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Abstract Background LncRNAs regulate tumorigenesis and development in a variety of cancers. We substantiate for the first time that LINC00606 is considerably expressed in glioblastoma (GBM) patient specimens and is linked with adverse prognosis. This suggests that LINC00606 may have the potential to regulate glioma genesis and progression, and that the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of LINC00606 in GBM remain largely unknown. Methods The expression of LINC00606 and ATP11B in glioma and normal brain tissues was evaluated by qPCR, and the biological functions of the LINC00606/miR-486-3p/TCF12/ATP11B axis in GBM were verified through a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. The molecular mechanism of LINC00606 was elucidated by immunoblotting, FISH, RNA pulldown, CHIP-qPCR, and a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results We demonstrated that LINC00606 promotes glioma cell proliferation, clonal expansion and migration, while reducing apoptosis levels. Mechanistically, on the one hand, LINC00606 can sponge miR-486-3p; the target gene TCF12 of miR-486-3p affects the transcriptional initiation of LINC00606, PTEN and KLLN. On the other hand, it can also regulate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to mediate glioma cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis by binding to ATP11B protein. Conclusions Overall, the LINC00606/miR-486-3p/TCF12/ATP11B axis is involved in the regulation of GBM progression and plays a role in tumor regulation at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels primarily through LINC00606 sponging miR-486-3p and targeted binding to ATP11B. Therefore, our research on the regulatory network LINC00606 could be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of GBM. Graphical Abstract LINC00606 is highly expressed in GBM patients with carcinogenic function and correlated with poor prognosis. LINC00606 regulates glioblastoma progression by sponging miR-486-3p and interacting with ATP11B.

Abstract Background Novel therapeutic targets are urgently needed for treating drug-resistant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and overcoming drug resistance to molecular-targeted therapies. Regulator of G protein signaling 20 (RGS20) is identified as an upregulated factor in many cancers, yet its specific role and the mechanism through which RGS20 functions in NSCLC remain unclear. Our study aimed to identify the role of RGS20 in NSCLC prognosis and delineate associated cellular and molecular pathways. Methods Immunohistochemistry and lung cancer tissue microarray were used to verify the expression of RGS20 between NSCLC patients. CCK8 and cell cloning were conducted to determine the proliferation ability of H1299 and Anip973 cells in vitro. Furthermore, Transcriptome sequencing was performed to show enrichment genes and pathways. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the translocation changes of YAP to nucleus. Western blotting demonstrated different expressions of autophagy and the Hippo-PKA signal pathway. In vitro and in vivo experiments verified whether overexpression of RGS20 affect the proliferation and autophagy of NSCLC through regulating the Hippo pathway. Results The higher RGS20 expression was found to be significantly correlated with a poorer five-year survival rate. Further, RGS20 accelerated cell proliferation by increasing autophagy. Transcriptomic sequencing suggested the involvement of the Hippo signaling pathway in the action of RGS20 in NSCLC. RGS20 activation reduced YAP phosphorylation and facilitated its nuclear translocation. Remarkably, inhibiting Hippo signaling with GA-017 promoted cell proliferation and activated autophagy in RGS20 knock-down cells. However, forskolin, a GPCR activator, increased YAP phosphorylation and reversed the promoting effect of RGS20 in RGS20-overexpressing cells. Lastly, in vivo experiments further confirmed role of RGS20 in aggravating tumorigenicity, as its overexpression increased NSCLC cell proliferation. Conclusion Our findings indicate that RGS20 drives NSCLC cell proliferation by triggering autophagy via the inhibition of PKA-Hippo signaling. These insights support the role of RGS20 as a promising novel molecular marker and a target for future targeted therapies in lung cancer treatment.

The delay in wound healing caused by chronic wounds or pathological scars is a pressing issue in clinical practice, imposing significant economic and psychological burdens on patients. In particular, with the aging of the population and the increasing incidence of diseases such as diabetes, impaired wound healing is one of the growing health problems. MicroRNA (miRNA) plays a crucial role in wound healing and regulates various biological processes. Our results show that miR–618 was significantly upregulated during the inflammatory phase of wound healing.Subsequently, miR–618 promotes the secretion of pro–inflammatory cytokines and regulates the proliferation and migration of keratinocytes. Mechanistically, miR–618 binds to the target gene–Atp11b and inhibits the PI3K–Akt signaling pathway, inhibiting the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of keratinocytes. In addition, the PI3K–Akt signaling pathway induces the enrichment of nuclear miR–618, and miR–618 binds to the promoter of Lin7a to regulate gene transcription. Intradermal injection of miR–618 antagomir around full–thickness wounds in peridermal mice effectively accelerates wound closure compared to control. In conclusion, miR–618 antagomir can be a potential therapeutic agent for wound healing.

