence of a nosocomial infection has no impact on the financial result. The PMSI doesn’t provide enough information for nosocomial infection epidemiology. Nevertheless it is possible to use it to determine the denominator when working out the incidence rate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background : The opioid epidemic is a significant public health crisis, and this problem is particularly prevalent among individuals with chronic pain. Accordingly, there is an urgent need for interventions to mitigate the risk for opioid misuse and opioid use disorder among people with pain. Given that mental health problems, specifically anxiety, are common among people who misuse opioids, it is important to examine factors that link mental health problems with opioid misuse to ultimately inform the development of novel interventions. Anxiety sensitivity, a transdiagnostic vulnerability factor defined as the fear of anxiety-related physical sensations, may be one important mechanism in elevated opioid misuse among persons with chronic pain. Objective : Therefore, the current cross-sectional study examined anxiety sensitivity (and construct sub-facets) as a predictor of opioid misuse among adults with chronic pain. Method : Adults reporting chronic pain and prescription opioid use completed an online survey. Results : Anxiety sensitivity was associated with multiple aspects of opioid misuse, including current opioid misuse, severity of opioid dependence, and number of opioids used to get high. The magnitude of effects ranged from medium to large. Associations between anxiety sensitivity and opioid misuse were observed over and above the variance accounted for by age, sex, income, education, perceived health, and pain severity. Conclusion : These findings suggest that anxiety sensitivity may be an important treatment target among adults with chronic pain who misuse opioids. Future research should continue to explore the explanatory relevance of anxiety sensitivity in opioid misuse among individuals with chronic pain.