The high occurrence rate and difficulties in symptom control are listed as the major problems of oral mucosal disease by medical professionals. Following the development of oral mucosal lesions, the oral microenvironment changes, immunity declines, and continuous bacterial stimulation causes wound infection. Traditional antibacterial drugs are ineffective for oral mucosal lesions. To overcome this problem, a light-responsive antibacterial hydrogel containing sustained-release BMSCs was inspired by the trauma environment in the oral cavity, which is different from that on the body surface since it mostly remains under dark conditions. In the absence of light, the hydrogel seals the wound to form a barrier, exerts a natural bacteriostatic effect, and prevents invasion by foreign bacteria. Simultaneously, mesenchymal stem cells are presented, and the released growth factors and other substances have excellent anti-inflammatory and angiogenic effects, which result in rapid repair of the damaged site. Under light conditions, after photo-induced shedding of the hydrogel, RuB2A exerts an antibacterial effect accompanied by degradation of the hydrogel. Results in a rat oral mucosal repair model demonstrate that DCS-RuB2A2-BMSCs could rapidly repair the oral mucosa within 4 days. Sequencing data provide ideas for further analysis of the intrinsic molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways. Taken together, our results suggest that this light-responsive antibacterial hydrogel loaded with BMSCs can be used for rapid wound repair and may advance the development of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of clinical oral mucosal defects.

Increasing evidence has demonstrated the important roles of exosomes during pancreatic cancer development. However, the effects of pancreatic cancer exosomes (PC-exos) on adipocytes remain largely unknown. Here, we used mass-spectrometry-based lipidomics to identify lipids that were changed in adipocytes after exposure to PC-exos, and we found that triglyceride (TG) reduction was the most significant, which might be induced by increased lipolysis because the number of large lipid droplets increased while small ones decreased. Additionally, abdominal adipocytes in mice injected with PC-exos had a relatively smaller size. Mechanistically, we found that genes involved in metabolism and inflammation were up-regulated, among which increase of IL-6 was significant, and we then found IL-6 promoted lipolysis. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the lipidomics changes of adipocytes after PC-exos treatment.

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by the accumulation of excess fat in the body. Preventing and controlling obesity by inhibiting the adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and thereby avoiding the increase of white adipose tissue is safe and effective. Recent studies have demonstrated that Sprouty proteins (SPRYs) are involved in cell differentiation and related diseases. However, the role and mechanism of SPRY4 in MSC adipogenic differentiation remain to be explored. Here, we found that SPRY4 positively correlates with the adipogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived MSCs (hAMSCs). Via gain- and loss-of-function experiments, we demonstrated that SPRY4 promotes hAMSC adipogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, SPRY4 functioned by activating the MEK–ERK1/2 pathway. Our findings provide new insights into a critical role for SPRY4 as a regulator of adipogenic differentiation, which may illuminate the underlying mechanisms of obesity and suggest the potential of SPRY4 as a novel treatment option.

BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that has a multi-step disease progression. Differences between moderate and advanced stages of AD have not yet been fully characterized.Materials and methodsHerein, we performed a transcript-resolution analysis in 454 AD-related samples, including 145 non-demented control, 140 asymptomatic AD (AsymAD), and 169 AD samples. We comparatively characterized the transcriptome dysregulation in AsymAD and AD samples at transcript level.ResultsWe identified 4,056 and 1,200 differentially spliced alternative splicing events (ASEs) that might play roles in the disease progression of AsymAD and AD, respectively. Our further analysis revealed 287 and 222 isoform switching events in AsymAD and AD, respectively. In particular, a total of 163 and 119 transcripts showed increased usage, while 124 and 103 transcripts exhibited decreased usage in AsymAD and AD, respectively. For example, gene APOA2 showed no expression changes between AD and non-demented control samples, but expressed higher proportion of transcript ENST00000367990.3 and lower proportion of transcript ENST00000463812.1 in AD compared to non-demented control samples. Furthermore, we constructed RNA binding protein (RBP)-ASE regulatory networks to reveal potential RBP-mediated isoform switch in AsymAD and AD.ConclusionIn summary, our study provided transcript-resolution insights into the transcriptome disturbance of AsymAD and AD, which will promote the discovery of early diagnosis biomarkers and the development of new therapeutic strategies for patients with AD.

Abstract Background There is increasing evidence that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) help shape the tumor microenvironment and promote tumor progression, and ion channels might play a critical role in this process. The objective of the present study was to explore the function and mechanism of MT-CAFs on progression of colon cancer. Methods Here, a gene chip was used for a general analysis of gene expression changes in MSC-transformed CAF cells (MT-CAFs). Bioinformatic tool and western blot screened out the ion channel protein TRPC3 with significantly increased expression, and identify the function through two-photon microscope. The progression of cancer was detected via MTS, transwell and Wound Healing. ELISA deected the secretion of inflammation factors. TRPC3/NF-KB axis was identified by western blot and immunofluorescence. Results TRPC3 can caused calcium influx, which further activated the NF-KB signaling pathway. Knockdown or inhibition of TRPC3 in MSCs significantly reduced the activation of NF-KB, and decreased the growth, migration, and invasion of MT-CAFs. After TRPC3 knockdown, the ability of MT- CAFs to promote tumor migration and invasion was impaired. Conversely, the upregulation of TRPC3 expression in MT-CAFs had the opposite effect. In vivo, TRPC3 expressed on MSCs also contributed to the tumorigenesis and progression of cancer cells. In addition, the Oncomine and GEPIA databases showed that TRPC3 expression is higher in colon cancer tissues compared with normal colon tissues, and was positively correlated with the expression of the CAF genes alpha-smooth muscle (α-SMA/ACTA2) and fibroblast activation protein Alpha. The disease-free survival of patients with positive TRPC3 expression in MSCs was significantly shorter than those with negative expression. Conclusions These results indicate that TRPC3 expressed on MT-CAFs plays a critical role in tumor progression via the NF-KB signaling pathway, and is correlated with poor prognosis in colon cancer patients. Therefore, TRPC3 may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of colon cancer.

Senescence is a cellular response characterized by cells irreversibly stopping dividing and entering a state of permanent growth arrest. One of the underlying pathophysiological causes of senescence is the oxidative stress-induced damage, indicating that eliminating the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) may be beneficial to prevent and/or alleviate senescence. Herein, we developed ultra-small polydopamine nanoparticles (UPDA NPs) with superoxide dismutase (SOD)/catalase (CAT) enzyme-mimic activities, featuring broad-spectrum RONS-scavenging capability for inducing cytoprotective effects against RONS-mediated damage. The engineered UPDA NPs can restore senescence-related renal function, tissue homeostasis, fur density, and motor ability in mice, potentially associated with the regulation of multiple genes involved in lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, energy homeostasis, telomerase activity, neuroprotection, and inflammatory responses. Importantly, the dietary UPDA NPs can enhance the antioxidant capacity, improve the climbing ability, and prolong the lifespan of Drosophila. Notably, UPDA NPs possess excellent biocompatibility stemming from the ultra-small size, ensuring quick clearance out of the body. These findings reveal that UPDA NPs can delay aging through reducing oxidative stress and provide a paradigm and practical strategy for treating senescence and senescence-related diseases.

Abstract Background Beiging of white fat plays an important role in energy metabolism. Beige adipocytes contribute to the regulation of body weight and body temperature through expenditure of chemical energy to produce heat, and they have therefore recently attracted considerable attention as potential targets for therapeutic approaches in metabolic disorders, including obesity. All adipocytes, including beige adipocytes, differentiate from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which may provide an important path for clinical intervention; however, the mechanism of beiging of human adipose cell-derived MSCs is not fully understood. Here, we provide insights on the role of IRISIN, which is known to be secreted by skeletal muscle and promote beiging of white fat. Results We established an IRISIN-induced mesenchymal stem cell beiging model and found that IRISIN protein interacts with the MSC membrane protein TRPC3. This interaction results in calcium influx and consequential activation of Erk and Akt signaling pathways, which causes phosphorylation of PPARγ. The phosphorylated PPARγ enters the nucleus and binds the UCP1 promoter region. Furthermore, the role of TRPC3 in the beiging of MSCs was largely abolished in Trpc3−/− mice. We additionally demonstrate that the calcium concentration in the brain of mice increases upon IRISIN stimulation, followed by an increase in the content of excitatory amino acids and norepinephrine, while Trpc3−/− mice exhibit the reverse effect. Conclusions We found that TRPC3 is a key factor in irisin-induced beiging of MSCs, which may provide a new target pathway in addressing metabolic disorders. Our results additionally suggest that the interaction of irisin with TRPC3 may affect multiple tissues, including the brain. Graphical abstract

Abstract Background Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) senescence is a phenotype of aging. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as potential key regulators of senescence. However, the role of lncRNAs in MSC senescence remains largely unknown. Results We performed transcriptome analysis in senescent human adipose-derived MSCs (hADSCs) and identified that the lncRNA LYPLAL1 antisense RNA1 (LYPLAL1-AS1) was significantly downregulated in senescent hADSCs. LYPLAL1-AS1 expression in peripheral blood was lower in middle-aged healthy donors than in young adult donors, and correlated negatively with age. Knockdown of LYPLAL1-AS1 accelerated hADSC senescence, while LYPLAL1-AS1 overexpression attenuated it. Chromatin isolation by RNA purification (ChIRP) sequencing indicated that LYPLAL1-AS1 bound to the MIRLET7B promoter region and suppressed its transcription activity, as demonstrated by dual-luciferase assay. miR-let-7b, the transcript of MIRLET7B, was upregulated during hADSC senescence and was regulated by LYPLAL1-AS1. Furthermore, miR-let-7b mimics promoted hADSC senescence, while the inhibitors repressed it. Finally, LYPLAL1-AS1 overexpression reversed miR-let-7b-induced hADSC senescence. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that LYPLAL1-AS1 rejuvenates hADSCs through the transcriptional inhibition of MIRLET7B. Our work provides new insights into the mechanism of MSC senescence and indicates lncRNA LYPLAL1-AS1 and miR-let-7b as potential therapeutic targets in aging.

Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury contributes to morbidity and mortality during liver resection or transplantation, with limited effective treatments available. Here, we investigated the potential benefits and underlying mechanisms of pterostilbene (Pt), a natural component of blueberries and grapes, in preventing hepatic I/R injury. Male C57BL/6 mice subjected to partial warm hepatic I/R and human hepatocyte cell line L02 cells exposed to anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) were used as in vivo and in vitro models, respectively. Our findings showed that pretreatment with Pt ameliorated hepatic I/R injury by improving liver histology, decreasing hepatocyte apoptosis, and reducing plasma ALT and AST levels. Likewise, cell apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane dysfunction, and mitochondrial ROS overproduction in L02 cells triggered by the A/R challenge in vitro were reduced due to Pt administration. Mechanistically, Pt treatment efficiently enhanced mitophagy and upregulated PINK1, Parkin, and LC3B expression. Notably, the protective effect of Pt was largely abrogated after cells were transfected with PINK1 siRNA. Moreover, Pt pretreatment promoted hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration in the late phase of hepatic I/R. In conclusion, our findings provide evidence that Pt exerts hepatoprotective effects in hepatic I/R injury by upregulating PINK1-mediated mitophagy.

Abstract The negatively charged aminophospholipid, phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), is located in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane in normal cells, and may be exposed to the outer leaflet under some immune and blood coagulation processes. Meanwhile, Ptdser exposed to apoptotic cells can be recognized and eliminated by various immune cells, whereas on the surface of activated platelets Ptdser interacts with coagulation factors prompting enhanced production of thrombin which significantly facilitates blood coagulation. In the case where PtdSer fails in exposure or mistakenly occurs, there are occurrences of certain immunological and haematological diseases, such as the Scott syndrome and Systemic lupus erythematosus. Besides, viruses (e.g., Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Ebola virus (EBOV)) can invade host cells through binding the exposed PtdSer. Most recently, the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been similarly linked to PtdSer or its receptors. Therefore, it is essential to comprehensively understand PtdSer and its functional characteristics. Therefore, this review summarizes Ptdser, its eversion mechanism; interaction mechanism, particularly with its immune receptors and coagulation factors; recognition sites; and its function in immune and blood processes. This review illustrates the potential aspects for the underlying pathogenic mechanism of PtdSer-related diseases, and the discovery of new therapeutic strategies as well.

Abstract Senescent endothelial cells (ECs) could impair the integrity of the blood vessel endothelium, leading to vascular aging and a series of diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes. Preventing or mitigating EC senescence might serve as a promising therapeutic paradigm for these diseases. Recent studies showed that small extracellular vesicles (sEV) have the potential to transfer bioactive molecules into recipient cells and induce phenotypic changes. Since mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have long been postulated as an important source cell in regenerative medicine, herein we investigated the role and mechanism of MSC-derived sEV (MSC-sEV) on EC senescence. In vitro results showed that MSC-sEV reduced senescent biomarkers, decreased senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), rescued angiogenesis, migration and other dysfunctions in senescent EC induced by oxidative stress. In the In vivo natural aging and type-2 diabetes mouse wound-healing models (both of which have senescent ECs), MSC-sEV promoted wound closure and new blood vessel formation. Mechanically, miRNA microarray showed that miR-146a was highly expressed in MSC-sEV and also upregulated in EC after MSC-sEV treatment. miR-146a inhibitors abolished the stimulatory effects of MSC-sEV on senescence. Moreover, we found miR-146a could suppress Src phosphorylation and downstream targets VE-cadherin and Caveolin-1. Collectively, our data indicate that MSC-sEV mitigated endothelial cell senescence and stimulate angiogenesis through miR-146a/Src.

Abstract In patients with localized scleroderma (LoS), facial deformity induced by subcutaneous atrophy greatly reduces life quality. Autologous fat grafting (AFG) is used for volume restoration but with low‐fat retention due to various reasons. Adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) have shown potential effects in improving fat retention. We aimed to compare the feasibility and efficacy of improving fat retention in LoS patients among the ADSCs‐assisted, the stromal vascular fraction (SVF)‐assisted and conventional AFG methods. A pilot study with a 6‐month follow‐up among 18 LoS patients was conducted. Participants were randomly assigned into three AFG groups: conventional group, SVF‐assisted group, and ADSCs‐assisted group. The SVF‐assisted group received SVF‐assisted AFG at the SVF:fat ratio of 1:1. The ADSCs‐assisted group received the mixture of ADSCs‐enriched fat graft supplemented with 5 × 105 ADSCs/mL fat. Volume retention was measured by magnetic resonance imaging, and clinical photographs were taken for outcome evaluation. At sixth‐month follow‐up, the fat retention of ADSCs‐assisted group was 49.83 ± 3.61%, significantly higher than 31.75 ± 1.73% of SVF‐assisted group (P = .0004), and 21.86 ± 1.68% of the conventional group (P

Previous studies have shown that the risk of colon cancer is greatly increased in people with obesity, and fat content in colorectal cancer tissue is increased in people with obesity. As an important part of tumor microenvironment, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are also another important source of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which may be one of the important mechanisms of affecting tumor progression. However, the mechanism is poorly defined. In the present study, CAFs were transformed from MSCs [MSC-transformed CAFs (MTCAFs)] by co-culturing with HCT116 cells. Bioinformatics and Western blotting analysis indicated a positive correlation between intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) and the progression of colon cancer. In clinical colon cancer specimens, we found that ICAM-1 was highly expressed and related to shorter disease-free survival, which might act as an indication for the progression of clinical colon cancer. Our data showed that ICAM-1 secreted from MTCAFs could positively promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of colon cancer cells by activating signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and Serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT) signaling and that blocking ICAM-1 in MTCAFs reversed these effects. We further verified that ICAM-1 secreted from MTCAFs promoted tumor progression in vivo. Taken together, ICAM-1 plays a critical role in regulating tumor growth and metastasis, which could be a potential therapeutic target in colon cancer.

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a cholestatic autoimmune liver disease characterized by the gradual destruction of small intrahepatic bile ducts that eventually leads to liver cirrhosis, failure, and even carcinoma. The treatment options for PBC are limited, and the main treatment choices are the US Food and Drug Administration–approved ursodeoxycholic acid and obeticholic acid. However, many patients fail to respond adequately to these drugs and the adverse effects frequently lead to low life quality. For patients with end-stage PBC, liver transplantation remains the only effective treatment. Given their low immunogenicity, prominent immunomodulation property, differentiation potential, and tissue maintenance capacity, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are emerging as new options for treating liver diseases, including PBC. Accumulating evidence from basic research to clinical studies supports the positive effects of MSC-based therapy for treating PBC. In this review, we characterized the underlying roles and mechanisms of MSCs for treating liver diseases and highlight recent basic and clinical advances in MSC-based therapy for treating PBC. Finally, the current challenges and perspectives for MSC-based therapy in clinical application are discussed, which could help accelerate the application of MSCs in clinical practice, especially for refractory diseases such as PBC.

Abstract Long noncoding RNAs are crucial factors for modulating adipogenic differentiation, but only a few have been identified in humans. In the current study, we identified a previously unknown human long noncoding RNA, LYPLAL1-antisense RNA1 (LYPLAL1-AS1), which was dramatically upregulated during the adipogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs). Based on 5′ and 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends assays, full-length LYPLAL1-AS1 was 523 nt. Knockdown of LYPLAL1-AS1 decreased the adipogenic differentiation of hAMSCs, whereas overexpression of LYPLAL1-AS1 enhanced this process. Desmoplakin (DSP) was identified as a direct target of LYPLAL1-AS1. Knockdown of DSP enhanced adipogenic differentiation and rescued the LYPLAL1-AS1 depletion-induced defect in adipogenic differentiation of hAMSCs. Further experiments showed that LYPLAL1-AS1 modulated DSP protein stability possibly via proteasome degradation, and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was inhibited during adipogenic differentiation regulated by the LYPLAL1-AS1/DSP complex. Together, our work provides a new mechanism by which long noncoding RNA regulates adipogenic differentiation of human MSCs and suggests that LYPLAL1-AS1 may serve as a novel therapeutic target for preventing and combating diseases related to abnormal adipogenesis, such as obesity.

COVID-19 has been an emerging and rapidly evolving risk to people of the world in 2020. Facing this dangerous situation, many colleagues in Neurorestoratology did their best to avoid infection if themselves and their patients, and continued their work in the research areas described in the 2020 Yearbook of Neurorestoratology. Neurorestorative achievements and progress during 2020 includes recent findings on the pathogenesis of neurological diseases, neurorestorative mechanisms and clinical therapeutic achievements. Therapeutic progress during this year included advances in cell therapies, neurostimulation/neuromodulation, brain-computer interface (BCI), and pharmaceutical neurorestorative therapies, which improved neurological functions and quality of life for patients. Four clinical guidelines or standards of Neurorestoratology were published in 2020. Milestone examples include: 1) a multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of olfactory ensheathing cell treatment of chronic stroke showed functional improvements; 2) patients after transhumeral amputation experienced increased sensory acuity and had improved effectiveness in work and other activities of daily life using a prosthesis; 3) a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis used a steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based BCI to achieve accurate and speedy computer input; 4) a patient with complete chronic spinal cord injury recovered both motor function and touch sensation with a BCI and restored ability to detect objects by touch and several sensorimotor functions. We hope these achievements motivate and encourage other scientists and physicians to increase neurorestorative research and its therapeutic applications.

Abstract Background Obesity has received increasing attention because of its widespread worldwide occurrence and many threats to health. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) are a critical source of adipocytes. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play pivotal roles in cell fate determination and differentiation. The objective of the present study was to identify and investigate the function and regulatory mechanism of lncRNAs on adipogenic differentiation of hADSCs. Methods We used lncRNA arrays to identify the prominent differentially expressed lncRNAs before and after hADSC adipogenic differentiation and verified their biological function through antisense oligonucleotide knockdown or lentivirus overexpression. The adipogenic differentiation of hADSCs was assessed by oil red O staining as well as the mRNA and protein levels of adipogenic marker genes through qRT-PCR and western blot. Bioinformatic tool LncPro and immunofluorescence was performed to uncover the interaction between lnc13728 and ZBED3. WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway was evaluated by western blot and immunofluorescence. Results The lncRNA arrays showed that lnc13728 expression was significantly upregulated after hADSC adipogenic differentiation and was correlated positively with the expression of the adipogenesis-related genes in human adipose tissue. Lnc13728 knockdown in hADSCs suppressed the expression of the adipogenesis-related genes at both mRNA and protein level and weakened lipid droplet production. Accordingly, lnc13728 overexpression enhanced hADSC adipogenic differentiation. Beyond that, lnc13728 co-localized with ZBED3 in the cytoplasm and regulated its expression positively. Downregulating ZBED3 had a negative effect on adipogenic differentiation, while the expression of WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway-related proteins was upregulated. Conclusions Lnc13728 promotes hADSC adipogenic differentiation possibly by positively regulating the expression of ZBED3 which plays a role in inhibiting the WNT/β-catenin pathway.

Abstract Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play critical roles in cancer progression by regulating tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Recent studies demonstrated that CAFs induce inhibitory immune cell infiltration and chemotherapy resistance in gastric cancer by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway to secrete IL6, IL8, and other inflammatory factors. Inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway in CAFs might be a potential therapeutic strategy in gastric cancer. However, how the NF-κB pathway is activated in CAFs remains unclear. We showed that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiated into CAFs, induced by the exosomes derived from gastric cancer cells. During the process of differentiation from MSCs into CAFs, we showed that nuclear PKM2 expression was continuously upregulated and associated with NF-κB P65 acetylation, contributing to P65 nuclear retention in CAFs and constant transcription of IL-6, IL-8, and other inflammatory factors, thus promoting gastric cancer cell proliferation. We showed that NF-κB P65 acetylation was induced by P300. We showed that nuclear PKM2 was derived from exosomes of gastric cancer cell lines and the positive feedback loop induced by PKM2-P65 combination. It is also proved that P300 inhibitors can inhibit tumor proliferation in an AGS subcutaneous xenograft tumor model. Our study showed that gastric cancer cells influence the continuous activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in CAFs by secreting gastric cancer exosomes containing PKM2, thus inducing abnormal metabolism and inflammation activation. This study provides a new therapeutic target for CAF normalization or deactivation strategies.

Upregulation of immune checkpoint proteins is one of the main mechanisms for tumor immune escape. The expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) in colorectal cancer (CRC) is higher than in normal colorectal epithelial tissue, and patients with higher PD-L1 expression have a poorer prognosis. Additionally, PD-L1 expression in CRC is affected by the tumor microenvironment (TME). As a major component of the TME, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) can act as immune regulators and generate an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Therefore, we speculated that CAFs may be related to the upregulation of PD-L1 in CRC, which leads to tumor immune escape. We found that CAFs upregulate PD-L1 expression in CRC cells through AKT phosphorylation, thereby reducing the killing of CRC cells by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The ratio of CAFs to CRC cells was positively correlated with AKT phosphorylation and the expression of PD-L1 in CRC in vitro. Consistent with the in vitro results, high CAF content and high expression of PD-L1 were negatively correlated with disease-free survival (DFS) of CRC patients. These results indicate that the upregulation of PD-L1 expression in CRC by CAFs through the activation of Akt is one of the molecular mechanisms of tumor immune escape. Thus, targeted anti-CAF therapy may help improve the efficacy of immunotherapy.

Cell therapy has been shown to be a crucial clinical therapeutic option for central nervous system diseases or damage. Promoting standardization of clinical cell therapy procedures is essential for professional associations devoted to cell therapy. The International Association of Neurorestoratology (IANR) and the Chinese Association of Neurorestoratology (CANR; Preparatory) collaborated to release Clinical Cell Therapy Guidelines for Neurorestoration (IANR/CANR 2017) in 2018. Due to recent advances and achievements in clinical cell therapy worldwide in recent years, IANR and CANR have renewed and updated the guidelines. Except for the requirements of equipment, personnel, and ethics, these revised guidelines include cell type nomenclature, cell quality control, cell types in clinical application, minimal suggested cellular doses, patient-informed consent, indications and contraindications for undergoing cell therapy, documentation of procedure and therapy, safety evaluation, efficacy evaluation, the policy of repeated treatments, do not charge patients for unproven therapies, basic principles of cell therapy, and publishing responsibility. IANR/CANR recommends that all clinical practitioners follow these cellular therapy guidelines. These guidelines provide references of better cell types, doses, routes, and therapeutic timing windows in different diseases.

Given the self-renewal, multi-differentiation, immunoregulatory, and tissue maintenance properties, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising candidates for stem cell-based therapies. Breakthroughs have been made in uncovering MSCs as key contributors to homeostasis and the regenerative repair of tissues and organs derived from three germ layers. MSC differentiation into specialized cell types is sophisticatedly regulated, and accumulating evidence suggests long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as the master regulators of various biological processes including the maintenance of homeostasis and multi-differentiation functions through epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-translational mechanisms. LncRNAs are ubiquitous and generally referred to as non-coding transcripts longer than 200 bp. Most lncRNAs are evolutionary conserved and species-specific; however, the weak conservation of their sequences across species does not affect their diverse biological functions. Although numerous lncRNAs have been annotated and studied, they are nevertheless only the tip of the iceberg; the rest remain to be discovered. In this review, we characterize MSC functions in homeostasis and highlight recent advances on the functions and mechanisms of lncRNAs in regulating MSC homeostasis and differentiation. We also discuss the current challenges and perspectives for understanding the roles of lncRNAs in MSC functions in homeostasis, which could help develop promising targets for MSC-based therapies.

Abstract Objective Although adipocytes are the most abundant stromal cell component in breast cancer tissues, their interaction with breast cancer cells has been less investigated compared to cancer-associated fibroblasts or macrophages. Exosomes are a novel way of cell-cell communication and have been demonstrated to play an important role in various biological processes. However, to our knowledge, only a few studies have reported the effects of adipocyte exosomes on tumor development. Here, utilizing exosomes isolated from in vitro mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC)-differentiated adipocytes, we systematically investigated this issue in a breast cancer model. Material and methods Exosomes were isolated from MSC-differentiated adipocytes and added to breast cancer cells MCF7. Cell proliferation was detected by MTS, and migration was analyzed by wound healing and transwell assay. An in vivo mouse xenograft model was used to evaluate MSC-differentiated adipocyte exosomes’ contribution to tumor growth. Signaling pathway activation was evaluated by western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Results We found MSC-differentiated adipocyte-derived exosomes are actively incorporated by breast cancer cell MCF7 and subsequently promote MCF7 proliferation and migration as well as protect MCF7 from serum derivation or chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis in vitro. In the in vivo mouse xenograft model, depletion of exosomes reduces tumor-promoting effects of adipocytes. Transcriptomic analysis of MSC-differentiated adipocyte exosome-treated MCF7 identified several activated signaling pathways, among which we confirm the Hippo signaling pathway and found a blockade of this pathway leads to a reduced growth-promoting effect of adipocyte exosomes. Conclusion Taken together, our findings provide new insights into the role of adipocyte exosomes in the tumor microenvironment.

Abstract Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated to hold great potential for the treatment of several diseases. Their therapeutic effects are largely mediated by paracrine factors including exosomes, which are nanometer-sized membrane-bound vesicles with functions as mediators of cell-cell communication. MSC-derived exosomes contain cytokines and growth factors, signaling lipids, mRNAs, and regulatory miRNAs. Increasing evidence suggests that MSC-derived exosomes might represent a novel cell-free therapy with compelling advantages over parent MSCs such as no risk of tumor formation and lower immunogenicity. This paper reviews the characteristics of MSC exosomes and their fate after in vivo administration, and highlights the therapeutic potential of MSC-derived exosomes in liver, kidney, cardiovascular and neurological disease. Particularly, we summarize the recent clinical trials performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of MSC exosomes. Overall, this paper provides a general overview of MSC-exosomes as a new cell-free therapeutic paradigm.

Abstract Background Increasing evidence has demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a role in the construction of tumor microenvironments. Co-culture between tumor cells and MSCs provides an easy and useful platform for mimicking tumor microenvironments and identifying the important members involved in tumor progress. The long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to regulate different tumorigenic processes. In this study, we aimed to examine functional lncRNA deregulations associated with breast cancer malignancy instigated by MSC-MCF-7 co-culture. Methods The microarrays were used to profile the expression changes of lncRNAs in MCF-7 cells during epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by co-culture with MSCs. We found that an intergenic lncRNA KB-1732A1.1 (termed LincK, partly overlapped with GASL1) was significantly elevated. To investigate the biological function of LincK, the expression of EMT markers, cell migration, invasion, proliferation, and colony formation were evaluated in vitro and xenograft assay in nude mice were performed in vivo. Furthermore, we detected LincK expression in clinical samples using RNAscope® technology and verified aberrant expression of LincK in breast cancer data sets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) by bioinformatic analysis. The underlying mechanisms of LincK were investigated using mRNA microarray analyses, Western blot, RNA pull down, and RNA immunoprecipitation. Results LincK induced an EMT progress in breast cancer cells (BCC) MCF-7, MDA-MB-453, and MDA-MB-231. The depletion of LincK decreased the growth, migration, and invasion in BCC, whereas the overexpression of LincK exerted the opposite effects. Moreover, knockdown of LincK repressed tumorigenesis, and ectopic expression of LincK promoted tumor growth in MCF-7 xenograft model. LincK ablation in MDA-MB-231 cells dramatically impaired lung metastasis when incubated intravenously into nude mice. Further, LincK was frequently elevated in breast cancer compared with normal breast tissue in clinical samples. Mechanistically, LincK may share common miRNA response elements with PBK and ZEB1 and regulate the effects of miR-200 s. Conclusion LincK plays a significant role in regulating EMT and tumor growth and could be a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer.

Autoimmune liver disease (AILD) is a series of chronic liver diseases with abnormal immune responses, including autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The treatment options for AILD remain limited, and the adverse side effects of the drugs that are typically used for treatment frequently lead to a low quality of life for AILD patients. Moreover, AILD patients may have a poor prognosis, especially those with an incomplete response to first-line treatment. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent stem cells with low immunogenicity and can be conveniently harvested. MSC-based therapy is emerging as a promising approach for treating liver diseases based on their advantageous characteristics of immunomodulation, anti-fibrosis effects, and differentiation to hepatocytes, and accumulating evidence has revealed the positive effects of MSC therapy in AILD. In this review, we first summarize the mechanisms, safety, and efficacy of MSC treatment for AILD based on work in animal and clinical studies. We also discuss the challenges of MSC therapy in clinical applications. In summary, although promising data from preclinical studies are now available, MSC therapy is currently far for being applied in clinical practice, thus developing MSC therapy in AILD is still challenging and warrants further research.

Abstract Background The initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are largely dependent on its local microenvironment. Adipocytes are an important component of hepatic microenvironment in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is a significant risk factor for HCC. Given the global prevalence of NAFLD, a better understanding of the interplay between HCC cells and adipocytes is urgently needed. Exosomes, released by malignant cells, represent a novel way of cell-cell interaction and have been shown to play an important role in cancer cell communication with their microenvironment. Here, we explore the role of HCC-derived exosomes in the cellular and molecular conversion of adipocytes into tumor-promoting cells. Methods Exosomes were isolated from HCC cell line HepG2 and added to adipocytes. Transcriptomic alterations of exosome-stimulated adipocytes were analyzed using gene expression profiling, and secretion of inflammation-associated cytokines was detected by RT-PCR and ELISA. In vivo mouse xenograft model was used to evaluate the growth-promoting and angiogenesis-enhancing effects of exosome-treated adipocytes. Protein content of tumor exosomes was analyzed by mass spectrometry. Activated phospho-kinases involved in exosome-treated adipocytes were detected by phospho-kinase antibody array and Western blot. Results Our results demonstrated that HCC cell HepG2-derived exosomes could be actively internalized by adipocytes and caused significant transcriptomic alterations and in particular induced an inflammatory phenotype in adipocytes. The tumor exosome-treated adipocytes, named exo-adipocytes, promoted tumor growth, enhanced angiogenesis, and recruited more macrophages in mouse xenograft model. In vitro, conditioned medium from exo-adipocytes promoted HepG2 cell migration and increased tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Mechanistically, we found HepG2 exosomes activated several phopho-kinases and NF-κB signaling pathway in exo-adipocytes. Additionally, a total of 1428 proteins were identified in HepG2 exosomes by mass spectrometry. Conclusions Our results provide new insights into the concept that tumor cell-derived exosomes can educate surrounding adipocytes to create a favorable microenvironment for tumor progression.

Abstract Background In tumor microenvironment, a continuous cross-talk between cancer cells and other cellular components is required to sustain tumor progression. Accumulating evidence suggests that exosomes, a novel way of cell communication, play an important role in such cross-talk. Exosomes could facilitate the direct intercellular transfer of proteins, lipids, and miRNA/mRNA/DNAs between cells. Since mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be attracted to tumor sites and become an important component of the tumor microenvironment, there is an urgent need to reveal the effect of tumor exosomes on MSCs and to further explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods Exosomes were harvested from lung cancer cell line A549 and added to MSCs. Secretion of inflammation-associated cytokines in exosome-treated MSCs were analyzed by RT-PCR and ELISA. The growth-promoting effect of exosome-treated MSCs on lung tumor cells was evaluated by in vivo mouse xenograft model. Signaling pathway involved in exosomes-treated MSCs was detected by PCR array of human toll-like receptor signaling pathway, RT-PCR, and Western blot. Results Data showed that lung tumor cell A549-derived exosomes could induce a pro-inflammatory phenotype in MSCs named P-MSCs, which have significantly elevated secretion of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1. P-MSCs possess a greatly enhanced ability in promoting lung tumor growth in mouse xenograft model. Analysis of the signaling pathways in P-MSCs revealed a fast triggering of NF-κB. Genetic ablation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) by siRNA and TLR2-neutralizing antibody could block NF-κB activation by exosomes. We further found that Hsp70 present on the surface of lung tumor exosomes contributed to the induction of P-MSCs by A549 exosomes. Conclusions Our studies suggest a novel mechanism by which lung tumor cell-derived exosomes induce pro-inflammatory activity of MSCs which in turn get tumor supportive characteristics.

C/EBPα is a critical transcriptional regulator of adipogenesis. How C/EBPα transcription is itself regulated is poorly understood, however, and remains a key question that needs to be addressed for a complete understanding of adipogenic development. Here, we identify a lncRNA, ADINR (adipogenic differentiation induced noncoding RNA), transcribed from a position ∼450 bp upstream of the C/EBPα gene, that orchestrates C/EBPα transcription in vivo. Depletion of ADINR leads to a severe adipogenic defect that is rescued by overexpression of C/EBPα. Moreover, we reveal that ADINR RNA specifically binds to PA1 and recruits MLL3/4 histone methyl-transferase complexes so as to increase H3K4me3 and decrease H3K27me3 histone modification in the C/EBPα locus during adipogenesis. These results show that ADINR plays important roles in regulating the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells into adipocytes by modulating C/EBPα in cis.

BACKGROUND:Considering promising results in animal models and patients, therapeutic use of MSCs for immune disease is likely to undergo continued evaluation. Low-lever laser (LLL) has been widely applied to retard the inflammatory reaction. LLL treatment can potentially be applied in anti-inflammatory therapy followed by stem cell therapy. AIM OF THE STUDY:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of LLL (660 nm) on the inflammatory reaction induced by LPS in human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) and pertinent mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Anti-inflammatory activity of LLL was investigated by LPS-induced mesenchymal stem cells. The production and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by ELISA kits and RT-qPCR. Nuclear translocation of NF-κB was indicated by immunofluorescent staining. Phosphorylation status of NF-κB p65 and IκBα were illustrated by western blot assay. ROS generation was measured with CM-H2DCFDA, and NO secretion was determined by DAF-FM. We studied surface expression of lymphocyte activation markers when Purified peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) were activated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in the presence of 3 types of treated MSCs. RESULTS:LLL reduced the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, IL8, ROS and NO in LPS treated MSCs. Immunofluorescent assay demonstrated the nuclear translocation decrease of NF-κB in LLL treated LPS induced MSCs. Western blot analysis also suggested that LLL suppressed NF-κB activation via regulating the phosphorylation of p65 and IκBα. MSC significantly reduced the expression of activation markers CD25 and CD69 on PHA-stimulated lymphocytes. CONCLUSION:The results indicate that LLL suppressed the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway in LPS treated MSCs through inhibiting phosphorylation of p65 and IκBα, which results in good anti-inflammatory effect. In addition, LLL attenuated activation-associated markers CD25 and CD69 in co-cultures of PBMC and 3 types of treated MSCs.